Compiled by Aminu a.k.a Dr.

Smoke

FORMULAS
S/N NAME OF GROUPED DATA UNGROUPED DATA
FORMULA
𝑅
K = 1+3.322 log N W = 𝐾
1. Sturges Rule Where W=width, R=range, N=numbers of data and Nil
K = number of rows (S/N)
∑ 𝑓𝑥 ∑𝑥
2a. Mean
∑𝑓 𝑛
ℎ ∑ 𝑓𝑥 ∑𝑑
A+ ∑𝑓 A+ 𝑛
2b. Assumed mean 𝑥−𝐴
Where d = Where d= x – A
ℎ
∑𝑓 𝑛
3. Harmonic mean 𝑓 1
∑( ) ∑( )
𝑥 𝑥
Geometric 𝑛 𝑛
4a. √𝑥1 + 𝑥2+ … . 𝑥𝑛 √𝑥1 + 𝑥2+ … . 𝑥𝑛
mean (1)
Geometric ∑ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
4b Antilog Antilog
mean (2) ∑𝑓 𝑛
The middle number
Or
ℎ 𝑁
5. Median L1+ 𝑓 ( 2 − 𝑐𝑏 ) If the middle value are
two, sun them up and
divide by 2
First Quartile ℎ 𝑁
6. L1+ 𝑓 ( 4 − 𝑐𝑏 ) Nil
(Q1)
Third Quartile ℎ 3𝑁
7. L1+ 𝑓 ( 4 − 𝑐𝑏 ) Nil
(Q3)
Third Deciles ℎ 3𝑁
8. L1+ 𝑓 ( 10 − 𝑐𝑏 ) Nil
(D3)
70th Percentile ℎ 70𝑁
9. L1+ 𝑓 ( 100 − 𝑐𝑏 ) Nil
(P70)
Inter-quartile
10. 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 Nil
range
Quartile
deviation or 𝑄3 −𝑄1
11. Nil
semi-inter- 2
quartile range
12. Range Xmax - Xmin Xmax - Xmin
Coefficient of Xmax − Xmin
13. Nil
range Xmax+ Xmin
Coefficient of 𝑆.𝐷
14. x 100 Nil
variation 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
∑ 𝑓/𝑥−𝑥̅ / ∑/𝑥−𝑥̅ /
15. Mean Deviation ∑𝑓 𝑛

Standard ∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2

16. √ = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 √
Deviation (S.D) ∑𝑓
𝑛

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 Compiled by Aminu a.k.a Dr.Smoke

ℎ(𝑓1 − 𝑓0 ) The most occurring

17. Mode L1 + (𝑓
1 − 𝑓0 )− (𝑓2 − 𝑓1 ) value
Coefficient of
𝑄3 −𝑄1
18. Quartile 𝑄3 +𝑄1
Nil
Deviation
Coefficient of 𝑃90 − 𝑃10
19. Nil
Percentile 𝑃90 + 𝑃10
Coefficient of 𝑀.𝐷 𝑀.𝐷
20. or 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 Nil
Mean Deviation 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛
2
∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
21. Variance (S.D)2 = √( ) = (S.D)2
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
Karl Pearson’s 𝑆. 𝐷
22. coefficient of Nil
skewness 3(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
𝑆. 𝐷
Bowley’s
𝑄3 +𝑄1 −2𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 Nil
23. Coefficient of 𝑄3 −𝑄1
skewness
𝑃90 +𝑃10 −2𝑃50
𝑃90 −𝑃10
Kelly’s
Or Nil
24. Coefficient of 𝐷9 +𝐷1 −2𝐷5
skewness 𝐷9 −𝐷1

Addition P(A ∪B)= P(A) + P(B) –P(A ∩ B)

25. Nil
Probability P(A ∩ B) = 0 for mutually exclusive cases.
Multiplication P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ▪ P(B)
26. Nil
Probability For independent cases.

27. Mean E(x) ∑ 𝑥 . 𝑝(𝑥) Nil

28. Variance V(x) ∑ 𝑥 2 . 𝑝(𝑥) - (∑ 𝑥 . 𝑝(𝑥) )2 Nil

P.M.F of a
29. Binomial Pr(X) = nCx ▪ px ▪ qn-x Nil
distribution
P.M.F of a
𝑒 −λ λx
30. Poisson P(x) = λ = np Nil
𝑥!
distribution
P.D.F of Normal − (𝑥−𝝁)2
31. 1 𝒙−𝝁 Nil
Distribution P(x) = ▪𝑒 2𝛿2 (Z = )
√2𝜋∙ 𝛿 𝜹
Spear man
𝟔 ∑ 𝑫𝟐
32. Ranks r= 1- 𝒏(𝒏𝟐 −𝟏) Where D=Rx- Ry Nil
correlation

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Karl pearsons or 𝒏 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 − (∑ 𝒙)(∑ 𝒚)

product
33. √[𝒏 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 – (∑ 𝒙)𝟐 ] × [𝒏 ∑ 𝒚𝟐 – (∑ 𝒚)𝟐 ] Nil
moment
correlation

Y = a + bX
Regression
34. equation of Y ∑ 𝑌 = na + b∑ 𝑋 Nil
on X
∑ 𝑋𝑌 = a ∑ 𝑋 + b ∑ 𝑋 2

Regression X = a + bY
35. equation of X ∑ 𝑋 = na + b∑ 𝑌 Nil
on Y
∑ 𝑋𝑌 = a ∑ 𝑌 + b ∑ 𝑌 2
Coefficient of
correlation
36. between two Nil
r= √𝒃𝒚𝒙 × 𝒃𝒙𝒚
lines of
regression
Standard
deviation of 𝒃𝒚𝒙 × 𝛿𝑥
37. Nil
lines of 𝛿𝑦 =
𝑟
regression

