Sheep Facilities Manual

Programme Manager
P F Cilliers (Pr Eng)
Author
H T Breedt (Pr Eng)
Translation
Izette de Barros
Editing
D M van der Merwe
Technical Editing
PA Henning Pr Eng
Layout and Design

E L Stoltz
Typist
M F P Ellis
Published by the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ARC-IAE)
March 2004
Private Bag X519, SILVERTON 0127, South Africa

Tel: (012) 842-4000 • Fax: (012) 804-0753
E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.arc.agric.za
An Institute of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any electronic or mechanical means, including photocopying
and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher.
All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2003 ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering
ISBN 1-919 849-58-0

2
ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering
CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction 2
2. Extent of sheep farming in South Africa 2

2.1 Sheep numbers in RSA compared to other countries 2
2.2 Mutton consumption 3
3. Existing production systems and the production cycle of sheep 4

3.1 Extensive 4
3.2 Intensive 4
3.2.1 In-phase lambing season 5
3.2.2 Accelerated lambing season 5
4. Choice of breed 6
4.1 Herd structure 7
4.2 Age structure 7
4.3 Weaning percentage 7
5. Design of an intensive production system 9

5.1 Planning procedure 10
5.2 Climatic requirements 11
5.3 Choice of site 12
5.3.1 Factor which influence the choice of a site 12
5.4 Design norms 15

5.4.1 Group sizes 15
5.4.2 Space requirements 16
5.4.3 Feeding and drinking space 16
5.4.4 Water requirements 17
6. Housing systems 17
6.1 Types of housing systems 17
6.1.1 Feeding pen systems 17
6.1.2 Closed systems 18
6.1.3 Extensive grazing camps 19
6.2 The influence of daylight length on slaughter lamb production 19
6.3 Ventilation requirements 20

6.3.1 Natural ventilation 21
6.3.2 Artificial ventilation 22
6.4 Animal waste production and handling 22

6.4.1 The value of animal waste 22
6.4.2 Waste production of sheep 24
6.4.3 Utilisation and distribution of waste 24
6.4.4 Control of unpleasant odours 25
6.4.5 Systems and methods 26
6.5 Feed handling and distribution 29
6.5.1 Feed storage space 30
6.5.2 Storage methods for feeds 32
6.5.3 Feed distribution or provisioning 33
7. Handling systems 35
7.1 Elements in the handling facility 35
7.1.1 Loading ramp 36
7.1.2 Adapting pens 40
7.1.3 Holding pens 40
7.1.4 Gathering pens and crowding pens 40
7.1.5 Post-gathering pens 40
7.1.6 Sorting pens and sorting gates 42
7.1.7 Crushes and working alleys 43
7.1.8 Dip facilities 46
7.1.9 Dripping pens 50
7.2 The influence of sheep behaviour on the design of handling facilities 50
7.3 Typical lay-out of handling complexes 51

7.3.1 Rectangular lay-outs 54
8. Shearing sheds 55
8.1 Types of shearing sheds 56
8.1.1 Sliding chute shearing shed 56
8.1.2 Crush shearing shed 57
8.1.3 Feedback alley shearing sheds 58
8.2 Elements of the shearing shed complex 59

8.2.1 Keeping area 60
8.2.2 Shearing area 64
8.2.3 Wool handling area 66
8.3 Wool production and storage space 67
9. General equipment 67
9.1 Water troughs and water basins 67
9.2 Feed troughs 68
9.3 Providing of shade 69
9.4 Camp fences 70
9.4.1 Fences for handling facilities 70
9.4.2 Fences for feedlots and alleys 72
9.4.3 Internal fences for grazing camps 72
9.4.4 Boundary fences for grazing camps and feedlots 73
9.4.5 Fences that are mainly used for ram pens 73
9.5 Slatted floors 74

9.6 Gates 75
9.7 Wool tables 76
9.8 Wool bins 78
9.9 Wool presses 80
10 Literature references 81
Appendix A – Intensive sheep housing 84

Appendix B – Creeper feeder for lambs 85
Appendix C – Feedlot for sheep 86
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to produce mutton economically it is necessary to comply with certain basic
production requirements. Various factors with a close mutual relation have an
influence on the production process. Optimal production is only possible if all these
factors assert their influence separately and combined.
The most important production requirements are the following:
• The provision of efficient and effective holding and handling facilities

• The establishment of proven genetic material resulting in proven stock
• The provision of a nutritional standard of high quality
• A high standard of management
• Stable marketing facilities
The main aspects contained in this manual are those of effective and efficient keeping
and housing facilities.
Although the extent of intensive sheep farming in South Africa is relatively smaller
than as in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Britain, the purpose of this
manual is to arrange and compile design information regarding the various elements
in the intensive production system for the reader. Important non-design information
such as complete operational budgets and the type of breed for the housing system is
included as general information.
The design of an intensive production system is discussed according to a planning

procedure, the climatic requirements, design specifications and choice of the site
which provides the designer with practical information, especially regarding the lay-
out of the system.
The various facilities such as the housing facility, the handling complex and shearing
sheds are discussed in full regarding the lay-out and existing systems.
This manual is a revision of the original manual written by E.B. van Wyk in February
1991. It is hoped that a positive contribution to the present-day agricultural industry
and more specifically the production of mutton, will be made by means of this
attempt. Any additional information, corrections, and/or general comments regarding
this manual and the contents thereof will be highly appreciated and can be
communicated to the Institute.
2. EXTENT OF SHEEP FARMING IN SOUTH AFRICA

2.1 Sheep numbers in the RSA in comparison with other countries
Table 2.1 illustrates sheep numbers for the nine provinces in South Africa up to 2001.
Figure 2.1 illustrates sheep numbers in the RSA compared to other countries.
2
Tabel 2.1: Sheep numbers for the nine provinces of South Africa (2001)
Source: Department of Agriculture (DOA)
PROVINCES 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Western Cape 3445 450 3380875 3441345 3523538 3459160 3349118 3261577
Northern Cape 7421 077 7643115 7781538 7741132 7336996 7764536 7881887
Free State 5974 182 5967322 5879039 5913614 5854542 5831317 5880632
Eastern Cape 7759 417 7887428 7957826 8118434 8067468 7916979 8154341
KwaZulu-Natal 1032 881 1030860 1064927 1058360 970464 887104 887732
Mpumalanga 2080 765 1913372 1940524 1845644 1847791 1742836 1694158
Limpopo Province 178 055 199606 227550 221477 216455 206361 210113
Gauteng 115 445 107364 94479 87865 91556 90609 90743
North West Prov. 777 054 803581 799306 834892 835840 761856 724607
Total South Africa 28784 326 28933523 29186534 29344956 28680272 28550716 28785790
200
164
150
102,7
100
64,9
51,7
50 40,0
29,8
29,2 27,8
Figure 2.1: Sheep numbers in South Africa in comparison with other world countries
2.2 Mutton consumption
The consumption of mutton between South Africa and other world countries are
shown in table 2.2.
3
Table 2.2: Per capita consumption of mutton (kg per capita) (Source SAMIC, 2001)
Country 1995 1996 19967 1998 1999
South Africa 3,3 3,6 3,3 3,4 3,5
Argentina 2,0 1,6 1,6 1,4 1,4
Australia 15,7 16,8 17,2 16,9 16,5
China 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0
Greece 13,6 13,9 13,8 13,6 13,8
Ireland 7,2 7,4 7,2 7,2 7,2
Mexico 1,7 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,7
New Zealand 22,5 31,1 20,0 17,4 18,2
Spain 6,3 6,0 6,0 6,1 5,9
Total European Union 3,7 3,7 3,6 3,7 3,7
United Kingdom 6,0 6,4 6,1 6,7 6,7
Urugay 12,6 15,7 14,1 11,6 11,7
USA 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5
Average 7,4 8,5 7,4 7,1 7,1
3. EXISTING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND THE

PRODUCTION CYCLE OF SHEEP
Existing production systems for mutton production in the RSA can be divided into
two main groups, namely extensive and intensive systems. Other important aspects
are the type, placing and construction of fences and gates. Provision must be made for
sufficient drinking water and supplementary feeding.
3.1 Extensive
In an extensive production system sheep live of the veld. Relevant structures therefor
consist of overnight facilities and a handling complex.
3.2 Intensive
The term intensive production is generally used. To prevent any confusion, the term
intensive, as used in this manual, is defined as follows:
Intensive sheep production is a system not defined under an extensive system and
usually refers to a closed system, or a system which exists in a feeding pen or a
production system from planted grazing or a combination thereof.
Within this definition a number of systems exist which are typical to South African
conditions. The final choice between the systems will largely depend on the owner or
client and will therefore depend on preference, management level, existing facilities,
etc.
4
With intensive production systems there are two types of lambing seasons, namely in-
phase and accelerated lambing season.
3.2.1 In-phase lambing season
In this system each ewe lambs only once a year. The group is however divided into
two, so that the ewes from different groups will lamb at different times of the year.
Risks are diminished this way, especially lambing pens and feeding pens can be used
more effectively. An existing system can be utilised to its maximum by extending the
size of the herd.
3.2.2 Accelerated lambing season
The accelerated lambing season system is beginning to become a possibility as the

production system is refined. Costs and risks of the system is usually high, but the
potential is income is also higher. In this system, sheep breeds with a long breeding
season is used. The lambs are weaned early (6 - 8 weeks or on approximately 20 kg)
and the ewes are tupped again immediately. Three lamb harvests in two years are
obtained this way.
A typical lay-out of an intensive production system for both in-phase and accelerated
lambing season systems can appear as shown in figure 3.1.
Lamb feeding
complex
Weaned lambs
Market
Lambing pens
Dry ewes or replacement ewes
Gestating ewes
Old ewes
Feedlot or planted grazing
Figure 3.1: Schematic presentation of an in-phase or accelerated lambing season

production system
A number of variations can occur, depending on the how planted grazing is integrated
in the system and the facilities. A schematic lay-out of a system, which uses plenty of
planted grazing and where the ewes lamb on the grazing, is presented in Figure 3.2.
5
Weaned lambs
Ewe and lamb
grazing
Lamb
grazing
Ewes lamb on
grazing
Gestating ewes
Market
Lamb feeding
complex
Feedlot or planted grazing
Figure 3.2: Schematic presentation of a system that includes planted grazing
This lay-out could be used where ewes lamb in the spring and/or autumn, but will be
dependent on the climate of the relevant region. Regions with a reasonably dry, warm
climate will be suitable for this type of lay-out.
4. CHOICE OF BREED
Under the item accelerated lambing season production system, mention was made of
breeds with a long breeding season. The specific breed to be used, will therefor also
have an influence on the system to be used.
The objective of any intensive production system is maximising profit. It is therefor

important that the choice of a breed will also be made with profit maximising in mind.
The term profit maximising refers to striving towards maximum income per ewe per
annum, including maximum mutton and/or wool production per year. Factors such as
a personal preference for a certain breed are therefor excluded in this discussion.
In line with the profit maximising objective, the following factors pertaining to choice
of breed are important:
Adaptation of a breed in the specific region

A long breeding season
An acceptable carcass
Growth potential
High reproduction tempo
Good maternal characteristics
If a certain herd size is accepted, the above factors can be evaluated according to three
basic factors for the increase of mutton production, namely:
6
Herd structure
Age structure
Weaning percentage
4.1 Herd structure
The herd structure pertains to the percentage of division of breeding ewes, she-lambs,
young ewes and wethers. The analysis of the herd structure showed that an increase
in breeding ewes has a very important influence on the future mutton production of a
herd.
Factors such as marketing age, mating age and number of breeding seasons per year -
which is directly dependent on the breed - determine the percentage breeding ewes in
the herd. The greatest percentage breeding ewes in the herd - and consequently the
highest mutton production - is possible with breeds such as mutton, mutton/wool and
fur-sheep.
4.2 Age structure
Mutton production consists of the number of lambs and number of ewes marketed
annually. An extension of the period, that breeding ewes can be used in the herd
means a reduction in the replacement tempo, i.e. the number of lambs to be retained in
the herd per annum for replacement of productive ewes. A reduction in the
replacement tempo will inevitably ensure an increase in the number of marketable
lambs per annum en hence an increase in income.
Factors which influence the production period of breeding ewes are:
The number of lambs weaned, mated per ewe, increasing to the ewe’s age of 5
years, after which it decreases as the ewe gets older;
The survival age of the ewes remains constant to the age of 7 years after which
it decreases.
An early mating age and longevity of ewes are therefore very important factors with
choice of a breed.
4.3 Weaning percentage
The weaning percentage determines the mutton production directly and can be
increased by:
An increase in the lamb percentage:

I.e. the number of lambs born, per mated ewe.
An increase in fecundity:
Under fecundity (fertility) we understand the number of lambs born per ewe.
The occurrence of multiple births therefore has a positive influence on the
meat production. There is however a notable weaker growth with multiples
compared to single lambs. An increase in fertility must therefore be coupled
with selection for better growth potential to be significant. Fecundity can be
increased by selection within a breed or by crossbreeding.
7
An improvement in the covering:
I.e. the percentage ewes lambed per ewes mated. The fertility of the ewes and
rams are very important here.
An improvement in survival:
That is the number of lambs born per number of lambs weaned. As far as the
choice of a breed is concerned, the maternal characteristics are important here.
An increase in lambing frequencies:

I.e. that higher coverings be done, three times in every two years instead of the
normal annual lambing.
The above determines the number of marketable lambs per annum. It is however also
important to look at the factors that influence the total mass of lamb produced per
year.
These factors are as follows:
Milk production of the ewes: This feature largely determines the pre-weaning
lamb growth and is especially important with a high fecundity characteristic.
Growth potential of the lambs: The growth potential of the lambs is to an
extent influenced by the heredity of this feature and varies from breed to
breed.
The “type” and carcass quality: has an anticipatory value to predict the
percentage fat and percentage good meat cuts of a carcass.
The variation of the factors influencing the choice of a breed is sometimes greater
within a breed as between different breeds. This means that no universal breed can be
recommended for intensive systems.
Fundamentally, factors such as adaptation potential, fast growth and longevity of

ewes, determine the choice of the breed. If the current wool price is considered, a
further determining factor, namely the wool production potential, is also important.
Table 4.1 below quantifies some of the most important differences between the
different breeds.
8
Table 4.1: Important factors with breed choice for an intensive system
W
O
O
L WOOL/
MUTTON/WOOL EUROPEAN S A MUTTON
S MUTTON
SHEEP MUTTON SHEEP SHEEP
H SHEEP
E
E
P
S A Mutton merino
Merinolandsheep
Dohne merino
Ilede France
Dorset Horn
Hampshire
Corriedale
Walrich
Dormer
Suffolk
Vandor
Merino
Dorper
Letelle
Afrino
Availability of ewes +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3
Breeding season: Short* +1 +1

Intermediate +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
long
Fecundity (Fertility) -1 +2 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +1 +2
Sexual maturity -1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +2 +1 +3 +3 +2 +2 +1 +1 +3
Marketing age -1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +2 +1 +3 +3 +2 +2 +1 +1 +3
Feed intake +2 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1
Wool production +3 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2
Cross breeding: Ewes +3 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Rams -3 -1 -1 -1 +3 +2 +3 +1 +3 +3 +3 +3 +1 +1 +3
* Sheep with a short breeding season can only be utilised effectively in an in-phase lambing season with coverage in the autumn
5. DESIGN OF SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

An intensive production system consists of the elements as listed below and are
mainly determined by the size of the herd:
Handling facilities:
This element must make provision for the reception, handling, treatment and
dispatch of the sheep. The handling area can include the following:
• loading platform
• dip
• scales
• crush
• sorting pens
• holding pens (reception and dispatch)
• adaption pens
• pre-herding corral that allow sheep into the working area in groups.
9
Housing area:
lambing pens
ram pens
lam pens
ewes
ewes with lambs
Feed processing complex:
Feed store
feed mixers, hammer mill, feed carts, etc.
Hospital
Office
Shearing sheds
The above elements will be discussed according to the following points:
Planning procedure
Climatic requirements
Choice of a site and zoning
Design norms and space requirements
Ventilation requirements
Waste handling
5.1 Planning procedure
Before detailed designs can be done, certain factors must be quantified and certain
decisions must be made. The following procedure can be of assistance with the
planning of an intensive production system.
Determine the type of production system and the number of animals or groups
involved.
Decide on the type of facilities to be incorporated in the production system
with regard to the type of system, number of animals, climate, infrastructure
and capital.
Calculate the size of each facility and make a scale sketch of each building and
camp. If existing facilities will be used, it must be critically considered
regarding the requirements and expansion.
Identify possible sites. The choice of a site will be handled under 5.3, but
important factors will include the total size, accessibility, future expansion and
natural factors such as topography, gradient and wind directions. If existing
buildings will be used, the choice of a site is therefor limited.
Sketch a preliminary lay-out for every possible site.
Discuss the lay-outs critically with the client and make a combined decision on
the “best” choice, taking into consideration other factors, such as construction
costs, availability of materials and effectiveness of the lay-out.
Begin with the detail planning and design and consider the client’s specific
requirements, preferences and reservations, as well as the cost he has in mind.
Flexibility of the final lay-out is very important and ensures effectiveness by
making various activities possible at the same time.
The importance of client involvement cannot be over-emphasised. The system

will be used by the client and the client must be satisfied with it. Expensive
features, which are never used, are sometimes built into productions systems.
10
5.2 Climatic requirements
Although sheep are well adapted to the climatic conditions in South Africa, it is
important to realise that these housing facilities can change these conditions
dramatically. These changes can have a significant influence on the feed intake and
the occurrence of disease.
“Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) usually occurs during a change in the season or

grazing”.
The above hypothesis is a free translation from “Intensive Fat lamb Production in
Natal”, Grobbelaar and Botha, and associates the occurrence of a disease to the change
in season or environment. This association of environmental conditions to diseases is
a common occurrence. Just think of all the causes allotted to the common cold.
The physiological processes responsible for the correlation between stress and disease
are still not fully comprehended. It is however common knowledge that anxiety, as a
result of a change in temperature or environment can break down the resistance of a
person or animal. In such a situation, the relevant person or animal is more
susceptible to diseases. Keeping this hypothesis in mind, it can be accepted that cold
and hot weather will in turn have an influence on the immunity system of a sheep.
The meteorological conditions or parameters with regard to animal diseases can,

according to Kelly (1982), be divided into five groups:
Direct causes:
These include non-contagious diseases or conditions such as sunburn, heat
exhaustion or freezing.
Pathogen survival:
It is common knowledge that the growth and reproduction of microbes are
largely determined by meteorological conditions. Some researchers even
claim that the weather or a combination of temperature, moisture and
microbiological growth has the greatest influence on animal health.
Animal behavioural patterns:

The behaviour of animals change as the animals are exposed to lower or higher
temperatures. When it is cold, sheep are inclined to huddle together in order to
increase or retain body temperature. This huddling together causes
environmental moisture, especially as the ventilation is then also not sufficient.
The transfer of diseases from one sheep to another takes place easily in this
environment.
Feed intake:
At low temperatures, the feed intake of sheep increases involuntarily in order
to maintain their body temperature. A limitation of rations during this period
can decrease the resistance of the animal, which increases susceptibility for
diseases.
Under warmer conditions the feed intake decreases because the metabolism is
slower, with the same effect as a limitation in the ration during low
temperatures.
11
According to Boshoff (1983), only about 50% of the daily dry material intake
is utilised for production. Stress as a result of temperature can be easily
underestimated if this fact is not taken into consideration.
Immunity or resistance:
It has been established experimentally that the temperature has a definite
influence on the resistance of the animal against eg. Streptococci,
staphylococci and pasturella.
The temperature comfort zone of sheep lies between 5°C and 21°C. From the above it
can be expected that productivity will be negatively influenced outside these
perimeters. The choice of a site can have a great influence on temperature and
temperature variations. Factors which influence temperature must therefor be
critically considered with a choice of a site.
5.3 Choice of a site
The choice of a suitable site is not only important from the perspective of the sheep
unit or the specific needs of the sheep. It is also important that the choice of a site is
done in such a way that it compliments the entire farm lay-out and considers other
operational activities.
It is therefore the responsibility of the planner not to concentrate only on the specific
needs of the sheep unit, but to consider factors from the specific situation thoroughly.
5.3.1 Factors which influence the choice of a site
Economy:
The underlying reason for any development or extension of an operation is the
maximising of profit. It is therefor necessary that all economic factors
regarding each potential site should be determined and considered. The
question is whether the provision of housing and handling facilities will
increase the eventual income as such that it will be possible to recover the
expenditure within a reasonable period.
Effect on the environment:

In the process of maximising profit, we must not be overwhelmed by
selfishness regarding the utilisation of natural resources. In the planning - and
specifically in the choice of a site - the effect that the system will have on the
environment must be assessed. The choice of a site must be done as such that
the system will not contribute to pollution. The potential soil erosion that can
be brought about by poorly planned stormwater furrows and changes in the
slope must be taken note of and evaluated. The contribution of each structure
to the environment must also be taken into account, therefor the shape of the
structure is important. If possible, all features or distinctions which enhance
the environment, must be retained. An appealing and well-designed system
will contribute to an acceptable working environment.
Relative position:
Relative position means the placing of the complex relative to the farmyard. A
compromise must be made between the comfort of being close to the complex
and the discomfort of the noise and odours generated by the complex. The
general placing is called zoning. The zoning model divides the farmyard into
concentric rings with the farmyard as central point. These concentric rings are
12
known as activity zones. Activities are now placed in one of these zones,
depending on the degree of annoyance of the activity. Figure 5.1 shows a
division of typical activities in the zones.
Storm water furrow
Slope
Sheep production
system
Grain or feed
area
Wind breaks
Yard
Workshop
House
Main access route
Figure 5.1: Zoning model according to activity zones
From the figure, we can deduce that the sheep production unit is placed in the
development area and not closer than 90 m from the farmhouse. Noise and odour
problems will be avoided if the unit is placed further away from the farmhouse, but
supervision would then be more difficult (especially at night).
Accessibility:
Easy access to the production unit from the main routes, machinery centre and
feed area is an important consideration in the choice of a site. If vehicles must
pass close to the farmhouse, it will ensure better security to the sheep complex.
Services:
Costs and other implications regarding electricity supply, telephone service
and water supply are important.
Drainage:
Correct drainage is important, as run-off water may not be allowed into the
natural stream areas. Poor drainage also has disease and other negative
implications to be kept in mind. Drainage is mainly influenced by the
topography and soil type of the relevant site.
Low-lying areas must be avoided as far as possible to guard against problems

with a high water table during wet periods. Suitable slopes are typically 4 -
6%, with the direction of the fall away from the farmhouse or other buildings.
13
With steep slopes, attention must be given to the potential soil erosion dangers
which may occur. A well thought-out run-off control plan will solve this
problem.
The soil characteristics of the site determine the infiltration tempo of the soil.
Clay soils will not only result in a low infiltration tempo and wet, muddy
conditions, but also have weak foundation traits that can be limiting on the
type of structure to be used.
Prevailing wind directions in orientation of buildings:

The direction and strength of the local winds must be taken into account in
relation to the placing of the facility relative to the farmhouse.
Natural shelter such as trees and a northern slope can also be utilised against
cold winter winds.
The orientation of a housing system must be such that it provides protection

against cold winter winds, but still allows ventilation for the summer months.
Prevailing
summer winds
Farm house Expansion
Prevailing
winter winds
Figure 5.2: Development relative to wind directions
The orientation of the building also determines the effectiveness of the ventilation
openings provided in the building. Orientation is further important in the utilisation of
maximum shade in the summer and good heat gathering in winter, if possible. A
housing system is usually placed with a long axis in an east-west direction and a low
roof on the northern side.
14
Waste handling:
Place the facility away from the natural stream areas - this will not only make
the design and construction easier, but such a location provides sufficient
space for the erection, maintenance and operation of a practical run-off control
system. All run-off from a higher-lying catchment area must be diverted away
from the facility by means of a run-off control system. Consider roofing for
the open feeding pens and alleys in order to limit the volume of polluted run-
off water.
Existing buildings:
Existing buildings must only be used if it complies with the size, posiiton,
condition and adaptability of the entire plan.
Extension possibilities:
With the choice of a site, the possible extension of the production system must
be kept in mind. Poor planning in this regard has inhibited the extension of an
operational branch of a facility many times in the past, causing additional costs
in the lay-out of a new unit.
5.4 Design norms
The design norms given in this paragraph must be seen as directives to the maximum
and/or minimum proven in practice. It is however not necessary to apply these norms
rigidly. Negotiations with the client will be necessary.
5.4.1 Group sizes
The purpose of the proposed group sizes is for the simplification of the management
of a production system.
Sick animals can be identified easier

Lambs will not be easily separated from their mothers
Handling and record-keeping is simplified
Proposed group sizes are shown in table 5.1
15
Table 5.1: Proposed group sizes
Group size
Ewes in lamb 200
Ewes nearing lambing 50
Prematurely weaned lambs 50
*Ewes with lambs: Age: Birth to 1 day in lambing pen
2 - 4 days 10 ewes with lambs
14 days + 50 - 100 ewes with lambs

*For ewes with twins, the group size must be halved with the values given in table 5.1
5.4.2 Space requirements
The following norms regarding the space requirement can be used for design and
planning purposes:
Feeding pen 2m²/sheep*

Gathering or holding area 0,8 - 1m²/sheep
1,5 - 1,8m²/ewe with lamb
0,5 - 0,75m²/lamb younger than 1 yr
Herding area 0,5m²/sheep

Ram pens 5m²/ram
Lambing pens 2,5 - 3m²/sheep
Shaded area in feeding pens 0,5m²/sheep
(0,3 - 0,75m²/sheep)
Drying corral 0,5m²/sheep
*In areas with a relatively low rainfall (400 mm/year), this value can be decreased to
approximately 1m²/sheep.
5.4.3 Feeding and drinking space
The minimum feeding and drinking space required per animal is given below:
16
Table 5.2: Required feeding and drinking space
Feeding and drinking space required

Rationing or feeding trough conditions:
Mature sheep 0,4 - 0,5 m/sheep
Lambs ± 4 months 0,2 - 0,25 m/lamb
Lambs ± 1 year 0,3 - 0,35 m/lamb
Self-feeder or ad-lib feeding
Mature sheep 100mm/sheep
Lambs ± 4 months 50 - 75mm/lamb
Lambs ± 1 year 75 - 100mm/lamb
Water trough 0,3m²/40 sheep
5.4.4 Water requirements
Table 5.3 shows typical values for water requirements of the different animals in an
intensive production system. Provision must be made in the design of the water supply
system for reserve storage capacity for at least three days.
Table 5.3: Water requirements of sheep
Type of animal Water requirements ℓ/day/animal

