1.5.

Voice Qualities

Voice is the production of sound, while

Speech is the combination of sounds so that they become symbols that represent meanings to both speaker and listener.

The distinctive characteristics of voice that makes it pleasant or unpleasant hear it is quality. This is often referred to as a “timbre” or “tone color and it
results from the weight exerted on the vocal chords by the resonators in the process of speaking.

Quality of a voice is determined by the combination of resonances (richness and volume) of sound, tone, and timbre between individual and voices so that
you are able to identify one person to another.

The difference between a good voice with unpleasant ones; It should be Understandable, Clear, Pleasant and Varied.

There are ve common voice qualities: normal, breathy, full, chesty and thin.

1. The Normal Voice. in conversation, you speak naturally showing little or no emotions.

Example is in praying. We just speak showing our natural voice.

Let’s practice conversational speech ;

In you, O lord, I take refuge; let me never be put to shame, In your justice rescue me, and deliver me, incline your ears to me, and save me.
Be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to keep me safety, for you are my rock and my fortress.

On you I depend from birth. A portent am I to many, but you are my strong refuge. My mouth shall be lled with your praise, with your glory
day by day. ( Psalm 71)

2. The Breathy Voice. Create an atmosphere of secrecy and mystery you use a breathy or a whispery voice. Whispered type of tone is an “aspirate”
quality of the voice best heard in the “stage whisper”.

Ex. The partner of The Lord of the Rings- Precious, using breathy voice.

3. The Full Voice. In many forms of public speaking when the voice must be projected to a greater distance, or when an occasion is formal and digni ed
you use the full, deep quality of your voice.

This is also known as the “orotund” (round mouth quality. It is used to create a mood of reverence and solemnity.

4.The Chesty Voice. This is a deep hollow voice as if coming from a deep and empty cave. Its voice quality has less nasal resonance and its accompanied
vibration in the bony structure of the upper chest thus making it a chesty voice with a “pectoral” quality.

It is used as part of a spirit or a ghost voice.

Let’s try this in a ghostly voice…

I am thy father’s spirit

Doom’d for a certain term to walk the night,

And for the day con ned to fast in res

Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature.

-Hamlet

5.The Thin Voice. This voice quality is thin and high-pitched, the high pitch being its chief characteristics.

This “Falsetto” kind of voice is featured as a weakening voice, extreme fatigue, old aged, ill-health or extreme excitement.

Let’s try your falsetto voice

A better’d, wrecked old man,

Thrown on this savage shore, far far from home.

Prayer of Columbus

Walt Whitman

1.6. Volume and Voice Projection

Introduction

One of the common problems that confront listeners in nay speech situation is not being able to hear a speaker whose words is inaudible and di cult to
follow and understand. This cause may be traced to di culties in volume and projection.

Volume is the degree of loudness, and projection is the process of directing the voice to a speci c target. To project your voice, de ne your message and
identify the target or focus of the message.

TARGET

This is the particular direction to which you are aiming and addressing –the person directly in front of you, those in the last row, or the entire
audience. VOICE FOCUS

Requires focusing your voice on a de nite direction. Two signi cant factors help in this aspect-the purpose and nature of your message.

Guidelines to achieve volume and project your voice well

1. Carry your tone or throw out your voice as far as the speech and the situation will require

2. Practice proper breath control.

3. Identify your listeners and acknowledge your audience; reach out everyone in the room and direct your voice to them.

4. Develop a very positive attitude toward speaking to an audience.

5. Cultivate a sense of participation with your listeners.

6. Always direct your thoughts toward the last row of listeners ensuring that your message will reach them.

1.7. Assignment 1 : Selecting & Analyzing a Video Clip

1. Choose and watch any Filipino commercial which deals with relationships (partner, family, friends etc.) . Analyze the commercial and explain how they

relate to one another and how they t into the communication process. Write your answer on the space provided. (100%) Share the link on your paper.

