GENITICS

GENETICS*
1} WORD FIRST TIME USED BY W.BATESON

{ GENETICS IS STUDY OF TRANSMISSION OF BODY FEATURES FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING AND
THE LAW RELATING TO SUCH TRANSMISSION}
2} GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL WAS KNOWN AS "FATHER OF GENETICS"
HERIDITY*
IT IS A PROCESS BY WHICH TRANSMISSION OF GENETICALLY BASED CHARACTERISTICS ARE
TRANSMTTED FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING
VARIATION*
THE DIFFERENCES FOUND BETWEEN YHE YOUNG ONES OF SAME PARENTS OR VARIOUS INDIVIDUALS
BELONGING TO ONE SPECIES DUE TO INHERITENCE ARE CALLED VARIATION
/* PHYSICAL CARRIER OF HEREDITY */
1} THE ONLY BRIDGE BETWEEN THE PARENTS AND OFSPRING ARE THE GAMETS.
2}TRAITS AND CHARACTERS ARE TRANSMITTED FROM PARENTS TO PROGENY ARE PHYSICALLY
CARRIED BY WAY OF GAMETES.
MENDALISM*
1} EXPLAINS THE MECHANISM OF HERIDITY
2}WORKED ON "PISUM SATIVUM"{GARDEN PEA PLANT}
/*WHY MENDAL CHOOSE "PISUM SATIVUM"*\
1}MANY VERITIES WERE AVAILABLE HAVING CONTRASTING TRAITS
2}VARITIES WERE AVAILABLE IN PURE FORMS THAT BRED TRUE
3}PEAS ARE NORMALLY SELF POLINATED BECAUSE PEA FLOWER IS BISEXUAL
4}SELF -POLLINATION COULD BE PREVENTED BY REMOVING CORRESPONDING REPRODUCTIVE PART
OF THE FLOWER
5}CROSS-POLLINATION COULD BE DONE ARTIFICIALLY
6} VERY EASY TO GROW
7}REPRODUCTIVE SPAN OF PEA PLANT IS VERY SMALL AND TWO CROPS CAN BE OBTAINED IN AN
YEAR
GENES*
A SMALL SEGMENT OF CHROMOSOME THAT CARRIES CHARACTERS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING .
ALLELES*
ALLELES ARE ALTERNATIVE FORM OF A GENES ,
IT OCCUPIES SAME POSITION ON HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME,AFFECTING THE SAME CHARACTER
HOMOZYGOUS*
AN INDIVIDUAL IN WHICH BOTH THE GENES CONTROLLING ONE CHARACTER ARE SIMILAR.
HETEROZYGOUS*
AN INDIVIDUAL IN WHICH TWO GENES CONTROLLING ONE CHARACTER ARE DISIMILAR OR
CONTRASTING.
DOMNANT ALLELES*
IN HETEROZYGOUS CONDITION,THE ALLELES WHICH EXPRESS ITSELF MORPHOLOGICALLY IS
CALLED DOMINANT ALLELES.
RECESSIVE ALLELES*
IN HETEROZYGOUS CONDITION ,THE ALLELES WHICH DO NOT EXPRESS ITSELF MORPHOLOGICALLY
AND REMAIN UNEXPRESSED CALLED RECESSIVE ALLELES
GENOTYPES*
IT EXPRESS THE GENTICS CONSTITUENT OF AN INDIVIDUALS OF ANY CHARACTERS
PHENOTYPE*
IT EXPRESS THE MORPHOLOGICAL EXPRESSION OF AN INDIVIDUAL OF ANY CHARACTERS
MONOHYBRID CROSS*
A CROSS BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS HAVING ONE PAIR OF CONTRASTING TRAITS.
DIHYBRID CROSS*
A CROSS BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS HAVING TWO PAIR OF CONTRASTING TRAITS.
F1 GENERATION*
THE FIRST HYBRID GENERATION PRODUCED IN MONOHYBRID AND DIHIBRD CROSSES
F2 GENERATION*
GENERATION PRODUCED ON SELFING THE F1 INDIVIDUALS.
MONOHYBRID RATIO*
THE KIND OF RATIO OBTAINED BY CROSSING FOR SINGLE CHARACTERS
DIHYBRID RATIO*
THE KIND OF RATIO OBTAINED BY CROSSING OF TWO TRAITS
MUTATIONS*
A SUDDEN CHANGE IN ONE AND MORE GENES IN PROGENY WHICH NORMALLY MAY NOT HAVE
EXISTED IN THE PAST GENERATION.
/* LAWS POSULATED BY MENDEL*/
LAW OF DOMINANCE{FIRST LAW}
IT STATES THAT IN HETROZYGOUS CONDITION,OUT OF TWO CONTRASTING ALLELES ,ONE EXPRESS
ITSELF MORPHOLOGICALLYAND OTHER REMAIN UNEXPRESSED.
//* ALLELES WHICH EXPRESS ITSELF PHENOTYPICALLY CALLED DOMINANT ALLELES
//*ALLELES WHICH REMAIN UNEXPRESSED IS CALLED RECESSIVE ALLELES
MALE
FEMALE
GENOTYPE TT
tt
GAMETES T,T
t,t
f1 progrny{
male/female t t
T Tt Tt
T Tt Tt
tallness have dominance over shortness
