SET 1

1. How will you determine the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor using
Lee’s disc method?
2. Explain domain theory and the energies involved in the formation of domain
structure in a ferro magnetic material. Explain hysteresis and hysteresis loop.

3. For atomic transitions, derive Einstein relations and hence deduce the
expressions for the ratio of spontaneous emission rate to the stimulated emission
rate.
4. Derive an expression for Planck’s law of radiation and discuss the same for
shorter and longer wavelengths
5. Derive expression for Maxwell’s equation from Gauss’s law and Faraday’s
law, Amperes law
SET 2
1. How will you determine the thermal conductivity of a good conductor using
Forbe’s method?
2. Derive an expression for Carrier Concentration in P-type Semiconductor and
N-type Semiconductor
3. Derive an expression for numerical aperture and angle of acceptance of fibre
in terms of refractive index of the core and cladding of the fibre.
4. Derive Schrodinger time dependent and independent wave equation.
5. Describe the various mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation
UNIT-1
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. State Hooke’s Law.
According to this law, “Stress is directly proportional to the strain produced,
within
the elastic limit”
Stress ∞ strain
Stress = E*strain
E = Stress / Strain Nm-2
where E is called as modulus of the elasticity.
2. What is Poisson’s ratio?
It is defined as the ratio between the lateral strain per unit stress (β) to the
longitudinal strain per unit stress (α) within the elastic limits.
Poisson’s ratio (σ) = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛/𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖n
3. What do you infer from the Stress – strain diagram?
From the Stress-Strain diagram, We can infer
(i) The Stress is directly proportional to the Strain within the elastic
limit.
(ii) It distinguishes the elastic and plastic limit of a material.
4. Define I- Shape girder.
The girder is the one in which the upper and lower sections are broadened
and the middle section is tapered so that it can withstand heavy loads over
it. Since the girder looks like letter I, it is called as I-Shaped girder.
5. Define yield point.
If the external stress applied is very large, then the body will lose its
elastic property, even after the removal of the stress. The point at which
the body loses its elasticity is called yield point.
6. Define Co-efficient of thermal conductivity.
The Co-efficient of thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat
conducted per second normally across the unit area of cross section,
maintained at unit temperature gradient.
𝐾 = 𝑄𝑥𝐴(𝜃1−𝜃2) / 𝑡𝑊𝑚−1𝐾 −1
7. Mention the properties of thermal insulating materials.
(i) The material should be fire proof.
(ii) It should have high volumetric specific heat.
(iii) It should have low thermal conductivity.
(iv) It should be a poor absorber of moisture.
(v) It should withstand for any environmental conditions

8. What is a bimetallic strip?Give its applications.

Bimetallic strips are two thin metal strips with different co-efficient of
thermal expansion.
APPLICATIONS:
(i) Bimetallic strips are commonly used in water heaters as
temperature controller.
(ii) They are used as a switch to maintain the temperature of the liquid.
9. What is meant by thermal expansion in solids?
The expansion of metal, when subjected to heat is called thermal expansion.
10. What are the different modes of heat transfer?
(i) Conduction
 (ii) Convection.
(iii) Radiation
UNIT II
1. What are the properties of semiconductors?
(1) The resistivity lies between 10 -4 to 0.5 ohm metre.
(2) At 0 K, they behave as insulators.
(3) The conductivity of a semiconductor increases both due to the
temperature and impurities.
(4) They have negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
(5) In semiconductors both the electrons and holes are charge
carriers and
will take part in conduction.
2. What are elemental and compound semiconductors?
Elemental semiconductors. : Semiconductor elements of fourth group, which
are doped with pentavalent or trivalent impurities, in order to get n-type or p-
type semiconductors are called elemental semiconductors.
Compound semiconductors : Semiconductors formed by combining fifth and
third group or sixth and second group elements are called compound
semiconductors.
3. Define Ohmic Contact.
An ohmic contact is a non-rectifying contact which obeys ohm’s law. The
resistance of the ohmic contact should always be low. i.e., conductivity
should be large.

4. Why do we prefer silicon for transistors and GaAs for laser diodes?
Si is an indirect band gap semiconductor for which the life time of the
charge carriers is more and the current amplification is also very high, hence it
is preferable for using it in transistors. GaAs is a direct band gap semiconductor
in which electrons and holes recombines directly to produce photons and hence
used in laser diodes.
5. What is meant by doping and doping level?
 The process of adding impurities like Ga, In, P, As etc. to a pure or
intrinsic semiconductor is called doping.The maximum extent upto which the
impurity can be added is called doping level.
6. Define Bohr magneton.
The orbital and spin magnetic moment of an electron in atom can be expressed
in terms of atomic unit of magnetic moment called Bohr magneton.
1 Bohr magneton = eh/2m = μB = 9.27 x 10-24 Am2.
7. What is meant by Curie-Weiss law? Give its importance.
C
It is given by  
T 

