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    History of Rabies

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    colicot100
    Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites, most commonly from dogs. It causes acute encephalomyelitis in humans. There are two types - urban rabies from dogs and sylvatic rabies from wildlife like bats. Once symptoms appear in humans, the disease is almost always fatal. It is prevented through vaccination of pets and post-exposure prophylaxis for humans after potential exposure.

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    History of Rabies

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    colicot100
    31 views23 pages
    Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites, most commonly from dogs. It causes acute encephalomyelitis in humans. There are two types - urban rabies from dogs and sylvatic rabies from wildlife like bats. Once symptoms appear in humans, the disease is almost always fatal. It is prevented through vaccination of pets and post-exposure prophylaxis for humans after potential exposure.

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    HISTORY-OF-RABIES

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    Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites, most commonly from dogs. It causes acute encephalomyelitis in humans. There are two types - urban rabies from dogs and sylvatic rabies from wildlife like bats. Once symptoms appear in humans, the disease is almost always fatal. It is prevented through vaccination of pets and post-exposure prophylaxis for humans after potential exposure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views23 pages

    History of Rabies

    Uploaded by

    colicot100
    Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread to humans through infected animal bites, most commonly from dogs. It causes acute encephalomyelitis in humans. There are two types - urban rabies from dogs and sylvatic rabies from wildlife like bats. Once symptoms appear in humans, the disease is almost always fatal. It is prevented through vaccination of pets and post-exposure prophylaxis for humans after potential exposure.

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    of 23

    RABIES

    (Hydrophobia)
    Presented by:
    Jan Aliza B. Labas, SN
    INTRODUCTION
    Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by the
    rabies virus, a rhabdovirus of the genus lyssavirus. It is fatal
    once 'signs and symptoms appear. There are two kinds:
    urban or canine rabies is transmitted by dogs while sylvatic
    rabies is a disease of wild animals and bats which
    sometimes spread to dogs, cats and livestock.
    HISTORY OF
    THE
    DISEASE
    ● Man described the disease in 2300 B.C. The word
    'Rabies' originated from "rabhas", meaning "to do
    violence".
    ● It comes from ancient Indian Sanskrit dating 3000 B.C.
    Since Roman times, man established the link between
    the infectivity of a rabid dog’s saliva and the spread of
    the disease.
    ● Because there is no cure, those that had been bitten by a
    rabid dog would commonly commit suicide to avoid the
    painful death that would inevitably follow.
    Known as hydrophobia (fear of water). Duration of disease: 2-3 days prolonged to
    5-6 days (exceptional cases). Prodromal symptoms (3-4 days) Headache, malaise,
    sore throat, slight fever, followed by excitation and stimulation off all parts of
    nervous system.

    · Patient becomes intolerant to noise, bright light, cold draught of air (sensory).
    · Aerophobia (fear of air) may be present.
    · Increased reflexes and muscle spasms(motor).
    · Dilatation of pupil and increased perspiration, salivation. lacrimation.
    (sympathetic).
    · Fear of death, irritability, anger and depression (mental changes).
    · Patient dies abruptly due to convulsions or pass to coma and paralysis
    CONFIRMATORY TEST
    Antigen detection by
    immunofluroscence (skin biopsy).
    Virus isolation (saliva and other
    secretions). Immunofluroscence
    of corneal impression smears
    proven unreliable.
    INCUBATION PERIOD
    2 to 8 weeks
    It can be as long as a year or several years
    depending on the severity of the wounds,
    site of the wound as distance from the brain,
    amount of virus introduced and protection
    provided by clothing.
    PREDISPOSING FACTORS

    1 3
    HOST 2 AGENT

    ENVIRONMENT
    HOST
    -All warm-blooded animals including man.
    -Rabies in man is a dead-end infection.
    -People at risk-lab workers, veterinarians, dog
    handlers, hunters etc.
    ENVIRONMENT
    · URBAN RABIES: A single infected dog capable of transmitting over an
    area of 40 km.

