CIB-W18/46-7-4

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION

IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

WORKING COMMISSION W18 - TIMBER STRUCTURES

WITHDRAWAL STRENGTH OF SELF-TAPPING SCREWS IN HARDWOODS

u Hubner

Association of the Austrian Wood Industries

AUSTRIA

Keywords: connection, screw, withdrawal strength, hardwood, beech, ash, Black

Locust

Presented by U Hubner
A Frangi commented about the load duration behaviour and different COV as a function of diameter and asked if there were
any physical reasons. U Hubner responded that with larger diameter screws reinforcing specimens against splitting
perpendicular to grain was needed and that this was a very complicated failure mechanism with mixture of failure modes. Also
it was very difficult to distinguish what governed at which angle. Also tests from Graz and Karlsruhe with screws installed
parallel to grain and loaded at 70% of the short-term failure load indicated failure within 1 week. More research is needed.
F Lam commented that installation at less than 30 degree parallel to grain can be risky especially in cyclic moisture conditions.
J Munch Andersen commented that in terms of comparison with code equations it would be better to compare with softwood.
J W van de Kuilen commented that the density of hardwood can range from 100 kg/m' to 1200 kg/m' and received clarification
of the density of wood studied as 550 kg/m 3 to 900 kg/m 3 as medium density hardwood from central Europe.
H Blass received confirmation that these screws would be intended for reinforcing hardwood and predrilling diameter would not
be larger than the core screw diameter. H Blass stated that high insertion momenUtorque can develop in the longer screws.
J W van de Kuilen received confirmation that the density dependency model was used for different wood species. He
questioned whether the density model worked for only one species, for example, beech . U Hubner responded that calculation
model was developed for European Ash first and adding another species increased COV a little and there was not too much
difference between species.
J Munch Andersen received confirmation that the graphs were based on mean values.

127
128
 Withdrawal strength of self-tapping screws in hardwoods

Ulrich Htibnera

Abstract The axial withdrawal resistance of self-tapping screws of the diameters 6 mm (Z-9.1-
435, 2009), 8mm (z-g.1-656, 2007), 10 and 12mm (z-g.1-51g, 2011) was tested according to
ON EN 1382 (1999) in glue laminated timer (GLT) made of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior
L., n = 2 657) with angles a between the fiber direction and the screw axis of 0°, 15°, ... , 90°.
Screws with 4 mm diameter (Z-9.1-435, 2009) and threaded bars .0 20 mm (Z-9.1-777, 2010)
according to DIN 79g8 (1975) were pulled out parallel and perpendicular to the grain to
determine the influence of the diameter over a large range. The influence of the screw tip
and the screw embedment length were analyzed. Self-tapping screws of diameters 8, 10 and
12 mm were also pulled out of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L., n = 371) and Black locust
(Robinia pseudoacacia L., n = 300) parallelly and perpendicularly to the grain.
If the moisture content rises 1 3 the withdrawal resistance of screws decrease 2. 7 3 parallel to
the grain and 2.4 3 perpendicular to the grain direction. The lower withdrawal resistance of
the tip should be considered with lef = lnom - 1.1 d, where lnom is the inserted nominal length
of the screw. The characteristic withdrawal resistance of self-tapping screws in European
hardwoods should be calculated for the regular thread with a bilinear design model with a
pi·
constant resistance from 30° to goo according to Rax,k = f ax,k 7r d lef with f ax,k = 7 · 10- 4 · 6 ·
d-o. 34 and a linear reduction of 30 3 to a = 0°. Additionally the thread of partial-threaded
screws should be embedded at least 2 d under the surface of the timber for 0° :::; a :::; 30°.
If the summation of characteristic withdrawal resistances was calculated according the new
design model for angels of 30°, 45°, ... , go 0 , the diameters 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm, the effective
lengths of 4 d, 5 d, 6 d and the characteristic density 672 kg/m 3 the result exceeds the solution
according to ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009) by a factor of 1.79