HINTS FOR NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

❖ When you have two Z values, and one is negative and the other is positive, after finding their value on
the table, (Add them up)
i.e. if Z1= -0.36 and Z2 = 0.28 You will add them up after checking for their true values on the statistical
table.
❖ When you have two Z values, and both of them are either positive or negative, after finding their values
on the table, you will subtract the smaller value from the bigger value. i.e. if Z 1= 0.46 and Z2 = 0.28. You
will subtract the z value of 0.28 from that of that of 0.46.
❖ When you have just one positive Z value, after finding the statistical value, if the question is “less than”
(<) then add 0.5 to the z value, but if the question is greater than (>) then subtract your z value from 0.5.
Likely When you have just one negative Z value, after finding the statistical value, if the question is “less
than” (<) then subtract your Z value from 0.5, but if the question is greater than (>) then add 0.5 to the z
value.
❖ When you have two Z values, and one is zero (0) and the other is either positive or negative, the
probability will just be the statistical value of either the positive or negative value. i.e. if Z 1= 0and Z2 =
0.28 then the probability will just be 0.28 and the same thing applies if the Z 2 is negative.

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2016/2017 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

STA 101: INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS UNIT:2
TIME:2HRS 15MIN
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A AND ONE QUEESTION FROM SECTION B
1. Which of the following veterinarians defined statistics as “The numerical statement of facts in any
department of enquiry placed in relation to each other”?
(a) Secrist (b) Webster (c) Bowley (d) Yule and Kendall
2. Which of the following terms means “The science of statistical methods embodying the theory and
techniques used for collecting, analysing, drawing inference from the numerical data?
(a) Statistics (b) Tabulation (c) Classification (d) Static
3. Which of these is not a method of collecting primary data
(a) News paper (b) Oral interview (c) Mailed questionnaire (d) Personal investigation
4. Which of the following terms means “The process of arranging data into sequence and groups
according to their common characteristics”?
(a) Tabulation (b) Classification (c) Graph (d) Diagram
5. Which of the following graph/diagram can be drawn only if the frequency distribution is continuous
(a) Frequency polygon (b) Bar chart (c) Line graph (d) Histogram
6. The less than Ogive consists plotting:
(a) Less than cumulative frequencies against lower class boundaries (b) More than cumulative
frequencies against lower class boundaries (c) More than cumulative frequencies against upper
class boundaries (d) Less than cumulative frequencies against upper class boundaries.
7. If the mid-point of the class of a certain distribution are 16, 24, 32, 40 and so on, then the
magnitude of the class interval is (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Use the following information to answer question 8-12. The data below are marks out of 55
students selected at random from STA101 test: 24, 26, 28, 32, 40, 5, 1, 7, 9, 11, 15, 13, 14, 18, 29,
31, 32, 6, 4, 2, 9, 18, 27, 36, 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 5, 10, 3, 8, 1, 6, 4, 9, 2, 7, 12, 18, 27,
23, 21, 29, 22, 15, 17, 28.
8. Using the class width as 7 by inclusive method, the class intervals are respectively
(a) 1-8, 9-15, 16-22, 23-29, 30-36, 37-43 (b) 1-7, 8-14, 15-21, 22-28, 29-35, 36-42, (c) 1-8, 8-14, 14-
21, 21-28, 28-35, 35-42 (d) 1-8, 22-28, 29-35, 8-14, 15-21, 36-42
9. The respective frequencies of the class intervals are
(a) 15, 10, 13, 9, 5, 3 (b) 16, 12 10, 9, 6, 2 (c) 15, 12, 11, 9, 6, 2 (d) 16, 10, 9, 12,6,2
10. The mean mark of the distribution is (a) 8.9 (b) 16.9 (c) 16.1 (d) 8.1
11. The relative measure of variability based on percentile is (a) 31.4 (b) 3.1 (c) 0.82 (d) 0.52
12. What is the 5th decile of the distribution (a) 27.5 (b) 14.5 (c) 14.8 (d) 16.8
13. The wheat yields in a particular region over the past 12 years (in millions of tons) are: 1.5, 1.3, 1.2,
1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.5, 1.3, 1.2, and 1.4. the square of the mode is
(a) 1.69 (b) 1.3 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.44

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Use the following information to answer question 14-15. Eight coins were tossed together and the
number of heads (X) resulting was noted. The operation was repeated 256 times and the frequency
distribution of the number of heads in given below:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F 1 9 26 59 72 52 29 7 1
If the median number of head is 4.
14. What is the coefficient of mean deviation about the median
(a) 0.887 (b) 0.222 (c) 0.111 (d) 0.132
15. What is the standard deviation of the experiment?
(a) 3.97 (b) 1.41 (c) 1.98 (d) 2.38
16. What is the geometric mean of: 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24?
(a) 11.0 (b) 8.2 (c) 9.2 (d) 10.0
17. Which of the following measures condense a huge unwieldy set of numerical data into a single
value that are representative of the entire distribution?
(a) Skewness (b) Kurtosis (c) Dispersion (d) Averages
18. Which of the following is not a measure of location?
(a) Mean (b) Mode (c) Variance (d) Percentile
19. Which of the following correctly defined the relationship between Arithmetic mean(AM),
Geometric mean (GM) and Harmonic mean(HM)?
(a) AM> GM> HM (b) AM< GM <HM (c) AM = GM= HM (d) GM > AM <HM
20. Which of the following measures gives an idea about the shape of the curve of a frequency
distribution?
(a) Mean (b) Skewness (c) Kurtosis (d) Variance
21. A bag contains 20 tickets marked with numbers 1 to 20. One ticket is drawn at random. Find the
probability that it will be a multiple of 2 or 5
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.2
22. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probability of getting a total of 8
5 31 5 2
(a) (b) (c) 18 (d) 18
36 36
Using the information to answer question 23-25: the adjoining data shows the length of life of
wholesale grocers in Abuja
Length of life (years) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-25 25 and above Total
Percentage of wholesalers 65 16 9 5 5 100
23. During the period studied, what is the probability that an entrant to this profession will fail within
five years? (a) 0.65 (b) 0.05 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.09
24. What is the probability that an entrant will survive at least 25years
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.06 (c) 0.09 (d) 0.05
25. How many years would he have to survive to be among the 10percent longest survivors?
(a) At most 15 years (b) at least 16 years(c) At most 5 years (d) At least 15 years
1 1
26. A problem in statistics is given to three students A, B and C whose chances of solving it are 3, 4, and
1
5
respectively. Find the probability that the problem will all be solved if they all try independently
2 4 3 3
(a) (b) 5 (c) (d) 4
3 5