    · WILD LIFE RABIES:

    -Sylvatic rabies

    -Unidentified reservoir of infection

    -Foxes, jackals, hyenas, skunks etc.

    -Transmit infection among themselves and to dogs and man.

    ·
    BAT RABIES:
    -Vampire bats feed on blood of humans and animals.
    -Cause havoc to cattle population
    -Constant sources of infection to man and animals
    -Transmission by bite and aerosols.
    AGENT
    -Rhabdovirus -Knob like spikes or glycoprotein G.

    -Lyssavirus type 1 -Matrix protein layer

    -Bullet shaped virus -Genome-unsegmented, linear,

    -Size is 180 *75nm -Negative sense RNA.

    -Has a lipoprotein envelope Children are more at risk to getting infected


    because they are likely to pat and play with
    animals and more likely to get severe bites to their
    heads, face and hands.
    MODE OF TRANSMISSION

    A scratch or in fresh
    Usually by bites of a rabid Transmission from man to
    breaks in the skin (rare).
    animal whose saliva has man is possible.
    the virus.

    Airborne spread in a cave


    with millions of bats have
    occurred, although rarely.
    COMMON COMPLICATIONS
    -Psychosis -Restlessness
    -Seizures
    -Delirium

    -Aphasia -Death
    -Muscular twitching
    PATHOGENESIS
    1. Virus inoculated.
    2. Viral replication in muscle.
    3. Virus binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    at neuromuscular junction.
    4. Virus travels within anions in peripheral nerves
    via retrograde last axonal transport.
    5. Replication in motor neurons of the spinal cord
    and local dorsal root ganglia and rapid ascent to
    brain.
    6. Infection of brain neurons with neuronal
    dysfunction.
    7. Centrifugal spread along nerves to salivary
    glands, skin, cornea, and other organs.
    TREATMENTS/MANAGEMENT
    ● No specific treatment
    ● Patients with rabies are highly
    ● Case management
    infectious virus is present in all
    ● -Isolation in a quiet room protected as secretions like saliva, tears, vomits,
    far as possible from external stimuli urine, and other body fluids. Nursing
    to prevent spasms and convulsions personnel should be warned of risks
    ● - Relieve anxiety and pain by use of and protect themselves with PPE
    sedatives Persons with open wounds and cut
    ● - Morphia 30-54 mg If spastic muscle should not attend the patients. In
    contractions present use drugs with places where rabies cases are
    curare like action encountered frequently pre-exposure
    ● -Ensure hydration and diuresis prophylaxis (2-3 doses HDC vaccine)
    ● -Intensive therapy in the form of recommended.
    respiratory and cardiac support
    PREVENTION OF
    HUMAN RABIES
    · The wound must be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap
    and water.

    · Antiseptics such as povidone iodine or alcohol may be applied.

    · The patients may be given antibiotics and anti-tetanus immunization.

    Post-exposure treatment is given to persons who are exposed


    to rabies. It consists of local wound treatment, active immunization
    (vaccination) and passive immunization (administration of rabies
    immunoglobulin).
    -Active immunization or vaccination aims to induce the body to
    develop antibodies against rabies up to 3 years.

    -Passive immunization - the process of giving an antibody to persons


    (with head and neck bites, multiple single deep bites, contamination of
    mucous membranes or thin coverings of the eyes, lips, mouth) in order
    to provide immediate protection against rabies which should be
    administered within the first seven days of active immunization. The
    effect of the immunoglobulin is only short term.
    Be a Responsible pet owner

    - Have pet immunized at 3 months of age and every year thereafter


    Never allow pets to roam the streets.

    -Take care of your pet; bathe, feed them regularly with adequate food,
    provide them with clean sleeping quarters
    THANKS!
    CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
    Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics &
    images by Freepik
    RESOURCES

    ● https://www.slideshare.net/kirtipop/rabies-ppt-103421785
    ● Public Health Nursing in the Philippines
    ● Landon and Siders Communicable Diseases

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