The design of withdrawal resistance of self-

tapping screws according to ON EN 1g95-1-1
1 Introduction (2009) is based on tests with spruce. Eckel-
man (1975), Jablonkay (1999) and Schneider
GLT made of birch (Griesser, 2012), chestnut (lggg) gave an indication of the capacity of
(MPA Stuttgart, 2012), European beech (Z- screws in hardwoods but they used old fash-
9.1-679, 2011), European ash (Bogusch, 2011) ioned screws, only one diameter and species
and oak (z-g.1-704, 2012) but also laminated respectivelly. Thus it was necessary to anal-
veneer lumber (LVL) made of European beech yses a wide range of screw diameters, angles
(Pollmeier, 2012) was developed. Effective between screw axis and fiber direction with
connections should use the impressive perfor- one species (ring porous European ash) and to
mance of these materials. compare the results with two other species rep-
resenting different wood anatomies and den-
sities (diffuse porous European beech, ring
a Association of the Austrian Wood Industries
[email protected]
porous Black locust) in order to create a re-
T +43 (0)171226 0123 liable data base for a new design model.

129
Table 2.1: Ratio of the core diameter and the pitch to the outer diameter for self-tapping screws with
a German technical approval (see DIBt, 2012)
core to pitch to characteristic tension strength
outer diameter [-] outer diameter [-] 4Rt,u,k/ ('JT'd~) [N/mm 2 ]
diameter 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12
# of approvals 35 41 29 14 35 41 29 14 35 40 29 16
Minimum 0.60 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.37 0.42 0.39 0.36 588 554 567 623
Mean 0.64 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.57 0.49 878 862 816 763
Maximum 0.72 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.82 0.81 0.75 0.55 1110 1477 1027 977

2 Method (fZf 20 mm) was 140 mm. Pilot tests showed

the need for reinforcement normal to the rod
axis with four or eight screws fZf 8/160 mm to
The beech and ash logs were harvested in the prevent splitting (see Figure 3.5)). The den-
Austrian region Bucklige Welt in the growth sity and the moisture content of the hardwood
area Ostliche Randalpen. The logs of Black around the screw axis were determined on
locust came from Zalaegerzeg/Hungary. The cuboids 4 d x 4 d x specimen thickness to mini-
ash and Black locust boards (27mm) were mize the influence of density variations within
glued with MUF Kauramin 683 and hardener the specimens. The moisture content of the
Kauramin 688 to form the GLT. The ash spec- specimens was analyzed according to ON EN
imens for 15° .:::; a .:::; 75° were sawn from 13183-1 (2004).
six GLT. The beech scantlings had a section
of 60 mm x 120 mm. All specimens were pre- The withdrawal resistance was tested accord-
drilled with diameters equal to the root diam- ing to ON EN 1382 (1999) with the diameter
eters round down to 0.5 mm. In general the of the free surface around the screw of 4 d The
specimens were stored in a climate chamber influence of radial or tangential screw axis to
with (20±2) °C and (65 ± 5) 3 relative humid- the annual growth rings was neglected follow-
ity. The influence of moisture contents from 5 ing Cockrell (1933).
to 24 3 on the withdrawal strength was inves- The influence of the screw tip and the em-
tigated parallelly and perpendicularly to the bedded length were also analyzed. The sam-
grain direction. ples contained in general 60 specimens and for
The geometry of the regular thread of the used the comparison of mean values 40. The den-
screws of 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 and 12 mm sity of the samples were representative for the
are repesentative for most of the screws with basic population corresponding to the third
a German technical approval. The Table 2.1 method proposed by Leijten, Kohler and Joris-
shows the mean but also minimum and maxi- sen (2006, p. 9).
mum ratios of the core diameter and the pitch
of the outer diameter.
3 Analysis of the test results
The regular spacing and edge distance was 5 d.
The thickness of the specimens was limited by
the tension resistance of the screws and rods. 3.1 Moisture content and density
For the diameters 4 to 10 mm the thickness of
the specimen was ler6 d. Screws with fZf 12 mm The values for the moisture content are listed
were tested with ler4 d and the rods with ler8 d in Table 3.1. The mean moisture content of
The minimum width of specimen for the rods the regular specimens is equal to the mois-

