TOYOTA

Main menu












Search
Create account
 Log in
Personal tools


Contents
hide

(Top)

History
Toggle History subsection

Board of directors
Toggle Board of directors subsection

Product line
Toggle Product line subsection

Technology
Toggle Technology subsection

Motorsports

Non-automotive activities
Toggle Non-automotive activities subsection

Controversies
Toggle Controversies subsection

Corporate affairs
Toggle Corporate affairs subsection

Company strategy
Toggle Company strategy subsection

See also

References

External links
Toyota
135 languages
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 View source
 View history
Tools















From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from TOYOTA)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please
improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "Toyota" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December
2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is about the Japanese car manufacturer. For other uses, see Toyota
(disambiguation).
Toyota Motor Corporation
Headquarters in Toyota, Japan
Native name トヨタ自動車株式会社
Romanized name Toyota Jidōsha kabushikigaisha
Company type Public
Traded as  TYO: 7203

 NAG: 7203
 NYSE: TM
 LSE: TYT
 Nikkei 225 component (TYO)
 TOPIX Core30 component (TYO)
ISIN JP3633400001
Industry Automotive
Founded August 28, 1937; 86 years ago
Founder Kiichiro Toyoda
Headquarters 1 Toyota-chō,
Toyota City, Aichi
,
Japan
Area served Worldwide
Key people  Akio Toyoda (Chairman)

 Shigeru Hayakawa (Vice Chairman)
 Koji Sato (President & CEO)
 Simon Humphries (Chief Designer)
Products Automobiles
Production output  9,472,556 (FY21)

 9,213,195 (2020)
Services Banking, financing, leasing
Revenue  ¥27,214,594 million

 US$256.7 billion (FY21)
Operating income ¥2,197,748 million (FY21)
Net income ¥2,282,378 million (FY21)
Total assets  ¥62,267,140 million

 US$562 billion (FY21)
¥24,288,329 million (FY21)

Total equity
Owner Toyota Group through cross ownership:
 Toyota Industries cross-owns

8.28%
 Subaru Corporation cross-owns
3.17%
 Denso cross-owns 3.12%
 Mazda cross-owns 0.25%
 Suzuki cross-owns 0.2%
Number of 366,283 (FY21)

employees
Divisions  Lexus
 Scion (defunct)
Subsidiaries  Daihatsu
 Denso (25%)
 FAW Toyota (China, 50%)
 GAC Toyota (China, 50%)
 Hino Motors
 Subaru Corporation (20%)
 Toyota Argentina
 Toyota Auto Body
 Toyota Financial Services
 Toyota Kirloskar Motors
 Toyota Motor Corporation Australia
 Toyota Motor Europe
 Toyota Motor East Japan
 Toyota Motor Kyushu
 Toyota Motor Manufacturing
Indonesia (95%)
 Toyota Motor North America
 Toyota Motor Pakistan
 Toyota Motor Philippines
 Toyota Motor Thailand (86%)
 Toyota South Africa Motors
 Woven Planet Holdings
Website global.toyota
Footnotes / references
Fiscal Year 2021 (FY21) is April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021.
References:[1][2]
Toyota Motor Corporation (Japanese: トヨタ自動車株式会社, Hepburn: Toyota

Jidōsha kabushikigaisha, IPA: [toꜜjota], English: /tɔɪˈjoʊtə/, commonly known as
simply Toyota) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered
in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on
August 28, 1937. Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, producing
about 10 million vehicles per year.
The company was originally founded as a spinoff of Toyota Industries, a machine maker
started by Sakichi Toyoda, Kiichiro's father. Both companies are now part of the Toyota
Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. While still a department of Toyota
Industries, the company developed its first product, the Type A engine, in 1934 and its
first passenger car in 1936, the Toyota AA.
After World War II, Toyota benefited from Japan's alliance with the United States to
learn from American automakers and other companies, which gave rise to The Toyota
Way (a management philosophy) and the Toyota Production System (a lean
manufacturing practice) that transformed the small company into a leader in the industry
and was the subject of many academic studies.
In the 1960s, Toyota took advantage of the rapidly growing Japanese economy to sell
cars to a growing middle-class, leading to the development of the Toyota Corolla, which
became the world's all-time best-selling automobile. The booming economy also funded
an international expansion that allowed Toyota to grow into one of the largest
automakers in the world, the largest company in Japan and the ninth-largest company
in the world by revenue, as of December 2020. Toyota was the world's first automobile
manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year, a record set in 2012,
when it also reported the production of its 200 millionth vehicle. By September 2023,
total production reached 300 million vehicles.[3]
Toyota was praised for being a leader in the development and sales of more fuel-
efficient hybrid electric vehicles, starting with the introduction of the XW10 Toyota
Prius in 1997. The company now sells more than 40 hybrid vehicle models around the
world. More recently, the company has also been criticized for being slow to adopt all-
electric vehicles and focusing on the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, like
the Toyota Mirai, a technology that is costlier and has fallen far behind electric batteries.
As of 2022, the Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under four
brands: Daihatsu, Hino, Lexus and the namesake Toyota. The company also holds a
20% stake in Subaru Corporation, a 5.1% stake in Mazda, a 4.9% stake in Suzuki, a
4.6% stake in Isuzu, a 3.8% stake in Yamaha Motor Corporation, and a 2.8% stake
in Panasonic, as well as stakes in vehicle manufacturing joint-ventures in China (FAW
Toyota and GAC Toyota), the Czech Republic (TPCA), India (Toyota Kirloskar) and the
United States (MTMUS).
Toyota is listed on the London Stock Exchange, Nagoya Stock Exchange, New York
Stock Exchange and on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, where its stock is a component of
the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices.
History
Main article: History of Toyota
1920s–1930s
This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please
improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
The mass-produced Toyoda automated loom, displayed
at Toyota Museum in Aichi-gun, Japan
In 1924, Sakichi Toyoda invented the Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom. The principle
of jidoka, which means the machine stops itself when a problem occurs, became later a
part of the Toyota Production System. Looms were built on a small production line. In
1929, the patent for the automatic loom was sold to the British company Platt Brothers,[4]
[5]
generating the starting capital for automobile development.[6][7]
Under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda,[8][9][10] Toyoda Automatic Loom
Works established an Automobile Division on September 1, 1933, and formally declared
its intention to begin manufacturing automobiles on January 29, 1934.[8][11] A
prototype Toyota Type A engine was completed on September 25, 1934, with the
company's first prototype sedan, the A1, completed the following May. As Kiichiro had
limited experience with automobile production, he initially focused on truck production;
the company's first truck, the G1, was completed on August 25, 1935, and debuted on
November 21 in Tokyo, becoming the company's first production model.[8][12][non-primary source
needed]
Modeled on a period Ford truck, the G1 sold for ¥2,900, ¥200 cheaper than the
Ford truck. A total of 379 G1 trucks were ultimately produced.[12][13]
In April 1936, Toyoda's first passenger car, the Model AA, was completed. The sales
price was ¥3,350, ¥400 cheaper than Ford or GM cars.[14][non-primary source needed] The company's
plant at Kariya was completed in May. In July, the company filled its first export order,
with four G1 trucks exported to northeastern China.[8][non-primary source needed] On September 19,
1936, the Japanese imperial government officially designated Toyota Automatic Loom
Works as an automotive manufacturer.[8][non-primary source needed]
The 1936 Toyota AA, the first vehicle produced by the

company while it was still a department of Toyota Industries
Vehicles were originally sold under the name "Toyoda" (トヨダ), from the family name
of the company's founder, Kiichirō Toyoda. In September 1936, the company ran a
public competition to design a new logo. Of 27,000 entries, the winning entry was the
three Japanese katakana letters for "Toyoda" in a circle. However, Rizaburo Toyoda,
who had married into the family and was not born with that name, preferred "Toyota" (ト
ヨタ) because it took eight brush strokes (a lucky number) to write in Japanese, was
visually simpler (leaving off the diacritic at the end), and with a voiceless
consonant instead of a voiced one (voiced consonants are considered to have a
"murky" or "muddy" sound compared to voiceless consonants, which are "clear").
Since toyoda literally means "fertile rice paddies", changing the name also prevented
the company from being associated with old-fashioned farming. The newly formed word
was trademarked and the company began trading on August 28, 1937, as the Toyota
Motor Company Ltd.[8][15][16][17] Kiichiro's brother-in-law Rizaburo Toyoda was appointed the
firm's first president, with Kiichiro as vice-president. Toyota Automatic Loom Works
formally transferred automobile manufacturing to the new entity on September 29. [8][non-
primary source needed]
The Japanese government supported the company by preventing foreign

competitors Ford and General Motors from importing automobiles into Japan.[18]
At the onset of World War II, Toyota almost exclusively produced standard-sized trucks
for the Japanese Army, which paid one-fifth of the price in advance and the remainder
in cash upon delivery.[19][20]
1940s
Japan was heavily damaged in World War II and Toyota's plants, which were used for
the war effort, were not spared. On August 14, 1945, one day before the surrender of
Japan, Toyota's Koromo Plant was bombed by the Allied forces.[21][22][23] After the
surrender, the U.S.-led occupying forces banned passenger car production in Japan.
However, automakers like Toyota were allowed to begin building trucks for civilian use,
in an effort to rebuild the nation's infrastructure.[24][non-primary source needed] The U.S. military also
contracted with Toyota to repair its vehicles.[25][non-primary source needed]
By 1947, there was an emerging global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the
U.S., who had been allies in World War II. U.S. priorities shifted (the "Reverse Course")
from punishing and reforming Japan to ensuring internal political stability, rebuilding the
economy, and, to an extent, remilitarizing Japan. Under these new policies, in 1949,
Japanese automakers were allowed to resume passenger car production, but at the
same time, a new economic stabilization program to control inflation plunged the
automotive industry into a serious shortage of funds, while many truck owners defaulted
on their loans.[26][non-primary source needed] Ultimately, the Bank of Japan, the central bank of the
country, bailed out the company, with demands that the company institute reforms.[27][non-
1950s
As the 1950s began, Toyota emerged from its financial crisis a smaller company,
closing factories and laying off workers. Meanwhile, the Korean War broke out, and
being located so close to the battlefront, the U.S. Army placed an order for 1,000 trucks
from Toyota.[28] The order helped to rapidly improve the struggling company's business
performance.[29][non-primary source needed] In 1950, company executives, including Kiichiro's cousin Eiji
Toyoda, took a trip to the United States where they trained at the Ford Motor
Company and observed the operations of dozens of U.S. manufacturers.[30][non-primary source
needed]
The knowledge they gained during the trip, along with what the company learned
making looms, gave rise to The Toyota Way (a management philosophy) and
the Toyota Production System (a lean manufacturing practice) that transformed the
company into a leader in the manufacturing industry.[31]
Toyopet Crown, the first vehicle fully designed and built

by Toyota
Toyota started developing its first full-fledged passenger car, the Toyopet Crown, in
1952.[32] Prior to the Crown, Toyota had been outsourcing the design and manufacturing
of auto bodies, which were then mounted on truck frames made by Toyota.[33][non-primary source
needed]
The project was a major test for Toyota, who would need to build bodies and
develop a new chassis that would be comfortable, but still stand up to the muddy, slow,
unpaved roads common in Japan at the time.[33][non-primary source needed] The project had been
championed for many years by founder Kiichiro Toyoda, who died suddenly on March
27, 1952. The first prototypes were completed in June 1953 and began extensive
testing, before the Crown went on sale in August 1955.[34][non-primary source needed] The car was met
with positive reviews from around the world.
After the introduction of the Crown, Toyota began aggressively expanding into the
export market; the company entered Saudi Arabia for the first time in 1955 with Land
Cruisers, following an agreement reached with Abdul Latif Jameel (founder of
his company of the same name);[35][36] Toyota also brought Land Cruisers into
neighboring Yemen in 1956.[37] In 1958, Toyota established a production facility in Brazil,
the company's first outside of Japan.[38][39]
Toyota entered the United States market in 1958, attempting to sell the Toyopet Crown.
[40]
The company faced problems almost immediately, the Crown was a flop in the U.S.
with buyers finding it overpriced and underpowered (because it was designed for the
bad roads of Japan, not high-speed performance).[40] In response, exports of the Crown
to the United States were suspended in the early 1960s in favor of the Land Cruiser and
the Tiara.[41][40]
After Kiichiro's death, his cousin Eiji Toyoda led the company for the two decades. Eiji
helped establish the company's first plant independent from the Loom Works plant. [42]
1960s–1970s
Toyota 2000GT (1967–1969)