Rubric for Grading:

(Selection of commercial- 30% / Discussion-40% / communication relationships-30%)

1.9. Part 1: The Different Models of Communication

1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great.
He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

While exploring the human nature scienti cally, Aristotle developed a linear model of communication for oral communication known as
Aristotle’s Model of Communication. This is considered as the rst model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is most widely
accepted among all communication models.

Aristotle's Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
Audience and Effect.
 The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is
the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, in uenced by the speech. This makes the communication process
one way, from speaker to receiver.

The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that
the audience be persuaded or in uenced from the speech.

He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and persuasion and different message or speech should be made for different audiences
at different situations to get desired effects or to establish a propaganda. This model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a
propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.

Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.

For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion). The civilians only vote
if they are in uenced by the things the politician says in his speech so the content must be very impressive to in uence the mass and the speaker must
design the message very carefully.

The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have a very good non-verbal communication with the audience like eye contact.
This example is a classic case of Aristotle Model of Communication depicting all the elements in the model.

Critical Elements of a Good Communicator

Aristotle has given 3 elements that must be present in a good communicator or public speaker. These elements are related to each other and they reinforce
the other elements.

Ethos

Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience. If there is no credibility, the audience will not believe in you and will not be
persuaded by you. Expertise and positions also give credibility to a person.

For instance, the mass will not listen to the promises of a corrupt politician, but if a politician is known for his good deeds, there’s a high change his speech
will be heard. Pathos

If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they will be more interested and they will think you are more credible.
Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated and they feel the speaker is one of their own people.

For instance, if people of a village needs water and the politician tells them that he will help in building roads, the people will not get in uenced but might
be more in uenced if he says he’ll build a dam for drinking water and irrigation.

Logos

Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand what you are trying to say. People nd logic in everything. If there is no logic behind the
speaker’s work or time, they do not want to get involved. Everybody has a sense of reason. You must present facts to the audience for them to believe in
you.

For example, a presenter using factual data in an awareness program will attract the audience’s attention and will make them believe in the need of
awareness in the particular matter.

Criticisms of Aristotle’s Model of Communication

There are few criticisms around this model. Some of them are

There is no concept of feedback; it is one way from speaker to audience.

There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers.
This model can only be used in public speaking.

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication

2. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

 In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write
an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of
communication”.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they nd factors which affecting the
communication process called “Noise”. At rst the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the eld of
Communication.

The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information destination,
encode and decode.

Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message

Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals

Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites.
For example: In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables

Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse process of encode

Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t
receive the exact message and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver

Receiver : The destination of the message from sender

Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect the communication ow
between sender and receiver

Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may distracted or affected by physical
noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the
communication ow or the receiver may not receive the correct message
Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals from external sources. For example: If there is any
problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone communication or distract the messages

Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication :

Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant
received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you want Thomson”. Sender : Thomson

Encoder : Telephone (Thomson) Channel

: Cable

Noise : Distraction in voice

Reception : Telephone (Assistant)

Receiver : Assistant.

Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Thomson’s messages.

*The noise which affect the communication ow between them.

Source: https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/

3. David Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication

In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more e cient.
 The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message
respectively.

Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver.
Each of the component is affected by many factors.

Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication

S -Sender

Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the receiver. The following are
the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.

Communication Skills

Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be
communicated better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver cannot grasp the message, then the communication
will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to speak, present, read, write, listening, etc.

Attitude

The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person’s attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes
the meaning and effect of the message.

Knowledge

Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter makes the
communicator send the message effectively.

Social Systems

Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message. It creates difference in the
generation of message. Place and situation also fall under social systems.

Culture

Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might nd something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture.

M-Message

A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or other media.
The key factors affecting the message are
Content

Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.

Elements

Elements are the non-verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.

Treatment

Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.

Structure

The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.

Code

Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.

C-Channel

Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a
channel like telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the ve senses of a human being is the channel for the communication ow and it affects
the effectiveness of the channel.