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27. The set of all possible outcome of a random experiment is known as

(a) Trial (b) Sample space (c) Event (d) None of these
28. Which of the following is correct about the probability of an event A?
(a) -1 < P(A) <1 (b) 0<P(A)<1 (c) -2 <P(A)<2 (d) 0<P(A) <-1
29. Given two events A and B, the event that happening of any one of them is not affected by another
one is known as
(a) Mutually exclusive (b) Independent (c) Equally likely (d) None of these
30. Let A and B be the two possible outcomes of an experiment and suppose P(A) = 0.4, P(B)= X and
P(AUB) = 0.7. for what choice of X are A and B mutually exclusive?
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.2
Use the following information to answer question 31-33: A factory produce a certain type of output
by three types of machines. The respective daily production figures and the corresponding fractions
of defectives for the three machines are shown in the table below:
Output Machine1 = 3000 Machine2 = 2500 Machine3 = 4500
Defectives 1% 1.2% 2%
An item is drawn at random from the day’s production run and is found to be defective.
31. What is the probability that it comes from the output of Machine 1?
(a) 1/5 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/6 (d) 1/7
32. What is the probability that it comes from the output of machine 2?
(a) 2/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 1/5 (d) 4/5
33. What is the probability that it comes from the output of machine 3?
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 4/5 (d) 3/5
34. Which of the following is referred to as a real number X associated with the outcome of a random
experiment, each with definite probability?
(a) Sample space (b) Event (c) Random variable (d) Trial
35. An example of a discrete random variable is
(a) Age of students (b) Height of students (c) Marks obtained by students (d) None of these
36. A random variable X has the following probability function:
X -1 0 1 2
P(X) 1/3 1/6 1/6 1/3
Compute the expectation of X
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/8 (c) 1/6 (d) 2/3
37. A fair coin is tossed three times. Let X be the number of trials appearing. Find the variance of X
(a) 3/2 (b) 3/8 (c) 1/8 (d) 3/4
38. A merchant’s file of 20 accounts contains 6 delinquent and 14 non-delinquent accounts; an Auditor
randomly selects 5 of these accounts for examination. What is the probability that the auditor finds
exactly 2 delinquent accounts?
(a) 0.30 (b) 0.31 (c) 0.34 (d) 0.35
39. 12% of the items produced by a machine are defective. What is the probability that out of a random
sample of 20 items produced by the machine, 5 are defective?
(a) 0.0567 (b) 0.5671 (c) 0.0132 (d) 0.0365

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40. The probability that a student will graduate is 0.4, what is the probability that out of 5 students at
least one will graduate?
(a) 0.9222 (b) 0.0777 (c) 0.2592 (d) 0.0103
41. Between the hours of 2 and 4P.M, the average number of phone calls per minute coming into the
switch board of a company is 2.5 , find the probability that during one particular minute there will
be exactly 3 calls.
(a) 0.082 (b) 0.2341 (c) 0.2138 (d) 0.6065
42. If X is a Poisson variate with parameter 1. Find P(3<X<5)
(a) 0.1952 (b) 0.0153 (c) 0.1789 (d) 0.0243
43. If 3% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective. Find the probability that in a
sample of 100 bulbs, exactly five balls are defective.
(a) 0.1008 (b) 0.0081 (c) 0.2131 (d) 0.0634
44. Which of the following is not a property of a binomial experiment?
(a) The experiment consist of a sequence of “n” identical trials (b) Each outcome can be referred to
as a success or a failure (c) The trials are independent (d) The probability of success can change
from one trial to the next.
45. Which of the following is correct about the value of correlation coefficient (r)?
(a) -2< 1 < 2 (b) 1 < r <3 (c) 0<r<-2 (d) -1 < r < 1
2 2
46. Given n=10, ∑ 𝑋= 195, ∑ 𝑋 = 4485, ∑ 𝑌= 149, ∑ 𝑌 = 2682, ∑ 𝑋 𝑌= 3446. Obtain the values of Karl
Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.96 (c) 0.89 (d) 0.79
47. The line of regression of y on x is:
(a) The line which gives the best estimate for the value of x for any specified value of y
(b) The line which gives the best estimate for the value of y for any specified value of x
(c) The line which divides the value of y and x (d) None of these
48. On each of 30 items, two measurements are made, the following summations were given: ∑ 𝑋= 15,
∑ 𝑋2 = 61, ∑ 𝑌= -6, ∑ 𝑌2= 90, ∑ 𝑋 𝑌= 56, calculate the slope of regression line of y on x?
(a) 0.8561 (b) 2.1650 (c) 1.1028 (d) 1.2143
49. Given two lines of regression equations: y=0.6332x + 0.619, and x = 1.5104y – 0.6235. Obtain the
correlation coefficient between x and y. (a) 0.6720 (b) 0.5239 (c) 0.9779 (d) 0.9527
50. The lines of regression of a bivariate population are: 8x – 10y + 66 = 0; 40x – 18y = 214. The variance
of x is 25. Find the standard deviation of y.
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9

SECTION B: ANSWER ONE QUESTION ONLY. SPEND 45MINS ON THIS SECTION

QUESTION ONE
a. Shown below is the frequency distribution of 1000 live-births during a year at the university of
Abuja Teaching Hospital recorded according to the age of mother at birth:
Age of Mother 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
Number of live births 30 131 373 200 196 63 7
Compute the mean using step deviation method, taking A=27 and hence, compute the coefficient of
variation of the distribution.