At the start of the 1960s, the Japanese economy was booming, a period that came to
be known as the Japanese economic miracle. As the economy grew, so did the income
of everyday people, who now could afford to purchase a vehicle. At the same time, the
Japanese government heavily invested in improving road infrastructure.[43][non-primary source needed] To
take advantage of the moment, Toyota and other automakers started offering affordable
economy cars like the Toyota Corolla, which became the world's all-time best-selling
automobile.[44][45][non-primary source needed]
Toyota also found success in the United States in 1965 with the Toyota
Corona compact car, which was redesigned specifically for the American market with a
more powerful engine. The Corona helped increase U.S. sales of Toyota vehicles to
more than 20,000 units in 1966 (a threefold increase) and helped the company become
the third-best-selling import brand in the United States by 1967. Toyota's first
manufacturing investment in the United States came in 1972 when the company struck
a deal with Atlas Fabricators, to produce truck beds in Long Beach, in an effort to avoid
the 25% "chicken tax" on imported light trucks. By importing the truck as an
incomplete chassis cab (the truck without a bed), the vehicle only faced a 4% tariff.
[46]
Once in the United States, Atlas would build the truck beds and attach them to the
trucks. The partnership was successful and two years later, Toyota purchased Atlas. [47][48]
The energy crisis of the 1970s was a major turning point in the American auto industry.
Before the crisis, large and heavy vehicles with powerful but inefficient engines were
common. But in the years after, consumers started demanding high-quality and fuel-
efficient small cars. Domestic automakers, in the midst of their malaise era, struggled to
build these cars profitably, but foreign automakers like Toyota were well positioned.
This, along with growing anti-Japanese sentiment, prompted the U.S. Congress to
consider import restrictions to protect the domestic auto industry.
The 1960s also saw the slight opening of the Japanese auto market to foreign
companies. In an effort to strengthen Japan's auto industry ahead of the market
opening, Toyota purchased stakes in other Japanese automakers. That included a
stake in Hino Motors, a manufacturer of large commercial trucks, buses and diesel
engines, along with a 16.8 percent stake in Daihatsu, a manufacturer of kei cars, the
smallest highway-legal passenger vehicles sold in Japan.[49] That began what became a
long-standing partnership between Toyota and the two companies. As part of the
partnership, Daihatsu would supply kei cars for Toyota to sell and to a lesser extent
Toyota would supply full-sized cars for Daihatsu to sell (a process known as rebadging),
allowing both companies to sell a full line-up of vehicles.
1980s
By the 1980s, the Toyota Corolla was one of the most

popular cars in the world and became the world's all-time best-selling automobile.
After the successes of the 1970s, and the threats of import restrictions, Toyota started
making additional investments in the North American market in the 1980s. In 1981,
Japan agreed to voluntary export restraints, which limited the number of vehicles the
nation would send to the United States each year, leading Toyota to establish assembly
plants in North America. The U.S. government also closed the loophole that allowed
Toyota to pay lower taxes by building truck beds in America.
Also in 1981, Eiji Toyoda stepped down as president and assumed the title of chairman.
He was succeeded as president by Shoichiro Toyoda, the son of the company's
founder.[42] Within months, Shoichiro started to merge Toyota's sales and production
organizations, and in 1982 the combined companies became the Toyota Motor
Corporation. The two groups were described as "oil and water" and it took years of
leadership from Shoichiro to successfully combine them into one organization.[50]
Efforts to open a Toyota assembly plant in the United States started in 1980, with the
company proposing a joint-venture with the Ford Motor Company. Those talks broke
down in July 1981.[51] Eventually in 1984, the company struck a deal with General
Motors (GM) to establish a joint-venture vehicle manufacturing plant
called NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.) in Fremont, California.[52] GM saw
the joint venture as a way to get access to a quality small car and an opportunity to
learn about The Toyota Way and the Toyota Production System. For Toyota, the factory
gave the company its first manufacturing base in North America allowing it to avoid any
future tariffs on imported vehicles and saw GM as a partner who could show them how
to navigate the American labor environment. The plant would be led by Tatsuro Toyoda,
the younger brother of company president Shoichiro Toyoda.[53] The first Toyota
assembled in America, a white Corolla, rolled off the line at NUMMI on October 7, 1986.
[54]
Toyota received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s and
began participating in a wide variety of motorsports. Conservative Toyota held on
to rear-wheel-drive designs for longer than most; while a clear first in overall production
they were only third in production of front-wheel-drive cars in 1983, behind Nissan and
Honda. In part due to this, Nissan's Sunny managed to squeeze by the Corolla in
numbers built that year.[55]
The Lexus LS 400 went on sale in May 1989 and was
seen as being largely responsible for the successful launch of Lexus.
Before the decade was out, Toyota introduced Lexus, a new division that was formed to
market and service luxury vehicles in international markets. Prior to the debut of Lexus,
Toyota's two existing flagship models, the Crown and Century, both catered exclusively
for the Japanese market and had little global appeal that could compete with
international luxury brands such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Jaguar. The company
had been developing the brand and vehicles in secret since August 1983, at a cost of
over US$1 billion.[56][57] The LS 400 flagship full-size sedan debuted in 1989 to strong
sales, and was largely responsible for the successful launch of the Lexus marque.
1990s
The Toyota Supra (JZA80) is one of the most recognized
Japanese sports cars. Toyota Prius, first generation

(NHW10 1997–2000)
In the 1990s, Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by
adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup, including a full-sized
pickup, the T100 (and later the Tundra), several lines of SUVs, a sport version of
the Camry, known as the Camry Solara. They would also launch newer iterations of
their sports cars, namely the MR2, Celica, and Supra during this era.
December 1997 saw the introduction of the first-generation Toyota Prius, the first mass-
produced gasoline-electric hybrid car.[58] The vehicle would be produced exclusively for
the Japanese market for the first two years.
With a major presence in Europe, due to the success of Toyota Team Europe in
motorsport, the corporation decided to set up Toyota Motor Europe Marketing and
Engineering, TMME, to help market vehicles in the continent. Two years later, Toyota
set up a base in the United Kingdom, TMUK, as the company's cars had become very
popular among British drivers. Bases in Indiana, Virginia, and Tianjin were also set up.
Toyota also increased its ownership of Daihatsu during this period. In 1995, Toyota
increased its shareholding in the company to 33.4 percent, giving Toyota the ability to
veto shareholder resolutions at the annual meeting.[49] In 1998, Toyota increased its
holding in the company to 51.2 percent, becoming the majority shareholder.[59]
On September 29, 1999, the company decided to list itself on the New York and London
Stock Exchanges.
The later half of the 1990s would also see the Toyoda brothers step back from the
company their father had founded. In 1992, Shoichiro Toyoda would shift to become
chairman, allowing his brother Tatsuro to become president, a job he held until his
retirement in 1995.[53] Shoichiro would step down as chairman in 1999. Both would retain
honorary advisory roles in the company. Hiroshi Okuda would lead the company as
president from 1995 until 1999 when he became chairman and the President's office
would be filled by Fujio Cho.
2000s
Toyota East Fuji Research and Development Center

In August 2000, exports began of the Prius.[58] In 2001, Toyota acquired its long time
partner, truck and bus manufacturer Hino Motors. In 2002, Toyota entered Formula
One competition and established a manufacturing joint venture in France with French
automakers Citroën and Peugeot. A youth-oriented marque for North America, Scion,
was introduced in 2003. Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading
companies for the year 2005.[60] Also in 2005, Fujio Cho would shift to become chairman
of Toyota and would be replaced as president by Katsuaki Watanabe.
In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full-sized truck, the Tundra, produced in two
American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. Motor Trend named the
2007 Toyota Camry "Car of the Year" for 2007. It also began the construction of two
new factories, one in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, and the other in Blue Springs,
Mississippi, USA.
The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008. [61]
Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced in December 2008
to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years.[62] In January 2009, it announced the closure
of all of its Japanese plants for 11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles.
[63]
In October 2009, Toyota announced that they were establishing an office in South
Korea and launched the Camry sedan, Camry hybrid, Prius and the RAV4 during the
launching event at the Grand Hyatt Seoul.[64]
Between 2009 and 2011, Toyota conducted recalls of millions of vehicles after reports
that several drivers experienced unintended acceleration. The recalls were to prevent a
front driver's side floor mat from sliding into the foot pedal well, causing the pedals to
become trapped and to correct the possible mechanical sticking of the accelerator
pedal.[65] At least 37 were killed in crashes allegedly related to unintended acceleration,
[66]
approximately 9 million cars and trucks were recalled,[67] Toyota was sued for personal
injuries and wrongful deaths,[68] paid US$1 billion to settle a class action lawsuit to
compensate owners for lost resale value,[69] and paid a US$1.2 billion criminal penalty to
the United States government over accusations that it had intentionally hid information
about safety defects and had made deceptive statements to protect its brand image. [70]
Akio Toyoda was named President of Toyota in 2009,

pictured in 2011.
Amid the unintended acceleration scandal, Katsuaki Watanabe stepped down as
company president. He was replaced by Akio Toyoda, grandson of company founder
Kiichiro Toyoda, on June 23, 2009. Akio had been with Toyota since 1984, working jobs
in production, marketing and product development, and took a seat on the board of
directors in 2000.[71][non-primary source needed] Akio's promotion by the board marked the return of a
member of the Toyoda family to the top leadership role for the first time since 1999. [72]
2010s
In 2011, Toyota, along with large parts of the Japanese automotive industry, suffered
from a series of natural disasters. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a
severe disruption of the supplier base and a drop in production and exports.[73][74] Severe
flooding during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand affected Japanese automakers
that had chosen Thailand as a production base. Toyota is estimated to have lost
production of 150,000 units to the tsunami and production of 240,000 units to the floods.
On February 10, 2014, it was announced that Toyota would cease manufacturing
vehicles and engines in Australia by the end of 2017.[75][76] The decision was based on the
unfavourable Australian dollar making exports not viable, the high cost of local
manufacture, and the high amount of competition in a relatively small local market. [76][non-
The company planned to consolidate its corporate functions in Melbourne by
the end of 2017, and retain its Altona plant for other functions. The workforce is
expected to be reduced from 3,900 to 1,300.[77][non-primary source needed] Both Ford Motor
Company and General Motors (Holden) followed suit, ending Australian production in
2016 and 2017 respectively.
The automaker narrowly topped global sales for the first half of 2014, selling 5.1 million
vehicles in the six months ending June 30, 2014, an increase of 3.8% on the same
period the previous year. Volkswagen AG, which recorded sales of 5.07 million vehicles,
was close behind.[78]
In August 2014, Toyota announced it would be cutting its spare-parts prices in China by
up to 35%. The company admitted the move was in response to a probe foreshadowed
earlier in the month by China's National Development and Reform Commission of
Toyota's Lexus spare-parts policies, as part of an industry-wide investigation into what
the Chinese regulator considers exorbitantly high prices being charged by automakers
for spare parts and after-sales servicing.[79]
In November 2015, the company announced that it would invest US$1 billion over the
next 5 years into artificial intelligence and robotics research.[80] In 2016, Toyota invested
in Uber.[81] In 2020, a corporate governance report showed that Toyota owns 10.25
million shares of Uber, which was valued at $292.46 million as of March 30, 2020.
According to Reuters, this was roughly 0.6 per cent of Uber's outstanding shares.[82]
In March 2016, Toyota partnered with Yanmar to create a fiberglass pleasure boat using
Yanmar outboard marine diesel engines or Toyota inboard engines.[83]
In August 2016, the company purchased all remaining assets of Daihatsu, making the
manufacturer of small cars a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota.[84]
On August 27, 2018, Toyota announced an investment of US$500
million in Uber's autonomous cars.[85]
In October 2019, Toyota backed the Trump Administration's proposal that federal
authority should override California's ability to set its own emissions standards for
automobiles. The proposal would reduce California's 2025 fuel efficiency standard from
about 54.5 to 37 MPG.[86] This shift by Toyota away from fuel efficiency damaged the
company's reputation as a green brand.[87][88]
2020s
Toyota Showroom in Shenzhen, China