130
Table 3.1: Moisture content of the regular samples Table 3.2: Density p 12 [kg/m 3 ] of the samples
Species n min. mean max. CoV Species n min. mean max. CoV
[-] [3] [3] [3] [3] [-J [3]
Ash 2657 8.20 10.75 14.80 3.33 Ash 2620 555 746 918 6.11
Beech 371 10.30 11.02 11.80 1.93 Beech 371 582 719 851 6.09
Black locust 300 10.00 10.85 14.90 4.33 Black locust 300 609 750 884 6.84
All 3328 8.20 10.80 14.90 3.41 All 3291 555 744 918 6.29

ture content of ash in a climate of (20 ± 1) ° C thread. Specimens of the same thickness were
and (65 ± 5) 3 relative humidity and desorp- tested with the tip flush to the surface and
tion of moisture. Adsorption would lead to outside the specimen. The sample references
Umean = 13.9 3 as tested with 43 specimens. in Table 3.3 show ES for European ash, the
screw diameter, the angle between screw axis
Two samples (n,, = 37, n.l = 40) made of
and grain direction and the thickness of the
ash were conditioned to a mean moisture con-
specimen.
tent (Umean, 11 = 31 3, Umean,.l = 27 3) under
the fiber saturation point of 33 3 according
to Popper and Niemz (2009) to analyses the Table 3.3: Samples with screw tip outside or inside
influence of the moisture content on the with- the specimens
drawal strength parallel and perpendicular to tip outside tip inside X;
the grain direction. The two paired samples E808 - 00 - 48 E808 00 - 488 1.28
had a mean moisture content of 11 3. The -
E808 - 90 - 32 E808 90 - 328 2.02
equations (1) and (2) represent the regression
-
E808 - 90 48 ES08 90 488 0.98
-
E808 90 64 E808 90 648 0.76
lines for the withdrawal resistance versus the
moisture content. If the moisture content rises E810 - 00 - 60 E810- 00 - 608 1.29
1 3 the withdrawal resistance of screws paral- E810 - 90 - 60 E810 90 608 0.98
lel to the grain direction decreases 2. 7 3 and E812 00 60 E812 00 - 608
- - - 90 608 1.00
perpendicular to the grain 2.4 3 relative to the E812 90
- - 60 E812 1.10
withdrawal resistance at the reference mois- Mean x 1.11
ture content of Uref = 12 3. This relationship
was also used to adjust the withdrawal resis-
tance of European beech and Black locust to The mean value i: = 1.11 results if the out-
liers 2.02 and 0.76 in Table 3.3 are excluded
Uref·
and equation (3) was derived to calculate the
Rax,mean,O = -0.453 U + 22.2 (1) effective embedment length lef based on the
nominal embedment length lnom.
Rax,mean,90 = -0.438 U + 23.8 (2)
lef = lnom - 1.11 d (3)
The density was adjusted to Uref according to
ON EN 384 (2010, p. 13) and Table 3.2 gives Equation (3) corresponds to the regulation
an overview. lef = lnom - din SIA 265 (2003, p. 66), ON EN
1995-1-1 (2006, p. 83), Pirnbacher and Schick-
hofer (2009, p. 35), Eckelman (1975, p. 35)
3.2 Influence of the screw tip the rule to subtract the tip length according
to Newlin and Gahagan (1938, p. 6). CEN
It is obvious that the withdrawal strength of TC124 decided after a discussion over sev-
the screw tip is lower than that of the regular eral years with the statement: "For screws

131
it is clearly defined that the point length is :.-" 24
E ·- ,- - 22.8
included in the threaded length, both in EN 22
.\-·.~ - 20 9
1995-1 and EN 14592. It is decided to have the --:s
~
E
20 "
' \ ,.
,,
,,,,...
.
same rules for calculation of the withdrawal ca- 18
Ill

.....c
~ D
pacity of screws and nails by using the profiled
length" (Ravasse, 2011, p. 7). " ... all scientists -... 16
en 14
cCl)
agrees that the truth is that the tip should be
disregarded" (Munch-Andersen, 2013). The -I ll
..:
12
10 ---
challenge is a coherent system of test and de-
sign standard with logical rules for all dowel-
type connectors.
-...
"'C
..c
·a:
-ci
8
6
- - - - - 8.
6.