Hearing – We receive the message through hearing.

Seeing – We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.

Touching – Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.

Smelling – We collect information from smelling.

Tasting – Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.

R- Receiver

Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above
must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same effect as intended if the receiver and
sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.

Communication skills

Attitudes

Knowledge

Social Systems

Culture

1.10. Part 2: The Different Models of Communication

4. Lasswell’s Comunication Model

Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and
components. The components are the questions to be asked to get the answers and keep communication going.
Components Meaning Analysis

Who the communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis

Says What the content of the message Content Analysis

In Which Channel the medium or media Media Analysis

To Whom the receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis

With What Effect the feedback of the receiver to the sender Effect Analysis

Explanation of different Components of Lasswell’s Model

Control analysis helps the sender to have all the power.

Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and representation of different groups politically. It is also related to the purpose or the ulterior
motives of the message.

Media analysis represents which medium should be used to exercise maximum power against the receivers.

Audience analysis shows who are the target population to be manipulated or brain-washed.

Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It is used to predict the effect of message over the target population to be exploited.

Explanation of Lasswell’s Communication Model

Though Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is used for interpersonal communication or group
communication to be disseminated message to various groups in various situations.

Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and businesses at that time. Only rich people used to have
communication mediums such as televisions and radios back them. It was made to show the mass media culture.

Lasswell also brought the concept of Effective Communication Process. He talked about the relation between presentation of facts and how
it generates different effects. The use of the concept of effect makes Lasswell’s model non-linear unlike it’s name. It’s because effect can also be
taken as feedback.

Though, generally, the component of effect was made to be more about outcome of the message, the model is applied in different medias
and elds despite being developed speci cally for mass communication.

This model is similar to the communication model proposed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Their model is more graphical than
Lasswell’s. Geo rge Gerbner who is the founder of the cultivation theory, expanded Lasswell’s model and included the concept of reaction of the
receiver.

Disadvantages and Criticisms of Lasswell’s Model

The major criticism of Lasswell’s Model is that it does not include feedback and it ignores the possibility of noise. Without feedback, a
communication process cannot be fruitful. Lasswell’s model is very linear and does not consider barriers in the communication process.
 The model is also criticized for being very general and only including very traditional topics. The model is very simplistic. The model is said
to be propaganda based as it is more focused on the resulting outcome and generally used for media persuasion. Source:
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model

6. Helical Model of Communication

“If you’re born today, you’ve limited expressions”- Frank Dance

Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical Model of Communication. A helix is a three
dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone.

Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing moment. Helical model gives
geometrical testimony of communication. The model is linear as well as circular combined and disagrees the concept of linearity and circularity
individually.

Concept of Helical Model of Communication

Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where continuousness of the communication process and relational
interactions are very important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of communication and it progresses with age as
our experience and vocabulary increases.

At rst, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication progresses. The same effect can be seen with communication
of humans, where you know nothing about a person at rst and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the person better. It considers all the activities of
the person, from the past and present.

Communication is affected by the curve from which it emerges which denotes past behavior and experiences. Slowly, the helix leaves its lower
levels of behavior and grows upward in a new way. It always depends on the lowest level to form the message. Thus, the communicative relationship
reaches to the next level in which people share more information.

Communication is supposed to be continuous and non-repetitive. It is always growing and accumulative.

Example of Helical Model of Communication

A child crying at birth signi es the communication of the child to its parents that he/she is alive. After some years, the child cries whenever the child needs
anything like food or attention. He/she learns words and starts communicating with words.

The child learns speci c languages and communicates with the people who know the language that he/she knows. Communication becomes more complex
as the child grows into adult and to the existing moment. The adult uses the same pronunciations and use of words or facial expressions that he/she learned
when he/she was a child. Communication is directly dependent on his/her past behavior as a child but can also modify as the person grows.