By 2020, Toyota reclaimed its position as the largest automaker in the world,
surpassing Volkswagen.[89] It sold 9.528 million vehicles globally despite an 11.3% drop
in sales due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[89] This includes subsidiaries Daihatsu and Hino
Motors.[89][90]
On April 2, 2020, BYD and Toyota announced a new joint venture between the two
companies called BYD Toyota EV Technology Co., Ltd., with the aim of "developing
BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) that appeal to customers."[91]
In March 2021, Toyota, its subsidiary Hino, and Isuzu announced the creation of a
strategic partnership between the three companies. Toyota acquired a 4.6% stake in
Isuzu while the latter plans to acquire Toyota shares for an equivalent value. The three
companies said they would form a new joint venture by April called Commercial Japan
Partnership Technologies Corporation with the aim of developing fuel
cell and electric light trucks. Toyota would own an 80% stake in the venture while Hino
and Isuzu would own 10% each.[92]
In April 2021, Toyota said that it will buy Lyft's self-driving technology unit for $550
million and merge it with its newly created Woven Planet Holdings automation division.[93]
In June 2021, the company defended its donations to the United
States Republican lawmakers after they voted against certifying the results of the 2020
presidential election, saying it did not believe it was "appropriate to judge members of
Congress" for that one vote.[94] A report by Axios found that Toyota was the top donor to
2020 election objectors, by a substantial margin.[95] The company then reversed course
in July 2021 and ceased donations to election objectors, releasing a statement saying it
understood that its PAC's donations to those objectors, which far outpaced those of any
other company, "troubled some stakeholders."[96] Toyota resumed donations after a six-
month pause.[97]
In December 2021, Toyota announced that it would invest ¥8,000,000,000,000 ($70
billion at 2021 exchange rate) in electric vehicles by 2030, launch 30 EV models
worldwide by that year, and set a sales target of 3.5 million electric vehicles in 2030. [98]
Toyota will increase its software engineer intake to around 40% to 50% of all technical
hires from the second quarter of 2022, the move plans to address a transformation to
so-called CASE — connected, autonomous, shared and electric — technologies in an
environment of intensifying global competition.[99]
In 2021, Toyota told some of its suppliers to increase their semiconductor inventory
levels from the conventional three months to five months in response to the COVID-19
chip shortage.[100] The "just-in-time" supply chain in which parts are only delivered when
necessary, had already been revised after the March 11, 2011, earthquake and
tsunami in Japan, lifting inventories across the entire procurement network.[100] The time
it takes Toyota to turn over its inventory increased by around 40% during the past ten
years, to 36.36 days as of March 2021.[100]
In June 2022, Toyota recalled 2,700 of its first mass-produced all-electric vehicles due
to worries that their wheels could fall off during driving. It was discovered that the bolts
on the bZ4X's wheels could loosen up to the point where the wheel simply detaches
from the car, causing a loss of control over the vehicle and possible accident.[101]
In August 2022, Toyota pledged up to $5.6 billion towards production of electric vehicle
battery production and announced an increase in investment in its plant
near Greensboro, North Carolina.[102][103] Also in 2022, Toyota managed to maintain its
position as the world's best-selling automaker for the third year in a row.[104][105]
In 2022, Toyota signed a £11.3 million deal with the British government to
develop hydrogen-powered pickup trucks. The Department for Business, Energy and
Industrial Strategy is investing £5.6 million in the research scheme, based at Burnaston,
with a further £5.7 million coming through the Advanced Propulsion Centre UK
(APC). [106]
In January 2023, Toyota CEO and President Akio Toyoda announced that he was
stepping down and passing the position on to Koji Sato. Akio is the great-grandson of
company founder Rizaburo Toyoda. Sato had previously run Lexus, Toyota's luxury car
brand. The change is set to take effect on April 1, 2023.[107][108]
In 2023, after negotiating with the unions, Toyota implemented the largest increase in
employee wages in 20 years.[109]
Board of directors
 Chairman: Akio Toyoda (since April 2023)
 Vice chairman: Shigeru Hayakawa
 President & CEO: Koji Sato (since April 2023)
 Members:
o Takeshi Uchiyamada
o James Kuffner
o Kenta Kon
o Masahiko Maeda
o Ikuro Sugawara
o Sir Philip Craven
o Teiko Kudo
List of former chairmen
In 1950, Toyota was split into Toyota Motor Co. and Toyota Motor Sales Co. (sales arm
of Toyota); the two companies merged in 1982 to create one unified company, with
then-Toyota Motor Co. President Eiji Toyoda becoming chairman. Chairmen listed prior
to 1982 below were for the pre-merger Toyota Motor Co. only.[110][111]
1. Rizaburo Toyoda (1937–1948)

2. Taizo Ishida (1948–1952)
3. Shoichi Saito (1952–1959)
4. Masaya Hanai (1959–1982)
5. Eiji Toyoda (1982–1994)
6. Shoichiro Toyoda (1994–1999)
7. Hiroshi Okuda (1999–2006)[112]
8. Fujio Cho (2006–2013)[113]
9. Takeshi Uchiyamada (2013–2023)[114]
List of former presidents
Similar to the chairman position, in 1982 the then-Toyota Motor Sales Co. President
Shoichiro Toyoda becoming President. President's listed prior to 1982 below were for
the pre-merger Toyota Motor Co. only.[110][115]
1. Rizaburo Toyoda (1937–1941)
2. Kiichiro Toyoda (1941–1950)
3. Taizo Ishida (1950–1961)
4. Fukio Nakagawa (1961–1967)
5. Eiji Toyoda (1967–1982)
6. Shoichiro Toyoda (1982[116]–1992)
7. Tatsuro Toyoda (1992–1995)[117]
8. Hiroshi Okuda (1995[118]–1999)
9. Fujio Cho (1999–2005)[113]
10. Katsuaki Watanabe (2005–2009)[119]
11. Akio Toyoda (2009–2023)[114]
Product line
Further information: List of Toyota vehicles
Best-selling Toyota and Lexus

nameplates globally, FY2021[120][non-primary source needed]
Rank
Sales
in Model
(thousands of units)
Toyota
1 Toyota Corolla 1,312
2 Toyota RAV4 980
3 Toyota Yaris 743
4 Toyota Camry 685
5 Toyota Hilux 605
6 Toyota Highlander 466

7 Toyota Tacoma 268
8 Toyota C-HR 235
9 Toyota Levin 221
10 Lexus RX 199
As of 2009, Toyota officially lists approximately 70 different models sold under its
namesake brand, including sedans, coupes, vans, trucks, hybrids, and crossovers.[121][non-
Many of these models are produced as passenger sedans, which range from
the subcompact Toyota Yaris, compact Corolla, to mid-size Camry and full-size Avalon.
[121][non-primary source needed]
Minivans include the Innova, Alphard/Vellfire, Sienna, and others.[121][non-primary
source needed]
Several small cars, such as the xB and tC, were sold under the Scion brand.[121][non-
SUVs and crossovers

Toyota C-HR
Toyota RAV4
Toyota SUV and crossover line-up grew quickly in the late 2010s to 2020s due to the
market shift to SUVs. Toyota crossovers range from the subcompact Yaris
Cross and C-HR, compact Corolla Cross and RAV4, to
midsize Harrier/Venza and Kluger/Highlander.[121][non-primary source needed] Other crossovers include
the Raize, Urban Cruiser.[122] Toyota SUVs range from the midsize Fortuner to full-
size Land Cruiser.[121][non-primary source needed] Other SUVs include the Rush, Prado, FJ
Cruiser, 4Runner, and Sequoia.[121][non-primary source needed]
Pickup trucks
Toyota Hilux (global)
Toyota Tacoma (US/Canada)
Toyota first entered the pickup truck market in 1947 with the SB that was only sold in
Japan and limited Asian markets. It was followed in 1954 by the RK (renamed in 1959
as the Stout) and in 1968 by the compact Hilux. With continued refinement, the Hilux
(simply known as the Pickup in some markets) became famous for being extremely
durable and reliable.[123] Extended cab and crew cab versions were eventually added,
and Toyota continues to produce them today under various names depending on the
market in various cab lengths, with gasoline or diesel engines, and 2WD and 4WD
versions.
In North America, the Hilux became a major model for the company, leading the
company to launch the Tacoma in 1995.[124][non-primary source needed] The Tacoma was based on the
Hilux, but with a design intended to better suit the needs of North American consumers
who often use pickup trucks as personal vehicles. The design was a success and the
Tacoma became the best-selling compact pickup in North America.
After the success of its compact Hilux pickups in North America, Toyota decided to
enter the full-size pickup market, which was traditionally dominated by domestic
automakers. The company introduced the T100 for the 1993 US model year. The T100
had a full-size 8-foot (2.4 m) long bed, but suspension and engine characteristics were
similar to that of a compact pickup. Sales were disappointing and the T100 was
criticized for having a small V6 engine (especially compared to the V8 engines common
in American full-size trucks), lacking an extended-cab version, being too small, and too
expensive (because of the 25% tariff on imported trucks).[125] In 1995, Toyota added the
more powerful V6 engine from the new Tacoma to the T100 and also added an
extended cab version.[125] In 1999, Toyota replaced the T100 with the larger Tundra,
which would be built in the US with a V8 engine and styling that more closely matched
other American full-size trucks.[126]
Luxury vehicles
See also: Lexus
Toyota Crown RS (fifteenth generation, S220; 2018)
In the Japanese home market, Toyota has two flagship models: the Crown premium
sedan and the Century limousine.
In the 1980s, Toyota wanted to expand its luxury car offerings but realized that existing
Japanese-market flagship models had little global appeal and could not compete with
established brands such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Jaguar or the Acura and Infiniti
marquees being launched by Japanese competitors.
Before the decade was out, Toyota introduced Lexus, a new division that was formed to
market and service luxury vehicles in markets outside of Japan. The company
developed the brand and its vehicles in secret since August 1983, at a cost of over
US$1 billion.[56][57] The Lexus LS flagship full-size sedan debuted in 1989 to strong sales,
and was largely responsible for the successful launch of the Lexus marque.
Subsequently, the division added sedan, coupé, convertible and SUV models.
The Lexus brand was introduced to the Japanese market in 2005, previously all
vehicles marketed internationally as Lexus from 1989 to 2005 were released in Japan
under the Toyota marque.
Buses
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this
template message)
The Toyota Coaster is a minibus introduced in 1969 that seats 17 passengers. The
Coaster is widely used in Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Australia, but also in the
developing world for minibus operators in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, the
Caribbean, and South America to operate as public transportation.
Technology
Hybrid electric vehicles
Main article: Toyota hybrid vehicles
See also: Hybrid Synergy Drive and Toyota Prius
The Toyota Prius, flagship of Toyota's hybrid technology,

is the world's best-selling hybrid car.
Toyota is the world's leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, one of the largest
companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe,
and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, with the introduction
of the XW10 Toyota Prius in 1997.[127][128] The company's series hybrid technology is
called Hybrid Synergy Drive, and it was later applied to many vehicles in Toyota's
product lineup, starting first with the Camry and the technology was also brought to the
luxury Lexus division.
As of January 2020, Toyota Motor Corporation sells 44 Toyota and Lexus hybrid
passenger car models in over 90 countries and regions around the world, and the
carmaker has sold over 15 million hybrid vehicles since 1997.[129][non-primary source needed] The Prius
family is the world's top-selling hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle nameplate with almost 4
million units sold worldwide as of January 2017.[129][non-primary source needed]
Hydrogen fuel-cell
See also: Toyota Mirai
The Toyota Mirai fuel-cell vehicle
The Toyota SORA fuel-cell bus