CIS 4
"'C • ash 0° G beech 0° o Black locust 0°
The withdrawal test according to ON EN 1382 cea 2
• ash 90° ll!l beech 90 o Black locust 90
(2012) should use specimens with a thickness 'Iii 0
relative to the diameter of the dowel type fas- 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 =
tener because of the influence of the transverse diameter d [mm]
strain near the surface, which can be seen as
a systematic error. The penetration depth Figure 3.1: Standardized withdrawal strength ver-
ld should only include the regular thread and sus diameter
not the whole profiled part including the tip
and eventually the special threads of a reamer
shaft. ing values.

-0.378
f ax ,0 ,mean= 27 · 5 d (4)
3.3 Influence of the diameter
-0.291
f ax ,90 ,mean= 27 · 3 d (5)
f ax ,O,mean = 8.25 + 14.6 e- · d
Screws with diameters of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm 0 152
(6)
and rods with a thread of f?f 20 mm accord- -0.0624 d
ing to DIN 7998 (1975) were pulled out paral- f ax ,90 ,mean = 6 ·63 + 14·3 e (7)
lelly and perpendicularly to the grain to deter-
mine the influence of the diameter on the with- Bueler (2011, p. 22) published fv,mean
drawal strength of European ash over a large 6.7N/mm 2 (CoV = 16.73) for five tests
range. Self-tapping screws of diameters 8, 10 with glulam beams made of European ash
and 12 mm with the same technical approvals (W 140 mm, H 480 or 600 mm, L 1 380 to 2 420
were also pulled out of European beech and mm). The rupture area due to withdrawal
Black locust parallelly and perpendicularly to tests parallel to the grain have to be around
the grain. the screw and not necessarily at the weakest
area of the section. This could be the expla-
Figure 3.1 shows the normalized (Pmean, Uref)
nation for limd--too fax,O,nrm = 8.2N/mm2 >
mean values of the withdrawal strength paral-
6.7N/mm 2 . The gray and white filled circles
lel and perpendicular to the grain for all diam-
for the other two species follow the curves for
eters and wood species. Two different models
ash. The exception ROB12_90_60 proves the
were used for the regression analysis of the
rule.
values for ash. The gray curves represent the
equations (4) and (5) and the black curves the Finally the regression curve (8) based on a
equations (6) and (7). Power functions are of- power function was calculated for the 5th per-
ten used to express size effects, but the loga- centiles of the withdrawal strength of all sam-
rithmic functions leads to more realistic limit- ples for a= 0° and a= 90°.

132
 3.5 From regression analysis to design
model
f ax,05 = 23.3 d-0. 34 0 (8)
The first regression analysis was based on the
This exponent of 1 - 0.340 = 0.660 describes
design model of ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009) for
the influence of the screw diameter on the
the withdrawal resistance and equation (9)
withdrawal resistance. Frese and Blag (2009,
shows the logarithmized version. This was nec-
p.10) published the exponent 1 - 0.3423 =
essary to obtain normal distributed residues
0.656 for self-tapping screws in spruce and Ra-
with the same variation over the whole diam-
jak and Eckelman (1993, p. 29) 1 - 0.355 =
eter range.
0.645 for MDF-panels. Thus the influence of
the diameter of d 0 ·66 on the withdrawal re-
sistance is reliable for MDF, soft- and hard-
ln Rax,mean = ln A + B ln lef + C ln Pl2 + ...
woods. The design model for the withdrawal ... D ln d - ln (sin 2 a + E cos 2 a)
resistance in ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009) emanates (9)
from d 0 ·5 , published in the fundamental work ln Rax,mean = ln A + B ln lef + C ln P12 + ...
of Bejtka (2005, p. 21) for screws with diam-
eters from 6 to 12 mm. The wider range of D ln d _ { ln ( 1 - E (30° - a)) 0° ::; a < 30°
diameters from 4 to 20 mm allows a more pre- 0 30° :S a ::; 90°
cise regression analysis. (10)

