AMERICAN MUSEUM

Novrtates
PUBLISHED BY
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY
CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 U.S.A.
NUMBER 2589 NOVEMBER 14, 1975

NORMAN I. PLATNICK
A Revision of the South American Spider Genus
Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae)
p *1 . Ei' V.Uh "Y. nuuir p 1 1
 AMERICAN MUSEUM

Novitates
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024
Number 2589, pp. 1-25, figs. 1-57, 1 table November 14, 1975

A Revision of the South American Spider Genus

Trachelopachys (Araneae, Clubionidae)

NORMAN I. PLATNICKI

ABSTRACT
The South American spider genus Trache- from Peru, T. magdalena from Colombia, and T.
lopachys is redefined on the basis of genitalic ignacio from Paraguay. Trachelopachys albicans
characters; the 11 known species are diagnosed, Mello-Leitio is newly synonymized with T. cin-
described, and assigned to species groups. A gulipes (Simon). The male of T. bicolor
proposal to unite the tracheline, castianeirine, Chamberlin and the females of T. sericeus
and corinnine clubionids in a separate family, (Simon), T. bidentatus Tullgren, and T. gracilis
Corinnidae, is rejected; two characters used to (Keyserling) are described for the first time.
support this grouping (the purported absence of Trachelopachys fasciatus Mello-Leitao, T. gulosus
dorsal tarsal trichobothria and of feathery Mello-Leitio, and T. segmentatus Mello-Leitio
setae) are shown to be invalid, and the genitalic are transferred to Trachelas; Trachelas keyserlingi
similarities between the trachelines and castia- Roewer and Trachelas gracilis Keyserling are
neirines are considered symplesiomorphic. A transferred to Trachelopachys. In a supplement,
cladistic analysis of the known Trachelopachys is the genus Tetratrachelas Caporiacco is newly
presented, and an attempt made to correlate the synonymized with Trachelopachys, and Meriola
inferred branching sequence with the geographi- discolorifemur Caporiacco is transferred to
cal distribution of the species. Four new species Trachelopachys and newly synonymized with T.
are described: T. tarma and T. machupicchu singularis (Caporiacco).
INTRODUCTION
The present paper, the third in a series on the placed in the large, widespread genus Trachelas
tracheline genera of the spider family Club- but several smaller genera, including some that
ionidae and the first of several that will focus on are monotypic, have been described. As the real
the South American fauna, is concerned with the limits of Trachelas are not yet known, it has
genus Trachelopachys. The South American tra- seemed best to work out the smaller genera first,
chelines are very poorly known; about 50 species even though some species belonging to them may
have been described, mostly from single speci- be currently misplaced in Trachelas and some
mens, and few of the species have ever been name changes may be necessary when that genus
mentioned in the literature since their original is revised.
descriptions. Most of these species have been Trachelopachys, apparently the largest of the
'Assistant Curator, Department of Entomology, the American Museum of Natural History.

Copyright © The American Museum of Natural History 1975 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $1.70
2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

smaller genera, is also one of the most distinctive. Traditionally, the trachelines have been placed
The genus includes the largest American trache- in the Corinninae on the basis of the indistinct,
lines, and all the species are strikingly colored. In short second segment of their posterior spin-
life, the reddish orange legs contrast strongly nerets, even though Corinna and its relatives have
with a very dark, often jet-black carapace. In numerous heavy leg spines and vastly more com-
addition, most species have parts of some leg seg- plex genitalia. Lehtinen (1967) enlarged the con-
ments strongly marked with dark bands, often in cept of the group to include the castianeirines as
a species-specific pattem. Unfortunately, the well, and proposed, as part of a solution to the
reddish colors wash out rapidly in alcohol, and obvious heterogeneity of the Clubionidae, remov-
all preserved specimens have yellow legs; ing all three groups to a separate family Corin-
similarly, the dark leg bands and the carapace nidae. Two of the characters used to support this
bleach with age, and some specimens collected in grouping, however, are invalid. Lehtinen (1967,
the last century show only the faintest traces of p. 292) claimed that the enlarged group "is
the leg bands. Trachelopachys can also be characterized by the lack of distinct tarsal tricho-
recognized by their genitalia; both the coiled bothria." The tarsal trichobothria of spiders are
duct and retrolaterally directed embolus of the easy to locate with the scanning electron micro-
male palp (fig. 12) and the presence of a basal scope; their tips tend to curl during the coating
spermathecal lobe in females (fig. 15) are dis- process (figs. 2, 3) and their bases have a charac-
tinctive. teristic structure very different from that of the
The known Trachelopachys fall into two spe- ordinary leg setae (fig. 4). As can be seen from
cies groups on the basis of genitalic structure. In figures 5-8, corinnines, castianeirines, and trache-
the sericeus group (T. sericeus, T. cingulipes, T. lines all have dorsal tarsal trichobothria. In
tarma, T. machupicchu, and T. bidentatus) the addition to lumping all three groups in the Corin-
retrolateral tibial apophysis is situated at the tip nidae, Lehtinen transferred the family to his
of the tibia (fig. 13) and the anterior epigynal branch Zodariides (far from the Clubionidae in
margin is relatively broad (fig. 14), whereas in his system), claiming (1967, p. 292) that
the keyserlingi group (T. keyserlingi, T. gracilis, "feathery hairs are totally lacking in all known
T. aemulatus, T. magdalena, T. bicolor, and T. evolutionary lines of Zodariides." Reiskind
ignacio) the retrolateral tibial apophysis is (1969) pointed out that feathery setae occur in
situated below the tip of the tibia (fig. 34) and castianeirines, and a scanning electron micro-
the anterior epigynal margin is relatively narrow graph (fig. 1) of feathery setae from the
(fig. 36). Both species groups are widely distrib- abdomen of Castianeira trilineata confirms this.
uted in South America. One character, the heavy somatic scleroti-
Macrotaxonomy. In an earlier paper in this zation, does support the expanded grouping, but
series (Platnick and Shadab, 1974) the tracheline as pointed out elsewhere (Platnick, 1975a) this
clubionids were characterized by the complete heavy sclerotization occurs in such a wide variety
absence of leg spines and the presence, at least in of spider families of obviously separate lineages
males, of ventral cusps on the distal segments of that it must have arisen many times and is there-
the anterior legs. Since that time I have seen fore of little value for macrotaxonomy.
specimens of as yet undetermined South Ameri- Similarly, association of the castianeirines with
can trachelines in which neither sex has leg cusps; the trachelines is supported by the genitalic
it is apparent that these cusps have been similarities between the two groups. The palp of
gradually lost in some lineages, and that the con- Castianeira, for example, can be derived by
cept of the group should be broadened. So far as simply elongating the distal half of a Trachelas
I am aware, the trachelines are the only club- palp; this palpal elongation is obviously corre-
ionids that lack leg spines, and this apomorphic lated with the general somatic elongation of cas-
character, along with the heavily sclerotized tianeirines associated with their ant-mimicking
cephalothorax and comparatively simple habits. However, these palpi, with their terminal
genitalia, allows unambiguous definition of the embolus, a tegulum containing a duct, and a
group. hematodocha, are actually the simplest (and
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPA CHYS 3

1 2

3 4
FIGS. 1-4. Scanning electron micrographs. 1. Castianeira trilineata, feathery setae on male
abdomen, dorsal view, 675X. 2-4. Tarsal trichobothria from tarsi I of females, dorsal views. 2.
Clubiona obesa, 65Ox. 3. Strotarchus piscatorius, 1 300X. 4. Strotarchus piscatorius, 2600X.
presumably most primitive) possible forms of the In short, Lehtinen's attempt to resolve the
entelegyne palpus, and these genitalic similarities heterogeneity (and presumed, but not finally
must therefore be considered symplesiomorphic. demonstrated, polyphyly) of the classical family
It seems unlikely then that either the castia- Clubionidae does not significantly improve the
neirines or the corinnines are the sister group of classification of the groups considered above. As
the trachelines. What the sister group actually is more clubionid genera are studied, the family
remains unknown; the Australian genus Lampona will probably be broken down into a large
and its relatives may be good candidates. Lam- number of relatively distinct subfamilies. The
pona has always been placed in the Gnaphosidae relationships of these subfamilies are likely to
because of its separated anterior spinnerets, but remain unknown until the world fauna is revised;
the tracheline-like absence of leg spines, heavy meanwhile, little is gained by elevating these
somatic sclerotization, and genitalia are char- distinct but small groups to family status, and it
acters found in no other gnaphosids and clearly seems best to continue the usage of Clubionidae.
exclude the genus from that family. Phylogeny. The present study, like one of
4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

5 6

7
FIGS. 5-8. Scanning electron micrographs, tarsal trichobothria from tarsi I of females, dorsal views.
5. Corinna bicalcarata, 2600X. 6. Castianeira descripta, 2600x. 7. Trachelas mexicanus, 650X. 8.
Trachelas mexicanus, 2600X.