Rams 7,5 - 10
Dry ewes 7,5 - 10
Ewe with lamb ± 12
Weaned lambs ± 5
6. HOUSING SYSTEMS
6.1 Types of housing systems
Intensive housing systems in sheep production can be divided into feeding pen
systems or closed systems as we;; as extensive housing systems in grazing camps.
6.1.1 Feeding pen systems
Three highly concentrated areas can be identified in a feeding pen, namely the
feeding, rest and drink area. Normally the feeding crib is on top, the rest area in the
middle and the drinking area at the bottom. This type of housing system is in general
use in South Africa. Figure 6.1 shows a typical feeding pen system.
The roofed area of the system can vary in size, but as a directive a shaded area of
0,3m² - 0,75m²/ewe or 1m²/ewe with lamb is provided.
The animals will normally remain in the roofed area or in the shade for the shade and
the feeding troughs usually placed under the roof. It can be expected that most of the
manure will collect here, therefor the manure alley with gates, giving access to a
17
tractor with a scraper for manure removal. Diseases can be increased due to more
moist and dirty conditions under the roof at the feeding pens. This is why a separate
shade-area should be provided in the middle of the pen.
The feeding pens must be placed with the sloping position away from the feeding
troughs and the roofed area to diminish problems with run-off water for this part.
Run-off must preferably not flow from one pen to the other, as it can promote the
spreading of disease. Trampling in front of feeding pens can be prevented by placing
a concrete slab of at least 80 mm wide in front of the pen.
If more than one row of feedlots have to be built, the rows are spaced 4m to 6m apart,
so that a tractor or trailer can easily move between them. This spacing forms a
connecting alley that leads to the handling facilities. The individual gates from each
corral must seal off the alley completely.
For detail construction of feeding troughs, water cribs, fences, gates and the shade structure,
see Chapter 9.
Slope
Slope
Feeding alley
Self feeder
Manure alley
Roof line
Slope 1 – 6%
To handling facility
Figure 6.1: Typical feeding pen lay-out
6.1.2 Closed systems
Closed housing systems differ from the feeding pen system, limiting the movement of
sheep to the minimum. This type of complex is not generally used in South Africa and
requires a relatively large capital input. The benefit of the system is that it is more
accurately controlled and managed. Features such as increased production, eg. that
18
lengthened daylight hours can be utilised more positively. The closed system is used
generally in Europe with its harsh winters. Two types of buildings are used, namely
concrete floor buildings and slatted floor buildings.
Although slatted floor buildings are more expensive than concrete floor buildings,
twice as many animals can be housed in them than in concrete floor buildings. The
floor plans of some buildings can easily be changed, by using loose-standing units for
partitions. By doing this adaptation, the barn can be converted into lambing pens,
slaughter lamb production pens or a shearing barn, which will mean more efficient
utilization of the facilities.
Correct ventilation of buildings in the enclosed system is important and is discussed in

more detail further on in the manual.
Under South African conditions, ram pens and lambing pens can be placed beneath a
lean-to without any side cover.
Materials that can be used for slatted floors include concrete, plastic, wood or
expanded metal.
Enclosed systems can also be used for specific animal groups, namely rams or ewes
near lambing.
6.1.3 Extensive grazing camps
Sheep are kept in these camps on grazing. The size of the camps will be determined
by:
The number of sheep (group size)

The type and condition of the grazing
The specific terrain layout
The farmer’s management practices
Soil type and rainfall (prevention of drainage problems and erosion)
No special facilities are necessary. A sheltered area (preferably a lean-to) and a shaded
area must be provided if natural shelter such as trees and rock formations are not
available. The sheep must have access to fresh water and feeding troughs with power
fodder. Efficient fencing is essential and is discussed in detail in Chapter 9.
6.2 The influence of day-length on slaughter lamb production
The influence of day-length has been repeatedly proven in plant and animal
production. The production of slaughter lambs is no exception. Intensive housing
systems make it possible to implement this influence to the benefit of the producer.
Although the physiological processes which take place during daylight lengthening
have not been definitely determined, positive results have been reached in experiments
with the lengthening of daylight length.
In an experiment during which 2 groups of slaughter lambs were exposed to a 16-hour

and an 8-hour daylight length respectively, it was proven that with the longer daylight
length, lambs showed a better feed conversion and therefore needed less feed per unit
weight increase.
19
Table 6.1 shows the average benefit of a 16-hour daylight length compared to an 8-
hour daylight length obtained from three different experiments.
Table 6.1: Benefit of lengthening of daylight length
Percentage benefit of a 16-hour daylight length

over an 8-hour daylight length (%)
Average daily increase (g/day) 12,9 - 20,6
Feed intake 7,8 - 13,5
Final mass 9,0 - 10,5
Carcass mass 6,8 - 12,0
The practical implementing of this influence had the following results for an American
farmer:
Table 6.2: Benefit of lengthening of daylight length in a production system
Daylight length
16 h 8h
Average daily increase (g/day) 400 ± 20 260 ± 40
From these results and available research information, Schanbacher (1982) proposes
that if controlled daylight length is applied in a production system, a 16-hour daylight
length should be the objective.
6.3 Ventilation requirements
Any building will have an influence on the relative moisture content, quality of the air,
the temperature, as well as the amount and quality of light in the building compared to
conditions outside.
The purpose of ventilation is mainly to create a healthy environment by replacing stale

air with fresh air and at the same time removing moisture, dust, heat, odours and
harmful gases.
Since sheep are adapted to handle reasonable temperature variations, the aim of
ventilation is to create a dry, draft-free building rather than increasing the internal
temperature.
Temperature in the building must never be increased by means of closing some or all
ventilation openings. Such a situation will lead to enormous moisture build-up and
eventual condensation against the roof and walls. This condensation condition nor
only reduces the isolation capability of the building material, but is a quick recipe for
causing pneumonia in sheep.
Ventilation requirements are a function of, among others, the outer temperature
construction material, and the group sizes housed in the building. It is therefore
expected that some measure of ventilation control would be built in.
Ventilation can be done in two ways, namely natural ventilation and artificial
ventilation.
20
6.3.1 Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is supplied by placing inlet and outlet openings in the wall and
roof. These can be permanent or adjustable vents such as hinged or movable panels. A
building with natural ventilation will usually be only a few degrees warmer in the
winter and a few degrees cooler in the summer.
Figure 6.2 shows a typical situation of natural ventilation in summer and winter
conditions.
Prevailing wind
direction
Ventilation vent open

Permanent Vent Ventilation vent
closed
Summer conditions Winter conditions
Figure 6.2: Natural ventilation for summer and winter conditions
If the building is open on the one side, the open side must be placed away from the
prevailing winter wind direction as shown in the figure above. Ventilation
requirements will change as the building changes dimensions and will also depend on
the position of internal obstructions in the building.
The following directives are applicable to natural ventilation conditions and specific
values are based on a building width of 18 m and a minimum height of 3 m.
Vents can be permanent or adjustable and can include windows, wall openings
or panels, ridge openings, roof edge openings, etc.
Permanent wall openings must not be placed lower than 1,5 m from the floor
surface. This will prevent a direct draught on the animals during winter.
Inlet openings can be adjustable panels or doors on the one side, with a
permanent continuing opening of 100 - 150 mm in the opposite wall.
Alternatively, a minimum of 0,035 m² per ewe-space should be provided.

Assume that the building is designed with an occupation of 2 m² per ewe, then
at least 0,07m² ventilation opening per ewe must be provided.
The ridge opening should be ± 450 mm to ensure a good inlet at all the
openings.
The ridge opening must be in total ± 50% of the total inlet openings provided.
21
6.3.2 Artificial ventilation
In areas where it is necessary to heat a building artificially, artificial ventilation is

provided. Thermostatic control systems can be connected to the fans, to ensure correct
air movement for different external temperatures and occupations or group sizes.
Two types of artificial ventilation systems can be distinguished:
Positive pressure systems:

Air is forced into the building by the fans. Air leaves the building through
outlet openings provided. The disadvantage of pressure systems is that moist
air is forced in through openings or hollows. This moist air can be condensed
and wets insulation material with a resulting decrease in the insulation capacity
of the material.
Negative pressure systems:

With these systems, air can be extracted from the building. Fresh air enters the
building through permanent or adjustable inlets.
Directives for artificial ventilation systems for an occupation of 2 m² per ewe:
The U-value of building materials should be 1,4 and 0,7 w/m² for the walls and
ceiling respectively.
Provide at least an airflow of 2,5 ℓ/s per ewe to prevent moisture build-up.
Fans can be chosen such to provide a basis of 25 ℓ/s per 1000 kg live weight of
the animals. An additional 80 ℓ/s per 1000 kg must be provided to be
introduced in steps as the temperature rises.
Inlet openings of at least 275mm² per ℓ/s airflow or fan capacity.

Alternatively air vents must have a minimum surface of 0,1 m² per 300 l/s fan
capacity
With positive pressure systems the air vents can be calculated as 1 360 mm²
per 10 l/s.
Although lambs can withstand low temperatures when they are dry, heating
can be provided for newborn lambs by means of a 250w infrared lamp. Good
protection against shocks and burning is necessary.
6.4 Animal waste production and handling
6.4.1 The value of animal waste
The value of animal waste is grossly underestimated. In Europe, animal waste was
intensively used as fertiliser before the Second World War. The advent of reasonably
cheap, inorganic fertiliser diminished the use of animal waste. In the current world
situation of expensive commercial fertilisers, the attention is again on the use of
animal waste as fertiliser.
Animal waste is rich in plant nutrients and can be used successfully as fertiliser.
Approximately 50 - 70% of the total nitrogen intake and 60-80% of the phosphorous
intake of animals is excreted in the waste.
22
The nitrogen occurring in the animal waste however varies in plant availability and
occurs in a number of chemical compositions of which ammonia (NH4) constitutes
about 60%. The plant available nitrogen is approximately 30 - 70 % of the total
nitrogen present in animal waste. The relatively low values occur in solids while
higher values refer to the plant available nitrogen in the liquid portion of the
excretions.
The amount of phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) which occurs in the waste as plant
available links, compares well with that of the commercial fertilisers. It has been
further established experimentally that P derived from animal waste, increases the
total plant available P in the soil in comparison with the situation where only
commercial fertilisers are used.
Other benefits in the use of animal waste as fertiliser include:
The favourable influence on the trace elements in the soil.

The improvement of the ion exchange ability of the soil.
The improvement of the soil structure which determines, among others,
infiltration, water retention ability and workableness.
Table 6.3 and 6.4 shows the specific composition of excretions of sheep
Table 6.3: Production of different elements in sheep waste per 1000 kg live mass
(approximately 20 ewes)
Amount per 1000 kg live mass

kg/day kg/year
Total 40 14 600
Water 30 10 950
Solids 10 3 650
Nitrogen 0,44 160
Phosphorous 0,07 37
Potassium 0,33 110
Calcium 0,03 10
Magnesium 0,02 8
Sodium 0,02 8
Table 6.4: The amount of plant available nutrients per ton of waste
Plant available nutrients Amount (kg per ton waste)

Total N 9
N available in NH3 links 2,5
P available in P2O5 links 2,4
K available in K2O links 10,8
A sheep produces approximately ¾ - 1 ton waste per year. If we accept a production of

¾ ton, the financial value of the waste can be calculated per element and is combined
in Table 6.5.
23
Table 6.5: The financial value of sheep waste as fertiliser
Nutrient Amount (kg) Price* Value

R/kg (R/year)
per ton waste per sheep per year
Total N 9 6,75 5,82 39,29
N available from NH3 2,5 1,88
P available from P2O5 2,4 1,80 13,62 24,52
K available from K2O 10,8 8,10 4,46 36,13
Total value per sheep per year 99,94

*Average fertiliser prices of N, P and K for December 2003.
For a 500-ewe unit, that consists of approximately 900 animals, the correct utilisation
of sheep waste as plant nutrient has a financial benefit of ±R89 600 per year. This
amount emphasises the potential of the use of waste in a fertilising programme.
6.4.2 Waste production of sheep
The daily waste production for sheep is approximately 30 to 40 kg / 1000 kg live mass
per day.
‘n Detailed version of waste production are shown in Table 6.6.
Table 6.6: Waste production of different types of animals
Type of animal Waste production

kg/Day m3/Day
Rams (80 kg – 130 kg) 4,5 4,5 * 10-3
Dry ewes (70 kg – 90 kg) 2,7 2,83 * 10-3
Ewes with lambs to 12 kg 3,2 3,4 * 10-3
Lambs (12 kg – 50 kg) 1,8 1,8 * 10-3
6.4.3 Utilisation and distribution of waste
Ineffective utilisation of animal waste as fertiliser can lead to serious environmental

pollution. Ammonia emission is among others responsible for soil acidifying. In
regions with concentrated intensive animal production systems, the problem of air
pollution and soil acidification can cause great damage.
The pollution of water, by the leaching of mainly nitrates, increases the nitrogen
content of the water. The increased nitrogen content gives rise to an oxygen shortage
in the water and stimulates the growth of algae, which causes great damage to the fine
balance of ecosystems of river and marsh areas.
The greatest losses experienced during the use of animal waste as fertiliser, is the loss
of nitrogen through ammonia emission or the nitrification process (the biological
oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate and nitrate nitrogen).
24
The following directives must be kept in mind:
Apply in spring directly before planting or sowing of the relevant crop. The
synchronisation of availability of fertilisers and the requirement of plant
nutrients as well as the relatively low soil temperatures decreases the losses
resulting from leaching and nitrification.
Application should preferably be done subsurface (plough directly after

application). Losses resulting from nitrification is limited this way.
If waste is stored in heaps for later distribution, the exposed surface of the heap
must be as small as possible. This not only decreases losses in nutrients, but it
also decreases the production of unpleasant odours. It is important that expert
advice is obtained and soil, water and manure analysis is done before
fertilization by means of animal manure is done on a specific soil type for a
specific crop.
Table 6.7: Nitrogen losses to be expected with different field applications
Method N-losses (%)
Spreading (after 4 days) 25 - 50