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b. Define a Poisson probability mass function with parameter𝜃. Proof that its mean is equal to its
variance.
QUESTION TWO
a. The weekly wages of 2000 workers are normally distributed around a mean of 140 and standard
deviation of 10. Estimate the number of workers whose weekly wages will be:
(i) Between 120 and 130 (ii) More than 170 (iii) less than 165.
b. The following tables gives the ages and blood pressure of 7 women
Age (X) 56 42 36 47 49 42 60
Blood Pressure (Y) 147 125 118 128 145 140 155
Determine the least square regression equation of y on x.
USE THE FORMULAS IN THIS MATERIAL TO ATTEMPT THE OBJECTIVES, AND COMPARE YOUR ANSWERS
WITH MINE.
CONTACT ME FOR MORE EXPLANATION: 08111652798
[email protected]
SOLUTIONS
2016/2017 OBJ ANSWERS
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. D 7.D
8. B 9. C 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B
15. C 16. B 17.D 18. C 19.A 20.B 21.B
22. A 23.A 24.D 25.A 26.C 27.B 28.B
29. B 30.A 31.A 32.A 33.D 34.D 35.C
36. A 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A 41.C 42.B
43. A 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.A 48. C 49. C
50. A

2016/2017 THEORY ANSWERS

1a. The table below will be used to solve question one [Note: A=27 and h=5]
S/N Age of Number Mid point 𝑥−𝐴 d2 Fd Fd2
=𝑑
mother of lives(f) (x) ℎ
1 10-14 30 12 -3 9 -90 270
2 15-19 131 17 -2 4 -262 524
3 20-24 373 22 -1 1 -373 373
4 25-29 200 27 0 0 0 0
5 30-34 196 32 1 1 196 196
6 35-39 63 37 2 4 126 252
7 40-44 7 42 3 9 21 63
TOT. 1000 -382 1678
ℎ ∑ 𝑓𝑑 5(−382)
(i) The mean using Assumed mean is given by A+ ∑𝑓
= 27 + = 27 + (-1.91)
1000
Mean = 25.09
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 100
(ii) Coefficient of Variation = × 1
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛
(Note: We will be using the step deviation method to calculate our standard deviation)
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∑ 𝑓𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 1678 −382 2

Standard Deviation= ℎ × √ ∑𝑓
−( ∑𝑓
) =5 × √1000 − ( 1000 )
Standard Deviation=5 × √1.678 − (0.1459) = 5 x 1.24 = 6.2
∑ 𝑓𝑑 (−1910)
Mean (𝑥̅ ) = A+ ∑ 𝑓 = 27 + = 27 + (-1.91) = 25.09
1000
6.2 100
Therefore COV = 25.09 × = 24.7%
1

𝑒 −λ λx
(b) P(x) = for x= 0,1,2,3......
𝑥!

Mean E(x) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) by definition.

𝑒 −λ λx
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=0 x ▪ for x=0
𝑥!
𝑒 −λ ▪λx ▪λ1 ▪λ−1
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥 ▪ for x=1
𝑥(𝑥−1)!
𝑒 −λ ▪λx−1
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=1 λ ▪ (𝑥−1)!
Let k = x-1
𝑒 −λ ▪λk
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 λ ▪ 𝑘!
𝑒 −λ ▪λk
There is a rule that says ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 =1
𝒌!
E(x) = 𝛌 x 1= 𝛌
Variance V(x) = E(x2) – [E(x)]2
But E(x) = λ (mean)
E(x2) = Ex(x-1) + E(x) (The breakdown of E(x2) )
Variance = Ex(x-1) + E(x) - [E(x)]2
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑒 −λ λx
P(x) = 𝑥!
𝑒 −λ λx
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ for x=0
𝑥!
𝑒 −λ λx .λ2 λ−2
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)!
𝑒 −λ λx−2
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=2 λ2 ∙ Note: λx−2 is gotten from λx and λ−2 by indices.
(𝑥−2)!
Let k=x-2
𝑒 −λ λk
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑘=0 λ2 ∙ 𝑘!
𝑒 −λ ▪λk
There is a rule that says ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 =1
𝒌!
Ex(x-1) = λ2 x 1 = λ2
Therefore
Variance = λ2 + λ - (λ)2
Variance = λ2 + λ - λ2
Variance = λ2 - λ2 + λ = λ
Therefore Mean = Variance = 𝛌
Question 2 Answers to 2016/2017

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a. (Parameters Mean = 140 and standard deviation = 10)