In this example, communication evolves with the child crying. This is where the helix is small at the bottom. And he continues communication,
the helix gradually grows. When the communication becomes more complex, the spiral grows wider. From then on, it grows steadily as his life goes on.

Advantages of Helical Model of Communication

1. The model assumes sender and receiver to be interchangeable and makes communication process to be two way.

2. The model takes the communication process speculative and intellectual.

Disadvantages of Helical Model of Communication

1. The model is taken as more simple than it should be.

2. Some critics don’t take it to be a model as it has very few variables.
3. It is not testable because it is abstract.
4. It is not represent in a systematic and orderly way.
5. Variables cannot be differentiated in this model.
. Continuity may not always be true for communication. There might be breaks in situations as well as events can be meaningless,
forced or unproductive.
7. The purpose of communication is not always growth.

7. Schramm's model of communication

This model shows how meaning is transferred from one person or group to another. Here he added Field of experience: are based on
individual beliefs, values, experiences a nd learned meanings both as an individual or part of group.

He suggest that message can be complicated by different meaning learned by different people. Thus, Schramm says Message meaning can be
Denotative or Connotative.

Denotative meaning: it is based on Dictionary meaning of word. Which is universally same and accepted by all?

Connotative meaning: based on one’s Emotional or Personal experiences , thus can be different for different persons , based upon their
evaluation. Thus, incorporating the study of human behavior.

This is another Schramm's model of communication which is used in both Intrapersonal and Interpersonal communication. The model takes
communication as a never ending process which constitutes messages and feedbacks.
 Each person is both sender and receiver, so there must be interpretation of the message on each turn. The interpreted data is known as information.
This makes communication effective but might cause problems too as the message sent after encoding might not be the same when decoded by the
receiver. So, this model is not conventional like other models that only talk about sender and receiver.

Feedback is also a very important component as it lets the sender know if the receiver has interpreted the message as required or not. The message
becomes useless if the receiver does not understand it making feedback different than the expected outcome.

1.14. How to Write a Reaction or a Response Paper

1. Watch the documentary or the Video clip and take notes.

You can only be able to write a review or response to a documentary when you understand all its elements, contents and message. Therefore, it is always
advisable that you watch the documentary more than once in order to properly digest it and know what it is all about.

While watching the documentary, it is advisable to treat it more like a story or a letter. Note down some of the striking features of the lm, like characters,
scenes, messages and how they are relayed.

2. Identify the focus of your review.

The basis of a reaction paper is to present your opinion or thoughts about the documentary. However, these should be backed by examples or evidence
from the lm. Academic papers require that you identify a particular angle to pursue in writing, which will be the basis of the paper.

When identifying the focus of your paper do not simply look at the documentary, instead, compare it with your general knowledge, other lms on the same
subject and even comments from experts in that eld. You can also relate the documentary to your personal experiences.

3. Determine the elements to discuss.

After identifying the direction to pursue in responding to the documentary, you should move into collecting points and evidence to support it. Based on the
aspect that you intend to discuss in the review, gather su cient points that are striking from the lm to use in proving your reaction.

For every key point that you identify, also acquire examples or evidence from the documentary to use in proving it. All the elements that you pick should
connect back to the focus of the paper and effectively evaluate your response and purpose of writing.

4. Create an outline.

An outline is a simple plan showing how you intend to present the review. It should brie y highlight the introduction, body and conclusion of the paper.
The purpose of the outline is to provide you with a ‘blueprint’ of the paper and easy reference when writing.

5. Introduce the paper.

Begin by giving a brief and accurate summary of the documentary in the opening statements of the paper. On this part, you should include basic
information about the piece, including its title, producer, characters, and date of screening among other key elements.

6. Evaluate the documentary.

This should make up the bulk of the paper, and present a comprehensive evaluation of the documentary. This section highlights the body paragraphs and
should clearly indicate that you have watched and understood the context of the lm.

