A Textbook of

Engineering Physics Practical

 A Textbook of
Engineering Physics
Practical

By
Dr. Ruby Das C. S. Robinson
Department of Engineering Physics Department of Engineering Physics
Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg
Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Prashant Kumar Sahu

Department of Engineering Physics Department of Engineering Physics
Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg
Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh

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A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS PRACTICAL
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 Contents
Pages
™ Assessment of practical skills in engineering physics 1
™ Do’s and Don’ts in Lab 2
™ Record of the experiments performed 3
™ Knowledge of basic definitions 4
™ Knowledge of basic measuring instruments in lab 8
™ How to draw graph 14
™ Internal evaluation chart for teachers 17

GENERAL PHYSICS LAB

1. Calibration of a voltmeter with a potentiometer 18
2. To compare the E.M.F. of two given cells by Lumsden’s method 24
3. To determine the specific resistance of the given wire using carry
foster bridge 32
4. To determine the frequency of A.C. mains using sonometer 40
5. To determine the value of horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field 47
6. To determine the moment of inertia of flywheel 55
7. To determine acceleration due to gravity (g) by bar pendulum 61
8. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method 69
9. To determine the surface tension of a liquid (water) by Jaeger’s method 76
10. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid (glycerin)
by Stoke’s method 83
11. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille’s method/
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid by capillary flow method 88
12. To determine the mechanical equivalent of heat by Callender and Barne’s
method 94
13. To determine the thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s disk method 100

OPTICS LAB AND MODERN PHYSICS LAB

14. To verify Newton’s formula of focal length of combination of lenses with
the help of nodal slide assembly 113

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 (vi)

15. To determine the radius of curvature of a Planoconvex lens by Newton’s

ring method/To determine the wavelength of light by Newton’s rings method 122
16. To determine fringe width of an interference pattern by bi-prism/
To determine the wavelength of light by Fresnel’s bi-prism 130
17. To determine the wavelength of spectral lines of mercury lamp with the help
of plane transmission grating 139
18. To determine the wavelength of LASER beam/Determination of grating element
of a diffraction grating using LASER beam 149
19. To determine resolving power of telescope 154
20. To determine resolving power of grating 162
21. Determination of divergence of LASER beam 168
22. To determine the refractive index of glass using LASER beam 172
23. To determine numerical aperture (NA) of optical fiber 176
24. To determine the specific charge (e/m) of electron by Thomson’s Method 181
25. To study Hall Effect 189
26. To study the current-voltage characteristics of Photoresistor/To study the
characteristics of LDR 196
27. To determine the value of Planck’s constant with the help of photocell 202
28. To study characteristic curves of given PN junction diode 208
29. To determine the Forbidden energy gap of material of PN junction diode 215
30. To study the characteristics of a Photodiode 223
31. To study the characteristics of Solar cell 228
32. To study the characteristics of NPN transistor in common emitter configuration 234
33. To study the characteristics of NPN transistor in common base configuration 242
34. To study logic gates 249
Appendices 259–270
Index 271–275
 Preface to the Second Edition
Engineering, the science of measurement, is the offspring of physics which plays the primary role
in each branch of engineering and is generally taught during the first two or three years of these
courses in various technical universities, NITs and IITs. The facts predicted by theories are brought
nearer to the truth through practicals. It is in the laboratory that physics students learn to practice
the activities of scientists—asking questions, performing procedures, collecting and analyzing data,
answering questions, and thinking of new questions to explore.
This book grew out of the lectures delivered in theory and practical classes by us to the
students at the Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (Chhattisgarh). Along with the CSV Technical
University practical syllabus, the book attempts to give a comprehensive account of a large number
of other important experiments in engineering physics as well. The first edition of the book
published in 2010 and it is indeed a matter of great satisfaction that the book has been received
well by the academic community in central India. While using the book in the undergraduate
laboratory course for engineering students, we felt the necessity of revising its certain portions.
In the Second Edition the following revisions have been done:
1. Several diagrams have been replaced in various chapters by blending careful presentation
of fundamental concepts and methods of physics.
2. The concept of measuring least count in screw gauge is now more clear.
3. Measure of capillary tube diameter is redrawn. Corrections have been made in current-
intensity characteristic graph of photoresistor and NOT gate electrical switching circuit.
4. In experiment 16 many points have been added in the procedure to make it clearer.
5. An alternative method to determine the forbidden energy gap of P-N junction diode
material has been added.
The organization of the book remains the same. Any further suggestions for improvement of
the its contents are most welcome.
—AUTHORS