C – Curie constant, T – Absolute temperature, θ – Curie

temperature.
Importance : It predicts the susceptibility of magnetic materials
in terms of temperature.
8. What is meant by hysteresis and hysteresis loop?
The lagging of I and B behind H is called hysteresis.
A loop obtained when a material is taken through a cycle of
magnetization is called hysteresis loop.
9. Define retentivity and coercivity with its unit.
Retentivity : It is the residual magnetism of the specimen when the external
magnetic field is cut off.Its unit is Wbm-2
Coercivity : It is the strength of reverse magnetic field applied to remove
residual magnetism.Its unit is Ampere turn/ metre.
10. What is magnetic storage device? Give examples.
Ferro and ferri magnetic materials which are used to store the data
in form of zero and ones are are called magnetic storage devices.Eg..Floppy
disk, magnetic tapes,etc.,
11. What is Curie temperature?
It is the temperature below which a material can behave as
ferromagnetic material and above it can behave as para magnetic material.
UNIT III
1. Define population inversion and meta stable state.
 The state of achieving more number of atoms in the higher energy
level than that of lower energy level is called population inversion.
 Metastable state is the state which lies between the excited state
and ground state.
2. What are the conditions for laser action?
a) Population inversion must be achieved.
b) Stimulated emission should predominant over spontaneous emission.
3. Can a two level system be used for the population of laser? Why?
No, because for population inversion to be achieved, at least three levels
are required.
4. Name the properties of laser which are making it suitable for industrial
applications.
i) High penetrating power iii) Not absorbed by water
ii) Highly intense iv) Highly directional.
5. What are the characteristics of laser? (June 2011)
 Directionality
 Intensity
 Monochromatic
 Coherence
6. What are the conditions for total internal reflection?
(i) Light should travel from denser to rarer medium
(ii) Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle, Φi>Φc
(iii) Refractive index of core should be greater than refractive index of
cladding, n1> n2
7. Define attenuation in optical fibre and mention its unit.
Attenuation is the ratio of optical power output from a fiber of
length ‘L’ to power input.
−𝟏𝟎 𝑷(𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕)
𝜶= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎
𝑳 𝑷(𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕)
8. Write four major advantages of fiber optic communication over other
communication systems.
(i) It is possible without electricity.
(ii) Not affected by lightening
(iii) Suitable to any environment
(iv) Easy maintenance, long life & economical.
9. What is dispersion in optical fiber.
 When an optical signal is sent into the fiber, the pulse spreads /
broadens as it propagates through the fiber.

UNIT IV

1. Mention the physical significance of wave function.

1) The probability of finding a particle in space at any given instant of
time characterized by a function ψ(x,y,z) called wave function.
2) It relates the particle and the wave statistically.
3) It gives the information about the particle behaviour.
4) It is a complex quantity.
5) /ψ/2 represents the probability density of the particle, which is real
and positive.
2. Calculate the de-broglie wavelength of an electron moving with
velocity of 𝟏𝟎𝟕 m/s (June2010)
h
de Broglie wavelength, λ=
mv

6.625  10 34
= 31
= 0.727 Ao
9.11  10  10 7

3. Define Black Body and Black body radiation?

A perfect black body is the one which absorbs and also emits the
radiation completely. Black body is said to be a perfect absorber, since it
absorbs all the wavelength of the incident radiation. The black body is a
perfect radiator, because it radiates all the wavelength absorbed by it.
This phenomenon is called black body radiation.

4. Why should the wave function of a particle be normalized?

The wave function of a particle is to be normalized in order to find the

particle within the given limit.
5. An electron is accelerated by a potential difference of 2kV. Calculate
the debroglie’s wavelength of matter wave associated with it.(June
2010)
h
de Broglie wavelength  
2mev

6.625  10 34
λ = 31 19
= 0.2744 x 10-
2  9.11  10  1.6  10  2  10 3

10
m
 λ = 0.2744 Ao
6. What is Rayleigh Jeans law of radiation.
It is defined as “The energy is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature and inversely proportional to the fourth power of
wavelength”.
ie., E T/4 (or) E= 8KBT/4
where KB = Boltzmann Constant
Limitation : It holds good only for longer wavelength
7. State Wein’s displacement law of black body radiation.
It is defined as, “The product of the wavelength (λm) of maximum energy
emitted and the absolute temperature (T) is a constant”.
ie., λmT = constant
Limitation : It holds good only for shorter wavelength.
8. What are nano materials?
Nano materials are the materials in which the atoms/ grain size is in the
order of 1 to 100 nm and these atoms will not move away from each
other.
9. List out applications of nano materials.
Nano-MEMS are used in ICs, optical switches, pressure sensors,
nano robots, computers, etc.
NEMs are used in nano-nozzles, nano accelerators, atomic force
microscopes, etc.
10. Mention the properties of nano materials.
1.High strength,hardness,toughness.
2.Magnetic moment of nano particles can be increased by decreasing the
particle size.
UNIT V

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. What is meant by divergence of a vector

The divergence of a vector ‘F’ at a point ‘p’ is defined as the change of
vector per unit volume as volume shrinks to zero about ‘p’.
2. What do you mean by curl of a vector?
The curl of a vector at a point is defined as the amount of twisting per
unit area around that point.
3. State Gauss divergence theorem.
 It states that, the volume integral of divergence of a vector ‘A’ is equal
to that vector ‘A’ spreads out through the surface which covers the volume.

∭(∇. 𝐴)𝑑𝑣 = ∬ 𝐴. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠

4. State Stoke’s theorem

It states, the line integral of a vector F around a closed contour is equal
to the surface integral of curl over the region which bounded by the contour.
∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑙 = ∬ ∇ × 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
5. What do mean by equation of continuity.
Law of conservation of charge states that the total charge of an isolated
system remains constant. The differential form of mathematical representation
of law of conservation of charge is called equation of continuity.
𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡
6. Write any two properties of electromagnetic waves.
(i) Accelerated charged particles produce
electromagnetic waves.
(ii) They can propagate without the help of any
material medium.
7. State Gauss law.
It states that, the total flux through any closed surface is equal to 1/ℇ0
times of the total charge enclosed in the surface.