Note: for normal distribution, statistical table required to find the area under the curve. On the
statistical table, check for normal distribution table.
In this type of question we are going to find (z) for each value.
𝑥−𝝁
Z= (Mean (𝝁) = 140 and Standard deviation (𝛿) = 10)
𝛿
(i) P(120≤ 𝑋 ≤ 130)
120−𝟏𝟒𝟎
Z1 = = -2.0
10
130−𝟏𝟒𝟎
Z2 = = -1.0
10
P(120≤ 𝑋 ≤ 130) = P(-2.0≤ 𝑧 ≤ -1.0)
From the statistical table, -2.0 = 0.4778 From the statistical table, -1.0 = 0.3413
Therefore the probability = 0.4778 – 0.3413 = 0.1365 (from hint 2).
And the number of workers are 0.1365 × 2000 workers = 273 workers
(ii) P(X>170) (More than 170)
170−𝟏𝟒𝟎
Z= = 3.0
10
From the statistical table, 3.0 = 0.4987
P(X>170) = P(Z>3.0) = 0.5 - P(0 >Z>3.0 )
P(X>170) = 0.5 – 0.4987 = 0.0013 (from hint 3)
And the number of workers are 0.0013 × 2000 workers = 2.6 approximately 3 workers
(iii) P(X<165)
165−𝟏𝟒𝟎
Z= = 2.5
10
From the statistical table, 2.5 = 0.4938
P(X<165) = P(Z<2.5) = 0.5 + P(0 <Z < 2.5)
P(X<165) = 0.5 + 0.4938 = 0.9938 (from hint 3)
And the number of workers are 0.9938 × 2000 workers = 1988 worker

(b)
S/N X Y X2 XY
1 56 147 3136 8232
2 42 125 1764 167
3 36 118 1296 4248
4 47 128 2209 6016
5 49 145 2401 7105
6 42 140 1764 5880
7 60 155 3600 9300
Total 332 958 16170 40948

∑ 𝑌 = 958, ∑ 𝑋 = 332, ∑ 𝑋 2 = 16170, ∑ 𝑋𝑌 = 40948, n=7

For the regression equation of Y on X, the equations below are used.
∑ 𝑌 = na + b∑ 𝑋 .................................................... equation 1
∑ 𝑋𝑌 = a ∑ 𝑋 + b ∑ 𝑋 2 .......................................... equation 2

∑ 𝑌 = 958, ∑ 𝑋 = 332, ∑ 𝑋 2 = 16170, ∑ 𝑋𝑌 = 40948, n=7

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958= 7a + 332b ..................................................................(a) x332

40984 = 332a + 16170b ..........................................................(b) x 7
Multiply equation (a) by 332 and equation (b) by 7
318056 = 2324a + 110224b......................................................(c)
286888 = 2324a + 113190b......................................................(d)
Subtract equation (d) from equation (c)
(318056 - 286888) = (2324a – 2324a) + (110224b – 113190b)
31168 = 0 + (-2966b)
31168 = -2966b (dividing both sides by the coefficient of b)
31168 −2966𝑏
=
−2966 −2966
b = -10.51
Substitute b as -10.51 in equation (a)
958= 7a + 332b
958 = 7a + 332 (-10.51)
958 = 7a + (-3489.32) (collecting like terms)
958 = 7a -3489.32
958 + 3489.32 = 7a
4447.32 = 7a (dividing both sides by the coefficient of a)
4447.32 7𝑎
=
7 7
a = 635.33
Therefore the regression equation of Y on X is given by
Y = 635.33- 10.51X
“A JOURNEY OF A THOUSAND MILES BEGINS WITH A SINGLE STEP”

“START READING TODAY”

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UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

2017/2018 FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION

STAT 101: INTRODUCTOTY STATISTICS, UNIT:2

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A AND ONE IN SECTION B

TIME ALLOWED: 2HRS 15MIN

SECTION A: ANSWER ALL, SPEND 1HR 30MINS IN THIS SECTION

1. Which of the following veterans perceived statistics as the quantitative data affected to a marked
extent by multiplicity of causes (a) Yule and Kendall (b) Webster (c) Bowley (d)Secrist
2. The following points may be termed as preliminaries to data collection except (a) objectives of the
enquiry (b) source of information (c) tabulation (d) type of enquiry
3. The frequency curve may be regarded as a limiting form for which of the following graphs? (a)
Histogram (b) Frequency polygon (c) Ogive (d) Line graph
4. Through which of the following graph can the median of a distribution be obtain? (a) Bar chat (b)
Ogive (c) frequency curve (d) Histogram
Use this information to answer question 5-9. A company launched a sales campaign and appointed
100 sales girls for this purpose. At the end of the period, the sales results were analyzed and the
following information where obtained
Sales 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 100-105 105-110 110-115
Relative 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.20 0.20 0.11 0.02
frequencies
5. What is the mean sale of the company? (a) 94.25 (b) 94.35 (c) 92.25 (d) 92.35
6. What is the coefficient of variation of the sales? (a) 50.0% (b) 60.0% (c) 50.5% (d) 60.5%
7. What is the third quartile of the sales? (a) 75 (b) 70 (c) 102 (d) 103
8. What is the 90th percentile of the sales? (a) 90 (b) 50 (c) 106.36 (d) 102.46
9. The relative measure of variability based on percentile is? (a) 0.12 (b) 0.14 (c) 0.23 (d) 0.34
10. The arithmetic mean of runs secured by three batmen X, Y and Z in a series of 10 linning are 50, 48
and 12 respectively. The standard deviation of the runs are 15, 12 and 2 respectively, who is the
most consistent of the three? (a) Z (b) X (c) Y (d) None of these