: all progeny are tall
LAW OF SEGREGATION{SECOUND LAW}
IT STATE THAT THE TWO GENES CONTROLLING ONE CHARACTER SEGREGATE WITHOUT
INFLUENCING EACH OTHER DURING THE FORMATION OF GAMETS SO THAT EACH GAMETS RECEIVE
ONE GENES FOR EACH CHARACTER
({IT MEANS GAMETS ARE ALWAYS PURE,HENCE ALSO CALLED "LAW OF PURITY OF GAMETS"})
LAW OF ASSORTMENT{THIRD LAW }
1}TAKES PLACE WHEN THERE ARE TWO OR MORE PAIR OF CONTRASTING CHARACTER
IT STATE THAT THE GENES CONTROLLING DIFFERENT CHARACTERS ASSORT INDEPENDENTLY
WITHOUT INFLUENCING EACH OTHER DURING FORMATION OF GAMETS.
{*inheritence of sex*}
1}SIZE OF 23RD CHROMOSOME IS DIFFERENT
2}IF XX CHROMOSOME ARE PRESENT,THE CHILD WILL BE A GIRL
3}IF XY CHROMOSOME ARE PRESENT,THE CHILD WILL BE A BOY
MOTHER X X
FATHER X XX XX
Y XY
XY
THERE IS 50% OF BEING BOY AND GIRL AS WELL.
{*SEX-LINKED DISEASE*}
{ GENES OF CERTAIN CHARACTER ARE PRESENT ON THE X-CHROMOSOME BUT THEIR ALLELES ARE
ABSENT ON THE Y-CHROMOSOME .}
THAT IS WHY,THEY PASS ON FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING ALONGWITH THE X-CHROMOSOME}
// HAEMOPHILIA AND COLOUR BLINDNESS THE GENES FOR BOTH THE
CHARACTER ARE FOUND ON X-CHROMOSOME
***** THE FIMALE WITH TWO X-CHROMOSOME IS UNLIKELY TO SUFFER FROM COLOUR
BLINDNESS OR FROM HAEMOPHILIA BECAUSE BOTH THE X-CHROMOSOME MAY NOT CARRY THE
ABNORMAL GENES ,
THE GENE WHICH MAY BE ABNORMAL ON ONE X-CHROMOSOME BEING RECESSIVE ,IT INFLUENCE
WILL BE HIDDEN BY THE NORMAL GENE ON THE OTHER X-CHROMOSOME.*******
********THE MALE WITH ONLY ONE X-CHROMOSOME HAS ONLY ONE GENE FOR COLOUR BLINDNESS
AND CLOTTING FACTOR.IF THAT IS ABNORMAL GENE ,THEN RHERE IS NOTHING ON Y-CHROMOSOME
TO MASK IT AND COLOUR BLINDNESS AND HAEMOPHILIA RESULTS.********
{THREE CASE ARE*)
1}COLOUR BLIND MALE MARRIED TO A FEMALE WITH NORMAL VISION
FEMALE X
X
MALE Y XY
XY
X'
X'X X'X
ALL THE DAUGTHER WERE CARRER OF DEFECT WHILE
ALL THE SONS HAVE NORMAL VISSION
2} MALE WITH NORMAL VISION MARRIED WITH COLOURBLIND FEMALE
FEMALE X'
X'
MALE X
X'X X'X
Y
X'Y X'Y
ALL THE DAUGHTER ARE CARRIER OF DEFECT WHILE SONS
WILL SUFFER THE DEFECT
3}COLOUR-BLIND MALE MARRIED TO A FEMALE WITH ONE ABNORMAL GENE
FEMALE
X X'
MALE X'
XX' X'X'
Y
XY X'Y
25%DAUGHTER AND 25% SONS WILL BE COLOURBLIND ,25%SONS BE HAVE NORMALE VISION
AND 25% DAUGHTER WILL BE COLOURLESS
{* Y-LINKED INHERITENCE*)
{ SIMILAR GENES OF CERTAIN CHARACTER OTHER THEN SEX ARE PRESENT ON Y-CHROMOSOME
ONLY}
** EXAMPLE;=HYPERTRICHOSIS,BALDNESS.
THE GENES PRESENT ON Y-CHROMOSOME OTHER THAN SEX ARE CALLED HOLANDRIC GENES.
{ MUTATION*}
A MUTATION IS A SUDDEN CHANGE IN ONE AND MORE GENES .IT ALTERS THE HEREDITARY
MATERIAL OF AN ORGANISMS CELLS THEREBY CAUSING CHANGES IN CERTAIN TRAITS .
*********** IT CAN BE DONE IN TWO VWAY***
1}A GENE MUTATION IS CAUSED BY SELIGT CHEMICAL CHANGE IN DNA CONTENT.
EX:= SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
2}A CHROMOSOME MUTATION OCCUR IF THE NUMBER OR ARRANGEMENT OF CHROMOSOME CHANGES.
EX:=DOWN'S SYNDROME
{ CRISS CROSS INHERITENCE}
*THIS INGERITENCE CAN BE OBSERVED IN X-LINKED CROSSES
{ IT IS A TYPE OF CROSS IN WHICH S SON INHERITS THE DISEASE FROM THE MOTHER AND
DAUGHTER INHERIT THE DISEASE FROM HER FATHER}

GENITICS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GENITICS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GENITICS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GENETICS*

1} WORD FIRST TIME USED BY W.BATESON

You might also like