In 2002, Toyota began a development and demonstration program to test the Toyota
FCHV, a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on the Toyota
Highlander production SUV. Toyota also built a FCHV bus based on the Hino Blue
Ribbon City low-floor bus.[130][131][non-primary source needed] Toyota has built several prototypes/concepts
of the FCHV since 1997, including the Toyota FCHV-1, FCHV-2, FCHV-3, FCHV-4,
and Toyota FCHV-adv. The Toyota FCV-R fuel cell concept car was unveiled at the
2011 Tokyo Motor Show. The FCV-R sedan seats four and has a fuel cell stack
including a 70 MPa high-pressure hydrogen tank, which can deliver a range of 435 mi
(700 km) under the Japanese JC08 test cycle. Toyota said the car was planned for
launch in about 2015.[132]
In August 2012, Toyota announced its plans to start retail sales of a hydrogen fuel-
cell sedan in California in 2015. Toyota expects to become a leader in this technology.
[133]
The prototype of its first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will be exhibited at the November
2013 Tokyo Motor Show, and in the United States at the January 2014 Consumer
Electronics Show.[134]
Toyota's first hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles to be sold commercially, the Toyota Mirai
(Japanese for "future"), was unveiled at the November 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show.
[135]
In January 2015, it was announced that production of the Mirai fuel cell vehicle would
increase from 700 units in 2015 to approximately 2,000 in 2016 and 3,000 in 2017. [136][non-
Sales in Japan began on December 15, 2014, at a price of ¥6,700,000
(~US$57,400). The Japanese government plans to support the commercialization of
fuel-cell vehicles with a subsidy of ¥2,000,000 (~US$19,600).[137] Retail sales in the U.S.
began in August 2015 at a price of US$57,500 before any government incentives.
Initially, the Mirai will only be available in California.[138][139] The market release in Europe is
slated for September 2015, and initially will be available only in the UK, Germany, and
Denmark, followed by other countries in 2017. Pricing in Germany starts
at €60,000 (~US$75,140) plus VAT (€78,540).[140][non-primary source needed]
In 2015, Toyota released 5,600 patents for free use until 2020, hoping to promote global
development of hydrogen fuel-cell technology.[141][142][143][144]
Since the mid-2010s, Toyota has increased its focus on building hydrogen powered
trucks. It first showcased a heavy-duty semi-truck tractor in 2017[145] and in 2023
announced a kit to convert existing diesel-powered truck engines to use hydrogen.[146] In
late 2022, the company signed an £11.3 million government deal with the UK's
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy to help it develop a hydrogen-
powered Hilux pickup truck.[147]
Plug-in hybrids
Main articles: Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid and Toyota RAV4 Prime
Second-generation Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid

The Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept was exhibited in late 2009, and shortly after, a global
demonstration program involving 600 pre-production test cars began. The vehicles were
leased to fleet and government customers, and were equipped with data tracking
devices to allow Toyota to monitor the car's performance. The vehicle was based on
the third-generation Toyota Prius and outfitted with two additional lithium-ion
batteries beyond the normal hybrid battery pack.[148] The additional batteries were used to
operate the car with minimal use of the internal combustion engine until they are
depleted, at which point they are disengaged from the system. They are not used in
tandem with the main hybrid battery pack.
After the conclusion of the demonstration program, the production version of the Prius
Plug-in Hybrid was unveiled in September 2011. The production Prius Plug-in had a
maximum electric-only speed of 100 km/h (62 mph), and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the vehicle as having an range of 18
kilometres (11 mi) in blended mode (mostly electric, but supplemented by the internal
combustion engine).[149] Toyota ultimately only did a small production run with 75,400
vehicles being produced between 2012 and 2016.[150]
The second-generation Prius Plug-in (renamed the Prius Prime in the US) was unveiled
in early 2016.[151] Unlike the prior generation, where the plug-in battery was limited by
being added to the existing Prius, this model would be developed in tandem with
the fourth-generation Prius, allowing Toyota to increase the range to 40 kilometres
(25 mi), with a top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph), without needing the assistance of the
internal combustion engine.[152] The second-generation Prius Plug-in went on sale
starting in late 2016, with Toyota expecting to sell up to 60,000 units globally per year. [153]
A second plug-in hybrid model, the Toyota RAV4 PHV (RAV4 Prime in the US) was
unveiled in December 2019. The vehicle has an EPA-estimated 68 kilometres (42 mi) of
all-electric range and generates a combined 225 kilowatts (302 hp), enabling it to be
Toyota's second fastest car currently in production (behind the GR Supra 3.0 sports
car).[154] Sales started in mid-2020.
Battery electric vehicles
Toyota bZ4X
Toyota has been criticized for being slow to add battery electric vehicles to its lineup. It
has been publicly skeptical of battery-electric vehicles, instead focusing on hybrid and
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles,[155] and actively lobbying against government mandates to
transition to zero-emissions vehicles.[156]
As of 2023, only a small proportion of the vehicles the company sells are of battery
electric, which has prompted criticism by some environmental and public interest
groups.[157][158] The company plans to increase its sales of electric vehicles to 3.5 million
per year by 2030.[98] However, the company has stated that it believes other
technologies, including hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, will continue to play a
role in the future of the company.[159][160]
Toyota created the first generation Toyota RAV4 EV (Electric Vehicle) as a compliance
car after the California Air Resources Board mandated in the late 1990s that every
automaker offer a zero-emissions vehicle.[161][162] A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold
in California from 1997 to 2003, when the state dropped its mandate under legal
pressure from lawsuits filed by automakers.[163]
A second generation of the RAV4 EV was developed in 2010 as part of a deal
with Tesla. The production version was unveiled in August 2012, using battery pack,
electronics and powertrain components from Tesla.[164][165] The RAV4 EV had a limited
production run with just under 3,000 vehicles being produced, before it was
discontinued in 2014.[166][167] According to Bloomberg News, the partnership between
Tesla and Toyota was "marred by clashes between engineers".[168]
Starting in 2009, Toyota introduced three generations of concept electric vehicles called
the FT-EV built on a modified Toyota iQ platform. In late-2012, the company announced
plans build a production version of the car called the Toyota iQ EV (Scion iQ EV in the
US, Toyota eQ in Japan),[169] but ultimately production was cut back to 100 cars for
special fleet use in Japan and the U.S. only.[155]
In late 2012, Toyota announced that it would back away from fully electric vehicles, after
producing less than 5,000. At the time, the company's vice chairman, Takeshi
Uchiyamada, said: "The current capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society's
needs, whether it may be the distance the cars can run, or the costs, or how it takes a
long time to charge."
A shift in Toyota's formerly battery-agnostic posture could be seen as early as 2016,
when Toyota's CFO Takahiko Ijichi “sent a strong signal that Toyota soon plans to jump
on the battery bandwagon and make electric cars despite expressing skeptical views
about their range and charging times,” as the Wall Street Journal wrote. [170] Toyota said it
would make and sell battery-electric vehicles if and where regulations and markets
demand.
A year later, Toyota outlined its electric-vehicle plans for between 2020 and 2030 to the
press in Tokyo, saying it would introduce "more than 10" battery-electric vehicles
worldwide by the early 2020s, beginning in China, and later in Japan, Europe, the US
and India.[171]
In April 2019, Toyota introduced the C-HR EV, its first mass-produced pure electric
model in China along with an identical twin called the IZOA EV.[172][non-primary source needed] It went on
sale in April 2020 and May 2020 respectively. Nikkei reported in October 2020 that
Toyota had only sold less than 2,000 units in the first eight months of the year. [173]
Toyota introduced the C+pod in late 2020, a 2-seater kei car with an estimated range of
100 kilometres (62 mi) and a top speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph).[174][175]
In December 2020, Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda stated that electric cars are excessively
"hyped" and that, in Japan, they would not necessarily reduce carbon dioxide emissions
since electricity is mostly generated by burning coal and natural gas in the country. He
also said that the infrastructure needed for Japan to switch fully to EVs would cost
between $135 billion and $358 billion and switching only to EVs would cost millions of
jobs and make cars less affordable.[176]
In April 2021, Toyota revealed the bZ4X, an electric crossover SUV that will be the first
vehicle built on a dedicated electric platform called e-TNGA when it goes on sale in mid-
2022.[177] It is the first model of the bZ ("beyond Zero") series of battery electric vehicles.
The company has also stated that there will be seven "bZ" models to be launched
[178]
globally out of 15 BEV models by 2025.[179][non-primary source needed]

In June 2021, Transport & Environment ranked Toyota as the least ready OEM to
transition to battery electric vehicles by 2030, stating: "Toyota has not set a target for
2030 and it plans to produce just 10% BEVs in 2025. It is expected to rely on polluting
hybrid technologies."[180]
Akio Toyoda shows prototypes of 15 BEVs during

Toyota's briefing on BEV strategies in December 2021.
In December 2021, Toyota announced in Tokyo plans for 30 battery-electric models by
2030, to sell 3.5 million BEVs per year by that date, and that its premium-brand Lexus
will be 100% battery-operated by 2030 in North America, Europe, and China. The
company announced investments of $70 billion into the company's electrification.[181]
In a session in parallel with the G-7 Meeting 2023 May, Akio Toyoda said that battery
electric vehicles are not solely the future, instead offering a mix of battery electric,
internal combustion engine-equipped and hydrogen cars.[158]
Toyota has been developing solid-state batteries in partnership with Panasonic, in
which the company has more than a thousand patents covering solid-state batteries by
late 2020.[182] The technology has been implemented on the Toyota LQ concept. Toyota
hopes the technology could increase efficiency of battery electric vehicles by 30
percent, which in turn would reduce battery costs by the same amount.[182]
Autonomous vehicles
Main article: Woven by Toyota, Inc.
Toyota e-Palette
Toyota is also regarded as lagging when it comes to developing smart car technology.
[183]
Although the company unveiled its first self-driving test vehicle in 2017, and has been
developing its own self-driving technology named "Chauffeur" (intended for full self-
driving) and "Guardian" (a driver assist system), neither of these has been introduced
into any production vehicles.[184]
The company had set up a large research and development operation by 2018,
spending almost US$4 billion to start an autonomous vehicle research institute in
California's Silicon Valley[183] and another ¥300 billion on a similar research institute in
Tokyo that would partner with fellow Toyota Group companies and automotive
suppliers Aisin Seiki and Denso.[185][186]
Toyota has also been collaborating with autonomous vehicle technology developers
and, in some cases, purchasing the companies. Toyota has acquired the autonomous
vehicle division of ride-hailing service Lyft for $550 million,[187] invested a total of US$1
billion in competing ride-hailing service Uber's self-driving vehicle division,[188][189] invested
$400 million in autonomous vehicle technology company Pony.ai,[190] and announced a
partnership with Chinese electronics e-commerce company Cogobuy to build a "Smart
Car Ecosystem."[191]
In December 2020, Toyota showcased the 20-passenger "e-Palette" shared
autonomous vehicle, which saw its first major use at the 2020 Summer
Olympics in Tokyo.[192][193] Toyota has announced it intends to have the vehicle available
for commercial applications before 2025.[194]
Since February 2021, Toyota has been building the "Woven City" which it calls a "175-
acre high tech, sensor-laden metropolis" at the foot of Mount Fuji. When completed in
2024, the Woven City will be used to run tests on autonomous vehicles for deliveries,
transport and mobile shops, with the city's residents participating in the living laboratory
experiment.[195][196]
Motorsports
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this
template message)
Main article: Toyota in motorsport
See also: Toyota Gazoo Racing and Toyota Racing Development
The Toyota TS050 Hybrid that won the 2018 24 Hours of