Callilepis (Platnick, 1 975b), represents an produce phylogenies by the methods of

attempt to apply the cladistic methods developed traditional "evolutionary" systematics. This diffi-
by Hennig (1966) and best expressed by Brundin culty is probably due in part to the regrettable
(1966) to a spider genus which is being revised fact that few workers have looked at a group of
on a worldwide basis. Some of the strengths and any size on a worldwide basis and that most have
weaknesses of this methodology encountered in therefore been reluctant to engage in phylo-
these attempts should be mentioned, if only to genetic speculation, but the natures of spider
insure that unwarranted conclusions are not taxonomy and of "evolutionary" systematics may
drawn from the dendrogram and maps presented. be deeper reasons. In groups like higher spiders,
With the notable exception of Carico's work where generally the only significant interspecific
on the Pisauridae (1973a, 1973b), hardly a single differences within a species group are found in
modern revisionary study of a spider group has the genitalia, it is obvious that any consideration
included a dendrogram; most arachnologists have of phylogeny on the species level must be
seemingly found it difficult or impossible to primarily dependent on genitalic characters. The
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 5

secondary genitalia of higher spiders are generally acters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18 and 19); the
so complex and such sensitive indicators of morphologically more complex state is presumed
speciation and relationship that they provide derived (characters 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 19);
almost an overabundance of information on and character states restricted to a single species
phylogeny. The methods of "evolutionary" within the genus are presumed derived (char-
systematics, which depend on a more or less acters 3, 13, 15, and 16). A fourth criterion, that
intuitive assessment of overall similarities be- character states restricted to a single species with-
tween groups, cannot cope with this abundance in a species group are presumed derived (char-
of information. If in a given spider genus the acters 8, 9, 17, and 20), seems less reliable, as it
male palp has just five sclerites that can vary in is certainly possible, although probably not
different ways in each of, say 10 species, the common, for a single species within a species
number of combinations to be dealt with is group to retain a primitive character state while
already beyond that on which an intuitive assess- all the other species in the group display the
ment can be based, and the females have not derived state of that character. That some of
even been considered yet. The prime advantage these decisions on whether particular character
of cladistic analysis in spiders is that the search states are primitive or derived may be questioned
for sister groups based on synapomorphic char- by later workers, and that additional evidence
acters makes it possible to start with individual may require changes in the cladogram, seems the
extant species and work up (backward in time) best argument in favor of the cladistic method.
to larger groups. In fact, it is just this arguability that puts
There are two difficulties involved in applying phylogenetic reconstruction in the realm of
this methodology to spider systematics. First, if science. Since the dendrogram of an "evolution-
some species are known from only one sex, infor- ary" systematist represents only an intuitive
mation which may be crucial to the construction assessment of relationships, it cannot be argued
of a cladogram may be unavailable. In practice with (only an alternative intuitive assessment can
this disadvantage can usually be overcome, as the be offered), and thus it does not represent a
genitalia of even one sex will provide enough scientific hypothesis. It is only by the specifi-
information to establish sister group relation- cation of actual characters supporting each
ships. For example, of four species of Trachelo- branching point in a dendrogram that such a
pachys known from only one sex, three could be reconstruction becomes an arguable hypothesis.
placed without difficulty as sister species of Biogeography. One of the most common
forms known from both sexes, and each species problems confronting arachnologists is that of
pair treated as a single entity on the basis of the correctly matching males and females known
better known species. In one case, however, it only from allopatric population samples. Some
was necessary to make a prediction, on the basis workers, notably the late Dr. A. M. Chickering,
of the degree of morphological differences shown have been so fearful of mismatching sexes that
by the females, as to the type of palp which an they have routinely described each sex as a
unknown male would be likely to have. That different species wherever a possibility of
section of the cladogram (involving T. aemulatus, confusion existed. This practice seems discordant
T. keyserlingi, and T. gracilis) is therefore much with the law of parsimony; certainly, to main-
less reliable than the remainder. The second diffi- tain that there are five species of a genus in a
culty encountered is that in the absence of fossils given area is a simpler hypothesis than to assume
(the usual case of spiders) the placement of that there are 10 species in each of which one sex
specific character states as primitive or derived is has never been collected. Cladistic analysis
always open to question. Of the criteria used to provides a methodology for overcoming this
make these judgments regarding the characters of problem. For example, Trachelopachys keyser-
Trachelopachys listed in table 1, three seem to lingi is a species known from both sexes, and is
merit relatively high degrees of confidence: char- widely distributed in Argentina, Paraguay, and
acter states shared with the closest relative of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (fig. 11). A single male
genus (Trachelas) are presumed primitive (char- of another species from Santa Catarina, Brazil,
6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

TABLE 1
Genitalic Characters Used in Figure 9
Character Primitive State Derived State

1. Anterior epigynal margin Narrow Broad

2. Retrolateral tibial apophysis At tip of tibia Below tip of tibia
3. Anterior epigynal margin Straight, unbroken Curved or broken medially
4. Epigynal septum Absent Present
5. Embolus Entire Bifid
6. Palpal duct Unexpanded prolaterally Expanded prolaterally
7. Retrolateral tibial apophysis Short Long
8. Conductor Broad Narrow
9. Proximal loop of palpal duct Visible in ventral view Not visible in ventral view
10. Conductor Rounded distally Pointed distally
11. Epigynal openings Situated basally Situated anteriorly
12. Retrolateral tibial apophysis Pointed Rounded
13. Anterior epigynal margin Separated from openings Connected to openings
14. Basal lobes of spermathecae Short Long
15. Anterior epigynal margin Gently curved Acutely bent
16. Basal lobes of spermathecae Widest at tip Widest behind tip
17. Epigynal openings Slitlike Circular
18. Tip of embolus Unknown; presumed straight Recurved
19. Embolus Narrow Broad
20. Lateral epigynal margins Short Long

has an embolus with a recurved tip, an on the maps and the placement of the inferred
apomorphic character shared only with the male ancestral species do not represent speculations on
of T. keyserlingi. On the basis of epigynal struc- their actual locations in space; their placement is
ture, a female from Bahia, Brazil, seems to be the merely an artifact of the necessary distortion of
sister form of the female of T. keyserlingi. Thus, the cladogram. Similarly, the directional arrows
although it is possible that the two single speci- do not represent speculations on actual dispersal
mens belong to different species, the most routes or even that such dispersal has occurred;
parsimonious solution is to consider them each branching point may represent vicariance
conspecific until additional evidence indicates (division of the range of an ancestral species by
otherwise. the appearance of some barrier) rather than
If the vast majority of speciation events con- dispersal.
form to the model of allopatric speciation, if
our phylogenies reflect actual evolutionary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
history, and if subsequent environmental factors
(including alterations caused by man) have not I thank first Drs. P. Wygodzinsky and R. T.
grossly distorted the distribution patterns Schuh of the American Musuem of Natural
established at the time of the most recent History for their assistance with South American
speciation event in a group, we should be able to correspondence, literature, and localities, and for
correlate the inferred branching sequence in time helpful criticisms of a draft of the Introduction. I
with the present distribution of species (and am deeply indebted to all the curators listed
larger groups) in space. Figures 10 and 11 repre- below, but thank especially Dr. Kronestedt for
sent efforts to superimpose the cladograms locating Tullgren's Patagonian specimens of T.
derived from the infornation presented in table sericeus, without which the identity of the type
1 and figure 9 on the known distributions in the species of Trachelopachys would have remained
two species groups of Trachelopachys. It must be uncertain, and Dr. Hubert for sorting out several
stressed that the starting point of the cladograms crucial undetermined specimens from the Simon
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 7

BMNH, British Museum (Natural History), Mr. F.