Spreading (after 3 weeks) 45 - 75
Spreading and immediate tilling 5
Injection or harrowing 5
Sprinkler irrigation 25 - 30
6.4.4 Control of unpleasant odours
Unpleasant odours are the cause of many public complaints and are annoying in the
living and working environment. Although legislation does not currently exist for
allowable emission of odours, it can be expected in the future, as research progresses
to quantify the concentration, intensity and human tolerant values. Table 6.8 shows the
major values and contributions of the sources for production of unpleasant odours.
Table 6.8: Major sources of unpleasant odours
Source % Contribution
Field distribution of waste 41
Housing facilities 25
Dung heaps and dams 22
Food processing 12
Methods of controlling and eliminating unpleasant odours include the following:
Correct zoning with regard to farm houses, other housing and wind directions
will decrease the detection of odours.
Biochemical additives to limit the production of gases.
Air fresheners to limit the detection of odours.
Correct storage of waste matter
Effective manure dams
25
Tillage of fields after spreading
Regular removal of manure
Air-drying of solid waste.
6.4.5 Systems and methods
The handling of waste has come to the fore strongly the past few years resulting from
the pollution potential of waste. The direct inlet of run-off water from feedlots and
intensive production systems into rivers and streams is currently prohibited by
legislation and it is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that waste is handled
according to the norms and standards as prescribed. As production systems are
intensified, stricter legislation is expected. The correct handling of waste will not only
decrease potential pollution, but also the production of unpleasant odours.
Figure 6.3 shows a diagram of how waste is handled in the different production
systems.
Waste handling in systems with a large component of planted crops or natural grazing,
in normally not a problem, because it is already spread over a wide area. A directive to
be taken into account here to minimise diseases and pollution, is that no waste
handling measures are necessary if the area utilised as grazing is large enough to
maintain vegetation.
In intensive systems, waste is handled according to the combination and lay-out of the
facility.
FEEDLOT WITH CLOSED SYSTEM

GRAZING
SHELTER
SOLIDS RUN-OFF
HANDLING
SOLIDS
REMOVAL OF
SOLIDS
FILTRATION DAM
DISTRIBUTION
Figure 6.3: Handling of sheep waste
26
Figure 6.4 shows the handling of sheep waste in an open feedlot system. In open
feedlots, liquids are collected by means of a run-off control system, after which the
solids from the liquids is separated in a sedimentation dam.
Slope
Stormwater furrow
Controls run-off
Feedlot run-off
Flow-off furrow ± 4%
Alternative – sedimentation dam
Storage dam or
sedimentation dam
(0,1%) infiltration dam
Figure 6.4: Waste handling in open feedlot systems
Sedimentation dams are usually shallow structures and usually also lined with
concrete to simplify the maintenance and cleaning process. The inlet to the
sedimentation dam is bevelled to a fall of ± 10% to make access for a tractor possible.
See figure 6.5.
The filter can be of ordinary rectangular bales that hold back the solids and let the
water seep through. As the effectiveness reduces, the bales are removed and replaced
by other bales. The filter can also be a stone stratum consisting of a mass of small
round stones that retains the solids and lets the water flow through. The stones must be
sprayed clean regularly to prevent blockage.
27
Outlet
Outlet
Filter to block solids
10%
Figure 6.5: Concrete sedimentation dam
The liquid flows from the sedimentation dam to a storage dam where it either
evaporates or is pumped out by an irrigation system or other distribution method onto
nearby fields. Alternatively, the liquid can be led away to an infiltration dam or a
vegetated area to evaporate or infiltrate there.
The solids are immediately spread on the nearby fields or stored in heaps for
composting or later distribution. Maize cobs covered with a layer of straw can be used
as a basis for the dung heap.
Directives for waste handling systems:
The infiltration dam in which the water is accumulated must be at least 100 m
long and preferably have a slope of about 0,25%. The infiltration tempo of the
region will decrease drastically with time and can cause problems if
sedimentation dams are not used to remove solids beforehand.
The use of infiltration dams, are only recommended for production systems
with less than 750 animals. Alternatively water must flow into storage dams
and be sprayed out.
The slope of the first 20 m of the run-off control system must be

approximately 4% to achieve run-off from the housing complex as soon as
possible and to prevent deposit of solids in the canals. The slope can then be
graded to approximately 1% to the sedimentation dam.
The size of the sedimentation dam can be calculated from:

~ surface approximately 1/40 of the total feedlot area
~ volume 0,15 - 0,3m3 for each 10m2 of the feedlot surface
(These values can be smaller in regions with a low to very low rainfall)
More general and design information and directives are given in the manure
handling manual of the ARC-ILI
28
6.5 Feed handling and distribution
The feed processing area will have a significant influence on the choice of the site.
Important points for the placing and planning of this area, include:
It must be close to the housing area for the least moving of materials.
The facility must be planned in such a way that future extension is possible.
Existing equipment and buildings can be used successfully.
Dust from die milling and mixing processes can be very annoying if prevailing
wind directions are not taken into account during the placing of the facility
relative to the houses, work areas and animal housing facilities.
Other important considerations include the availability of water and electricity
as well as existing and envisioned access routes.
The sophistication of the feed provisioning system will be determined by:
Size of the unit:

As the unit increases, the management thereof becomes more difficult and the
designer must consider a completely mechanised feed provisioning system.
Type of production system:

The type of production system determines how grazing (natural or planted) is
included in the feed provisioning programme. The more intensive the system,
the larger the storage capacity of the system must be, in order to provide in the
feeding requirements.
Availability and dependability of labour:

The mechanisation level of the feed handling and provisioning system will
increase as the risks concerning the labour source increases.
Managerial capabilities:
The mechanisation level of the system must adapt to the capabilities and
requirements of the user.
Costs:
As the mechanisation level increases, the costs will increase and the final
choice or design will mainly be determined by the financial resources and the
intensity of the production system.
Equipment:
Although the equipment component has a significant influence on the cost of
the system and is also largely determined thereby, the availability,
maintenance and required technical capabilities will also have a determining
influence on the choice of the equipment.
29
Type of ration:
The type of rationing used, as well as the manageability thereof, will dictate
the distribution methods. This way, a ration with a large coarse fodder
component will be easily transported by feed trailers, while augers and
conveyor belts can be used for the distribution of concentrates. The ration
combination will also determine the method of storage and the storage space
required.
Frequency of provision:
The use of self-feeder units will lessen the labour requirements for feed
provisioning, but this can handicap the control of feed.
6.5.1 Feed storage space
The storage space will be determined by the number of rations, the type of feed or
ration combination and the period that the feed must be stored. Initial calculations can
be done, using table 6.9.
Table 6.9: Required storage space for feed
Type of feed Volume storage space needed per sheep for a

3- month period (m3)
Baled hay 0,48
Concentrates 0,24
Straw 0,54
The required storage period can vary from place to place, between feed types and as
the availability of feed changes. In order to obtain reasonably accurate calculated
results, the specific ration combination must be known. The period for which each
feed type must be stored, the amount and therefore the volume of storage space can
then be determined accurately. See table 6.10 for more detail concerning mass
densities. As an example, if 5 ton of threshed maize have to be stored, the required
storage volume is 5 000 kg/720 kg = 6,94 m³ + 10 % unforeseen = 7,6 m³.
30
Table 6.10: Densities of typical feed materials
Material Density (kg/m3)
Blood-meal 480 - 670
Bone meal 770
Grass: hay in stacks 70

hay - baled 110
hay - ground *(coarse) 70
(fine) 190
Wheat: meal 480
bran 190
straw in stacks 50 - 60
straw – baled 240 - 260
Lucerne: hay in stacks 75 - 85
hay - baled 90
hay - ground* (coarse) 70
(fine) 210
meal 270 - 350
grains 650 - 730
Maize: threshed 720 - 820
meal 640
cobs - ground 300 - 350
(Kernels, leaves and stalks)
crushed 300
bran 210
residue - baled 95
ground (coarse) 55
(fine) 100
Oilcake meal: cotton 590 - 640
linseed 720 - 800
groundnuts 610
Soya: meal 530 - 670
Ground 400 – 540
Feed mixtures: rams and ewes 565
winter supplements 635
complete ration 345
Fish meal 625
*Coarse refers to a hammer mill sieve size of 25 mm and fine to a sieve size of 1,6 mm
31
6.5.2 Storage methods for feed
Figure 6.6: Feed storage methods
32
6.5.3 Feed distribution or provisioning
The different methods of feed distribution or provisioning are shown in diagrams in

Figure 6.7 and Figure 6.8.
Grain silo
Self feeder
Water point
Silage
Grain
Concentrate
Potential
Silage Silage +
Grain + + extention
+
Concentrate Overhead
conveyor
belt
Figure 6.7: Feed distribution and provisioning
33
Units are stacked
Feed
Communal feed to remove manure
provision
walkway
Removable
slatted floor units
Conveyor belt
Gates slide out to remove

manure
Figure 6.8: Feed distribution and provisioning (continued)
34
7. HANDLING SYSTEMS
The lay-out of the handling facility will determine how effective it is regarding labour
requirements and the movement of sheep. The specific lay-out is however mainly
dependent on the requirements of the manager and the choice of the site. These two
factors vary tremendously and it is therefore almost impossible to obtain the ideal lay-
out.
A general objective in the design of the facility is that various tasks must take place
with the minimum movement and labour. Tasks which can be done simultaneously
must not influence each other adversely. Facilities not used simultaneously, can be
used for more than one activity, such as using the reception pen for the dip, loading
platform, crush or work walk-way.
Great cost savings can be obtained by using durable local material that needs little
maintenance for the construction of the handling facility. Typical materials include
wood, steel, bricks or concrete. Although steel is usually more expensive than wood, it
will last longer and is therefor the better choice. The use of bricks and concrete gives a
neat appearance, but can cause problems during changes to or extension to the
complex.
In this chapter, the elements that the handling facility consist of and how sheep
behaviour influence the design, will be discussed. Practical examples will also be
discussed critically according to the given directives.
7.1 Elements of the handling facility
The typical handling facility can include the following:
Loading ramp
Adapting pens
Holding pens (reception and dispatch pens)
Crowding pen or reception pen
Gathering pen
Crush or working alley
Sorting pens and sorting gates
Weighing scale
Dip facilities
Dripping pens
Sheering pens
Shearing pens are discussed further under Chapter 8.
The handling facility can also include the office and hospital complex. Referring to
general placing, it can be sensible to place this facility against the wind and on grade
of the housing and feed processing area. This will decrease the detection of odours and
limit problems with run-off.
35
7.1.1 Loading ramp
A loading ramp is provided in the system for easier loading of sheep. The loading
ramp can be part of the facility or a mobile unit, if there is more than one loading
point. Figures 7.1 to 7.3 illustrate various types of loading ramps.
Important points include:
Sheep must preferably not be loaded against the sun
The loading ramp must be placed in such a way that sufficient access is
provided for a vehicle, for both side and hind-loading methods
The loading ramp must have a non-slip floor surface to prevent possible
injuries
The sides of the loading structure must be smooth and without any protrusions
to prevent injuries.
There must not be any opening between the loading ramp and the truck. It
will make sheep hesitant to climb onto and from the truck and can cause
injuries if the sheep should step into the opening.
If the loading ramp is wider than the truck, the openings between the loading
ramp wall and the truck must be closed with adjustable gates to prevent the
sheep from jumping down.
The three types of loading ramps, namely fixed, adjustable and mobile, is discussed
briefly:
Fixed loading platform:

In cases where the layout of handling facilities as well as the height of the
truck or LDV on which sheep are loaded is fixed, a loading ramp, built of
concrete and bricks is recommended. A concrete floor is usually provided and
sides of the loading ramp can be covered with a brick wall, steel partitions,
timber or wire partitions. The bottom sides of the upwards ramp can be made
of brick walls, corrugated iron sheets or wood and filled with earth and
compacted.
The most general height for fixed loading ramp is 1,2m above ground surface.
The sides of the loading ramp must be between 1,0 and 1,2m high so that
sheep cannot jump down. A general width is also between 1,0 and 1,2m and
the slope at which the sheep move must be approximately 12°. In many cases,
a 500m operators platform is made on one or both sides of the loading ramp to
make inspection and support of sheep during the loading process possible.
36
Adjustable loading ramp:
A simple adjustable loading ramp can be constructed of wood or steel. An
upward portion is built on the same way as a fixed ramp and the last portion is
adjustable as shown on the accompanying sketch. The measurements of the
loading ramp is as for a fixed loading ramp. This type of ramp is especially
suitable for larger units or auction yards where trucks and LDV’s of different
heights load sheep on and off.
Mobile loading ramp:

A variety of commercial mobile loading ramps that are adaptable to various
handling equipment, are available in the trade. This loading ramp is normally
mounted on a set of wheels so that it can be easily hooked onto the LDV and
towed. To build a loading ramp such as this is usually difficult, expensive and
time consuming. These loading ramps are especially suitable for extensive
conditions where camps are far from the main handling facilities, or at large
production units where more than one loading point is present at the handling
facility.
Figure 7.1: Permanent loading ramp unit
37
Figure 7.2: Mobile loading ramp unit
38
Figure 7.3: 3 Deck loading ramp unit
39
7.1.2 Adapting pens
After off-loading incoming sheep, they are inoculated against pulpy kidney, dosed for
internal parasites and then vitamins A, D and E are administered. The sheep are
weighed, dipped and kept in adapting pens for 5 days. The purpose of the adapting
pens is to make the sheep gradually used to the ration provided in the feeding
complex. Sudden exposure to the new feed can lead to acidity and the sheep can die as
a result thereof.
Depending on the size of the group, sheep must be sorted on receipt or after the
adaptation period. Sheep with wool older than six months are sheared before being
allowed into the feeding complex.
7.1.3 Holding pens (receiving and dispatch pens)
The area provided in front of the loading ramp is used for keeping the sheep in groups
for dispatch. In the case of incoming animals, the sheep are gathered there before any
treatment is given. The typical space requirement in the holding pens is 0,5 m² per
sheep.
7.1.4 Gathering pens and Crowding pens
Gathering pens are pens in which sheep are let through in small groups to further
activities. Gathering pens usually hold 25 sheep for easy handling and a surface of
0,5 m²/ewe or 0,7 m²/ewe with lamb is provided. The gathering pen is usually round or
funnel-shaped and examples thereof are shown in figures 7.4 to 7.6. The sides of the
round gathering pens are usually solid and typical building materials include
brickwork, concrete, wood, sheet metal or rubber tyres.
7.1.5 Post-gathering pens
Sheep are collected in post-gathering pens after treatment, before they are moved back
to the feeding complex in a group. An area of 0,5 m²/sheep for the post-gathering pen
must be provided, usually to the crush. In lay-outs where sorting pens are placed after
the crush, it is not necessary to make use of post-gathering pens, because the sorting
pens can be used for this purpose.
40
Figure 7.4: Funnel-shaped gathering pen
Crowding pen
Swing gate
To dip
Lift
gate
To crush
Gathering pen
Figure 7.5: Round crowding pen serving two entrances
41
Crowding pen
Loading platform
Gathering pen
Working alley
Figure 7.6: Round crowding pen serving four entrances
7.1.6 Sorting pens and sorting gates
Sorting pens and sorting gates are used to separate certain sheep from others in the
production process. The sorting pen will therefor be used to sort new animals, to
separate lambs from ewes or to separate sheep to be sold from the rest.
Camp 1 Camp 2 Camp 3
Camp 4
Camp 2 Camp 1
Sliding gate
or folding Sliding gate
gate or folding
gate
Camp 1
Sliding gate Camp 2

or folding
gate
Camp 3
Figure 7.7: Sorting to different camps by means of gates
42
Sorting is done from the crush and usually to the scales with the aid of a number of
gates controlling access to specific camps. Figure 7.7 show a typical configuration for
the sorting of sheep in two, three or four camps.
Sorting pens are used for relatively short periods after which the sheep move back to
the feeding pens. The area must, as is the case with gathering pens, provide 0,5 m²/per
ewe.
7.1.7 Crushes or working alleys
Crushes are used to classify certain types of animals and to work on sheep or for the
treatment of diseases. In the handling facility distinction is made between crushes,
alleys narrower than 600 mm and wider alleys (approximately 1000 mm), also known
as working alleys.
Working alleys
Some farmers prefer to work with the sheep between the sheep. It is also necessary to
separate treated sheep from untreated sheep during treatments such as castration and
docking. For these actions, the wider, shorter working alley as shown in Figure 7.8 is
preferred. The sides are 1 m high to keep sheep inside and also enable the handler to
climb in and out of the working alley with ease.
1000
Ground level
Crowding pen
Camp Sliding gate
Working alley Lifting gate

Camp
Figure 7.8: Working alley for handling of sheep
43
The working alley is approximately 1m wide, about 6 m long and allows for ± 10 -15
ewes. In the configuration, the handler can treat the sheep without them passing by
him. Treated sheep are let through and in this way are separated from the untreated
sheep. Vertical sliding gates allow the handler to lift the gates by means of ropes to let
sheep in or out.
Two adjacent working alleys can increase efficiency by filling one with sheep while
the handler is busy in the other alley. This cuts back on time that the handler must wait
for the next group.
A portable working table as shown in Figure 7.9 can be used for individual treatment.
The sheep is caught out of the alley, flattened onto the table, treated and then pushed
to the front of the working alley.
Material and construction detail for working alleys are the same as those of normal
crushes.
Cross section
Side projection
Figure 7.9: Example of a portable working table
44
Crushes
For farmers who prefer to work with the sheep from the side, there is a smaller crush
which is perfect for treatments such as dosing and injection. The aim of the crush is to
get a single row of sheep with their heads in the same direction. Sheep should not be
able to turn in the crush.
The crush must have smooth solid sides, so that the sheep can only see the opening
and sheep in front of them.
Sheet metal or old tyres can be used, or even a brick wall. An opening must however
be left on the front through which work can be done on a sheep if necessary. At
crushes with vertical sides, a width of 375 - 550 mm is recommended, depending on
the breed. Arched crushes or crushes in an “S’ shape also gives good sheep flow, since
they cannot see the entrance in front of them and just keeps on walking.
Where V-shaped crushes are used, a base width of 200 - 300 mm and a top width of
450 - 675 mm is recommended. A gap between the floor and the sides of 75 – 100
mm, provides space for the handler’s feet, allows drainage and hoof inspection and
prevents young lambs from suffocating.
The sides must preferably be a steel frame construction of square tubing or pipe.
Support poles must be planted firmly into the ground and the cross-poles must be
bolted to these and welded.
Die walking surface can be earth or at larger facilities a coarse concrete surface is
preferred to prevent trampling. The surface must have a slight slope for runoff water.
It is also preferred that crushes be placed under a roof, especially when working on
sheep during rain or on very hot days.
Non-see through
Ground level
Non-see through
Ground level
SIDE PROJECTION
Figure 7.10: Crush for the handling of sheep
45
7.1.8 Dip facilities
Two different opinions exist regarding the placing of the dip facility relative to the rest
of the facility. The first is that the dip should be placed in the normal handling route in
order to utilise the habit-forming characteristic of the sheep. (See also Sheep
behaviour 7.2). The second opinion is to place the dip facility outside the normal
handling route, because of the negative association the sheep can develop with the dip
process and therefore can delay the handling tempo. This will of course only occur in
a system where sheep are not handled often.
A distinction is made between walk-in/walk-out dips and those dips where the handler
places the sheep in the dip and it walks out by itself. The first type requires little
energy from the handler and will be the automatic choice from a labour point a view.
Figures 7.10 to 7.12 shows typical dip facilities.
Decoy sheep Entrance
Exit
Walk-in/Walk-out dipping tank
Figure 7.11: Longitudinal walk-in/walk-out dipping tank and side-ways slide-in dipping
tank
46
Figure 7.12: Longitudinal sheep dipping tank
47
Figure 7.13: Circular sheep dipping tank
48
A further distinction is made between oblong, round, or spray-dips. The choice of a
type of dip is that of the manager or handler.
Round dips are usually the type where the sheep has to be lowered into the dip. The
round dip has the advantage that during dipping for mange - when they have to lie in
the dip mixture for one whole minute - they can be forced to swim around in the tank
for that specific time. A further advantage of the round dip is that the handler does not
have to move over a long distance to control the sheep in the dip. Depending on the
breed, the width of the dip is 500 – 600 mm. Longitudinal dipping tanks are usually
the walk-in/walk-out type and have the advantage that the dipping process is usually
faster as with the round dip and it is less labour intensive. Note that the top width of
the dip is 500 – 600 mm. Sheep must not be able to turn around in a dip. For smaller
races sheep the measurement is thus 500 mm and for bigger races 600 mm.
Where the dip is placed alongside the normal handling route, the same reception pen
used for the crush, can be utilised. If the dip is placed away from the normal handling
route, it is necessary to place a reception pen in front of the dip.
A gathering pen in which the handler does not have to move more than 2 m, must be
provided adjacent to the round lowering-in type. Spray-dips are not used for sheep on
a large scale, because of the poor wetting of sheep, especially those with a long fleece.
A hoof bath can also be incorporated into the facility to treat hoof-related diseases.
Figure 7.13 shows the dimensions of such a hoof bath. The hoof bath must be at least
4 m long, 500 m wide and 300 m deep. The rinsing part supplies an area in which
hoofs can be washed. The first 600 mm of the rinsing bath can have a non-slip, but
smooth, concrete surface. The rest of the hoof bath and the treatment bath have a
corrugated finish, in order to force the claws of the hoofs open for more effective
treatment, e.g. formalin treatment.
Sliding gate or folding gate Sliding gate or folding gate

Rinsing bath Treatment bath
Smooth,
non-slip
finish
Alley
Corrugated surface finish to force open the claws of the hoofs
3000 6000
Figure 7.14: Typical hoof bath
49
7.1.9 Dripping pens
At least two dripping pens are placed to the exit of the dip where sheep stand for ± 10
minutes so that excess water can drip off. A surface of 0,5 m²/sheep must be provided
for dripping pens. The floor of the dripping pen is usually of concrete with a coarse
finish to prevent sheep from slipping and falling. The floor has a slope of 1:30 in the
direction of the dip so that dripping water can be drained back into the dip.
7.2 The influence of sheep behaviour on the design of handling facilities
Important objectives in the design of facilities such as shearing sheds and handling
facilities must include comfort and simplicity for the handler. These objectives cannot
be fulfilled completely without taking sheep behavioural characteristics into
consideration.
Sheep will, as any other animal would, resist movement if it is uncomfortable, or if it

detects danger impulses. These danger impulses hamper and delay handling which is
detrimental to the effectiveness of the system.
Handling is negatively influenced by the following (also see figure 7.15):
Noise, e.g. machinery in the workroom, tractors, barking dogs, etc.
Obstruction of the sheep’s view
Other activities which distracts the sheep’s attention
“Danger” , e.g. a handler standing at the end of the crush or dark shadows in
the alley.
Noise
Shadows
Obstruction of view Other activities
Figure 7.15: Factors which hinder the handling of sheep
50
By considering the following, designs may possibly be improved:
Sheep would rather move along the contour, than on a grade or off-grade.
Crushes must, where possible, be placed on the contour where the terrain has a
gradient of more than 3%. If this is not possible, try to keep the largest portion
of the movement grade up.
Movement is better when sheep are moved away from buildings in the
direction of the veld than vice versa. Activities must therefor rather take place
in a direction away from buildings.
Try to have the direction of movement in a crush from South to North.