Every paragraph should properly establish and explain your position or response to the documentary, backed with evidence and examples.
Devote every paragraph to a particular idea and a few related evidences.

7. Write the conclusion.

The nal paragraph of a response paper should present a summary of your position on the piece. This can be achieved through restating the focus of the
paper and the key points that are discussed in the body paragraphs. Remember that the conclusion should just be short and not open a fresh discussion.

2.1. Different Communication Contexts

Context- refers to the circumstances and settings of communication. The

following are the different communication contexts.

PERSONAL CONTEXT-It involves the background of both the sender and the receiver of the message. Ex. -

education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status and other beliefs.

PHYSICAL CONTEXT-It is the environment where communication takes place It include factors perceived by the senses such as temperature, humidity,
odor, lighting and noise level.

SOCIAL CONTEXT- It refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the receiver.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT- It includes the emotions and feelings of the participants in the communication process. It also involves opinions,
judgements, prejudices, attitudes and perception toward each other.

CULTURAL CONTEXT- -sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding principles and assumptions based on one’s race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation,
gender identity and religion, within which communication happens.
 2.3. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

Communication and Culture are entwined and inseparable. Culture in uences what and how we communicate with people.

Culture – is de ned as set of unique and shared beliefs & values that guide a certain group of people on how to think, behave and act.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
To increase awareness and to develop competence in communicating in a multicultural settings, it is essential to unlock some cultural dimensions, provide
examples, and explain how they affect communication as adapted by Verdeber et al. (2015) from the early works of Edward T. Hall, and more recently, by
Gerard Hendrick (Geert ) Hofstede.

2.4. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN COMMUNICATION

1 Individualistic Culture vs. Collectivist Culture

2. LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE VS. HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE

3 MONOCHRONIC CULTURE VS. POLYCHRONIC CULTURE

4 UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE CULTURE

5 POWER DISTANCE

6 GENDER PROMINENCE CULTURE: MASCULINE CULTURE VS. FEMININE CULTURE

7 Long-term or Short-term Orientation Culture
3.1. Verbal, Non Verbal Communication and Language Registers

A. Verbal Communication

Communication is not just con ned to speaking. It is actually possible to be communicating without taking or uttering even a single word. There
are two types of communication. These are verbal communication which uses spoken or written words to communicate a message. On the other hand,
there is also non – verbal communication which uses body language, gestures, facial expressions, and even posture to communicate.

B. VERBAL COMMUNICATION: LANGUAGE VARIETY AND REGISTER

Language is a set of arbitrary symbols which create possible combination of utterances primarily used for communication. Language register
refers to the level and style of spoken and written discourse depending on the context you are in. It determines the vocabulary, tone, and structure of your
language. When you talk to your friend, you use a more formal language register, more casual and friendly, than when you talk to your teacher where you
employ a more formal language register, a polite tone and well-thought out words.

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS

1. Formal – this type of register is used in a professional context. It is highly structured, impersonal, and more serious in this tone, vocabulary, and
grammar.

2. Informal – Language is casual, personal and more intimate in its tone, sentence structure, and choice of words.

3. Neutral – This is a more factual and non-emotional type of language register.

C. Non-Verbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is our primary mode to communicate feelings and emotions which we usually do not express verbally. Non-verbal
expressions are thus more reliable than words. What you do speaks so loud, I can’t hear what you say.

Non-Verbal messages refer to the cues that are sent through body language, posture, gesture, movements, facial expression, and appearance
that are used in place of or simultaneously with verbal message.

A. NON – VERBAL MESSAGES CAN BE GROUPED INTO;

1. KINESICS: USE OF BODY. The technical name for the interpretation that comes along with motions when someone communicates is
kinetics. This includes gesture, movements, posture, eye contact facial expression, and touch.

2. PARALANGUAGE : USE OF VOICE

The voice should have intelligibility, variety, and understandable patterns Intelligibility pertains to the loudness of your voice rate of your
speech, pronunciation, and enunciation. Variety refers to your pitch, force, and pause.