R. Wanless
'-z i
Cu
CAS, California Academy of Sciences, Dr. R. X.
i (1)
Z3
' X

CO
E
O
-o Schick
0--s8--UC 0--lo--* 0 --16--U 0--20-- EPC, Exline-Peck Collection, Dr. W. B. Peck
7-- C--0 9-- C0 --1--0 0 MACN, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales,
Drs. R. D. Schiapelli and B. S. Gerschman de
Pikelin
MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Dr. H.
co~~~~~~C W. Levi
MLP, Museo de La Plata, Dr. 0. M. Blanco
MNHN, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle,
0--6--E o --14-- * 0 --18-- Dr. M. Hubert
*--5--0 U--13--0 E--17--0 NRS, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Dr. T. Krone-
stedt

co,
Standard abbreviations of morphological
terms and the format of the descriptions follow
those used in Platnick and Shadab (1975).
0 --4--- ---12-- TRACHELOPACHYS SIMON
* ---3- * ---i---0

Trachelopachys Simon, 1897, p. 185 (type spe-

cies by original designation Trachelas sericeus
Simon). Roewer, 1954, p. 590. Bonnet, 1959,
p. 4673.
Diagnosis. Trachelopachys is closest to
2 Trachelas but may be distinguished by the darker
* -1 0
carapace, the S-shaped tegular duct and retro-
laterally directed embolus of the male palp (fig.
12), and the presence of a basal spermathecal
lobe in females (fig. 14).
Description. Total length 4.2-8.5 mm.
Carapace almost circular in dorsal view, widest at
coxae II, tuberculate, dark reddish brown to jet-
FIG. 9. Dendrogram of Trachelopachys spe- black, with ocular area abruptly narrowed, re-
cies. Numbers refer to the characters listed in curved border along posterior margin, and
table 1. Dark squares denote derived character recumbent white and erect black setae. Cephalic
states, light squares primitive states. Vertical axis area gradually elevated; thoracic groove longi-
reflects inferred branching sequence only, not tudinal, depressed. Clypeal height equal to
evolutionary history in time. roughly twice the anterior median eye diameter.
Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior
collection. The scanning electron micrographs row slightly recurved (from front). All eyes
were obtained with the help of Mr. R. J. Koestler circular; anterior medians diurnal, others
of the American Museum of Natural History. The nocturnal, with canoe-shaped tapetum; eyes sub-
illustrations are the work of Ms. Amelia Lau, Ms. equal in size. Anterior median eyes separated by
Nancy Delach, and Dr. Mohammad U. Shadab. roughly their diameter, by less than their
diameter from anterior laterals. Eyes of posterior
row separated by roughly twice their diameter.
ABBREVIATIONS Lateral eyes of each side separated by more than
AMNH, the American Museum of Natural twice their diameter. Median ocular quadrangle
History roughly square. Mouthparts and sternum dark
8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

FIG. 10. Cladogram of the sericeus group of Trachelopachys (lower right), super-
imposed on map of South America showing distributions of T. sericeus (circles), T. cin-
gulipes (triangles), T. tarma (squares), T. machupicchu (asterisks), and T. bidentatus
(diamonds). Interrupted shading separates the probably disjunct populations of T. sericeus.
See text for explanation.
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHEL OPACHYS 9

FIG. 11. Cladogram of the keyserlingi group of Trachelopachys (lower right), super-
imposed on map of South America showing distributions of T. keyserlingi (circles), T.
gracilis (diamonds), T. aemulatus (asterisks), T. magdalena (inverted triangles), T. bicolor
(upright triangles), and T. ignacio (squares). See text for explanation.
10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

brown; endites slightly convergent; labium excludes the species from Trachelopachys, but
broadly triangular; sternum not extended although reasonably large collections of Chilean
between coxae. Abdomen dark gray dorsally, trachelines have been available for study, no
lighter ventrally, with four dark dorsal muscle Trachelopachys are included. As the name has
impressions and four longitudinal rows of been used in a recent faunistic study (Zapfe-
circular sclerotizations ventrally. Six spinnerets, Mann, 1974), the status of this species remains
no colulus. Leg formula 4123; leg spines uncertain.
completely lacking. Portions of reddish orange
proximal leg segments often with dark bands. KEY TO SPECIES OF TRACHELOPACHYS
Tarsi with two dentate claws and claw tufts; 1. Males ........................ 2
trochanters unnotched; metatarsi III and IV with Females ....................... 10
preening comb. Metatarsi I and II and all tarsi 2. Two retrolateral tibial apophyses, one situ-
with ventral scopulae; metatarsi and tarsi with ated proximally to distal apophysis
dorsal trichobothria. Tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi (Tullgren, 1905, fig. 23a; no specimens
of anterior legs often with ventral cusps. Male seen) .bidentatus
One retrolateral tibial apophysis ....... 3
palp with medially or distally situated retro- 3. Retrolateral tibial apophysis situated at tip
lateral tibial apophysis (sometimes shifted of tibia (figs. 13, 23, 27, 3 1) ....... 4
dorsally), rounded tegulum with S-shaped duct, Retrolateral tibial apophysis situated below
retrolaterally directed embolus, and wide to tip of tibia (figs. 35, 39, 47, 51) ..... 7
narrow conductor at tip of tegulum (figs. 12, 4. Embolus bifid (figs. 12, 22) ... 5
13). Epigynum with narrow to broad anterior Embolus entire (figs. 26, 30) ... ..... 6
margin and median or posterior openings (fig. 5. Proximal flange of embolus shorter than
14). gpermathecae with distinct basal lobes (fig. distal flange (figs. 12, 16) ..... sericeus
15). Proximal flange of embolus longer than
Misplaced Species. The types of Trachelo- distal flange (fig. 22) .... ... cingulipes
pachys gulosus Mello-Leitao (1940), T. fasciatus 6. Retrolateral tibial apophysis relatively short
Mello-Leitao (1941), and T. segmentatus Mello- (fig. 27); basal loop of palpal duct not
visible ventrally (fig. 26) ........ tarma
Leitao (1942) all have a chevron pattem on the Retrolateral tibial apophysis relatively long
abdomen and genitalia that exclude them from (fig. 31); basal loop of palpal duct visible
Trachelopachys as defined above; these species ventrally (fig. 30) ....... machupicchu
are here transferred to Trachelas and will be re- 7. Conductor relatively narrow; tip of embolus
described in a later paper. recurved (figs. 34, 38) ...... ..... 8
Simon (1897) transferred Chiracanthium Conductor relatively wide; tip of embolus
abnormis Holmberg (1881) to Trachelopachys; not recurved (figs. 46, 50) ......... 9
Holmberg's types are destroyed (Levi, 1964), and 8. Embolus relatively wide (fig. 34) ........
no specimens of this species are among the speci- .................... .keyserli
mens Holmberg sent to Keyserling, which are Embolus relatively narrow (fig. 38). . gracilis
9. Retrolateral tibial apophysis closer to middle
now housed in BMNH and represent the only of tibia than to tip of tibia (fig. 5 1) ....
extant Holmberg material. As both Holmberg's ....................... .igna
description and illustration indicate that Chira- Retrolateral tibial apophysis closer to tip of
canthium abnormis has an abdominal chevron tibia than to middle of tibia (fig. 47)
pattern, the species cannot belong to Trachelo-
pachys and is here considered a nomen dubium.
.... . .
....
. . . . . bic olo r
10. Anterior epigynal margin relatively wide
. . . . . . . .