Although it does not influence the movement of sheep directly, it does
however simplify the task of the handler, because his back now faces the sun.
Hudson and Hitchcock (1978) proved that sheep move faster in long, straight
alleys than around bends. What is however important here, is that the sheep
will have a clear unobstructed view of the exit. When sheep move in single
file, there is not much difference between the round or straight crush.
The round crush has the advantage that, although the sheep can see the
handler, they do not move directly towards him.
Sheep get used to and learn a path very easily. In order to utilise this quality,
try to let the sheep always follow the same route through the handling
complex, independent from the activity.
Sheep will move slower or will even stand still when they pass another group
of still-standing sheep. It will therefore be beneficial to close the sides of the
alley. In the case of a semi-round alley it is not always desirable to close the
sides, because the sheep’s view to the exit is then limited and a feeling of a
dead-end is created.
Sheep are very sensitive to shadows, especially if the shadow moves, because
they see it as a danger impulse. An experiment with nine different groups of
sheep showed that eight of the nine groups chose an alternative route rather
than move over the shadow. The shadow was imitated by a flat sheet, 5cm
wide, painted black, placed on the floor of the crush. When sheep must enter a
building from outside, it can be expected that resistance against this movement
will occur.
Covering material of the crush must preferably not be made of corrugated iron
due to the potential noise that it may cause when it is for instance kicked by a
sheep.
7.3 Typical lay-out of handling complexes
As already discussed, the lay-out of different handling facilities varies a lot. In

general, distinction can be made between rectangular and non-rectangular facilities. In
this part, a number of typical existing lay-outs are discussed and the lay-out is
discussed according to the aforementioned parts.
51
Dripping
pen
Double
working
alley
Crush Loading
platform
Pre Pre
holding pen holding pen
Holding pen
Gates 2 400 mm
except where
indicated otherwise
Figure 7.16 Typical triangular handling complex
52
To shearing shed
Double working alley
Crush
Holding pen Holding pen
Figure 7.17: Typical non-triangular handling complex
53
7.3.1 Rectangular lay-outs
The lay-out extends over an area of ± 1 350 m² and can be used for 1 500
sheep.
The double working alley increases the flow tempo and can be handled
successfully by one or more handlers simultaneously.
The position of the dip is favourable if the dipping process is part of the
handling process. If other handling actions take place and the sheep do not
move through the dip, the movement of the sheep is hampered by the sharp
turn the sheep have to make to the working alley.
The capacity of the gathering pen before the double working alley is greater
than the capacity of one of the alleys, but too small to fill both alleys. This
surface can be made smaller or enlarged to better adjust to the working alley
capacity.
The holding pens before the crush or working alleys can be elongated slightly
and narrowed to increase the effectiveness.
The benefits that non-rectangular layouts have above rectangular layouts, include;
Movement of sheep is better because the same route is always followed and
corners are limited to the minimum.
It is cheaper because the same pre-holding pen can be used for the crush,
working alley, dip and shearing pen.
Movement distances for the handler is shorter and makes handling therefore
easier.
Planning of this type of layout is however very important to ensure that the correct form
and relations are obtained.
54
8. SHEARING SHEDS
Shearing sheds will form an integral part of the intensive production system,
especially at current wool prices. The extra income obtained from the wool is
determined by efficient facilities and the handling of the wool. It is therefor important
that the structure be placed correctly and be functional.
In the choice of the site, the reader is referred to paragraph 5.3 which specify general
principles for the choice of a site. Regarding the specific placing of the structure, the
distance that the sheep will be moving, must be thoroughly taken into account. The
facility will therefore have to be placed as close as possible to the housing and
handling areas.
Most farms are already developed to an extent and there is a possibility that existing
buildings can be adapted into shearing sheds, which can mean a great cost saving to
the farmer. It is however important that the existing buildings should be critically
evaluated according to the following conditions or directives:
Height of structure: The minimum height of the structure must be 3 070 mm.
If the structure is lower than this value, sunken pits will have to be used.
Sunken pits or sunken sheep exits are usually expensive and can be the source
of many problems.
Length of structure: A minimum length of 12 000 mm is required. This length

does not include the distance needed to provide sufficient storage space for
wool bales. The ideal would be that the structure should be long enough to
provide storage space for the wool as well to eliminate unnecessary shifting.
The width of the structure: The width of the structure depends on the number
of shearing points and a distance of 2 320 mm plus an 800 mm free space is
required per shearing point.
Lighting: Sufficient light must be available inside the building for the work
process to run smoothly. Artificial lighting or additional windows or
transparent roof sheets must be considered if lighting is insufficient.
Recommended minimum lighting values are 400 lux on the shearing floor 600
lux at wool handling, and 200 lux for wool press area. In order to calculate the
amount of Watt and globe strength, the following thumb rule can be used:
10 lux = 1 watt per 0,37 m2 floor surface if the light source is 2 meter away
from the object.
Ventilation: The activity levels in the shearing shed is high and good
ventilation is necessary to create a comfortable work environment. The
required ventilation will be determined by climatic conditions. Additional
windows, wall and roof openings, sliding doors or fans can be installed to
provide the necessary airflow.
Age of building: A very old building will necessitate more frequent

maintenance and can become expensive in the long term. Some old buildings
cannot withstand alterations easily, because of building material and
construction methods.
55
Position of building: The position of the building must be such that it will
integrate comfortably with the rest of the facilities. Potential extensions will
also determine whether the old building could be used or not.
In this part, the types of structures and the elements of the shearing shed complex are
discussed.
8.1 Types of shearing sheds
Three types of shearing sheds can be distinguished, e.g.:
Sliding chute shearing shed

Crush shearing shed
Feedback alley shearing shed
The operation and advantages of each are discussed below:
8.1.1 Sliding chute shearing shed
Sliding chute structures are the most popular type of shearing shed and have the
following advantages:
Sheared and unsheared sheep are handled on different levels and therefor there
is no crossing in the movement direction of different sheep. The sheep flow is
therefore fast and easy.
The height difference of 800mm between the shearing floor and the floor of
the wool handling area makes the handling of the fleece easier and smaller bits
are handled at a comfortable height.
The operation of this type of shearing shed, is discussed according to Figure 8.1.
Sheep enter by way of the alley (A) through the sliding door up to the interior of the
shearing shed. The sheep are now guided from the alley (B) my means of swing gates
or lift-and-swing gates in the filling pens (C). The filling pens serve as reserve storage
space for the gathering pens (D) and can be considered as optional if the available
funds or space does not allow it. From the filling gate, the sheep move to the gathering
pen where the shearer drags the sheep through the entrance door (E) onto the shearing
floor (F). The sheep is now sheared on the shearing floor and pushed towards the
sliding chute (G) to the underfloor area. The sheared sheep then moves through
beneath the slatted floor, on which the unsheared sheep are standing, to the outside
where they are kept in collecting pens. Each shearer’s sheep is kept in a separate
collecting pen to be counted later.
56
Shearing process
Figure 8.1: A diagram of a sliding chute shearing shed.
8.1.2 Crush shearing shed
This type of shearing shed was developed from a conventional sliding chute shearing
shed. Instead of having a back alley, filling pens and gathering pens, this shearing
shed only has a crush from where sheep are taken for shearing.
This structure has the following advantages:
The type of structure is compact and therefore requires less space and is thus
cheaper.
The level on which the sheep are made available to the shearer is 600mm
above the shearing floor. The height is comfortable for the handler and
simplifies his task and can speed up the entire process.
The profit in space means loss of space of a holding area and places a burden on the
handler, because the crush must always be kept filled. This means that if any problems
occur with the flow of sheep, the entire process will come to a standstill.
The operation of the crush shearing shed is discussed below according to Figure 8.2.
57
Handling alley
Sheep crush
Stairs
Shearing floor
Holding pen
Wool handling area
Figure 8.2: A diagram of a crush shearing shed
Sheep enter the shearing shed by means of the sliding door (A) and collect in the
gathering pen (B) with the slat floor. The sheep are then allowed in through the walk-
up crush (C) at the crush (D). This crush is on a 600mm higher level than that the
shearing floor. The shearer reaches the sheep by pushing down a vertical sliding gate
(E) installed in the side of the crush and dragging the nearest sheep from the crush to
the shearing floor. This gate is connected to weights which allows the gate to close by
itself. The sheep is now sheared on the shearing floor (F) and pushed out through the
sliding chute (G) beneath the crush. The sheep then collect outside in similar gathering
pens as discussed under sliding chute shearing sheds.
8.1.3 Feedback alley shearing sheds
With this type of structure, sheared and unsheared sheep are handled on the same
level. This means that movement directions of different groups of sheep will cross.
This makes sheep flow more difficult and can waste time. With feedback alley
shearing sheds a larger slatted floor area is required for the same number of shearing
points as the two previous structure types, because the sheared sheep are also kept on
the floor for some time.
Feedback alley shearing sheds have the following advantages:

Sheared sheep remain under shelter for a reasonably longer period, which is
beneficial when shearing takes place during wet or cold conditions.
The sheared sheep are visible to all the shearers and this can be of benefit to
the shearing standard.
58
This type of shearing shed can be easily equipped in existing buildings,
especially where height is a problem.
The operation of the Feedback alley shearing shed is explained below according to
Figure 8.3.
Sheep enter the shed by way of the walk-up alley (A), through the sliding door and
move into the holding pens (B). By setting the gates at the holding pen (B) and the
filling pen (D), a passage can be formed, which crosses the alley (C). Sheep move
through here from the holding pen to the filling pen and then to the gathering pen (E).
As soon as the gathering pens are filled with sheep, the gates are closed and alley (C)
is open again. The shearer now gets his sheep through the gate (E1) from the gathering
pen (E) and shears the sheep on the shearing floor (F). The sheared sheep is then
released in alley (G) where all the sheared sheep are gathered. When the alley(G) is
filled with sheep, the gate G1) is opened, and the sheared sheep then move out of the
shearing shed along alley (C) and exit (H).
Gathering pen Filling pen Holding pen

(E) (D) (B)
Feedback alley
Wool handling area

Shearing floor (F)
(C)
Figure 8.3: A diagram of a Feedback alley shearing shed
8.2 Elements of the shearing shed complex
The shearing shed complex can be divided into three clearly identifiable areas on the
basis of the activities which take place there. These areas are:
Holding area
Shearing area
Wool handling area
59
Holding Shearing
Holding Shearing Wool handling area
area area
area
area
Table for
peaces
Storage area
Shearing floor
Lead-up alley
Wool bins
Sliding
chute
Wool
table
Gathering
pen
Wool press
Locks table Storage

area
Figure 8.4: Typical lay-out and minimum dimensions of a shearing shed
The shearing shed can also include the following:
Storeroom for bale bags, shears, parts, etc.

Office for record keeping systems, first aid equipment, medicine, kettle, etc.
Toilet facilities and showers, If these facilities are placed too far away from the
building, unnecessary time is wasted.
8.2.1 Keeping area
The keeping area of the shearing complex includes a shed, filling pens, gathering pens
and collecting pens. It is in this part of the complex where the most sheep movement
takes place and the shearing tempo will be negatively influenced if shearers have to
wait for the sheep. The influence of sheep behaviour has already been discussed in
par. 7.2 and is also applicable here.
60
The design principle applicable on these areas will be to include all characteristics and
factors which promote the required movement of sheep with the least time and effort
for the handler.
The entrance: The entrance to the shearing shed is important as it can have a great
influence on the resistance against movement. The following must be considered in
the design of the entrance:
The floor surface of the entrance must be durable, preferably of concrete and
non-slip.
The entrance width must be wide enough so that more than one sheep at a time
can enter side by side for easier movement. It must however not be so wide
that it becomes difficult for the handler to control the sheep. A minimum
practical width is approximately 1,5 m with a maximum of 2,5 - 3,0 m.
Where the shearing level is higher than the wool handling level, it will be
necessary to use a ramp. The slope of the ramp must preferably not exceed 20°
(1:3).
The sides of the ramp must preferably be covered with a non-transparent

material, because the height may hamper the flow of the sheep.
The ramp may be straight or at a 90° angle into the building, as shown in
Figure 8.5. In the case of a straight ramp, the slope must preferably be into the
entrance of the barn, because a flat surface in front of the entrance causes
hesitation in the sheep to move into the building. A Flat level in the case of a
90° ramp does not only simplify construction, but because the sheep disappear
around the corner, it helps to lure the sheep that follow.
Figure 8.5: Typical entrance to shearing shed.
61
In cases where space for the entrance is limited, steps can be used instead of a
ramp. The best dimensions for the steps are 130 mm high and 300 mm deep.
Figure 8.6: Recommended dimensions for entrance steps
Lighting:
As discussed, shadows and lighting will influence the movement of sheep. It can be
expected that the sheep will resist if the interior of the building is darker than outside.
Sufficient windows and visible decoy sheep at the end of the alley can solve the
problem. The minimum requirements, as prescribed, must be also be adhered to.
The floor:
At some shearing sheds, there is a height difference between the shearing level and the
wool handling level. The height is determined by the minimum height necessary for
the sheep to pass through underneath the floor from the building and a comfortable
height to make manure removal possible. A practical height, in most cases, will be
1200mm. Where the height is smaller, e.g. 800 mm, the manure removal can be
simplified by building the slatted floor as removable panels. The floor panels are then
removed, the manure removed and the panels replaced.
The slats are normally made from hardwood, but plastic and expanded metal has also
been used successfully. See par. 9 for a detailed description of slat floors.
Pen sizes and capacity:

The size and capacity of the gathering pens and filling pens depend on the daily flow
necessary and on the typical weather conditions.
62
The daily flow can be calculated by multiplying the number of shearing points by the
average number of sheep sheared per shearer per day.
The filling pens must hold sufficient sheep for a half day’s shearing during hot
conditions. This will allow the sheep to cool down before shearing. When
unpleasantly wet or cold conditions prevail during the shearing period, the filling pens
must hold sufficient sheep to provide the shearers with sheep for a day or a day and a
half. A typical occupation of the filling pens is 2,5 sheep/m² or 0,4 m² per sheep.
The gathering pens must be small enough to prevent the shearer from having to
struggle to catch the next sheep. A maximum depth is approximately 3 m. Because
sheep have difficulty in moving the closer they come to the shearing activities -
probably because of the noise and movement - the gathering pen should not be filled
too regularly. A general directive is to keep enough sheep for an hour’s shearing. Well
trained and experienced shearers can shear 18 - 20 sheep per hour. The occupation of
the gathering pens can be increased to 2,7 - 2,8 sheep/m², or approximately
0,36m²/sheep. The gathering pen will therefore have to be 2,5 m wide to hold 20
sheep. Smaller gathering pens can also be used and a typical dimension of 2 x 2 m is
in general use.
Feedback alleys or sliding chutes:

The feedback alley is used for keeping a record of the number of sheep sheared and
must provide enough room for a two-hour shearing period, with an occupation of 3,5
sheep/m² or 0,3 m²/sheep.
The feedback alleys have the disadvantage that the sheared sheep must also be kept on
the slatted floor and this means that a larger surface is required, which increases costs.
A further disadvantage is that different groups of sheep move to and from the shearing
area, an aspect which hampers handling.
Sliding chutes can be provided with a trapdoor on the shearing level or can be
extended so that the sides are higher than the floor. Typical materials for this use are
sheet metal or concrete and must be as smooth as possible. If sheet metal is used, the
bottom ridge rests on a brick wall or concrete wall of ± 150 mm high to prevent
corrosion of the steel. Figure 8.7 shows concrete sliding chutes for heights up to 1 m
and higher than 1 m.
Concrete slab is finished almost

mirror-smooth
Figure 8.7: Concrete sliding chutes
63
Pen partitions:
The partitions of the pens in the shearing shed can be of wood or pipes. Figure 8.8
shows typical dimensions. In less intensive systems, especially with feedback alley
sheds, the partitions can be removable units so that alternative lay-outs are possible.
By using the same shed for shearing, feeding pens or lambing pens, the utilisation
period of the shearing shed is extended beneficially.
Partitions between the gathering pen and the shearing shed must preferably be non-
transparent and approximately 1,5 m high. Sheep are then usually more tranquil,
because they cannot see the activities on the shearing floor. This makes the handler’s
task easier.
Floor
Figure 8.8: Partition construction detail
8.2.2 The shearing area
The shearing area is that area where the shearer, sheep and wool are in simultaneous
contact. Lighting, ventilation and available space are the most important factors which
influence the effectiveness of the shearer. The shearing floor is conventionally a long,
straight wooden floor on which the shearing action takes place. Typical dimensions of
the shearing floor are shown in Figure 8.9.
In more modern shearing sheds, arched shearing floors are used. (See figure 8.10).
The greatest advantage thereof is that the fleece-handlers are central to all the shearing
points and walking distances are minimized this way. The number of shearing points
determines the width of the structure. By using an arched floor, more shearing points
can be installed for the same structure width, which is more cost effective.
64
Sliding chute
(Steel sheeting) Concrete slab
Filling
Brick wall
Figure 8.9: Elevation of shearing shed to show floor heights
Gathering
Filling
pen
Sheering floor
Sliding
chute
Shearing floor
Sliding
chute
Gathering pens Filling

pen
Figure 8.10: A diagram of arched shearing floor lay-outs
65
The typical area used by the shearer during the shearing process, as well as other
relations are shown in Figure 8.11
Figure 8.11: Typical space requirements of shearer in relative distances
8.2.3 Wool handling area
The third activity, which is also the last, is the wool handling area. This is the area
where wool is collected, prepared, baled, stored and dispatched. This is also the area
where the potential income from the wool is determined. Poor practices and/or
equipment can cause great losses. In contrast with the other handling activities, where
speed and simplicity is important, the design principles for the wool handling area
depend on well organised and disciplined actions.
Good facilities, high flow-through and simple handling of the sheep does not
compensate for negligent work in the wool handling area.
After a sheep is sheared and the shearer has gone to catch his next sheep, the fleece is
removed from the shearing floor and thrown open on the skirting table. The wool
handling tables must be as close as possible to the shearing floor, without being
constrictive on movement routes. Urine-stained, dirty wool and pieces are taken to the
lock table and pieces table. The classifier and the skirter remove all skirting and
double-cut wool which are taken to the pieces tables and lock tables. The fleece is
divided on the fleece lines and placed into wool bins. Wool bins must preferably be
mobile to ease movement. The filled wool bins are now taken to the wool press where
the bales of wool are stored before being sold.. (Equipment such as wool tables, wool
bins and wool presses are discussed in chapter 9).
66
8.3 Wool production and storage space
A storage space of 0,0075 m²/sheep is necessary for storage of wool bales. For the
calculation, a wool production of 5 kg per sheep, a bale mass of 170 kg and double
layer storage is accepted.
9. GENERAL EQUIPMENT
9.1 Water troughs and water basins
Water troughs must provide sufficient fresh water to the sheep. The larger the volume
of the trough, the less frequent the replacement tempo will be. A low replacement
tempo will minimise supervision of water provision, but will also influence the
freshness of the water negatively. A storage capacity of ± 3 days is proposed, to
provide enough time for any repairs to be done. A smaller volume of water or a
relatively small surface will keep the water cooler in the troughs. Troughs must be
built in such a way that they can be cleaned easily. The required volume of the water
trough can be calculated according to the drinking water requirements in table 5.3.
Figure 9.1 shows a water trough of brick and plaster work that can be used
successfully to provide two camps with water simultaneously. A concrete slab of 800
mm to 1 m wide and 75 mm thick around the trough, will limit muddy conditions.
Water cribs must be cleaned regularly. A tap can be placed on the bottom of the crib
for drainage. The ball valve must also be protected against damage.
In the feedlot layout, one water crib can be built in the boundary fence between two
adjacent corrals. This saves material and labour costs. A roof can also be erected to
keep the water cool, especially in summer.
Automatic drinking troughs available in the trade can also be used for water provision.
Each trough has its own floating valve and has a plug at the lowest end to empty the
troughs. The troughs are manufactured from aluminium or glass fibre. Each trough is
sufficient for about 40 sheep. Comparative costs between the automatic troughs and a
concrete water crib shows that a concrete water crib is cheaper than the troughs.
Labour and time is however required for the construction of a concrete water crib.
67
Figure 9.1: A water trough of brick and plaster work
9.2 Feed troughs and basins
Feed provision can be done in various ways, from fixed feeding troughs to self-
feeders, to loose-standing self-feeders and feeding cribs made from old car tyres.
Feeding troughs are normally provided in feedlots. The type of feed and the method of
feed provision will determine the size and shape of feeding troughs. Cribs in a feedlot
usually consist of plastered brick walls or are moulded. It is preferred that feed be
under a roof to protect it from rain and rotting. Die roofed area prevents the immediate
environment from being trampled and becoming wet and soggy. The roof columns
must be placed as such that it will not hamper the mechanical feed provision to the
crib, as well as the scraping out of manure from the concrete slab in front of the crib.
Concrete slab of 800 mm wide in front of the crib is suggested to improve the
conditions around the crib. The slab must be coarse so that the sheep do not slip and
must be scrubbed or scraped clean at least once a week. The slab must have a slope
away from the cribs.
Figure 9.2 shows a feeding trough where only the feed is under a roof. The
disadvantage of this type of trough is that the roof must be opened each time the
trough has to be filed. Although it increases the labour inputs, this type of trough is
cheap in comparison with other types where a full roof cover is used over the entire
feeding area.
A Typical problem at feeding troughs is that sheep are inclined to climb into the crib.
This can be prevented by placing a pipe or cable of 300 to 400mm above the upper
rim of the front wall of the trough. The sheep can still put their heads through to feed,
but the space is too small for them to get their whole bodies through. An example of a
portable self-feeder is shown in Figure 9.3.
68
Hinge point of lid
Corrugated zinc lid on

framework
Plastered single
brick wall Openings are made on the one
side to sweep the trough
Concrete foundation
Fill corners
with concrete
Figure 9.2: Feed trough with roof to protect feed
Self feeders can be used successfully. Troughs are filled less frequent, thereby
decreasing the labour input. A typical problem with self feeders is bridge-forming and
prevents the feed from being available for the sheep
9.3 Provision of shade
Protection of sheep against sun, rain, hail and wind is essential. Shade in feedlots or
grazing camps can be provided by means of shade netting, reeds, grass or wooden
slats. These materials are relatively cheap, but if waterproofing is required, more
expensive construction with corrugated sheets or asbestos sheets must be used. Shade
of 0,5 to 0,75 m² per sheep must be provided.
69
9.4 Camp fences
In sheep production systems, mainly five types of fences are used, namely:
Fences for handling facilities

Fences for feedlots and alleys
Inner fences for grazing camps
Boundary fences for grazing camps and feedlots
Fences for intensive holding facilities
Each of these types of fences will be discussed briefly and examples of typical
constructions and construction materials will be given. This is however not the alpha
and omega and other requirements on that which is shown, is also possible.
9.4.1 Fences for handling facilities
In the handling complex where groups of sheep are flocked together and are handled,
the sheep are exposed to abnormal stress conditions and may try to break out. Sturdy
fence constructions must therefor be provided.
The fences for crushes and pre-collection corrals must preferably be of the steel
construction type. Although it is a more expensive type of fence than the normal wire
construction, the lifespan is much longer. Often, when sheep become distressed or
panicky, they tend to run into fences or jump. A wire fence will soon be sagging, lose
its effectiveness and will have to be replaced eventually.
There are many possibilities for steel construction fencing. The fences can be
permanent, i.e. straight poles are fixed with concrete. It can also be of the portable
type steel gates. The type and size of the production unit, as well as the farmer’s
choice, will determine the type of fence construction.
Figure 9.3 shows an example of a camp fence. Fences for holding pens can be the
same as those for feedlots and alleys.
70
Iscor 1000 steel wire or similar
Ridge back
Anchor pole
Y-pole
Stay pole Line poles
Iscor 1000 steel wire or similar
Mesh wire
Concrete
Figure 9.3: Camp fence
71
9.4.2 Fences for feedlots and alleys
In feedlots and alleys, sheep are still in a relatively enclosed area. Sturdy fences that
can withstand the pressure are therefor necessary, although it does not have to be steel
constructions as in handling facilities.
The following types of wire fencing can be used:
Barbless wire fence
This type of construction is the cheapest and consists of barbless wires that are
spaced at intervals and supported by standards and droppers. Depending on the
type of sheep breed and occupational density of the sheep, the wires can sag
with time as the sheep push against them and try to crawl through. To prevent
this, wire-strainers must be affixed at each new line wire at the anchor pole
with the single wires, to strain the wires when they become slack.
Woven or welded fences
This type of fence consists of welded mesh wire, woven diamond wire, mesh,
or “Bonnex” or “veldspan” . These fences must be erected at a minimum
height of 600 mm and this will discourages the sheep from crawling through.
The fence can be increased in height by placing barbless wires above the
complete fence and is cheaper than making the entire fence out of woven or
welded mesh wire.
9.4.3 Internal fences for grazing camps
The construction of these fences correlate with that of feedlot fences. The minimum
height is 900 mm.
Alternatively, temporary or permanent internal fences can be erected by spanning two

to three electric wires. Round steel (10mm diameter) can be used as standards at a
spacing of 4 to 5 m. Most types of plastic isolators fit the 10mm diameter round steel.
The wires can be ordinary galvanised wire or the so-called “polywire” nylon wire.
The latter is more practical in portable fences, since it can be easily rolled up. Wires
must preferably be between 250 mm to 300 mm apart depending on the breed, camp
layout and specific conditions. The round steel standards must be driven into the
ground at least 300mm.
The controller that provides the wire with electricity can be driven by one of the
following power sources:
A normal 12 V battery
12 Volt battery or 220 V electricity
If 220 Volt electrical power is not available near the grazing camps, a 12 volt battery
will have to be used. A battery loader is then also required to load the battery in the
evenings when the sheep are not in the camps and the battery can be taken to the
nearest electricity supply point. If theft is a problem, the battery and the controller
must be locked up in a steel cupboard.
72
Sheep must be trained to “respect” an electrical fence, since their wool is too thick to
get a shock effect. The nose and ears must therefor touch the wire. This can be done
by hanging empty cans or other metal objects on the wire. The sheep will inspect the
objects out of curiosity and thus receive a shock.
Regular maintenance must be done on the fence:
Ensure that the system is earthed continuously and that the earth pen is driven
deep enough into the ground.
The standards must always be erect en the wires connected to the isolators on
the standards.
Ensure that the wires are always tight. This is done by connecting a wire
strainer at the beginning of each main line. As soon as the wires begin to sag,
the wire strainer is turned to tighten the wires.
Remove or spray all grass and weeds directly beneath the wires to ensure that
it does not touch the wires and form an earth connection that will decrease the
effectiveness of the fence.
The benefits of an electric fence is briefly as follows:
Low material costs

Simple and easy erection
Permanent or portable fences are possible
Can be used to strengthen or lengthen old permanent fences.
There are however a few disadvantages to electric fences, namely:
Sheep must be taught to “respect” the fence.