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11. Calculate the square root of the mode of the following distribution: 2, 4, 7, 5, 4, 2, 4, 2, 9, 6, 4, 2, 9
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
12. Which of the following measures is regarded as the measure of variation of a distribution? (a)
Dispersion (b) Averages (c) Skewness (d) Kurtosis
13. From the following data, find the Karl peason’s coefficient of Skewness:
Measurement 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency 2 4 10 8 5 1
(a) 0.2485 (b) 0.3478 (c) 0.6286 (d) 0.7290
14. The mean for a symmetrical distribution is 50.6, what are the values of median and mode? (a) 25.3
and 20.4 (b) 101.2 and 105.7 (c) 50.9 and 60.7 (d) 50.6 and 50.6
15. A bag contains 20 tickets, marked with number 1 to 20, one ticket is drawn at random, find the
probability that it will be a multiple of 3 or 5? (a) 0.45 (b) 0.60 (c) 0.53 (d) 0.40
16. A bag contains 8 white and 3 red balls, of two balls are drawn at random without replacement, find
the probability that one is of each color, (a) 20/55 (b) 8/11 (c) 3/55 (d) 24/55
17. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probability of getting a total of 8? (a) 3/36 (b) 6/36 (c) 7/36
(d) 5/36
Use the following information to answer question 18-19. Assume that a factory has two machines,
past record shows that machine I produces 30% of the items of output and machine II produces
70% of the items, 5% of the items produced by machine I were defective and only 1% produced by
machine II are defective.
18. If a defective item is drawn at random, what is the probability that it was produced by machine I (a)
0.542 (b) 0.682 (c) 0.976 (d) 0.318
19. If a defective item is drawn at random what is the probability that it was produced by machine II?
(a) 0.682 (b) 0.542 (c) 0.318 (d) 0.976
20. Let A and B be two possible events. The event that happening of any one of them excludes the
happening of others in the same experiment is known as (a) Mutually exclusive (b) Independent (c)
Equally likely (d) All of these
21. Let P(A) be the probability of an event A, if P(A)= 1 which of the following is correct ? (a) A is not
certain (b) A is equally likely (c) A is certain (d) None of these
22. A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X 0 1 2 3
P(x) 1/8 3/8 3/4 1/8

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Compute the expectation of X (a) 1.3 (b) 1.2 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.6
23. Which of the following represents a probability distribution?
(a) P(x) 0.2, 0.35, 0.12, 0.40, -0.07 (b) P(x) 0.2, 0.25, 0.10, 0.14, 0.49 (c) P(x) 0.2, 0.25, 0.10, 0.15,
0.30, (d) P(x) 0.2, 0.40, 0.02, 0.14, 0.07
Use the following information to answer questions 24-25
A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.12 K2/2 0.5 0.24 0.12
24. What is the value of constant K (a) 0.04 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.02
25. Obtain the value of Var(K2X) (a) 0.02 (b) 0.03 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.04
26. Which of the following is a property of binomial distribution? (a) The number of trial is indefinitely
large (b) The number of trials are independent (c) The probability of success is very small (d) The
probability of success can change from one trial to the next
27. The average number of customer who appears at a counter of a certain bank per minute is 2, find
the probability that during a given minute, three or more customers appear? (a) 0.3235 (b) 0.1353
(c) 0.3245 (d) 0.1355
28. If 5% of the electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective, find the probability that in a
sample of 100 bulbs, exactly 5 bulbs are defective (a) 0.1734 (b) 0.1008 (c) 0.1755 (d) 0.1006
29. The probability that a student will graduate is 40%, determine the probability that out of 5 students,
none will graduate (a) 0.0102 (b) 0.2592 (d) 0.9222 (c) 0.0788
30. Which of these is not a property of a normal distribution (a) Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode (b)The curve
is symmetrical (c) The graph is the famous bell shaped curve (d) the total of the normal curve is 1
31. The ranks according to two attributes in a sample are given below:
R1 1 2 3 4 5
R2 5 4 3 2 1
What is the rank correlation between them? (a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) None of the above
32. For a particular product, the sale (y) and the advertisement expenditure (x) for 10years provide the
results: ∑ 𝑋=15, ∑ 𝑋 2 =250, ∑ 𝑌=110, ∑ 𝑌 2 =3200, ∑ 𝑋𝑌=400, find the regression line of y on x (a)
y=1.033x + 9.4505 (b) y= -1.033x – 9.4505 (c) 1.033X-9.4505 (d) y=-1.033x + 9.4505
33. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample such as sample mean, is known as a (a)
population parameter (b) Sample parameter (c) sample statistic (d) population mean
34. µ is an example of a? (a) population parameter (b) sample statistic (c) population variance (d) mode

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35. The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal (a) one (b) the number of
classes (c) the number of items in the study (d) 100
36. In a five number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization? (a) the
smallest value (b) the largest value (c) the median (d) the mean
Data set 1
The following data shows the number of hours worked by 200 statistics students
No. of hours 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39
Frequency 40 50 70 40
37. Refer to data set 1, the class width of this distribution is (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) varies
38. Refer to data set 1, the number of students working 19 hours or less is (a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 90 (d) cannot
be determined without the original data
39. Refer to data set 1, the relative frequency of students working 9hours or less is (a) 0.2 (b) 0.45 (c) 10
(d) cannot be determined from the information given
40. The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the (a) variance (b) inter-quartile
range (c) range (d) coefficient of variation
41. Which of the following is not a measure of central location? (a) mean (b) median (c) variance (d)
mode
42. The sum of deviation of the individual data element from their mean is? (a) always greater than
zero (b) always less than zero (c) sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero depending
on the data elements (d) always equal to zero
43. A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several
classes is (a) frequency distribution (b) relative frequency distribution (c) frequency (d) cumulative
frequency distribution
Data set 3
A researcher has collected the following sample data. The mean of the sample is 5
3 5 12 3 2
44. Refer to data set 3, the variance is?
(a) 80 (b) 4.062 (c) 13.2 (d) 16.5
45. Refer to data set 3, the standard deviation is?
(a) 8.944 (b) 4.062 (c) 13.2 (d) None
46. Refer to data set 3, The coefficient of variation is
(a) 72.66% (b) 81.24% (c) 264% (d) 330%
47. Refer data set 3, The range is?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 12
48. Refer data set 3, the inter-quartile range is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 12
49. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?