Uncertain Name. Simon (1897) synonymized (figs. 14, 24, 28, 32) ..... ....... 1 1
Clubiona obliterata Nicolet (1849) and Clubiona Anterior epigynal margin relatively narrow
ultima Nicolet (1849) with Clubiona macroceph- (figs. 36,40,42,44,48,52) .... ... 14
11. Epigynum with distinct median septum
alus Nicolet (1849) and transferred that species (fig. 28) ... bidentatus
to Trachelopachys; all these species are from the Epigynum without distinct median septum
environs of Santiago, Chile. Nicolet's specimens ..................... ..... .12
may be in MNHN but are unavailable. There is 12. Anterior epigynal margin deeply invaginated
nothing in Nicolet's descriptions that definitely at middle (figs. 14, 24) ........... 13
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS I1I

Anterior epigynal margin not deeply in- length 0.35 mm., front width 0.40 mm., back
vaginated at middle (figs. 20, 32) ...... width 0.43 mm. Embolus bifid, with thick distal
................... machupicchu and thin proximal flanges (figs. 12, 16). Retro-
13. Anterolateral corners of epigynum relatively lateral tibial apophysis distal, shifted dorsally
wide (fig. 14) ...... ....... sericeus
(fig. 13), horizontally bifid (fig. 17). Basal one-
Anterolateral corners of epigynum relatively seventh of femur I darkened; femora II-IV with
narrow (fig. 24) ........... cingulipes median, tibiae with proximal, and metatarsi with
14. Epigynal openings closer to base than to
anterior margin (figs. 36, 40, 42) ....15 proximal and distal dark bands. Leg cusps: tibiae
Epigynal openings closer to anterior margin I 0-3, II 0; metatarsi I 4-19, II 3-7; tarsi I 3-9, II
than to base (figs. 44,48,52) ...... 17 1-6.
15. Epigynal openings connected (fig. 36) ..... Female. Total length 5.39-6.40 mm. Carapace
.................... keyserlingi 2.45-2.93 mm. long, 2.13-2.48 mm. wide. Femur
Epigynal openings not connected (figs. 40, II 1.75-2.12 mm. long (five specimens). Eye sizes
42) ...................... 16 and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.16, ALE 0.14,
16. Basal lobes of spermathecae relatively long PME 0.12, PLE 0.13; AME-AME 0.12, AME-
(fig. 41) .................. gracilis ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.26, PME-PLE 0.27, ALE-
Basal lobes of spermathecae relatively short
(fig. 43) ................ aemulatus PLE 0.28. MOQ length 0.42 mm., front width
17. Anterior epigynal margin straight (fig. 52) 0.44 mm., back width 0.50 mm. Anterior
....................... ignacio epigynal margin invaginated medially (flg. 14).
Anterior epigynal margin invaginated at Spermathecae nearly covering basal lobes in
middle (figs. 44, 48) ............. 18 dorsal view (fig. 15). Leg coloration as in male.
18. Basal lobes of spermathecae widest at tip Leg cusps: tibiae I 0 or 1, II 0; metatarsi I 4-15,
(fig. 49) .................. bicolor II 3-8; tarsi I 1-10, II 1-7.
Basal lobes of spermathecae widest behind Material Examined. Argentina: Buenos Aires:
tip (fig. 45) ............ magdalena Carmen de Patagones, Nov., 1971 (Aguilera,
MACN), 19. Chubut: Cushamen, Aug. 14, 1966
(A. Kovacs, AMNH), 16; Epuylu, June 12, 1962
Trachelopachys sericeus (Simon) (A. Kovacs, AMNH), 26; Aug. 2, 1962 (A.
Figures 12-17 Kovacs, AMNH), 16. Entre Rios: Gualeguay,
Trachelas sericeus Simon, 1886, p. 568, fig. 6 Apr. 16, 1943 (H. Rossi, MACN), 16. Jujuy: 10
(male holotype from unknown locality some- km. S Yuto, May 5, 1964 (C. E. and E. S. Ross,
where between Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CAS), 19. Ri'o Negro: &orquinco, July 3, 1966
Argentina, and Punta Arenas, Magallanes, (A. Kovacs, AMNH), 46. Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz,
Chile, should be in MNHN, lost). Nov. 14, 1895 (0. Nordenskjold, NRS), 46.
Trachelopachys sericeus: Simon, 1897, p. 185, Brazil: Paraiba: "Independencia" (=Guarabira),
fig. 179. Tullgren, 1901, p. 248, pl. 5, figs. 5a, 1911 (W. M. Mann, MCZ), 1d, 19. Paraguay:
Sb. Roewer, 1954, p. 591. Bonnet, 1959, p.
4674. Caraguatay: San Bernardino (E. Reimoser, MCZ),
29.
Diagnosis. Trachelopachys sericeus is closest Distribution. Eastern Brazil, Paraguay, and
to T. cingulipes but may be distinguished by the Argentina (fig. 10). The Brazilian population
short proximal flange of the bifid embolus (figs. may be isolated from the Argentinean and
12, 16) and the more basally situated openings Paraguayan population; Short (1975, p. 337)
and wider anterolateral corners of the epigynum listed no fewer than 15 species of birds with
(fig. 14). similarly disjunct distributions in the South
Male. Total length 5.13±0.49 mm. Carapace American chaco and Brazilian caatinga regions.
2.40±0.29 mm. long, 2.01±0.26 mm. wide.
Femur II 1.80±0.22 mm. long (14 specimens
examined). Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.): Trachelopachys cingulipes (Simon)
AME 0.12, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.11; Figures 22-25
AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME Trachelas cingulipes Simon, 1886, p. 569 (one
0.18, PME-PLE 0.17, ALE-PLE 0.24. MOQ male and two female syntypes from Buenos
12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

FIGS. 12-15. Trachelopachys sericeus (Simon). 12. Palp, ventral view. 13. Palp, retrolateral view.
14. Epigynum, ventral view. 15. Vulva, dorsal view.

Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in MNHN, PLE 0.26. MOQ length 0.36 mm., front width
examined). 0.36 mm., back width 0.40 mm. Embolus bifid,
Trachelopachys cingulipes: Simon, 1897, p. 181. with long proximal flange (fig. 22). Retrolateral
Roewer, 1954, p. 590. Bonnet, 1959, p. 4673. tibial apophysis distal, extremely long (fig. 23).
Trachelopachys albicans Mello-Leitao, 1944, p. Leg coloration as in male sericeus. Leg cusps:
354, fig. 44 (male holotype from Buenos tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I 7-17, II 6-13; tarsi I
Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, in MLP,
examined). Roewer, 1954, p. 590. NEW 6-1 1, II 6-9.
SYNONYMY. Female. Total length 7.06±0.81 mm. Carapace
3.17±0.31 mm. long, 2.78±0.24 mm. wide.
Diagnosis. Trachelopachys cingulipes is closest Femur II 2.18±0.23 mm. long (13 specimens
to T. sericeus but may be distinguished by the examined). Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.):
long proximal flange of the bifid embolus (fig. AME 0.11, ALE 0.12, PME 0.11, PLE 0.12;
22) and the more anteriorly situated epigynal AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME
openings and narrower anterolateral corners of 0.22, PME-PLE 0.26, ALE-PLE 0.24. MOQ
the epigynum (fig. 24). length 0.37 mm., front width 0.37 mm., back
Male. Total length 5.37-5.87 mm. Carapace width 0.44 mm. Epigynal openings situated
2.43-2.62 mm. long, 2.12-2.45 mm. wide. Femur medially; anterior epigynal margin invaginated
11 1.91-2.23 mm. long (five specimens). Eye sizes medially (fig. 24). Basal spermathecal lobes
and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, expanded at tip (fig. 25). Leg coloration as in
PME 0.11, PLE 0.10; AME-AME 0.13, AME- male sericeus. Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; meta-
ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.25, ALE- tarsi I 8-12, II 1-10;tarsi 1 3-11,11 0-9.
 ~ ;.
1 975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 13

...