Le Mans, preserved with dirt from the race
Toyota has been involved in many global motorsports series, providing vehicles,
engines and other auto parts under both the Toyota and Lexus brands.
Toyota Gazoo Racing (GR) is Toyota's performance brand that is used in many of the
world's major motorsports contests. Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe, based in Cologne,
Germany, competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship, while the Finland-
based Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT participates in the FIA World Rally
Championship. Toyota Gazoo Racing South Africa competes in the Dakar Rally.
Between 2002 and 2009, the Toyota Racing team competed in Formula One. Toyota
won the highest class of the 24 Hours of Le Mans 5 consecutive times from 2018 to
2022, competing with the Toyota TS050 Hybrid and Toyota GR010 Hybrid.
Toyota Racing Development USA (TRD USA) is responsible for participation in major
motorsports contests in the United States including NASCAR, NHRA, Indy Racing
League and Formula Drift.
Toyota also makes engines and other auto parts for other Japanese motorsports
including Super Formula, Super GT, Formula 3, and Toyota Racing Series.
Non-automotive activities
Aerospace
Toyota is a minority shareholder in Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, having
invested US$67.2 million in the new venture which will produce the Mitsubishi Regional
Jet, slated for first deliveries in 2017.[197] Toyota has also studied participation in
the general aviation market and contracted with Scaled Composites to produce a proof
of concept aircraft, the TAA-1, in 2002.[198][199]
Pleasure boats
In 1997, building on a previous partnership with Yamaha Marine, Toyota created
"Toyota Marine",[200][non-primary source needed] building private ownership motorboats, currently sold
only in Japan. A small network in Japan sells the luxury craft at 54 locations, called the
"Toyota Ponam" series, and in 2017, a boat was labeled under the Lexus brand name
starting May 26, 2017.[201]
Philanthropy
The Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in Aichi, sponsored

by the manufacturer
Toyota works with nonprofits to improve their processes and operations such as
the Food Bank For New York City.[202][203]
Robotics
Main article: Toyota Partner Robot
Toyota trumpet-playing robot
In 2004, Toyota showcased its trumpet-playing robot.[204] Toyota has been developing
multitask robots destined for elderly care, manufacturing, and entertainment. A specific
example of Toyota's involvement in robotics for the elderly is the Brain Machine
Interface. Designed for use with wheelchairs, it "allows a person to control an electric
wheelchair accurately, almost in real-time", with his or her mind.[205] The thought controls
allow the wheelchair to go left, right, and forward with a delay between thought and
movement of just 125 milliseconds.[205] Toyota also played a part in the development
of Kirobo, a 'robotic astronaut'.
In 2017, the company introduced T-HR3, a humanoid robot with the ability to be
remotely controlled. The robot can copy the motions of a connected person. The 2017
version used wires for the connection but the 2018 version used 5G from a distance up
to 10 km (6.2 mi).[206][207]
Sewing machine brand
Aisin, another member of the Toyota Group of companies, uses the same Toyota
wordmark logo to market its home-use sewing machines. Aisin was founded by Kiichiro
Toyoda after he founded the Toyota Motor Corporation. According to Aisin, he was so
pleased with the first sewing machine, he decided to apply the same Toyota branding
as his auto business, despite the companies being independent from each other.[208]
Carbon removal
Further information: Carbon capture and utilization, Carbon footprint, Electrochemical
reduction of carbon dioxide, and Heterogeneous catalysis
Toyota Ventures, along with JetBlue Technology Ventures and Parley for the Oceans, is
among the corporate investors that have invested $40 million in the Air Company,
a carbon negative vodka distiller and perfume and hand sanitizer manufacturer that
uses heterogeneous catalysis to convert captured carbon into ethanol.[209]
Environmental initiatives
Toyota states it is committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, and it has set a
goal to reduce its overall carbon emissions by 90% by 2050, compared to 2010 levels.[210]
[211]
The company has invested heavily in solar energy, with a goal to install solar panels on
the rooftops of all its dealerships worldwide by 2050.[212] In addition, Toyota has
partnered with various renewable energy companies to promote the use of wind and
solar power, including a recent partnership with ENEOS Corporation to develop
hydrogen refueling stations in Japan.[213]
Toyota has launched a program called "Global Environmental Challenge" 2050 which is
a comprehensive initiative aimed at reducing the environmental impact of Toyota's
operations. The challenge includes six environmental goals that Toyota aims to achieve
by 2050, including reducing carbon emissions, minimizing water usage, promoting the
recycling and reuse of materials, and promoting the use of renewable energy.[214] The
company has also implemented a variety of initiatives to promote sustainability across
its supply chain, including efforts to reduce waste, water usage, and promote
sustainable agriculture. For example, Toyota has implemented a zero-waste initiative at
its manufacturing plants, aiming to send zero waste to landfills.[215]
Controversies
Corrosion lawsuit
In November 2016, Toyota agreed to pay $3.4 billion to settle allegations that roughly
one-and-a-half million of its Tacoma, Tundra, and Sequoia pickup trucks and SUVs had
been outfitted with frames prone to corrosion and perforation. According to court
papers, the corrosion could reach levels high enough to compromise the vehicle's
structural integrity.[216]
Death from overwork
See also: Karōshi
On February 9, 2002, Kenichi Uchino, aged 30 years, a quality control manager,
collapsed then died at work.[217][218] On January 2, 2006, an unnamed chief engineer of
the Camry Hybrid, aged 45 years, died from heart failure in his bed.[217]
Fines for environmental breaches
In 2003, Toyota was fined $34 million for violating the United States Clean Air Act, as
2.2 million vehicles it sold had defective smog-control computers.[219]
In January 2021, Toyota was fined $180 million for delays in reporting emissions-related
defects to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between 2005 and 2015.[88]
[220][221]
The acting U.S. attorney said that the delays "likely led to delayed or avoided
emissions-related recalls", although Toyota stated that despite the delays in reporting
the issues to the EPA, it had notified customers and fixed the cars with the emissions
defects.[221] At the time, this was the biggest civil penalty ever levied for violating the
EPA's emission reporting requirements.[88][220]
2009–2011 unintended acceleration recalls
See also: 2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls
Between 2009 and 2011 Toyota, under pressure from the U.S. National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA), conducted recalls of millions of vehicles after reports
that several drivers experienced unintended acceleration. The first recall, in November
2009, was to prevent a front driver's side floor mat from sliding into the foot pedal well,
causing the pedals to become trapped. The second recall, in January 2010, was begun
after some crashes were shown not to have been caused by floor mats and may be
caused by possible mechanical sticking of the accelerator pedal.[65] Worldwide,
approximately 9 million cars and trucks were impacted by the recalls.[67]
NHTSA received reports of a total of 37 deaths allegedly related to unintended
acceleration, although an exact number was never verified.[66] As a result of the
problems, Toyota faced nearly 100 lawsuits from the families of those killed, drivers who
were injured, vehicle owners who lost resale value, and investors who saw a drop in the
value of their shares. While most of the personal injury and wrongful death lawsuits
were settled confidentially,[68] Toyota did spend more than US$1 billion to settle a class
action lawsuit to compensate owners for lost resale value,[69] and the company agreed to
pay a US$1.2 billion criminal penalty to the United States government over accusations
that it had intentionally hid information about safety defects from the public and had
made deceptive statements to protect its brand image. The penalty was the largest ever
levied against a car company.[70]
Takata airbag recalls
See also: Takata airbag recalls
Toyota was impacted by a recall of faulty airbag inflators made by Takata. The inflators
can explode, shooting metal fragments into the vehicle cabin. Millions of vehicles
produced between 2000 and 2014 were impacted by the recall, with some needing
multiple repairs.[222][223]
June 2010 Chinese labour strike
On June 21, 2010, a Chinese labor strike happened in Tianjin Toyoda Gosei Co,
Tianjin. Workers demanded better wages and treatment.[224]
Extremist usage
In 2015, U.S. officials asked Toyota how the Islamic State was in possession of so
many Toyota trucks.[225] Toyota cars have also been documented to have been used by
other extremist organizations such as the Taliban, Hamas, Al-shabab and Somali
pirates.[226][227][228] Toyota representatives have said the company has a strict policy of to not
sell vehicles to potential purchasers who may use or modify them for paramilitary or
terrorist activities and that it cannot track aftermarket sales and that it has worked with
the U.S Treasury to brief them on Toyota's supply chain on the Middle East.[229]
Misleading marketing
In its marketing, Toyota has often referred to its non-plug-in hybrid vehicles as "self-
charging hybrid" vehicles. The use of the term has caused some criticism that this is
misleading, as some consumers were led to erroneously believe that these vehicles
charge their batteries on their own when the vehicles are not used.[230][231] Complaints
about self-charging hybrid advertising were recorded in Ireland, although the complaints
were rejected by the Advertising Standards Authority of Ireland.[232] However, in 2020, the
Norwegian Consumer Authority banned the adverts outright in Norway, stating: "It is
misleading to give the impression that the power to the hybrid battery is free of charge,
since the electricity produced by the car has consumption of gasoline as a necessary
condition."[233]
Electric vehicle website IrishEVs criticised Toyota Ireland for paying University College
Dublin to conduct a study of only seven examples of their hybrid cars over seven days
to make a press release about the efficiency of the vehicles.[234][235] The website also
criticised Toyota Ireland for using opinion polls to substantiate a claim about their
CO2 emissions on Twitter.[236]
Safety-related misconduct by Daihatsu
In April 2023, it was revealed that Toyota subsidiary Daihatsu had cheated by rigging
some models to perform better in crash tests than actual production cars. The vehicles
in question had a notch in the interior panel of the front door which avoided the
possibility of the collision creating a sharp edge that could have injured an occupant
when the side airbag deployed. This notch was present on the tested vehicles but not
on vehicles sold to the public.[237]
The issue affected four models, the Toyota Yaris Ativ (also known as the Vios), Perodua
Axia, Toyota Agya, and an undisclosed upcoming product. No recall was conducted
over the issue.[237]
In December 2023, Daihatsu halted shipments of 64 models, including two dozens
branded as Toyota, after safety investigations uncovered misconduct far greater in
scope than previously expected. In some models, the test speeds and results
of headrest impact tests were falsified. In models such as the TownAce and Pixis Joy,
the airbag control unit used in testing was different from the part installed on vehicles
sold to the public. Affected markets included Japan as well as Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile,
Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Thailand, Uruguay, and Vietnam.[238]
On 29 January 2024, Koji Sato publicly apologized to customers, dealers and suppliers
for the flawed testing.[239]
Corporate affairs
Principal headquarters building of Toyota