3. PROXEMICS : USE OF SPACE

Proxemics refers to the space in which our interpersonal communication takes place affects us in many subtle ways in which we are
not always aware of.

Types of Proxemics
1. Intimate – Distance varies from touching to a space of 1-1.5 feet. Intimate distance is appropriate only for the most intimate conversations.

2. Personal Distance- has a space roughly 1-2.5 feet. This is when people meet in an o ce or on the street.

3. Social distance varies from 4-6 feet. This kind of distance is good for impersonal business.

4. Public distance starts about 12 feet and extend as is feasible in a large room.
5. ORIENTATION/GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: as important as distance is the geographic location of the participants – where people are in
relation to one another.

6. Gestures and Body Movements - Gestures are probably one of the rst means of communication that human beings developed before oral
language appeared.

7. Postures – body postures are another signal which is largely involuntary but can communicate important social signals.
8. Facial Expressions – is a key characteristic of nonverbal communication, your facial expression can communicate happiness, sadness, anger, or fear.
This refers to change sin the use of mouth, eyes and cheeks

9. Silence - This technique is used to convey meaning either consciously or unconsciously. Sometimes, silence can convey positive message. Silence
does not mean absence of communication.

10. CHRONEMICS : USE OF TIME

As previously discus

1.
 4.1. Globalization

Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an
interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade .It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,
and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical
well-being in societies around the world. Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization.

Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies have given all
sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities,
including faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far- ung
partners.

4.2. Language and Globalization

“Globalization” is a social process “characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural, linguistic and environmental
interconnections and ows that make the many of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant”. Steger’s book Globalization: A Very Short
Introduction (publ. date: 2003) Oxford University Press. Globalization is not as recent a phenomenon as economists have generally led us to believe,
although it has undoubtedly operated in faster and more complex ways since the late 1980s

Globalization is readily increasing in today’s world. This increase in globalization has many effects on language, both positive and negative.
These effects on language in turn affect the culture of the language in many ways. However, with globalization allowing languages and their cultures to
spread and dominate on a global scale, it also leads to the extinction of other languages and cultures.

Language contributes to the formation of culture, such as through vocabulary, greetings or humor. Language is in a sense the substance of
culture. Languages serve as important symbols of group belonging, enabling different groups of people to know what ethnic groups they belong to, and
what common heritages they share. Without a language, people would lose their cultural identity. Languages are, then, the very lifeline of globalization:
without language, there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization, there would be no world languages.

Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop
economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has
bene ted multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.

A. Impact of Globalization on How People Communicate

The global language system is very much interconnected, linked by multilingual persons who hold the various linguistic groups together. The
hierarchical pattern of these connections closely corresponds to other dimensions of the world system, such as the global economy and the worldwide
constellation of states.

English is distinguished from the other languages by having very signi cant numbers of non-native speakers, I think it’s going to be the one
most affected by globalization.

We can say that almost everywhere language is used as an identity to be part of the “world system” now, and the thing about any system that
integrates people is that it bene ts its architects. Imported cultures are going to push out indigenous ones.
 It’s clear that globalization is making English especially important not just in universities, but in areas such as computing, diplomacy, medicine,
shipping, and entertainment. No language is currently being learned by more people — there may soon be 2 billion actively doing so — and the desire to
learn it re ects a desire to be plugged into a kind of “world brain.”

B. The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers
and develop a global village. Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of
the world.

B.1 Creation of a Global Village

Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because
people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those
in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are
becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support
and other business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet.

Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the other side of the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from
a faraway land. There is so much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online, that it’s no longer a complete mystery.

C. Diversity

This is the concept that endures, respect, acceptance, and understanding. It recognizes that people are unique from each other with respect to their
age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, socio-economic status, educational background, and ideologies.