16 17
X..:;2

I-'N~N

188-
w
19

20 21
FIGS. 16-21. Scanning electron micrographs. 16, 17. Trachelopachys sericeus (Simon). 16.
Embolus, ventral view, 260X. 17. Retrolateral tibial apophysis, dorsal view, 65Ox. 18-21. T. machu-
picchu, new species. 18. Embolus, ventral view, 260X. 19. Retrolateral tibial apophysis, dorsal view,
650X. 20. Epigynum, ventral view, lOOX. 21. Vulva, dorsal view, lOOX.
14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

25

FIGS. 22-25. Trachelopachys cingulipes (Simon). 22. Palp, ventral view. 23. Palp, retrolateral
view. 24. Epigynum, ventral view. 25. Vulva, dorsal view.

Material Examined. Argentina: Buenos Aires: Etymology. The specific name is a noun in
Bella Vista, Jan., 1966 (J. M. Gallardo, MACN), apposition taken from the type locality.
29; Buenos Aires (Prosen, MLP), 1c, (C. Berg, Diagnosis. Trachelopachys tarma is closest to
MNHN), 1d, 29; Parque Pepeyra, Apr., 1961 T. machupicchu but may be distinguished by the
(Nunez, MACN), 1d, 29; Punta Lara (M. Biraben, shorter retrolateral tibial apophysis (fig. 27) and
BMNH), 2d, 19; Tandil, Cerro la Cascada, Apr., by the basal coil of the palpal duct not being
1972 (Cesari, MACN), 19. Entre Ri'os: Guale- visible in ventral view (fig. 26).
guay, May 26, 1943 (H. Rossi, MACN), 29. Male. Total length 5.65 mm. Carapace 2.91
Misiones: Santa Maria, Dec., 1947 (J. M. Viana, mm. long, 2.63 mm. wide. Femur II 2.30 mm.
MACN), 19. long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances
Distribution. Northeastern Argentina (fig. 10). (mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE
Synonymy. No genitalic differences were 0.11; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-
detected between the types of cingulipes and PME 0.21, PME-PLE 0.24, ALE-PLE 0.26. MOQ
albicans. length 0.40 mm., front width 0.36 mm., back
width 0.41 mm. Embolus entire, recessed behind
Trachelopachys tanna, new species wide conductor (fig. 26). Retrolateral tibial
Figures 26, 27 apophysis distal, short (fig. 27). Base of femur I
only slightly darkened, other leg bands absent.
Type. Male holotype from 13 miles east of Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I 7-11, II
Tarma, Junin, Peru (December 31, 1954; E. I. 3-5;tarsi I 8-13, II 7 or 8.
Schlinger and E. S. Ross), deposited in CAS. Female. Unknown.
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPA CHYS 15

Material Examined. Only the holotype. sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.12, ALE
Distribution. Central Peru (fig. 10). 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.12; AME-AME 0.12,
AME-ALE 0.10, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.28,
ALE-PLE 0.27. MOQ length 0.42 mm., front
Trachelopachys machupicchu, new species width 0.36 mm., back width 0.48 mm. Basal coil
Figures 18-21, 30-33 of palpal duct visible in ventral view (fig. 30).
Types. Male holotype and female allotype Retrolateral tibial apophysis distal, shifted
from Machupicchu, Cusco, Peru (February 20, dorsally, slightly prolonged laterally (figs. 19,
1947; J. C. Pallister), deposited in AMNH. 31). Basal four-fifths of femur I darkened. Leg
Etymology. The specific name is a noun in cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I 6-14, II 2-9;
apposition taken from the type locality. tarsi I 3-7, II 0-6.
Diagnosis. Trachelopachys machupicchu is Female. Total length 8.04±0.39 mm. Carapace
closest to T. tarma but may be distinguished by 3.50±0.26 mm. long, 3.15±0.19 mm. wide.
the longer retrolateral tibial apophysis (fig. 31) Femur II 2.92±0.12 mm. long (16 specimens
and the presence of long lateral epigynal margins examined). Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.):
(figs. 20, 32). AME 0.13, ALE 0.11, PME 0.14, PLE 0.12;
Male. Total length 5.26-6.23 mm. Carapace AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME
2.74-3.20 mm. long, 2.45-2.86 mm. wide. Femur 0.27, PME-PLE 0.35, ALE-PLE 0.39. MOQ
II 2.41-2.74 mm. long (four specimens). Eye length 0.49 mm., front width 0.41 mm., back

.r ~~~~~~~~~~~
N.

29 .1
'aw

'I

*.S
- s

FIGS. 26-29. 26, 27. Trachelopachys tarma, new species. 26. Palp, ventral view. 27. Palp, retro-
lateral view. 28, 29. T. bidentatus Tullgren. 28. Epigynum, ventral view. 29. Vulva, dorsal view.
16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

FIGS. 30-33. Trachelopachys machupicchu, new species. 30. Palp, ventral view. 31. Palp, retro-
lateral view. 32. Epigynum, ventral view. 33. Vulva, dorsal view.

width 0.55 mm. Epigynum with long lateral with an elongate egg case containing 19 brownish
margins (figs. 20, 32). Spermathecae elongate eggs 0.85 mm. in diameter.
(figs. 21, 33). Leg coloration as in male. Leg
cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I 2-12, 11 1-6; Trachelopachys bidentatus Tuligren
tarsi I 2-5, II 0-3. Figures 28, 29
Material Examined. Peru: Cusco: Machu-
picchu, May, 1942 (F. Putlitz, EPC), 29; Feb. 20, Trachelopachys bidentatus Tullgren, 1905, p. 49,
1947 (J. C. Pallister, AMNH), 2d, 29; Mar. 6, figs. 23a, 23b (male holotype from Tatarenda,
1947, elevation 9200 feet (J. C. Pallister, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, should be in NRS, lost).
AMNH), 19; Mar. 20-22, 1947, elevation 6500 Roewer, 1954, p. 590. Bonnet, 1959, p. 4673.
feet (J. C. Pallister, AMNH), 49; Feb. 19, 1965, Diagnosis. Trachelopachys bidentatus is a
among ruins, elevation 6900 feet (H. W. Levi, distinctive species. No males have been available
MCZ), 29; Apr., 1965, on rocks (R. F. Legner, for study, but Tullgren's description and illus-
MCZ), 19; Feb. 28-Mar. 1, 1967, elevation trations indicate that there are two retrolateral
8550-9200 feet (W. L. Brown, MCZ), 19; Jan. tibial apophyses, a character shown by no other
24, 1973, on ground and walls (A. Moreton, species. Similarly, the female (also from Bolivia)
MCZ), 19; road up Machupicchu, Feb. 20, 1965, here associated with the species has a long,
elevation 6900 feet (H. W. Levi, MCZ), 29; distinct median epigynal septum (fig. 28) found
Urubama River, forest near Machupicchu, Feb. in no other form.
20, 1965 (H. W. Levi, MCZ), 26. Male. Unavailable; described by Tullgren
Distribution. Cusco, Peru (fig. 10). (1905).
Natural History. One female was captured Female. Total length 7.63 mm. Carapace 3.62
1 975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 17