Toyota is headquartered in the city of Toyota,[240][non-primary source needed] which was named Koromo
until 1951, when it changed its name to match the automaker. Toyota City is located in
the Aichi Prefecture of Japan. The main headquarters of Toyota is located in a four-
story building that has been described as "modest".[241] In 2013, company CEO Akio
Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the headquarters
due to the lack of amenities in the city.[242]
Surrounding the headquarters are the 14-story Toyota Technical Center and the
Honsha plant (which was established in 1938). Toyota and its Toyota Group affiliates
operate a total of 17 manufacturing facilities in Aichi Prefecture and a total of 32 plants
in Japan.
Toyota also operates offices in Bunkyo, Tokyo, and Nakamura-ku, Nagoya.[240][non-primary source
needed]
Worldwide presence
See also: List of Toyota manufacturing facilities
Top 10 Toyota and Lexus vehicle sales

by country, 2022[243]
Rank Vehicle
Location
in Toyota sales
1 United States 2,108,460
2 China 1,940,590
3 Japan 1,289,132
4 GCC 390,294
5 Indonesia 330,498
6 Thailand 288,810
7 Australia 238,139
8 Canada 200,205
9 Brazil 191,653
10 Philippines 174,106
Outside of Japan, as one of the world's largest automotive manufacturer by production
volume, Toyota has factories in most parts of the world. The company assembles
vehicles in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, France,
Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela.
Additionally, the company also has joint venture, licensed, or contract factories in China,
France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, the United States, and Vietnam.
North America
Main article: Toyota Motor North America
The Toyota Camry is assembled in several facilities

around the world including Australia, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Russia, Thailand, India, Vietnam, and the United States.
Toyota Motor North America is headquartered in Plano, Texas, and operates as
a holding company for all operations of the Toyota Motor Corporation in Canada,
Mexico, and the United States. Toyota's operations in North America began on October
31, 1957, and the current company was established in 2017 from the consolidation of
three companies: Toyota Motor North America, Inc., which controlled Toyota's corporate
functions; Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. which handled marketing, sales, and
distribution in the United States; and Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North
America which oversaw operations at all assembly plants in the region. While all three
companies continue to exist in legal name, they operate as one company out of one
headquarters campus.
Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants
in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown, Kentucky, Princeton, Indiana, San Antonio,
Texas, Buffalo, West Virginia, and Blue Springs, Mississippi. In 2018, Toyota and
Mazda announced a joint venture plant that will produce vehicles in Huntsville,
Alabama, starting in 2021.[244][non-primary source needed]
It has started producing larger trucks, such as the new Tundra, to go after the full-size
pickup market in the United States. Toyota is also pushing hybrid electric vehicle in the
US such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and various Lexus products.
Currently, Toyota has no plans to offer diesel motor options in its North American
products, including pickup trucks.[245][non-primary source needed]
Toyota Canada Inc., which is part of Toyota Motor North America, handles marketing,
sales, and distribution in Canada. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada operates three
assembly plants: two in Cambridge, Ontario and one in Woodstock, Ontario.[246] In 2006,
Toyota's subsidiary Hino Motors opened a heavy duty truck plant, also in Woodstock,
employing 45 people and producing 2,000 trucks annually.[247]
Europe/Western Asia
Main article: Toyota Motor Europe
Top 10 Toyota and Lexus vehicle production

by country, 2022[243]
Rank Vehicle
Location
in Toyota production
1 Japan 2,656,009
2 China 1,839,772
3 United States 1,129,988
4 Thailand 659,252
5 Canada 433,077
6 Indonesia 268,150
7 Mexico 267,775
8 France 255,936
9 Brazil 224,272
10 Turkey 215,798
Toyota Motor Europe is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, and oversees all

operations of the Toyota Motor Corporation in Europe and western Asia. Toyota's
operations in Europe began in 1963. Toyota has a significant presence in Europe with
nine production facilities in Kolín, Czech Republic, Burnaston, England, Deeside,
England, Onnaing, France, Jelcz-Laskowice, Poland, Wałbrzych, Poland, Ovar,
Portugal, Saint Petersburg, Russia, and Arifiye, Turkey.[248][non-primary source needed] Toyota also
operates a joint venture plant with Citroën and Peugeot in Valenciennes, France.
Australia
Main article: Toyota Australia
In 1963, Australia was one of the first countries to assemble Toyotas outside Japan.
However, in February 2014, Toyota was the last of Australia's major automakers to
announce the end of production in Australia. The closure of Toyota's Australian plant
was completed on October 3, 2017, and had produced a total 3,451,155 vehicles. At its
peak in October 2007, Toyota manufactured 15,000 cars a month.[249][non-primary source needed] Before
Toyota, Ford and GM's Holden had announced similar moves, all citing an unfavorable
currency and attendant high manufacturing costs.[250]
Company strategy
New Toyota factory in Ohira, near Sendai, Miyagi

Prefecture, Japan: A month after this picture was taken, the region was devastated by
the March 11 earthquake and tsunami. The plant was only lightly damaged, but
remained closed more than a month, mainly due to lack of supplies and energy, in
addition to a badly damaged Sendai port.
The Toyota Way
Main article: The Toyota Way
The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the company's
approach to management and production (which is further defined as the Toyota
Production System).
The company has been developing its corporate philosophy since 1948 and passing it
on as implicit knowledge to new employees, but as the company expanded globally,
leaders officially identified and defined the Toyota Way in 2001. Toyota summarized it
under two main pillars: continuous improvement and respect for people. Under the
continuous improvement pillar are three principles: challenge (form a long-term
vision), kaizen (a continual improvement process), and genchi genbutsu ("go and see"
the process to make correct decisions). Under the respect for people pillar are two
principles: respect and teamwork.[251][non-primary source needed]
In 2004, Dr. Jeffrey Liker, a University of Michigan professor of industrial engineering,
published The Toyota Way. In his book, Liker calls the Toyota Way "a system designed
to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work."[252] According to Liker,
there are 14 principles of The Toyota Way that can be organized into four themes: (1)
long-term philosophy, (2) the right process will produce the right results, (3) add value to
the organization by developing your people, and (4) continuously solving root problems
drives organizational learning. The 14 principles are further defined in the Wikipedia
article on The Toyota Way.
Toyota Production System
Main article: Toyota Production System
The Toyota Way also helped shape the company's approach to production, where it
was an early pioneer of what would become known as lean manufacturing.[253] The
company defines the Toyota Production System under two main pillars: just-in-time[254][full
citation needed]
(make only what is needed, only when it is needed, and only in the amount that
is needed) and Jidoka[255][full citation needed] (automation with a human touch).
The origin of the Toyota Production System is in dispute, with three stories of its origin:
(1) that during a 1950 trip to train with the Ford Motor Company, company executives
also studied the just-in-time distribution system of the grocery store company Piggly-
Wiggly,[256] (2) that they followed the writings of W. Edwards Deming,[257] and (3) they
learned the principles from a WWII US government training program (Training Within
Industry).[258]
After developing the Toyota Production System in its own facilities, the company began
teaching the system to its parts suppliers in the 1990s. Other companies were
interested in the instruction, and Toyota later started offering training sessions. The
company also has donated the training to non-profit groups to increase their efficiency
and thus ability to serve people.
Logo and branding
Employee at the Toyota Automobile Museum explains

development of Toyota name and brand.
In 1936, Toyota entered the passenger car market with its Model AA and held a
competition to establish a new logo emphasizing speed for its new product line. After
receiving 27,000 entries, one was selected that additionally resulted in a change of its
moniker to "Toyota" from the family name "Toyoda", which means rice paddy. The new
name was believed to sound better, and its eight-stroke count in the Japanese language
was associated with wealth and good fortune. The original logo was a heavily stylized
version of the katakana characters for Toyota (トヨタ).[259]
As the company started to expand internationally in the late 1950s, the katakana
character logo was supplemented by various wordmarks with the English form of the
company name in all capital letters, "TOYOTA."[259]
Toyota introduced a worldwide logo in October 1989 to commemorate the 50th year of
the company, and to differentiate it from the newly released luxury Lexus brand.[260] The
logo consists of three ovals that combine to form the letter "T", which stands for Toyota.
Toyota says that the overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval
represents the mutually beneficial relationship and trust between the customer and the
company while the larger oval surrounding both of these inner ovals represents the
"global expansion of Toyota's technology and unlimited potential for the future". [261][262][non-
The new logo started appearing on all printed material, advertisements,
dealer signage, and most vehicles in 1990.
In countries or regions using traditional Chinese characters, e.g. Hong Kong and
Taiwan, Toyota is known as "豐田".[263] In countries using simplified Chinese
characters (e.g. China and Singapore), Toyota is written as "丰田"[264][non-primary source
needed]
(pronounced as Fēngtián in Mandarin Chinese and Hɔng Tshan in Minnanese).
These are the same characters as the founding family's name "Toyoda" in Japanese.
Some new vehicles, like this Tacoma, still use the

heritage TOYOTA wordmark.
Toyota still uses the katakana character logo as its corporate emblem in Japan,
including on the headquarters building,[265] and some special edition models still use the
"TOYOTA" wordmark on the grille as a nod to the company's heritage.[266]
On July 15, 2015, the company was delegated its own generic top-level domain, .toyota.
[267]
Sports sponsorships
Satellite view of the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas,
with the logo on top of the roof
Toyota sponsors several teams and has purchased naming rights for several venues,
and even competitions, including:
 Toyota Alvark Tokyo, basketball team

 Toyota Arena, Ontario, California
 Toyota Cup
 Toyota Center, Houston, Texas
 Toyota Center, Kennewick, Washington
 Toyota Field, San Antonio, Texas
 Toyota Park, Bridgeview, Illinois
 Toyota Sports Center, El Segundo, California
 Toyota Stadium, Georgetown, Kentucky
 Toyota Stadium, Frisco, Texas
As of 2017, Toyota is an official sponsor of Cricket Australia,[268][269][270] the England and
Wales Cricket Board[271] and the AFL.[272][non-primary source needed] In March 2015, Toyota became a
sponsor partner for the Olympic Games, in the form of supplying vehicles and
communications between vehicles until 2024.[273][non-primary source needed]
See also
 Companies portal
 Automotive industry in Japan