The electric wire’s effectiveness can decrease if the lines are not kept clean
and the wire comes into contact with the grass and weeds.
A home-made or non-approved energy source and controller can be very
dangerous.
9.4.4 Boundary fences for grazing camps and feedlots.
Boundary fences are designed to sheep in and predators out.
Barbless wire fences are therefor not recommended, since jackals and other animals
can crawl through them. Woven or welded fences must preferably be erected.
The heights and construction of the fences can be as fllows:
Woven or welded wire fencing 1 200 mm high

Woven or welded wire fencing 900mm high with three or four barbed wires
above them to a total height of 1 200 mm.
9.4.5 Fences that are mainly used for ram pens and lambing pens must be sturdy
enough to keep the animals in limited spaces.
Steel construction fences or steel gates similar to those of handling facilities can be
used. Alternatively, fences or gates consisting of steel frame and covered with a
woven or welded wire covering can be erected.
73
9.5 Slatted floors
Slatted floors are usually from hardwood with typical cuts of 50 x 25 mm or 50 x 38

mm. One of the sides is usually bevelled so that the opening is larger on the bottom
than on the top. The bevelling decreases the chance that the slits will become blocked.
See Figure 9.4.
Figure 9.4: Wooden slat floors
The slats are usually placed crosswise on the movement direction so that the sheep
cannot see through the floors. It is especially important where direct sunlight falls on
the floor, e.g. at the entrance and along the northern and western walls. The direction
in which the slats are laid in the centre of the building is not that important, because
the underfloor part is dark anyway and will not influence movement negatively.
Other materials which can be used include concrete, steel mesh, expanded metal and
aluminium, plastic or glass fibre sections. These materials are usually more expensive,
but the installation time is much shorter. The steel mesh, concrete or expanded metal
floors can be built in loose panels that can be taken apart easily. Sheep will initially be
wary to walk on these, mainly because of the noise and the fact that the floor is more
transparent, but they get used to it, without a negative influence on the flow tempo.
Very little corrosion is experienced with the steel floors, because the waste is not in
direct contact with the steel for long.
74
9.6 Gates
Incorrect placing of gates can hamper handling. It is important that joining bolts are
cut off short and wire ends are bent back thoroughly to prevent possible injuries.
Typical placement of gates are illustrated in figure 9.5
Correct
Incorrect placings
Alternative mounting of swing-

sliding gates
Figure 9.5 : Placing of gates
Many forms and types of gates are commercially available or can be homemade.
Gates must have a comfortable width (600 to 2 000 mm) to let the sheep through.
Gates can be up to 3 m wide at camps to allow tractors as well. The height f the gates
is usually the same as that of the fence. Gates can be of the swinging type or lift-up
type. At handling facilities, the lift-up type usually has the benefit of closing quicker
and easier than the swing-type.
75
Frame hooks over peg
Joint
Frame that can

shift
Hinge
Gate-stop rests against peg
Figure 9.6: Swing-sliding gate
9.7 Wool tables
The most commonly used wool table is the rectangular type measuring 3,0 x 1,5 m
and 850 mm high (Figure 9.7). The tabletop consists of 32 x 32 mm planed wooden
slats, spaced at intervals of 32 mm.
The table-top surface is made this way, so that double cuttings and small pieces of
wool can fall through onto the floor. The fleece thrower throws the fleece with a
distinctive technique on the skirting table, so that it lays spread out on the table. The
classifier and the skirter then skirt the fleece and carries on with the separation of the
fleece and the classing of the different fleece parts. Skirting is usually done by two
persons.
It is important that there should be good, practical light above the sorting table. It may
however not be direct sunlight, because it results in inconsequential grading because
of light intensity differences and is also stressful to the eyes. It is important that there
should be an unobstructed movement space around the wool table. A one metre space
is proposed.
In an endeavour for higher productivity, round rotating wool tables were later
introduced, on which the wool is moved to the grader and not vice versa (See figure
9.8). It is especially in smaller shearing sheds where round tables are more beneficial.
Skirting can easily be done by one person. In larger shearing sheds, where more
handlers are available, the benefit is not that great. Round wool tables are however
only recommended for experienced graders.
76
Figure 9.7: Rectangular wool table
Figure 9.8: Round wool table
Movement space and light situation for round wool tables is the same as for
rectangular tables. The construction of the tables must be as light as possible, so that
the tables can turn by merely handling the wool with the fingers. The grader must get
used to the idea of not walking around the table, as with fixed tables, but to turn the
wool towards him. In shearing sheds of three to six shearing points, two round tables
next to each other are used. The grader stands between the two tables and works on
them alternatively.
77
In larger shearing sheds, L-shaped tables are also used. The grader stands in the V of
the table and works the fleece while the fleece thrower throws the fleece on the other
leg of the L. The disadvantage is, as with rectangular tables, that the grader must walk
around the table.
Figure 9.9: L-shaped wool table
9.8 Wool bins
The wool bins serve as temporary storage space for graded wool until there is enough
for baling. It is important that the manner of storage is such that the wool can be
transported to the wool press easily and with the minimum effort. In the past, fixed
wool bins were used. This meant that large quantities of wool had to be reloaded and
carted to the baling press. In order to do away with this unnecessary handling process,
mobile wool bins, with sufficient capacity to fill a bale, was introduced. When the bin
is full, the entire bin is taken to the baling press and an empty bin is used. An example
of a movable wool bin is shown in Figure 9.10.
Different materials can be used for the building of the movable wool bins, but the
choice must be such that the wool does not cling to the material. Wood–planks,
plywood or chipboard - can be used if it is finished very smoothly and painted or
varnished.
78
Figure 9.10: Movable wool bin
Figure 9.11: Bale container
79
Steel is also a useful, but expensive material. Wire netting and expanded metal has
sharp corners on which wool gets hooked and must be avoided. It seems that wire
mesh with a mesh hole of 50 x 50 mm is a good material to use. The wire mesh is
welded onto the framework.
A cheaper and possibly easier way of temporary storage, is by means of baling bags
affixed in a bale container. The bale container (Figure 9.12) is a square steel
framework with four legs. The baling bag fits into the square and is hooked onto the
corners. The wool is placed into the bag and stamped down from time to time. When
the bag is full, it is unhooked, the bag is pulled out of the container and taken to the
wool press.
A method for making the collection of wool pieces on the shearing floor easier, is by
having openings in the floor, under which baling bags can be suspended. The
openings are safeguarded by steel grids. This method is limited to shearing floors
which have an overhang for easy use. If there is no overhang, the method may be
used, but then the baling bag must be installed from the top and pulled through the
opening when it is full. This can be difficult to do when the bag is full. The usefulness
of these “locks openings” are, however, questioned by some experts.
9.9 Wool presses
Mechanical presses were initially in general use, but hydraulic and electrical presses
are more popular now. Presses can also be automated, but at high cost. Presses are
available in the trade and specifications depend on the brand. These specifications are
therefore not discussed.
It is important that sufficient free space is provided around the press for movement
and standing room for wool bins. A movement space of 1m around the press is
sufficient for movement. A strip of 1,5 m around the wool bins at the sorting space
and the pressing space will be sufficient for pushing full wool bins to the wool press.
80
10. LITERATURE REFERENCES
ARTHUR A.J. 1982 The direct effects of climate of livestock, Livestock Environment
II, Proceedings of the Second international Symposium, April
BERGLUND SVEN 1988 New Guidelines for Plant Nutrient Losses from Animal
Production in Agric. Seminar on Storing, Handling and Spreading of Manure and
Municipal Waste, Uppsala, Sweden.
BOSHOFF P.J. 1983 Ekonomiese beginsels van intensiewe skaapvleisproduksie,

lesing op inligtingsdag, Departement Bedryfsbevordering, Vleisraad.
COETZEE J.C. Ontwerpgegewens vir die beplanning van skaapvoerkrale,

Inligtingsblad D16, Direktoraat Landbou-ingenieurswese.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Jaarboeke Vol 36 – Vol 42.
FUNKE J.W. 1984 Knoesen en Venter; Gebruikskode vir die hantering van mis van
intensiewe diervoerstelsels, Waternavorsingskommissie en Afdeling Landbou-
ingenieurswese
GROBBELAAR T Botha W.A; Intensive Fact Lamb Production in Natal, Departement

Landbou Natalstreek.
HUDSON G.D. 1980 Sheep behavior and the design of sheepyards and shearing
sheds.
JONGEBREUR A.A. 1988 Monteny; Manure and Ammonia-emmision problems,

Strategy and Research Priorities ; Seminar on Storing, Handling and Spreading of
Manure and Municipal Waste, Uppsala, Seden.
KELLY KEITH W Immunobiololgy of domestic animals as effected by hot and cold

weather; Livestock Envir. II, Proc of 2 nd Int. Sympo.
KORTBEGRIP 1990 van Landboustatestreke.
LAAS T.M Raskeuse vir ‘n intensiewe skaapproduksiestelsel; Lesing op Inligtingsdag

1983, Departement Diereproduksie U.P.
81
LARS, GUNNAR, WILSON 1988 Animal Manure – A valuable Resource in Plant
production. Seminar on Storing, Handling and Spreading of Manure and Municipal
Waste, Uppsala, Sweden.
MATON A 1967 DAELEMANS J ; De Huisvesting van Dieren. Tweede, herwerkte

uitgave, Uitgever : Ministerie van Landbouw
MIDWEST PLAN SERVICE 3 1982 Sheep housing and Equipment Handbook, Third
edition
MINNAAR P.P.J. Ramstalle en Voerkrale vir Skape, Inligtingsblad F3/1979 van

Boerdery in Suid-Afrika.
MINNAAR P.P.J. Meganisering by die hantering van skape, Direktoraat Landbou-

ingenieurswese.
MEULING A.J. 1982 Livestock production systems and selection criteria. State-of-
the-art; livestock Environment II, Proceedings of the Second International
Symposium; p. 33 – 40.
NIELSEN V.C. 1988 Voorbrug, Brewer ; The control of Odours from Livestock
Farming: An Overview. Seminar on Storing, Handling and Spreading of Manure and
Municipal Waste, Uppsala, Sweden.
SCHANBACHER B.D. Photoperiodic influences on performance of market lamb;

Livestock Envir. II, Proc. Of 2nd Int. Sympo.
VAN GASS J.G. 1989 Voerkrale vir skape. Direktoraat landbou-meganisasie.
82
NOTES:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
83
APPENDIX A: INTENSIVE SHEEP HOUSING
A – Sorting pens
Ram pens
B – Crush with sliding scale
C – Dosing and injection alleys for sheep
D – Dripping mat with drop in direction of spray dip door
E – Spray dip with floor slope in direction of pump
Alley F – Driving corral for continuous sheep flow
G – Alley can also be 5,5m
Self
feeder
Steel on slats
Ewe
pens
Intensive sheep housing

84
APPENDIX B: CREEPER FEEDER FOR LAMBS
Creeper feeder for lambs
85
APPENDIX C: FEEDLOTS FOR SHEEP
86
HOUSING AND HANDLING FACILITIES FOR SHEEP AND GOATS (suppliers)
Company Fax Address Products / Services
Alva Laval Agri (011) 392 1602 (011) 392 5585 P O Box 187, Isando 1600 Milking systems
Axxon (Pty) Ltd. (011) 486 2484 (011) 486 1647 P O Box 72092, Parkview 2122 Milking systems, electronic scales
Bonnox Fences (012) 666 8717 (012) 666 9716 P O Box 2066, Pretoria 0001 Fencing material
Taltec CC (012) 250 2188 (012) 250 2286 P O Box 995, Brits 0250 Handling equipment
87

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Programme Manager

P F Cilliers (Pr Eng)

Layout and Design

Published by the ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ARC-IAE)

Private Bag X519, SILVERTON 0127, South Africa

An Institute of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2003 ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering

ISBN 1-919 849-58-0

2. Extent of sheep farming in South Africa 2

3. Existing production systems and the production cycle of sheep 4

5. Design of an intensive production system 9

5.4 Design norms 15

6.2 The influence of daylight length on slaughter lamb production 19

6.3 Ventilation requirements 20

6.4 Animal waste production and handling 22

7.2 The influence of sheep behaviour on the design of handling facilities 50

7.3 Typical lay-out of handling complexes 51

8.2 Elements of the shearing shed complex 59

8.3 Wool production and storage space 67

9.5 Slatted floors 74

Appendix A – Intensive sheep housing 84

The most important production requirements are the following:

• The provision of efficient and effective holding and handling facilities

The design of an intensive production system is discussed according to a planning

2. EXTENT OF SHEEP FARMING IN SOUTH AFRICA

PROVINCES 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

KwaZulu-Natal 1032 881 1030860 1064927 1058360 970464 887104 887732

Mpumalanga 2080 765 1913372 1940524 1845644 1847791 1742836 1694158

Gauteng 115 445 107364 94479 87865 91556 90609 90743

2.2 Mutton consumption

South Africa 3,3 3,6 3,3 3,4 3,5

Argentina 2,0 1,6 1,6 1,4 1,4

Australia 15,7 16,8 17,2 16,9 16,5

China 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,0

Greece 13,6 13,9 13,8 13,6 13,8

Ireland 7,2 7,4 7,2 7,2 7,2

Mexico 1,7 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,7

New Zealand 22,5 31,1 20,0 17,4 18,2

Spain 6,3 6,0 6,0 6,1 5,9

Total European Union 3,7 3,7 3,6 3,7 3,7

United Kingdom 6,0 6,4 6,1 6,7 6,7

Urugay 12,6 15,7 14,1 11,6 11,7

USA 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5

Average 7,4 8,5 7,4 7,1 7,1

3. EXISTING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND THE

3.2.1 In-phase lambing season

3.2.2 Accelerated lambing season

The accelerated lambing season system is beginning to become a possibility as the

Dry ewes or replacement ewes

Feedlot or planted grazing

Figure 3.1: Schematic presentation of an in-phase or accelerated lambing season

Feedlot or planted grazing

Figure 3.2: Schematic presentation of a system that includes planted grazing

The objective of any intensive production system is maximising profit. It is therefor

 Adaptation of a breed in the specific region

4.1 Herd structure

4.2 Age structure

Adaptation of a breed in the specific region

An increase in the lamb percentage:

An increase in lambing frequencies:

Animal behavioural patterns:

Effect on the environment:

Sick animals can be identified easier

Feeding pen 2m²/sheep*

Herding area 0,5m²/sheep

The number of sheep (group size)

Alternatively, a minimum of 0,035 m² per ewe-space should be provided.

Positive pressure systems:

Negative pressure systems:

Inlet openings of at least 275mm² per ℓ/s airflow or fan capacity.