mm. long, 3.10 mnL wide. Femur II 2.77 mm. in BMNH, examined; preoccupied in Trachelas
long (one specimen). Eye sizes and interdistances by T. flavipes L. Koch, 1882). Bonnet, 1959,
(mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.13, PME 0.10, PLE p. 4667.
0.13; AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.14, PME- Trachelas keyserlingi Roewer, 1951, p. 446
PME 0.31, PME-PLE 0.36, ALE-PLE 0.34. MOQ (nomen novum for Trachelas flavipes Key-
length 0.44 mm., front width 0.42 mm., back serling); 1954, p. 587.
width 0.51 mm. Epigynum with long, distinct Diagnosis. Trachelopachys keyserlingi is
median septum (fig. 28). Spermathecae globose closest to T. gracilis but may be distinguished by
(fig. 29). All coxae and basal two-thirds of the wider embolus (fig. 34) and connected
femora I and II darkened. Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II epigynal openings (fig. 36).
0; metatarsi I 8-10, II 6-8; tarsi I 3 or 4, II 3 or 4. Male. Total length 4.10, 4.46 mm. Carapace
Material Examined. Bolmiia: La Paz: Yungas 1.84, 2.05 mm. long, 1.69, 1.84 mm. wide.
area, elevation 6500 feet (MNHN), 19. Femur 11 1.46, 1.76 mm. long (two specimens).
Distribution. Bolivia (fig. 10). Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.10,
ALE 0.10, PME 0.11, PLE 0.10; AME-AME
Trachelopachys keyserlingi (Roewer) 0.09, AME-ALE 0.05, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE
new combination 0.19, ALE-PLE 0.18. MOQ length 0.31 mm.,
Figures 34-37 front width 0.30 mm., back width 0.40 mm.
Trachelas flavipes Keyserling, 1891, p. 59, figs. Embolus wide, with recurved tip (fig. 34). Retro-
31, 31a (one male and two female syntypes lateral tibial apophysis short, subdistal (fig. 35).
from Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Legs without dark markings. Leg cusps: tibiae I

36 ('(1'S

,,'
''1'' ' '"'

FIGS. 34-37. Trachelopachys keyserlingi (Roewer). 34. Palp, ventral view. 35. Palp, retrolateral
view. 36. Epigynum, ventral view. 37. Vulva, dorsal view.
18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

0, II 0 or 1; metatarsi I 9-12, II 6-8;tarsi 1 6-13, Caraguatay: San Bernardino (E. Reimoser, MCZ),
II4-6. 19.
Female. Total length 4.07-5.75 mm. Carapace Distribution. Argentina, Paraguay, and south-
1.76-2.23 mm. long, 1.66-1.98 mm. wide. Femur eastern Brazil (fig. 11).
II 1.33-1.68 mm. long (six specimens). Eye sizes
and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, Trachelopachys gracilis (Keyserling)
PME 0.10, PLE 0.11; AME-AME 0.12, AME- new combination
ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.20, PME-PLE 0.17, ALE- Figures 3841
PLE 0.17. MOQ length 0.32 mm., front width
0.32 mm., back width 0.40 mm. Epigynal open- Trachelas gracilis Keyserling, 1891, p. 61, fig. 33
ings connected transversely (fig. 36). Basal lobes (male holotype from Blumenau, Santa
of spermathecae semicircular (fig. 37). Leg Catarina, Brazil, in BMNH, examined).
Roewer, 1954, p. 587. Bonnet, 1959, p. 4668.
coloration as in male. Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0;
metatarsi 1 0-2, II 0; tarsi 1 0-2, 11 0 or 1. Diagnosis. Trachelopachys gracilis is closest
Material Examined. Argentina: Misiones: El- to T. keyserlingi but may be distinguished by the
dorado, Sept. 1-Nov. 15, 1964 (A. Kovacs, narrower embolus (fig. 38) and unconnected
AMNH), 19. Rifo Negro: El Bolson, 1965-1966 epigynal openings (fig. 40).
(A. Kovacs, AMNH), 19. Brazil: Rio Grande do Male. Total length 4.30 mm. Carapace 1.92
Sul: Pelotas, Mar., 1955 (C. Biezanko, AMNH), mm. long, 1.62 mm. wide. Femur 11 1.40 mm.
16; Nov., 1960 (C. Biezanko, AMNH), 19; Rio long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances
Grande (Ihering, BMNH), 1d, 29. Paraguay: (mm.): AME 0.09, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE

40.. X-

41

FIGS. 3841. Trachelopachys gracilis (Keyserling). 38. Palp, ventral view. 39. Palp, retrolateral
view. 40. Epigynum, ventral view. 41. Vulva, dorsal view.
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 19

0.10; AME-AME 0.09, AME-ALE 0.05, PME- Material Examined. Brazil: Bahia: "S.
PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.16, ALE-PLE 0.13. MOQ Antonio da Barra" (=Condeuiba, according to
length 0.31 mm., front width 0.27 mm., back Levi, 1964; E. Gounelle, MNHN), 29. Santa
width 0.31 mm. Embolus narrow, with recurved Catarina: Blumenau (Hetschko, BMNH), Id.
tip (fig. 38). Retrolateral tibial apophysis Distribution. Eastern Brazil (fig. 11).
rounded, subdistal (fig. 39). Femur I and
proximal four-fifths of tibia I darkened; tibia II Trachelopachys aemulatus Gertsch
with basal dark band. Leg cusps: tibiae I 2, II 0; Figures 42, 43
metatarsi I 6-8, II 5-7; tarsi I 6, II 2.
Female. Total length 6.46, 6.73 mm. Carapace Trachelopachys aemulatus Gertsch, 1942, p. 1 1,
2.73, 2.95 mm. long, 2.45, 2.56 mm. wide. fig. 33 (female holotype from Apa, Con-
Femur II 2.16, 2.34 mm. long (two specimens). cepcion, Paraguay, in AMNH, examined).
Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.10, Roewer, 1954, p. 590.
ALE 0.09, PME 0.09, PLE 0.12; AME-AME Diagnosis. Trachelopachys aemulatus is closest
0.12, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.21, PME-PLE to T. keyserlingi and T. gracilis but may be
0.23, ALE-PLE 0.19. MOQ length 0.37 mm., distinguished by the sinuous epigynal openings
front width 0.32 mm., back width 0.39 mm. (fig. 42).
Epigynal openings not connected transversely Male. Unknown.
(fig. 40). Spermathecae with long basal lobes (fig. Female. Total length 4.25, 5.54 mm. Carapace
41). Femur I completely darkened; other leg seg- 1.91, 2.16 mm. long, 1.69, 2.02 mm. wide.
ments without dark markings. Leg cusps absent. Femur II 1.44, 1.62 mm. long (two specimens).

K"
.i V '., 42 43

45

FIGS. 42-45. 42, 43. Trachelopachys aemulatus Gertsch. 42. Epigynum,

ventral view. 43. Vulva, dorsal view. 44, 45. T. magdalena, new species. 44.
Epigynum, ventral view. 45. Vulva, dorsal view.
20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.11, Male. Unknown.

ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.11; AME-AME Female. Total length 7.06 mm. Carapace 2.86
0.09, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE mm. long, 2.34 mm. wide. Femur 11 1.91 mm.
0.15, ALE-PLE 0.15. MOQ length 0.29 mm., long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances
front width 0.31 mm., back width 0.34 mm. (mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.11, PLE
Epigynal openings long, sinuous (fig. 42). Basal 0.11; AME-AME 0.12, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-
lobes of spermathecae short (fig. 43). Legs with- PME 0.23, PME-PLE 0.29, ALE-PLE 0.29. MOQ
out dark markings. Leg cusps absent. length 0.42 mm., front width 0.36 mm., back
Material Examined. Paraguay: Concepcion: width 0.55 mm. Anterior epigynal margin
Apa, Jan.-Feb., 1909 (AMNH), 29. elongated laterally (fig. 44). Basal lobes of
Distribution. Concepcion, Paraguay (fig. 11). spennathecae widest behind tip (fig. 45). Femur
I darkened completely. Leg cusps absent.
Material Examined. Only the holotype.
Trachelopachys magdalena, new species Distribution. Magdalena, Colombia (fig. 11).
Figures 44, 45
Type. Female holotype from Rio Frio, Mag- Trachelopachys bicolor Chamberlin
dalena, Colombia (July 2, 1929; G. Salt), Figures 46-49
deposited in MCZ).
Etymology. The specific name is a noun in Trachelopachys bicolor Chamberlin, 1916, p.
apposition taken from the type locality. 275, pl. 21, figs. 9, 10 (female holotype from
Diagnosis. Trachelopachys magdalena is Urubamba, Cusco, Peru, in MCZ, examined).
closest to T. bicolor but may be distinguished by Roewer, 1954, p. 590. Bonnet, 1959, p. 4673.
the longer anterior epigynal margin (fig. 44). Diagnosis. Trachelopachys bicolor is closest

49..

FIGS. 4649. Trachelopachys bicolor Chamberlin. 46. Palp, ventral view. 47. Palp, retro-
lateral view. 48. Epigynum, ventral view. 49. Vulva, dorsal view.
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 21

to T. magdalena but may be distinguished by the Etymology. The specific name is a noun in
triangular conductor (fig. 46) and the short, apposition taken from the type locality.
folded anterior epigynal margin (fig. 48). Diagnosis. Trachelopachys ignacio is closest to
Male. Total length 5.11-7.85 mm. Carapace T. magdalena and T. bicolor but may be dis-
2.63-3.69 mm. long, 2.30-3.36 mm. wide. Femur tinguished by the medially situated retrolateral
II 2.12-3.64 mm. long (six specimens). Eye sizes tibial apophysis (fig. 51) and by the epigynal
and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.14, ALE 0.14, openings and anterior epigynal margin being
PME 0.14, PLE 0.14; AME-AME 0.14, AME- connected (fig. 52).
ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.28, PME-PLE 0.25, Male. Total length 6.23 mm. Carapace 2.91
ALE-PLE 0.43. MOQ length 0.46 mm., front mm. long, 2.45 mm. wide. Femur II 1.89 mm.
width 0.42 mm., back width 0.54 mm. long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances
Conductor triangular, sharply pointed (fig. 46). (mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.12, PME 0.09, PLE
Retrolateral tibial apophysis subdistal, hooklike 0.11; AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.07, PME-
(fig. 47). Basal one-sixth of femur I usually PME 0.23, PME-PLE 0.26, ALE-PLE 0.26. MOQ
darkened. Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I length 0.38 mm., front width 0.40 mm., back
8-17, II 6-10; tarsi I 5-14, II 4-13. width 0.41 mm. Embolus recessed behind thick
Female. Total length 6.41-8.33 mm. Carapace conductor (fig. 50). Retrolateral tibial apophysis
2.51-3.35 mm. long, 2.29-3.17 mm. wide. Femur medially situated (fig. 51). Basal half of femur I
II 1.62-2.63 mm. long (nine specimens). Eye darkened. Leg cusps: tibiae I 0, II 0; metatarsi I
sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.10, ALE 7-11, II 5-7;tarsil 7,II6or7.
0.11, PME 0.12, PLE 0.11; AME-AME 0.18, Female. Total length 6.59, 6.62 mm. Carapace
AME-ALE 0.14, PME-PME 0.25, PME-PLE 0.28, 2.81, 3.06 mm. long, 2.30, 2.63 mm. wide.
ALE-PLE 0.29. MOQ length 0.44 mm., front Femur II 1.80, 2.05 mm. long (two specimens).
width 0.38 mm., back width 0.49 mm. Anterior Eye sizes and interdistances (mm.): AME 0.11,
epigynal margin short, folded (fig. 48). ALE 0.13, PME 0.14, PLE 0.13; AME-AME
Spermathecae greatly enlarged (fig. 49). Tibiae 0.20, AME-ALE 0.1 1, PME-PME 0.27, PME-PLE
often with proximal, metatarsi often with 0.30, ALE-PLE 0.31. MOQ length 0.46 mm.,
proximal and distal dark bands. Leg cusps: front width 0.42 mm., back width 0.56 mm.
tibiae: I 0, II 0; metatarsi I 5-11, II 3-9; tarsi I Epigynal openings and anterior epigynal margin
3-10, II 1-7. connected (fig. 52). Spermathecae recurved (fig.
Material Examined. Bolivia: La Paz: La Paz, 53). Leg coloration as in male. Leg cusps: tibiae I
elevation 8500 feet (MNHN), 19. Peru: Apuri- 0, II 0; metatarsi I 3-7, II 0-4; tarsi I 6 or 7, II
mac: 40 mi. E Abancay, Mar. 4, 1951 (Ross and 24.
Michelbacher, CAS), 1l; 37 km. S Andahuaylas, Material Examined. Paraguay: Caraguatay:
Mar. 6, 1951 (Ross and Michelbacher, CAS), 39. San Bernardino (E. Reimoser, MCZ), 19.
Cusco: Ollantaytambo, July, 1911, elevation Distribution. Paraguay (fig. 11).
9000 feet (MCZ), 19; Urubamba, July, 1911, ele-
vation 9500 feet, under stone (MCZ), 29; Jan. 26,
1965, under stone (F. Carrasco, MCZ), 16, 19; SUPPLEMENT
Feb. 18, 1965, elevation 9200 feet, moist field After the manuscript of the present paper had
(F. Carrasco, MCZ), 49. Puno: 20 mi. N Desa- been set in type, I received (through the courtesy
guadero, Feb. 27, 1951 (Ross and Michelbacher, of Dr. J. Racenis of the Museo de Biologia,
CAS), 19. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas) the
Distribution. Peru and westem Bolivia (fig. type specimens of the three Venezuelan tra-
11). cheline spiders described by Caporiacco (1955).
Trachelopachys ignacio, new species One of these, Acanthoceto bryantae, is well
Figures 50-5 3 supplied with leg spines and is not a tracheline;
Mello-Leitao (1944) originally placed Acantho-
Types. Male holotype and female paratype ceto in the Corinninae and Caporiacco's descrip-
from San Luis, San Ignacio, Paraguay (October, tion of A. bryantae as a tracheline appears to be
1908), deposited in AMNH. a lapsus rather than an actual transfer of the
22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2589

52kt ( (! ))/!1t

53..

i:~~I__
FIGS. 50-53. Trachelopachys ignacio, new species. 50. Palp, ventral view. 51. Palp, retro-
lateral view. 52. Epigynum, ventral view. 53. Vulva, dorsal view.

genus. The male described as Meriola discolori- Diagnosis. Trachelopachys singularis will key
femur and the female genotype of Tetratrachelas out to T. gracilis in the key given above, and the
singularis are trachelines, however, and appear to following synapomorphic characters indicate that
be the male and female of a single species that the two are sister species: retrolateral tibial
actually belongs to Trachelopachys. For that apophysis rounded and situated below tip of
reason, Tetratrachelas Caporiacco is here placed tibia, embolus with recurved tip, and lateral
as a junior synonym of Trachelopachys (NEW epigynal arms long. The former species may be
SYNONYMY), and the Venezuelan species is re- distinguished by the wider embolus (fig. 54) and
described below. more anteriorly situated basal lobes of the
spermathecae (fig. 57).
Trachelopachys singularis (Caporiacco) Male. Total length 5.90 mm. Carapace 2.84
new combination mm. long, 2.54 mm. wide. Femur II 2.27 mm.
Figures 54-57 long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances
Tetratrachelas singularis Caporiacco, 1955, p.
(mm.): AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE
383, fig. 50 (female holotype from El Jun- 0.12; AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-
quito, Distrito Federal, Venezuela, in Museo PME 0.25, PME-PLE 0.20, ALE-PLE 0.20. MOQ
de Biologia, Caracas, examined). length 0.42 mm., front width 0.37 mm., back
Meriola discolorifemur Caporiacco, 1955, p. 381, width 0.45 mm. Embolus with prolateral point
fig. 48 (male holotype from Carfupano, Sucre, and recurved tip (fig. 54). Retrolateral tibial
Venezuela, in Museo de Biologia, Caracas, apophysis subdistal, rounded (fig. 55). All of
examined). NEW SYNONYMY. femur I and distal third of femur II darkened.
1 975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 23

56 / / / !/ \)\\\ \ '

FIGS. 54-57. Trachelopachys singularis (Caporiacco). 54. Palp, ventral view. 55. Palp, retrolateral
view. 56. Epigynum, ventral view. 57. Vulva, dorsal view.