(vii)
 Preface to the First Edition
The basic fundamental Physics forms the foundation of engineering and technology. Physics, and
natural science (being a description of the nature around us) in general, is a reasonable enterprise
based on valid experimental evidence, criticism, and rational discussion. It provides us with knowl-
edge of the physical world, and it is an experiment that provides the evidence that grounds this
knowledge. Experiment plays many roles in science. One of its important roles is to test theories
and to provide the basis for scientific knowledge. Experiment can provide hints toward the struc-
ture or mathematical form of a theory and it can provide evidence for the existence of the entities
involved in our theories.
This book has been written with the specific aim of presenting the subject-matter in the
simplest possible manner keeping in view the difficulties and the limitations of the average stu-
dents. The completely redesigned, pedagogically consistent artwork and diagrams integrate seamlessly
with the text to help “more visual” learners better visualize key concepts. The difficult experiments
are explained in a simple language with the help of neat diagrams. We feel that if a student does
all these thoroughly, the subject will appear to be friendly and enjoyable.
It is earnestly hoped that students and teachers of physics, engineering and technology will
find the book useful. The authors will appreciate any genuine and authentic suggestions, for the
substantial improvement of the book. All available standard books on the subject have been freely
consulted during the preparation of this book. We acknowledge gratefully our indebtedness to the
authors and publishers of different books on the subject. Authors are thankful to the management
of Bhilai Institute of Technology for providing all facilities in the laboratory. We thank the members
of our family for their support and encouragement. Finally we are grateful to Laxmi Publications,
(P) Ltd, New Delhi, for taking keen interest in the publication of this book.
—AUTHORS

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 Foreword
“Physics is the Father of all branches of Engineering and Technology.” The physicist discovers
scientific principles and invents devices to describe and explain them. The technician applies and
magnifies these devices for human convenience and comfort. There is no branch of engineering
or technology in which one or other physical principle is not applied on a scale never contemplated
by the discoverer. Knowledge of Physics is so interwoven with engineering studies that one cannot
think of pursuing engineering studies without the knowledge of Physics. Study of Physics is
essential for students and practitioners of engineering and technology to develop them in proper
understanding of physical phenomenon, scientific temper and engineering aptitude. Thus, it
becomes immensely important to develop zeal among the students by creating an innovative ideas
and thoughts. Obviously the laboratories are the best corners for inculcating such habits.
The authors have judiciously opted to jot down their ideas and work in the form of a
textbook on Practical Physics which is of utmost importance to students. Such type of book was
under very much demand and I am of strong belief that the demand can be fulfilled by the present
book. Moreover, this book will definitely reduce the gap between the theoretical aspects of Physics
and its practical counterpart which is the need of the day. In short, the book is an indispensable
reference to faculty members and laboratory instructors and an invaluable aid to students.
I am pleased and honoured to have been asked to write the foreword for this book. The
authors should be congratulated for providing this valuable reference book for the would be
technocrats.

Dr. M. K. Kowar
Director,
Bhilai Institute of Technology,
Durg, Chhattisgarh

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 ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICAL SKILLS IN
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
For BE-Ist year Examination of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

EVALUATION SCHEME
Examination Duration Marks

Internal (college based) Evaluation 1½ hrs (per week) 20

1. Testing of practical skill
2. Record of practical results
3. Viva
External Examination 1½ hrs (one experiment will 40
(Examiners are appointed by the University) have to be performed)

Total 3 hrs 60

‰‰‰

1
 ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY
DO’S
1. Obtain copy of the syllabus of your Engineering Physics lab.
2. Always be regular in practical classes and complete your work within the given schedule.
In all twelve turns (two periods, total of 90 minutes per turn = 24 periods) shall be
scheduled in the whole semester and there are ten experiments to be performed from
different branches of Engineering Physics.
3. Write down the experiments in your practical file in the same manner as given in this
book.
4. Handle all the instruments carefully. Students found involved in any kind of misplacement
or breakage of lab instruments may be liable to fines.
5. Bring calculator, graph paper (if required) and the observation copy regularly in your lab
periods. At the end of the period submission of observation copy is a must for getting
attendance.
6. Concentrate on each line written in this book, go through the experimental set-ups and
fill all the observation tables mentioned. Show calculations in the given manner. Prepare
answers of viva-voce.
7. Display a disciplined behavior. This should reflect in your manners and even in your talks.
For any quest regarding the Engineering Physics practical, discuss with Teacher in-charges.
8. The award of sessional marks in the examinations is largely dependent on the attendance
in the theory and practical classes as well as in internal marks obtained by your performance
in the lab, which is entered by the teachers in the enclosed internal invaluation chart for
teacher incharges. So, batch-wise get your readings checked by the teacher before leaving
the lab.

DON’TS
1. Do not enter the lab without your observation copy in which your name, batch number
and turn number is mentioned.
2. Do not try to manipulate your readings for getting errorless results. Instead of that learn
how to perform the experiments and discuss your results with the Teacher incharges.
3. Do not avoid the mentioned precautions to be measured in performing each experiment.
4. Do not request for your choice in performing experiment at the time of practical
examination. Anyone experiment shall be asked.

‰‰‰
2
RECORD OF THE EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED
Name of the Student : …………………….
Class/Section : …………………….
Roll No. : …………………….

S.No. Experiment No. Experiment Name Date Page Signature/Remarks

‰‰‰

3
 A Textbook of Engineering Physics
Practical

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