The standardization of the withdrawal

3.4 Withdrawal resistance
strength of European beech, European
ash and Black locust was calculated for
Figure 3.2 on p. 6 shows the boxplots of the the reference values is Pmean = 744kg/m 3 ,
withdrawal strength at Uref of all regular sam- dstd = 10 mm and lef = 60 mm with the coeffi-
ples with European ash. The withdrawal cients B = 0.972, C = 1.604 and D = 0.666
strength decreases with increasing diameter as of equation (9).
described in Section 3.3. The black bars of the
medians for screws parallel are always lower
than for screws perpendicular to the grain di- Table 3.5: Parameters for equation (10)
rection. The inter quartile range for a = 90° is parameter estimate standard error
in general wider than for 30° ::; a ::; 75°. Ta-
A -12.9 0.230
ble 3.4 indicates the coefficients of variation B 1.08 0.0208
for all samples including extreme values. c 1.58 0.0346
D 0.568 0.0218
E 0.00576 0.000136
Table 3.4: Coefficients of variation for all samples
of withdrawal strength fax,12 for Euro-
pean ash
The boxplot for the normalized withdrawal
dia- angle screw axis/ fiber direction strength of all tested ash samples are shown in
meter oo 15° 30° 45° G0° 7G 0 goo
Figure 3.3 for different angles between screw
4 13.8 14.7 axis and grain direction. The white squares
6 13.0 13.9 10.7 9.2 9.4 10.1 11.8
indicate the 5th percentiles and the dotted
8 19.4 16.3 9.8 11.0 9.8 8.1 14.3
10 18.5 15.6 11.1 10.9 9.2 7.7 12.2 curve connects the 5th percentiles for a = 0°
12 17.1 17.1 12.6 13.3 8.7 8.4 14.6 and a= 90° with a Hankinson-function. The
20 15.2 8.8 white squares for 15° ::; a ::; 75° are always
above the dotted line on the (very) safe side.

133
 25 - - 25
diameter [mm]

~ t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'' ~' ++'' ~ ~' !a;fa~6~•~B ~•~1~•~1~•;0 ~ :

20

10 -

5- ~ 5

n- 62 62 63 59 60 61 62 61 62 60 61 61 61 61 61 66 62 62 60 60 62 60 60 61 61 60 60 61 60 59 58 61 n

Figure 3.2: Boxplots of the withdrawal strength for ash

:;;""
0
E
E 18
--
2=. E'-5.2 med ([Ei - f[) S Ei S E'+5.2 med ([Ei - E'f)
~ 16 (11)
,j
.sen 14 Equation (11) was choosen due to its robust-
.
cQ)
Ui 12
ness according to Hampel (lg85, p. g8) to elim-
inate 24 outliers of 2 621 datasets based on the

~
residues Ei and the mean residue E.
10

-
"C
.s::.
"!i
i::i
8
R ax,mean = 2·3g · 10 -3 l ef Pmean
· ·· { 1-0.006(30°-a) 0°Sa<30°
l.6 d0.66
···

c
m n 640 242 241 242 246 242 742 1 30°:::; a:::; go 0
Ui
(12)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
angle screw axis/fibre directiona [°] R ax,05 = 2·2 · 10 -3 l ef Po5
l.6 d0.66
···

... { 1 - 0.006 (30° - a) 0° :::; a < 30°

Figure 3.3: Boxplots of standardised withdrawal
strength 1 30°:::; a:::; go 0
(13)

The estimates and their standard errors of the

parameters in equation (10) are listed in Ta-
The break of slope for the bilinear curve is ble 3.5. For practical reasons the parameter
always the 5th percentile for a = 30°. The B was set to 1.0 and the other parameters
slope of the left part results from the tangent were calculated again. Then C was rounded
to the 5th percentile for a = 15°. The sum to 1.6. The regression analysis was repeated
of the differences between the 5th percentiles until all parameters were rounded and fixed.
and the bilinear curve is smaller than between Rax,mean,i according to equation (12) and the
the bilinear curve and the dotted line. The test results are plotted in Figure 3.4 and form
following regression analysis was thus based an ideal type scatter band. The orange circles
on the bilinear equation (10). for Black locust and the red circles for beech