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(a) The range (b) The 50th percentile (c) The inter-quartile range (d) The variance
50. In computing descriptive statistics from grouped data
(a) Data values are treated as if they occur at the midpoint of a class
(b) The grouped data result is more accurate than the ungrouped data
(c) The grouped data computations are used only when population is being analyzed
(d) All of the above answers are correct

SECTION B: ANSWER QUESTION ONLY, SPEND 45MINS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION ONE
a. A factory pays workers on piece rate bases and also a bonus to each worker on the basis of
individual output in each quarter. The rate of bonus payable is as follows:
Output 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100-104
Cumulative 40 45 50 60 70 80 100
Bonus
(i) Compute the geometric mean bonus of the workers
(ii) Compute the relative measure of variability based on deciles of the bonus
b. Define binomial distribution with parameter n and p and derive an expression for the mean and
variance
QUESTION TWO
a. The table shows data on the number of visitors to the US in a month, x(1000s), and the amount of
money they spent y($millions) for each of 8 months
X 2450 2480 2540 2420 2350 2290 2400 2460
(visitors)
Y 1370 1350 1400 1330 1270 1210 1330 1350
(Amount)
(i) Find the product moment correlation coefficient between y and x
(ii) Find the equation of regression model of the form y=a + bx to these data
(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to estimate the amount of money spent when the number of
visitors to the UK in a month is 2,500,000
b. It is known that 52% of the population participates in sport on a regular basis, five random
individuals are interviewed and asked whether they participate in sport on a regular basis, Let X be
the number of people who regularly participate in sport.
(i) Construct a probability distribution table for X
(ii) Find the probability that 3 people or less play sport

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(iii) Find the probability that at least one person plays sport, given that not more than three
people play sport

SOLUTIONS
SECTION A
1. A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.10.12
7. C 8.C 9.B 10.C 11.A 12.A
13.A 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.B
19.C 20.B 21.C 22.C 23.C 24.C
25.A 26.B 27.A 28.C 29.C 30.A
31.C 32.A 33.A 34.A 35.D 36.C
37.B 38.B 39.A 40.C 41.C 42.D
43.A 44.C 45.D 46.A 47.C 48.3
49.A 50.C

SOLUTIONS TO SECTION B
QUESTION ONE
CLASS MID LOWER
S/N FREQ C.F LOG (X) F LOG(X)
INTERVAL POINT (x) C.B
1 70 – 74 40 40 72 1.857 74.28 69.5
2 75 – 79 45 85 77 1.886 84.87 74.5
3 80 – 84 50 135 82 1.914 95.70 79.5
4 85 – 89 60 195 87 1.940 116.40 84.5
5 90 – 94 70 265 92 1.964 137.48 89.5
6 95 – 99 80 345 97 1.987 158.96 94.5
100 –
7 100 445 102 2.009 200.90 99.5
104
TOTAL 445 954.72

∑ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 954.72
(i) G.M = Antilog ( ∑𝑓
) = Antilog ( ) = Antilog (2.145) = 139.64
445

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𝐷 −𝐷
(ii) Relative measure of variability based on deciles is given by 𝐷9 +𝐷1
9 1

ℎ 9𝑁 9𝑁 9×445
D9 = L1 + 𝑓 ( 10 − 𝐶𝑏 ) to locate the D9 class we will have 10 = =
10
ℎ 1𝑁 1𝑁 1×445
D1 = L1 + 𝑓 ( 10 − 𝐶𝑏 ) to locate the D1 class we will have 10 = =
10
𝐷 −𝐷 𝐷 −𝐷
Therefore 𝐷9 +𝐷1 = 𝐷9 +𝐷1
9 1 9 1

b. Mean E(x) = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) by definition.

But Pr(X) = nCx ▪ px ▪ qn-x
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=0 x ∙ nCxpx ▪ qn-x
𝑛!
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=0 x ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑥!pxqn-x (when x=0)
𝑛(𝑛−1)!
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=1 x ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑥(𝑥−1)!px▪ p1▪ p-1▪ qn-x(when x=1)
(𝑛−1)!
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑥=1 np ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!(𝑥−1)! Px-1▪ qn-x(The rule of indices was applied here)
Note: px-1is gotten from px▪ p-1through the law of indices, p1= p
Let k=x-1 since k=x-1 and x=1, therefore k=1-1 = 0
(𝑛−1)!
E(x) = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 np ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑘! pk▪ qn-x
(𝒏−𝟏)!
There is a rule that says ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 (𝒏−𝒙)!𝒌!pk▪ qn-x = 1
Therefore
E(x) = np x 1 = np
Variance V(x) = E(x2) – [E(x)]2
But E(x) mean
E(x2) = Ex(x-1) + E(x) (The breakdown of E(x2) )
Variance = Ex(x-1) + E(x) – [E(x)]2
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑛!
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑥!pxqn-x (when x=0)
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)!
Ex(x-1) =∑𝑛𝑥=2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)!px▪ p2 ▪ p-2▪ qn-x(when x=2)
𝑛 (𝑛−2)!
Ex(x-1) = ∑𝑥=2 𝑝2 n(n − 1) ∙ (𝑛−𝑥)!(𝑥−2)! Px-2 ▪ qn-x
Note: px-2 is gotten from px▪ p-2 through the law of indices
Let k = x-2
𝑛 (𝑛−2)!
Ex(x-1) = ∑𝑥=𝑘 𝑛2 𝑝2 − n𝑝2 ▪ (𝑛−𝑥)!𝑘! pk ▪ qn-x
(𝒏−𝟏)!
There is a rule that says ∑𝒏𝒌=𝟎 (𝒏−𝒙)!𝒌!pk▪ qn-x = 1
Note: For the numerator, it can either be (n-1)!, (n-2)! E.t.c
Ex(x-1) = 𝑝2 𝑛2 − 𝑝2 n x 1 = 𝑛2 𝑝2 − n𝑝2
Therefore
Variance = Ex(x-1) + E(x) – [E(x)]2= 𝑛2 𝑝2 − n𝑝2+ np – (np)2
= 𝑛2 𝑝2 − n𝑝2 np –𝑛2 𝑝2
= 𝑛2 𝑝2- 𝑛2 𝑝2 + np – np2 (collecting like terms)