Leg cusps: tibiae: I 0, II 0; metatarsi: I 3 or 4, II generic diagnosis of Trachelopachys given above.

0;tarsi: I1,110. Since both sexes show close affinities with
Female. Total length 5.29 mm. Carapace 2.30 Trachelopachys gracilis and are from localities
mm. long, 2.14 mm. wide. Femur II 1.91 mm. only about 200 miles apart, they are best con-
long (holotype). Eye sizes and interdistances sidered conspecific until additional evidence
(mm.): AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.12, PLE indicates otherwise. As first reviser, I choose the
0.11; AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.09, PME- name singularis as it refers to the type species of
PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.19, ALE-PLE 0.22. MOQ Tetratrachelas.
length 0.37 mm., front width 0.39 mm., back LITERATURE CITED
width 0.47 mm. Epigynum with long lateral arms
surrounding depressed atrium (fig. 56). Basal Bonnet, Pierre
lobes of spermathecae situated near midpoint of 1959. Bibliographia araneorum. Toulouse,
spermathecae (fig. 57). Leg coloration unknown vol. 2, pt. 5, pp. 423 1-5058.
(specimen in poor condition, apparently dried at Brundin, Lars
1966. Transantarctic relationships and their
some time). Leg cusps absent. significance, as evidenced by chironomid
Material Examined. Only the holotypes. midges. K. Svenska Vetenskapsakad.
Distribution. Northern Venezuela. Handl., ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 1-472, figs.
Placement and Synonymy. As indicated in 1-638, pls. 1-30.
figures 54-57, the genitalia of both Meriola dis- Caporiacco, Lodovico di
colorifemur and Tetratrachelas singularis fit the 1955. Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Vene-
24 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 258,9

zuela, 2. Araneae. Acta Biol. Vene- 1942. Aranias del Chaco y Santiago del Estero.
zuelica, vol. 1, pp. 265-448, figs. 1-83. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 381-426, figs. 1-56.
Carico, James E. 1944. Aranias de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
1973a. The Nearctic species of the genus Dolo- Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 311-393, figs. 1-87.
medes (Araneae: Pisauridae). Bull. Mus. Nicolet, H.
Comp. Zool., vol. 144, pp. 435-488, 1849. Aracnidos. In Gay, Claudio (ed.), His-
figs. 1-70, maps 1-10, tables 1-3. toria fisica y politica de Chile. Paris and
1973b. The Nearctic spider genus Pisaurina Santiago, Zoologia, vol. 3, pp. 319-543,
(Pisauridae). Psyche, vol. 79, pp. pls. 1-8.
295-310, figs. 1-24, maps 1-4. Platnick, Norman I.
Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1975a. A revision of the palpimanid spiders of
1916. Results of the Yale Peruvian Expe- the new subfamily Otiothopinae
dition of 191 1. The Arachnida. Bull. (Araneae, Palpimanidae). Amer. Mus.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 60, pp. Novitates, no. 2562, pp. 1-32, figs.
179-299, pls. 1-25. 1-94, maps 1-5.
Gertsch, Willis J. 1975b. A revision of the Holarctic spider genus
1942. New American spiders of the family Callilepis (Araneae, Gnaphosidae).
Clubionidae. III. Amer. Mus. Novitates, Ibid., no. 2573, pp. 1-32, figs. 1-73.
no. 1195, pp. 1-18, figs. 1-37. table 1, maps 14.
Hennig, Willi Platnick, Norman I., and Mohammad U. Shadab
1966. Phylogenetic systematics. Urbana, 1974. A revision of the tranquillus and specio-
Chicago, and London, 263 pp., 69 figs. sus groups of the spider genus Trachelas
Holmberg, Eduardo L. (Araneae, Clubionidae) in North and
1881. Aracnidos. In Doering, Adolfo (ed.), Central America. Amer. Mus. Novitates,
Informe oficial de la Comision no. 2553, pp. 1-34, figs. 1-87, maps
cientifica agregada al Estado Mayor 1-6.
General de la Expedecion al Rio Negro 1975. A revision of the spider genus Gna-
(Patagonia). Buenos Aires, vol. 1, pp. phosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in Amer-
117-168, figs. 1-14. ica. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.
Keyserling, Graf Eugen 155, art. 1, pp. 1-66, figs. 1-150, maps
1891. Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische 1-15.
Spinnen. Nurnberg, vol. 3, pp. 1-278, Reiskind, Jonathan
figs. 1-203. 1969. The spider subfamily Castianeirinae of
Koch, Ludwig North and Central America (Araneae,
1882. Zoologische Ergebnisse von Excur- Clubionidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
sionen auf den Balearen. II: Arachnida vol. 138, pp. 163-325, figs. 1-290,
und Myriapoden. Verhandl. K. K. tables 1, 2, maps 1-15.
Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. 3 1, pp. Roewer, Carl F.
625-678, pls. 20, 21. 195 1. Neue Namen einiger Araneen-Arten.
Lehtinen, Pekka T. Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Bremen, vol. 32,
1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders pp. 437456.
and some allied families. Ann. Zool. 1954. Katalog der Araneae. Brussels, vol. 2,
Fennici, vol. 4, pp. 199468, figs. pt. 1,923 pp.
1-524, tables 1-52. Short, Lester L.
Levi, Herbert W. 1975. A zoogeographic analysis of the South
1964. Nineteenth century South American American chaco avifauna. Bull. Amer.
araneology. Papeis Avulsos Dept. Zool. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 154, art. 3, pp.
Sio Paulo, vol. 16, art. 1, pp. 1-19, 163-352, figs. 1-82, table 1.
maps 14. Simon, Eugene
Mello-Leitio, Candido Firmino de 1886. Arachnides recueillis en 1882-1883
1940. Aranias de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. dans la Patagonie meridionale, de Santa-
Rev. Mus. La Plata, new ser., zool., vol. Cruz a Panta-Arena. Bull. Soc. Zool.
2,pp. 1-62, figs. 1-64,pl. 1. France, vol. 1 1, pp. 558-577, figs. 1-7.
1941. Las arafias de Cordoba. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 1897. Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Paris,
99-198, figs. 1-90, pls. 1-1 2. vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 1-192, figs. 1-200.
1975 PLATNICK: TRACHELOPACHYS 25

Tullgren, Albert 1905. Araneida from the Swedish expedition

1901. Contribution to the knowledge of the through the Gran Chaco and the Cor-
spider fauna of the Magellan Terri- dilleras. Ark. Zool., vol. 2, no. 19, pp.
tories. In Nordenskjold, Otto (ed.), 1-81, figs. 1-41.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Zapfe-Mann Hildegard
Schwedischen Expedition nach der 1974. Informacion ecologica en poblaciones
Magellanslandern. Stockholm, vol. 2, de araiias. Noticiario Mens., vol. 18, no.
pt. 10, pp. 181-260, pls. 1-5. 210, pp. 7-11, table 1.
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