134
fit to the circles for ash. The different wood ues were compared to all the measured values
anatomies can be sufficiently represented by and for 32 of 44 samples all test values includ-
the densities. ing the extreme values exceed the estimates.
In nine samples g8 % passed, in two sampels
g1 % and in one sample the limit of g5 % was
~100 •CJ European beech
Black locust reached. Only 16 out of 2 621 vaues or 0.6 %
Cl)
(,)
c were on the unsafe side.
(U 50
Ui Pirnbacher and Schickhofer (2012, p. 132)
"iii
...
Cl)
stated concerning the long term behavior of
iii
screws parallel to the grain: "when the applied
~ 20
load does not exceed a threshold at about 73 %
..
"C
.t:.
';t 10
of the ultimate strength their behavior is cov-
(U
ered by the application of kmod as currently
(,) Diameter European ash
present in the EC5". SIA 265 (2012, p. 71) re-
~...0 5 CJ 4 mm • 10 mm
quires a minimum effective thread length of
..
Cl)
.t:.
1111 6mm • 12mm
8 mm • 20 mm 100 mm or 8 d respectively for screws parallel
to the grain direction. A similar rule was for-
5 10 20 50 100 mulated in SIA 265 (2003). Uibel and BlaJS
empirical withdrawal resistance [kN] (2013, p. 132) reported about long term tests
in spruce with screws axially loaded with 70 %
Figure 3.4: Tested versus theoretical withdrawal
of the design resistance. 1g of the 48 screws
resstance according to equation (12)
(40 %) failed during the test of almost five
years. Equation (13) is valid for short term
The adjusted coefficient of determination was loads with a load duration of (300 ± 120) s.
r;dj = o.g66. The normal distributed residues Pirnbacher (2011, p. 81) reported a positive
had an estimated standard deviation of fr = effect of the embedment of the thread of
0.1073. Thus the expected value for the with- partially-threaded screws on the long term be-
drawal resistance has a coefficient of variation havior. Summarizing these publications it is
of 10. 77 %. The relation of the 5th percentile necessary to reduce the withdrawal resistance
to the mean of the expected withdrawal re- for screws parallel to grain with the factor 0.01
sistance is constant for all parameter combi- instead of 0.006 in equation (13) and addition-
nations according to the design model and ally use an embedment length of lemb = 2 d.
equal to 0.823. The 5th percentile of the den-
sity of the dataset is 672 kg/m 3 and the mean R ax,k = 2 ·2 · 10 -3 l ef Pk1.6 d0.66 · · ·
value 743 kg/ m 3 . If the characteristic density ... { l-0.01 (30°- a) 0°:Sa<30° n lemb=2d
is introduced in equation (12) a reduction to 1 30° ::; a::; go 0
go.5 % follows. The parameter exp( A) has to
be multiplied with 1- (o.go5 - 0.823) = o.g17 (14)
to get the necessary 82.2 % of the expected
If all the characteristic withdrawal resistances
withdrawal resistance equal to the estimated
are calculated according to equation (14) for
5th percentile of equation (13).
angles of 30°, 45°, ... , go 0 , the diameters 6,
The 5th percentile of the density of each 8, 10 and 12 mm, the effective lengths of
species was calculated and introduced in equa- 4 d, 5 d, 6 d and the characteristic density
tion (13) to calculate with each dataset of 672 kg/m 3 the results exceed the solution ac-
lef,i and ai the estimated 5th percentile of the cording to ON EN 1g95-1-1 (200g) by the fac-
withdrawal resistance. These theoretical val- tor 1.7g. A second advantage is that the new

135
model covers a wider range of diameters from
4 to 20 mm and angles between screw axis and
grain direction from 0° to 90°.
Engineers like mechanically logical design
models where the parameters with their cor-
responding units give reasonable results. In
equation (15) fax,k is the withdrawal strength
in N /mm 2 not the withdrawal parameter ac-
cording to ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009).