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= np – np2
= np(1-p) (by factorization)
Variance = npq (q=1-p)

QUESTION TWO
S/N X Y XY X2 Y2
1 2450 1370 3356500 6002500 1876900
2 2480 1350 3348000 6150400 1822500
3 2540 1400 3556000 6451600 1960000
4 2420 1330 3218600 5856400 1768900
5 2350 1270 2984500 5522500 1612900
6 2290 1210 2770900 5244100 1464100
7 2400 1330 3192000 5760000 1768900
8 2460 1350 3321000 6051600 1822500
TOT 19390 10610 25747500 47039100 14096700

𝒏 ∑ 𝒙𝒚−(∑ 𝒙)(∑ 𝒚)
r = = where n = 8, ∑ 𝒙 = 19390, ∑ 𝒚 = 10610, ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 47039100, ∑ 𝒚𝟐 =
√[𝒏 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 –(∑ 𝒙)𝟐 ] × [𝒏 ∑ 𝒚𝟐 –(∑ 𝒚)𝟐 ]
14096700, ∑ 𝒙𝒚= 25747500.
𝟖(𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎)− (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎)
Therefore, r =
√[𝟖 (𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟎)− (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟎)𝟐 ][𝟖 (𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟎)− (𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎)𝟐 ]
𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎
r= = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟓 = 0.962
√[𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟎][𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎]
The correlation is strongly positive
ii. where n = 8, ∑ 𝒙 = 19390, ∑ 𝒚 = 10610, ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 47039100, ∑ 𝒚𝟐 = 14096700, ∑ 𝒙𝒚= 25747500.
For the regression equation of Y on X, the equations below are used.
∑ 𝑌 = na + b∑ 𝑋 .................................................... equation 1
∑ 𝑋𝑌 = a ∑ 𝑋 + b ∑ 𝑋 2 .......................................... equation 2

∑ 𝒚 = 10610, ∑ 𝒙 = 19390, ∑ 𝒙𝟐 = 47039100, ∑ 𝒙𝒚= 25747500, n=8

10610= 8a + 19390b ..................................................................(a) x 19390
25747500 = 19390a + 47039100b ..........................................................(b) x 8
Multiply equation (a) by 19390 and equation (b) by 8
205727900 = 155120a + 375972100b......................................................(c)
205980000 = 155120a + 376312800b......................................................(d)
Subtract equation (c) from equation (d)
(205980000 - 205727900) = (155120a – 155120a) + (376312800b– 375972100b)
252100 = 0 + (340700b)
252100 = 340700b (dividing both sides by the coefficient of b)

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 Compiled by Aminu a.k.a Dr.Smoke

252100 340700𝑏
=
340700 340700
b = 0.74
Substitute b as 0.74 in equation (a)
10610 = 8a + 19390b
10610 = 8a + 19390(0.74)
10610 = 8a + 14348.6 (collecting like terms)
10610 – 14348.6 = 8a
-3738.6 = 8a
-3738.6 = 8a (dividing both sides by the coefficient of a)
−3738.6 8𝑎
=
8 8
a = -467.3
Therefore the regression equation of Y on X is given by
Y = -467.3 + 0.74X

iii. Find Y if X = 2500000

From Y = -467.3 + 0.74 X (Substitute X as 2500000)

Y = -467.3 + 0.7 x 2500000
Y = -467.3 + 1750000
Y = 1749532.7
b. n = 5, p = 0.52 and q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.52 = 0.48
Using Binomial distribution formula Pr(X) = nCx ▪ px ▪ qn-x to form a probability distribution table.
Pr(X=0) = 5C0 × (0.52)0 × (0.48)5-0
5!
= (5− 0)! 0! ×(0.52)0 × (0.48)5
5!
= 5!10! ×1 × 0.025 (Any number raised to the power of 0 = 1)
5×4×3×2×1
= 5×4×3×2×1 ×(0.025)
= 1 x 0.025
= 0.025
Pr (X=0) =0.025
Do same for Pr(X=1), Pr(X=2), Pr(X=3), Pr(X=4), and Pr(X=5).
Then compare your answers with mine in the table below
(i)
S/N X P(X)
1 0 0.025
2 1 0.138
3 2 0.299
4 3 0.324
5 4 0.176
6 5 0.038
(ii) Pr (X ≤ 3) = Pr(X=0) + Pr(X=1) + Pr(X=2) + Pr(X=3)
Pr (X ≤ 3) = 0.025 + 0.138 + 0.299 + 0.324 = 0.786
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 Compiled by Aminu a.k.a Dr.Smoke

Therefore Pr (X ≤ 3) = 0.786
(iii) Pr (1≤X≤ 3) = Pr(X=1) + Pr(X=2) + Pr(X=3)
Pr (1≤X≤ 3) = 0.138 + 0.299 + 0.324
Therefore Pr (1≤X≤ 3) = 0.761

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