Rax,k = fax,k 7r d lef (15)

The description of f ax,k should cover com-

plete different rupture mechanisms. The with-
drawal strength parallel to the grain is the
shear strength around the outer diameter of
the screw with an influence of the screw tip
and the transverse strain near the surface of
the timber. The withdrawal resistance perpen-
dicular to grain is much more complicated to Figure 3.5: Cut in half specimen after withdrawal
test (ES20_90_160 _ 54, flf 20 mm,
describe. The rupture is a mix of shear cracks
a= 90°)
parallel to grain due to the bending of the
fibers, rolling shear, compression and tension
perpendicular to grain (see Figure 3.5). Addi- for European ash according to Hilbner, Rasser
tional size effects have to be considered. The and Schickhofer (2010) as the black dashed
equation (14) summarizes the different param- curve. The blue curve was plotted according
eters and effects. The alternative is to com- to ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009). The slope of the
bine equations (15) and (16). blue curve in Figure 4.1 is fiat due to the p~· 5
for softwoods. The design model of SIA 265
Jax,k = 7 . 10-4 . pi·6 . d-0.34 ... (2003) is no longer valid but the red curve was
plotted to show the former performance com-
... {1-0.01 (30°- a) 0° ::;a<30° n lemb=2d pared to ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009). DIN 1052
1 30° ::; a ::; 90° (2008) was replaced by the Eurocode. The
(16) light green horizontal lines limitation accord-
ing to DIN 1052 (2008) are the result of the
restriction to Pk = 500 kg/m 3 for softwoods
4 Comparison with other for the three load bearing classes for screws.
The steep slope due top~ in the former design
design models model is remarkable. The German technical
approval Z-9.1-519 (2012) was the first which
Schneider (1999) published a design model allowed the application of modern screws in
for the withdrawal resistance of self-tapping hardwoods. The dark green curves are the
screws (anchor for window frames fZf 7.5 mm) closest to the black curve for equation (14).
in European beech. The orange curve and Figure 4.1 shows that the design models for
circle in Figure 4.1 a and 4.2 a respectivelly soft- and hardwoods should consider the dif-
represent this model. Equation (14) was plot- ferent influences of the density. The influence
ted as the black curve and the design model of the diameter is the same for soft- and hard-

136
 z so - DIN 1052TK1-3 - Schneider (1999) ...z so - z 50 A1uk
~
. 45 -
-
-
Z-9.1-519
EN 1995-1-1
- Hubner (2010)
- - Ru(LH)
'; 45
~
." 45
"
c:
!I 40 - SIA265 s"
c:
40
c:
40
~

~
"'
'iii 3S
f!

.,,~
30
25
20
~~
IJ7:··" ~ ~~
"'
'iii 35
f!
;; 30
;i:
.,,
=
f! 2S

'j 20
A 11.11

~1.6
1d _-
1sf1"1a %
I
r---
'iii 3S

~
f!
;; 30
.,,~ 2S
20

~ 10.(
~" 15
" 15 13. - 100 % - - " 1S
't: 10 00% _!- - ~ 10
~
'C:
10
~ .$
~ ~
~ ' Pmlo IPos .,"f! Ip05
f! s s .,f! 5
"'
.c: Pm"' .c: 0 IPmm Pm~ .c: 0
Pmin Pos Pm"'
" 400 500 600 700 BOO 900 1000
" 400 SOO 600 700 BOO 900 1000
" 400 SOO 600 700 BOO 900 1000
characteristic density [kg/m') characteristic density [kg/m'] characteristic density [kg/m')

(a) diameter 8mm (b) diameter 10 mm (c) diameter 12 mm

Figure 4.1: Withdrawal resistance for screw diameters (lef = 7 d, a= go 0 )

20 40 40

L
z
~ 18
z ...-;:z 3S
~ 35
a:'a 'a
g 14
16
.
a: 30 ."
a:=
30 ,
,-)~ . . .
s"
c: c:

-~~-~
25 25
~ 12 ~
~ "'
'iii 'iii
!! 20 !! 20
~
10

i a
;;
;i: 15
;;
;i: 1S
''.)"
~ ,,, •-?'
, , ,,,.. ___
-a 6 .,,f! ,,f! ,,..,...~

~
~rr
10
4 , o Schneider (1999) =
'j
..:
10 2;i:
..:
~ 2
-
-
DIN 1052 TK 1-3- SIA 265 (2003)
Z-9.1-519 - - Hubner (2010) "'
.c:
5
"'
.c:
5

" 0 - EN 1995-1- 1 - A.. (LH) " 0 " 0

4 6 B 10 12 14 16 1B 20 4 6 B 10 12 14 16 1B 20 4 6 B 10 12 14 16 1B 20
screw diameter d [mm] screw diameter d [mm] screw diameter d [mm)

(a) characteristic density 500kg/m3 (b) charact. density 650kg/m 3 (c) characteristic density 800 kg/m 3

Figure 4.2: Withdrawal resistance for different characteristic densities (ler = 60 mm, a= go 0
)

woods. The curves in Figure 4.2 are more par- technical approvals for screws the spacing per-
allel with the exception of the blue curve for pendicular to the grain direction can be re-
ON EN 1995-1-1 (2009). The slope for diame- duced to a2 = 2.5d if a1 · a2 = 25d2 .
ters d 2::: 8 mm is too flat but for d < 8 mm it
Plieschounig (2010) recommends a 1 2: 7 d and
is too steep. 2
a2 2: 3,5 d with a 1 · a2 = 24.5 d for screws per-
pendicular to the grain. Parallel to the grain
direction a quadratic grid with a = 5 d and
5 Further research for a = 45° seam a1 2: 6 d and a2 2: 4 d with
2
a1 · a2 = 24 d logically. For the time being
these are theoretical considerations and more
The new design model allows reaching the ten- research like published by .Mahlknecht (2011)
sile resistance of the screws with shorter effec- has to be carried out.
tive lengths. The question is how to increase
the transferable load. One answer could be
screws with a greater ratio of core to outer
diameter. Another answer are optimized min-
imum spacings's and edge/end distances. In

137
6 Acknowledgment [DIN 1052 2008] DIN 1052: Entwurf, Berech-
nung und Bemessv.ng van Holzbauwerken - Allge-
meine Bemessungsregeln und Bemessungsregeln fur
This research work Was part of the COMET- den Hochbau. Dezember 2008
K-project 1.2.3_ hardwood_ connections of the
[DIN 7998 1975] DIN 7998: Gewinde und Schraube-
competence centre holz. bau forschungs gmbh nenden fur Holzschrauben. Februar 1975
and was carried out in collaboration with the
Institute for Timber Engineering and Wood [Eckelman 1975] ECKELMAN, Carl A.: Screwholding
performance in hardwoods and particleboard. In:
Technology at the Graz University of Tech-
Forest Products Journal 25 (1975), No. 6, p. 30-35
nology and industrial partners HAAS Fertig-
bau GmbH €3 Co.KG and SPAX International [Frese and Bia//, 2009] FRESE, Matthias ; BLASS,
GmbH €3 Co. KG. The withdrawal tests Hans Joachim: Models for the calculation of the
withdrawal capacity of self-tapping screws. In: Pro-
were executed with the aid of Bernd Heis-
ceedings of CIB- Wl 8. Diibendorf, Schweiz, August
senberger, Markus Kummer, Manuel Logl and 2009. - Paper 42-7-3
Mathias Rasser. The research work was fi-
nanced through the Austrian State Ministry of [Griesser 2012] GRIESSER, Doris: Fichte und Birke
als tragende Elemente. In: Der Standard (2012),
Economic Affairs and Employment, the Min-
7. Marz, p. 17
istry of Transport, Innovation and Technol-
ogy as well as by the Steirischen Wirtschafts- [Hampel 1985] HAMPEL, Frank R.: The breakdown
fOrderungsgesellschaft mbH and the federal points of the mean combined with some rejection
rules. In: Technometrics 27 (1985), No. 2, p. 95-
state Steiermark. 107

[Hilbner et al. 2010] HOENER, Ulrich ; RASSER,

Mathias ; SCHICKHOFER, Gerhard: Withdrawal re-
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