 List of Toyota engines
 List of Toyota manufacturing facilities
 List of Toyota transmissions
 List of Toyota vehicles
 Nagoya Grampus, formerly the company's football club and still sponsored by
them
 Toyota model codes
 Toyota Verblitz, the company's rugby team
 Toyota War, a conflict between Libya and Chad which saw a heavy use of
Toyota's pickup trucks.
References
1. ^ "Toyota Global Sales and Production Secures 90 Percent Level Year-on-Year in
FY2021" (Press release). Japan: Toyota Motor Corporation. April 28, 2021. Retrieved April
28, 2021.
2. ^ "Toyota Annual Report 2021" (PDF). Toyota Motor Corporation. May 12,
2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
3. ^ "Toyota Reaches Global Production of 300 Million Cars" (Press release). Toyota. November
6, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
4. ^ "The Story of Sakichi Toyoda". Toyota Industries Corporation. Archived from the original on
September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
5. ^ Barrow, Colin (August 3, 2011). The 30 Day MBA in Marketing: Your Fast Track Guide to
Business Success. Kogan Page. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7494-6218-5.
6. ^ "History Of Toyota". Toyota. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011.
Retrieved August 15, 2011.
7. ^ Morck, Randall K. (November 2007). A History of Corporate Governance Around the World:
Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. University of Chicago Press.
p. 400. ISBN 9780226536835.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Chronological Table 1931–1940". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012.
Retrieved January 7, 2022.
9. ^ "Toyota Company History from 1867 to 1939". Toyota. Archived from the original on May
10, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
10. ^ Andres, Anton (November 7, 2023). "300 million made: How Toyota took the world by
storm". Top Gear Philippines. Summit Media. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
11. ^ El-Sayed, Mohamed (April 2017). Fundamentals of Integrated Vehicle Realization. SAE
International. p. 13. ISBN 9780768080360.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota Model GA Truck". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012.
13. ^ Sanchez, Edward A. (March 7, 2013). "Toyota Shows 75-Year Family Tree With Interactive
Timeline: From a Pre-War Pickup to Today's Tundra". Motor Trend. Motor Trend Group.
Retrieved December 28, 2023.
14. ^ "Information from a sign at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Pref".
Toyota. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
15. ^ Davis, Pedr (1999). The Long Run – Toyota: The first 40 years in Australia. South
Hurstville: Type Forty Pty Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 0-947079-99-8.
16. ^ Toyota: A history of the First 50 Years. Toyota. 1988. p. 64. ISBN 0-517-61777-3.
17. ^ Dawson, Chester (2004). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.
18. ^ Chang, Ha-Joon (2008). Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of
Capitalism. New York: Random House. p. 20.
19. ^ Daito, Eisuke (2000). "Automation and the Organization of Production in the Japanese
Automobile Industry: Nissan and Toyota in the 1950s". Enterprise & Society. 1 (1):
143. JSTOR 23699656. Moreover, during the war, Toyota manufactured standard-sized
trucked almost exclusively for the army, which paid one-fifth of the price in advance and the
balance in cash on delivery.
20. ^ "Toyota Motor Corporation". Encyclopaedia Britannica. June 14, 2023. During World War II
the company suspended production of passenger cars and concentrated on trucks
21. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 6, Item 1: Resumption of factory production". 75 Years of
Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
22. ^ Reingold, Ed (August 23–30, 1999). "People around the world drive Toyotas--and produce
them too. A textile-factory boy is the industrial wizard who made it happen". Time Asia.
Vol. 154, no. 7/8. CNN. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
23. ^ "Toyota's long, bumpy road to success". Khaleej Times. Toyota City. February 9, 2010.
24. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 6, Item 3: Converting to Meet Civilian Demand and Dealing with
Post-war Reforms". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
25. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 6, Item 5: U.S. Army Vehicle Repair Operations and Compact
Car Development". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
26. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2 Section 6, Item 6: Dodge Line Recession and liberalization of vehicle
production and sales". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
27. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 6, Item 6a: Emerging business management crisis". 75 Years of
28. ^ Daito, Eisuke (2000). "Automation and the Organization of Production in the Japanese
Automobile Industry: Nissan and Toyota in the 1950s". Enterprise & Society. UK. 1 (1): 139–
78. doi:10.1093/es/1.1.139. JSTOR 23699656. Retrieved December 15, 2023 – via JSTOR.
29. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 7, Item 2: Special Demand Caused by Korean War". 75 Years of
30. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 7, Item 1: Training at the Ford Motor Company and Observation
of American Machinery Manufacturers". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
31. ^ Bremner, Brian; Dawson, Chester (November 17, 2003). "Can Anything Stop Toyota?: An
inside look at how it's reinventing the auto industry". Business Week. US.
32. ^ Sen, Gautam (November 27, 2023). "Toyota Corona: The Car That Became the Vanguard
of Japan Inc". Derivaz & Ives. India. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
33. ^ Jump up to:a b "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 8, Item 3: Development of the model RS Toyopet
Crown". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
34. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 8, Item 3: Development of the model RR Toyopet Master". 75
Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
35. ^ Chahrour, Carla (October 22, 2020). "The arrival of Toyota in Saudi Arabia". Arab News
Japan. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
36. ^ Lawrence, Miles (September 2, 2016). "Abdul Latif Jameel: A Saudi-Japanese success
story". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
37. ^ Bazaraa, Aidrous (November 22, 2007). "We are preparing for the post- joining WTO era in
more than one way". The Yemen Times Archives. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
38. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 9, Item 3a: Toyota's first production outside Japan at Toyota do
Brasil". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
39. ^ Koh, Yoree (August 26, 2013). "Toyota Scrambles to Catch Up in Brazil". The Wall Street
Journal. Tokyo. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
40. ^ Jump up to:a b c Brooks, Stephen (January 29, 2016). "2JZ-Powered 1970 Toyota Crown: A
Brief History of the Toyota Crown in America". Motor Trend. Motor Trend Group.
41. ^ "Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 9, Item 5: Passenger car exports suspended". 75 Years of
Toyota. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
42. ^ Jump up to:a b Dawson, Chester (2004). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. Singapore: John
Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 0-470-82110-8.
43. ^ "Part 2, Chapter 1, Section 2, Item 1: The High Rate of Economic Growth and
Motorization". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
44. ^ "History of the Corolla". USA: Toyota. Archived from the original on June 20, 2006.
Retrieved March 20, 2013.
45. ^ "Part 2, Chapter 1, Section 3, Item 1: Corolla". 75 Years of Toyota. Retrieved July
29, 2021.
46. ^ Ikenson, Daniel (June 18, 2003). "Ending the 'Chicken War': The Case for Abolishing the 25
Percent Truck Tariff". The Cato Institute. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011.
Retrieved November 29, 2011.
47. ^ "Toyota's TABC Plant Celebrates 40 Years of Manufacturing in California". Toyota Motor
North America (Press release). August 21, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
48. ^ Vasilash, Gary S. (August 23, 2012). "Toyota Manufacturing in America 40 Years
On". gardnerweb.com. Gardner Business Media. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
49. ^ Jump up to:a b Pollack, Andrew (September 21, 1995). "Toyota Doubles Its Holdings in
Daihatsu Motor of Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
50. ^ Hino, Satoshi (2006). Inside the Mind of Toyota. CRC Press. p. 24. ISBN 9781563273001.
51. ^ "Global Website | 75 Years of Toyota | Section 3. Local Production Starts in North America |
Item 1. Negotiations with Ford". www.toyota-global.com. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
52. ^ Siegel, Robert (March 26, 2010). "The End Of The Line For GM-Toyota Joint Venture". All
Things Considered. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016.
Retrieved April 7, 2010.
53. ^ Jump up to:a b Lyon, Peter (January 9, 2018). "The Lasting Legacy Of Toyota's Tatsuro
Toyoda: A Ground-Breaking Joint Venture In The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
54. ^ "timeline". NUMMI. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved November
30, 2013.
55. ^ Hattori, Yoshi (June 1984). "Japan: Minica magic". Wheels. Sydney, Australia: Murray
Publishers: 19. Nissan built 1,200,000 front wheel drives, Honda about one million, and
Toyota 800,000. Mazda was fourth, with 700,000 front wheel drive cars.
56. ^ Jump up to:a b Dawson, Chester (2004). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. John Wiley & Sons
(Asia) Pte Ltd., Singapore. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-470-82110-7.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b May, Matthew E. (2006). The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for
Mastering Innovation, Free Press, NY. p. 43. ISBN 0-7432-9017-8.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota Prius Chronological History". Retrieved November 6, 2009.
59. ^ "Toyota to take over Daihatsu Motor". The Japan Times. August 28, 1998.
60. ^ "Forbes Global 2000". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 24, 2006.
61. ^ "Toyota Claims World's Best-Selling Automaker Title". Automotive. US News. April 24,
2008. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
62. ^ Vlasic, Bill; Fackler, Martin (December 23, 2008). "Car Slump Jolts Toyota, Halting 70
Years of Gain". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015.
63. ^ Fackler, Martin (January 7, 2009). "Toyota to Shut Factories for 11 Days". The New York
Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
64. ^ Han, Jane (October 20, 2009). "Toyotas New Models Challenge Hyundai Motor". Korea
Times. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
65. ^ Jump up to:a b "Amended Recall: Potential Floor Mat Interference with Accelerator
Pedal" (Press release). Toyota. September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on
December 21, 2009.
66. ^ Jump up to:a b Healey, James R. (February 17, 2010). "Toyota deaths reported to safety
database rise to 37". USA Today. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
67. ^ Jump up to:a b Haq, Husna (January 29, 2010). "Toyota recall update: dealers face full lots,
anxious customers". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February
2, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
68. ^ Jump up to:a b Hirsch, Jerry; Bensinger, Ken (October 25, 2013). "Toyota settles
acceleration lawsuit after $3-million verdict". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November
24, 2013.
69. ^ Jump up to:a b Zalubowski, David (December 26, 2012). "Toyota settlement in sudden-
acceleration case will top $1 billion". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
70. ^ Jump up to:a b Vlasic, Bill; Apuzzo, Matt (March 19, 2014). "Toyota Is Fined $1.2 Billion for
Concealing Safety Defects". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
71. ^ "Akio Toyoda bio". Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
72. ^ "Toyota names Akio Toyoda as next president". UPI.com. January 9, 2009. Archived from
the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
73. ^ "Toyota's Financials Hit By Earthquake". Thetruthaboutcars.com. August 2,
2011. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
74. ^ "This Is A Tsunami Wave". Thetruthaboutcars.com. July 29, 2011. Archived from the
original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
75. ^ Dunckley, Mathew (February 10, 2014). "Toyota confirms exit from Australian
manufacturing in 2017". Port Macquarie News. Archived from the original on February 21,
2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
76. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota Australia Announces Future Plan For Local Manufacturing" (Press
release). Australia: Toyota. February 10, 2014. Archived from the original on February 22,
77. ^ "Toyota Australia announces its future plans" (Press release). Australia: Toyota. December
3, 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
78. ^ "World biggest carmaker tag retained by Toyota". The Japan News.Net. Archived from the
original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
79. ^ "Anti-trust probe forces Toyota to cut auto spare parts prices in China". Asia Pacific Star.
August 21, 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
80. ^ Kelly, Heather (November 5, 2015). "Toyota to invest $1 billion into artificial
intelligence". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015.
81. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (May 24, 2016). "Toyota is establishing a 'strategic partnership' with
Uber, which is a really big deal". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on
August 5, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
82. ^ "Toyota holds $293 million stake in Uber, governance report shows". Reuters. US. June 24,
2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
83. ^ ""ガリバー"ヤマハの牙城を崩せるか!? トヨタとヤンマーがプレジャーボートでタッ
グ" ["Gulliver" Can you break down the stronghold of Yamaha? Toyota and Yanmar join to
make a pleasure boat]. My Navi (in Japanese). March 10, 2016. Archived from the original
on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
84. ^ "Toyota completes full takeover of Daihatsu". The Japan Times. Archived from the
original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
85. ^ "Toyota To Invest $500 Mln Uber To Develop Driverless Car: WSJ". Business Insider.
August 27, 2018. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
86. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (October 29, 2019). "Toyota's Support of Trump Emissions Rules Shocks
Californians". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on
November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
87. ^ Grandoni, Dino (July 17, 2020). "Analysis – The Energy 202: Toyota faces revolt from eco-
conscious customers after siding with Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the
original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2021. [Toyota] is not the only car
company taking the Trump administration's side in the high-stakes legal fight. But Toyota's
position may be particularly risky since it has spent decades cultivating an environmentally
conscious reputation for pioneering the Prius, the first mass-market hybrid in the United
States, along with other hybrid cars. Some Toyota owners, drawn to what they thought was a
green brand, are in open revolt against the automaker. They're sending complaints to the
company, taking to social media to call for boycotts and promising to buy cars that sided with
California in its fight with President Trump.
88. ^ Jump up to:a b c Tabuchi, Hiroko (January 14, 2021). "Toyota to Pay a Record Fine for a
Decade of Clean Air Act Violations". The New York Times. Archived from the original on
January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
89. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Toyota beats Volkswagen to become World's No.1 car seller in
2020". Yahoo! News. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
90. ^ Toh, Michelle. "Toyota overtakes Volkswagen as world's biggest automaker". CNN.
91. ^ Lambert, Fred (April 2, 2020). "Toyota launches new electric car company with
BYD". Electrek. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
92. ^ "Toyota and Isuzu to take stake in each other to co-develop new vehicles". Japan Times.
March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
93. ^ "Toyota to buy Lyft unit in boost to self-driving plans". Reuters. April 26, 2021.
94. ^ Choi, Joseph (June 27, 2021). "Toyota defends donations to lawmakers who objected to
certifying election". The Hill. US. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
95. ^ "Toyota is the no. 1 donor to 2020 election objectors — by far". Yahoo! News. US.
Retrieved June 28, 2021.
96. ^ Markay, Lachlan (July 8, 2021). "Toyota to cease donations to election objectors". Axios.
US. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
97. ^ Gibson, Kate (April 25, 2022). "Toyota resumes political donations to 2020 presidential
election objectors". CBS News. US. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
98. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota sets global sales target of 3.5 mil. electric vehicles in 2030". Kyodo
News. December 14, 2021. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022.
99. ^ Toyota to boost hiring of software engineers to 50% of technical staff intake, The Japan
Times, April 26, 2021
100. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Toyota ditches signature 'just-in-time' to fight chip crunch". Nikkei
Asia. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
101. ^ "Toyota recalls electric cars over concerns about loose wheels". BBC News. June
24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
102. ^ Frangoul, Anmar (August 31, 2022). "Toyota pledges up to $5.6 billion for EV
battery production, ramps up investment in North Carolina plant". CNBC.
Retrieved September 2, 2022.
103. ^ Boudette, Neal E. (August 31, 2022). "Toyota adds $2.5 billion to its investment in
a North Carolina battery plant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
104. ^ "Toyota n°1 mondial de l'automobile en 2022 pour la 3e année d'affilée". BFM TV.
January 30, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
105. ^ "Toyota defends title as world's top-selling automaker in 2022". Reuters. January
30, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
106. ^ "Toyota in £11.3m government deal to develop hydrogen pickup trucks". BBC.
Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
107. ^ Toh, Michelle (January 26, 2023). "Toyota names new CEO as Akio Toyoda steps
down | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
108. ^ Yamazaki, Makiko; Krolicki, Kevin (January 26, 2023). "Lexus chief to take over
Toyota as founder's grandson steps down". Reuters. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
109. ^ "Toyota and Honda announce biggest pay rises in decades". BBC. Archived
from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
110. ^ Jump up to:a b "Merger of Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. and Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd".
111. ^ "Toyota – All You Need To Know". January 19, 2023.
112. ^ "Hiroshi Okuda, Toyota chairman, elected to lead Japan Automobile Manufacturers
Association" (Press release). May 18, 2000. Retrieved May 15, 2022.[permanent dead link]
113. ^ Jump up to:a b "Fujio Cho". Automotive Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
114. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota's Shift to Electric Future Rests on Koji Sato's
Shoulders". Bloomberg. April 1, 2023.
115. ^ "CHRONOLOGY-Past presidents of Toyota". Reuters. January 20, 2009.
116. ^ "Shoichiro Toyoda". Automotive Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
117. ^ Bowles, Nellie (January 7, 2018). "Tatsuro Toyoda, Who Led Toyota's Global
Expansion, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
118. ^ King, Sharon R. (October 18, 1998). "Five questions with: Hiroshi Okuda; black belt
in market share becomes the goal at Toyota". The New York Times. Retrieved May
15, 2022.
119. ^ Kim, Chang-Ran (June 25, 2009). "Toyota's new boss warns of two more tough
years". Reuters. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
120. ^ "Integrated Report 2022" (PDF). Toyota Motor Corporation.
121. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Toyota Product Line up 2009" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the
original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
122. ^ "New Toyota Land Cruiser is 200 kg lighter, more advanced than its
predecessor". CarWale. June 13, 2021.
123. ^ "Top Gear – Episode Archive – Series 3". BBC News. November 23,
2003. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
124. ^ "75 Years of TOYOTA – Part 2, Chapter 2, Section 5, Item 4. Expansion of Sales
Networks in the United States". Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
125. ^ Jump up to:a b Smith, Steven Cole (June 12, 2020). "Tested: 1995 Toyota T100
Xtracab DX Inches Closer to Becoming a Real Full-Size Pickup". Car and Driver.
Retrieved July 20, 2021.
126. ^ Stone, Matt. "2000 Toyota Tundra – Road Test & Review". Motor Trend.
127. ^ "Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 9 Million Units" (Press
release). Toyota City, Japan: Toyota. May 20, 2016. Archived from the original on May 23,
2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
128. ^ Klippenstein, Matthew (August 22, 2013). "Does Toyota's Hybrid Leadership Blind
It To Electric Cars?". Green Car Reports. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016.
Retrieved May 22, 2016.
129. ^ Jump up to:a b "Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 10 Million Units" (Press
release). Toyota City, Japan: Toyota Europe. January 14, 2017. Archived from the original
on February 16, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
130. ^ "Toyota FCHV Fact Sheet" (Press release). Toyota USA. September 11, 2008.
Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
131. ^ "Toyota to Begin Leasing Advanced Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle" (Press release).
Toyota Japan. August 29, 2008. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013.
132. ^ Bowman, Zach (November 30, 2011). "Toyota FCV-R Concept is
otherworldly". Autoblog. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved April
20, 2013.
133. ^ Priddle, Alisa (March 17, 2013). "Toyota to start selling hydrogen fuel-cell car in
2015". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved August
8, 2012.
134. ^ Muller, Joann (August 29, 2013). "Toyota Unveils Plans For 15 New Or Improved
Hybrids (It Already Has 23)". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
135. ^ Millikin, Mike (November 17, 2014). "Akio Toyoda announces name of Toyota's
new fuel cell sedan in web video: Mirai". Green Car Congress. Archived from the original on
November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
136. ^ "Toyota Mirai production to be increased" (Press release). UK: Toyota. January 22,
2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
137. ^ Moritsugu, Ken (November 18, 2014). "Toyota to start sales of fuel cell car next
month". Fox News Chicago. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 29,
138. ^ Voelcker, John (November 18, 2014). "2016 Toyota Mirai Priced At $57,500, With
$499 Monthly Lease". Green Car Reports. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014.
139. ^ Cobb, Jeff (November 17, 2014). "Toyota Mirai To Be Priced From $57,500".
HybridCars.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved November
19, 2014.
140. ^ "Toyota Ushers In The Future With Launch Of 'Mirai' Fuel Cell Sedan" (Press
release). Europe: Toyota. November 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5,
141. ^ Nelson, Gabe (January 5, 2015). "Toyota opens up 5,600 hydrogen-related patents
to advance fuel cell technology". Autoweek. US. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016.
142. ^ Hasegawa, Takahiko; Imanishi, Hiroyuki; Nada, Mitsuhiro; Ikogi, Yoshihiro (April 5,
2016). "Development of the Fuel Cell System in the Mirai FCV". SAE Technical Paper
Series. Vol. 1. US: SAE. doi:10.4271/2016-01-1185. Archived from the original on April 28,
2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
143. ^ Mizutani, Nobuaki; Ishibashi, Kazunobu (April 5, 2016). "Enhancing PtCo Electrode
Catalyst Performance for Fuel Cell Vehicle Application". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1.
US: SAE. doi:10.4271/2016-01-1187. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016.
144. ^ Kato, Hisao (April 5, 2016). "In-Situ Liquid TEM Study on the Degradation
Mechanism of Fuel Cell Catalysts". SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains. US:
SAE. 5: 189–194. doi:10.4271/2016-01-1192. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016.
145. ^ Stewart, Jack. "Toyota Insists Hydrogen Is Still a Great Idea, Will Now Use It to
Power Trucks". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
146. ^ Gastelu, Gary (May 1, 2023). "Toyota can turn diesel semis into hydrogen-powered
big rigs now". Fox News. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
147. ^ "Toyota in £11.3m government deal to develop hydrogen pickup trucks". BBC
News. December 2, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
148. ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (December 14, 2009). "Toyota officially launches plug-in Prius
program, retail sales in 2011". Autoblog Green. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
149. ^ Toyota News Release (February 28, 2012). "Prius Plug-In eligibile for a $1,500
California consumer incentive plus $2,500 Federal tax credit". Green Car Congress.
Retrieved February 29, 2012.
150. ^ Berman, Brad (May 1, 2015). "Toyota Halts Production of Prius Plug-in Hybrid Until
Late 2016". Plugincars.com. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
151. ^ Undercoffler, David (March 23, 2016). "Toyota looks to boost Prius with all-new
plug-in Prime". Automotive News. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
152. ^ Blanco, Sebastian (March 23, 2016). "Toyota Prius Prime plugs in with 22 EV
miles". Autoblog.com. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
153. ^ Tajitsu, Naomi (February 15, 2017). "Toyota sees plug-in hybrids catching on faster
than conventional hybrids". Automotive News. Reuters. Retrieved February
19, 2017. Around 75,000 first generation Prius plug-ins have been sold since its launch in
2012.
154. ^ Beard, David (July 2, 2020). "Tested: 2021 Toyota RAV4 Prime Is Quicker Than
Supra 2.0". Car and Driver. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
155. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota beefs up green vehicles, plans electric car for this year, fuel
cell vehicle by 2015". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. September 24, 2012. Archived from
the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
156. ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (July 25, 2021). "Toyota Led on Clean Cars. Now Critics Say It
Works to Delay Them". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the
original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
157. ^ "Biden Administration Must Push Toyota to Make Stronger Public Commitment on
EVs". Public Citizen. US. May 8, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
158. ^ Jump up to:a b Einhorn, Bruce; Sano, Nao (January 6, 2023). "The World's Love
Affair With Japanese Cars Is Souring". Bloomberg. US. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
159. ^ "Toyota doubles down on hydrogen with a new mirai and commercial
trucks". www.autoweek.com. Autoweek. December 21, 2020. Archived from the original on
June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
160. ^ "Toyota doubles down on hybrids despite china's subsidies
snub". www.bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. April 24, 2016.
161. ^ Motavalli, Jim (July 16, 2010). "Toyota and Tesla Plan an Electric RAV4". The New
York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
162. ^ "Toyota Concept Vehicles-- RAV4 EV". Toyota USA. Archived from the original on
January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
163. ^ Sherry Boschert (2006). Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America.
New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. ISBN 978-0-86571-571-4. Archived from
the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
164. ^ "Toyota RAV4 EV key for meeting California ZEV requirements; Tesla powertrain
uses Model S components". Green Car Congress. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August
4, 2012.
165. ^ White, Addison (July 30, 2020). "Toyota Once Partnered With Tesla to Make a
Disappointing Electric RAV4". MotorBiscuit. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
166. ^ "Toyota Wraps Up Production of RAV4 EV". PluginCars.com. September 29, 2014.
167. ^ "Don't look for a Toyota RAV4 EV successor anytime soon". Roadshow. April 3,
2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
168. ^ Trudell, Craig; Ohnsman, Alan (August 7, 2014). "Why the Tesla-Toyota
Partnership Short-Circuited". Bloomberg News. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
169. ^ "Toyota officially confirms 2012 launch of electric Scion iQ". Autoblog. July 1,
2011. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
170. ^ Sean McLain (November 9, 2016). "Toyota Looks to Electric Cars as Stronger Yen
Dents Profits". The Wall Street Journal.
171. ^ Andrew Krok (December 18, 2017). "Toyota to introduce 10 electric cars by mid-
2020s".
172. ^ "Toyota Premieres Toyota-brand Battery Electric Vehicles Ahead of 2020 China
Launch" (Press release). Toyota. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
173. ^ "Toyota C-HR Electric fails to excite customers in China". ElectricVehicleWeb. July
6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
174. ^ Padeanu, Adrian (October 17, 2019). "Toyota Reveals Tiny Production EV Ahead
Of Late 2020 Launch". Motor1.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019.
Retrieved October 17, 2019.
175. ^ Szymkowski, Sean (October 17, 2019). "Teeny-weeny Toyota electric city car will
hit Japanese streets next year". Roadshow. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019.
Retrieved October 17, 2019.
176. ^ "Toyota's chief says electric vehicles are overhyped". www.wsj.com. The Wall
Street Journal. December 17, 2020.
177. ^ "Toyota announces its new BEV series, Toyota bZ, in establishment of a full line-up
of electrified vehicles" (Press release). Toyota. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
178. ^ Gauthier, Michael (April 19, 2021). "Toyota's bZ4X Concept Previews An Electric
SUV Coming In 2022". Carscoops. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
179. ^ "Toyota Reveals Global Electrification Strategy in Shanghai" (Press release).
Australia: Toyota. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
180. ^ "Volvo and VW the only European carmakers on track to electrify on time –
study". www.transportenvironment.com. Transport & Environment. June 16, 2021.
181. ^ Tim Kelly (December 15, 2021). "Toyota commits $70 bln to bolster electrification,
shares rally". Reuters.
182. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota's Already Testing Its Solid-State Battery Tech on Public
Roads". MotorTrend. September 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
183. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota's Vision of Autonomous Cars Is Not Exactly Driverless –
Bloomberg". Bloomberg. September 19, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17,
2019.
184. ^ "Toyota's billion-dollar AI research center has a new self-driving car". March 3,
2017. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
185. ^ "Toyota starts a new $2.8 billion company to develop self-driving software". The
Verge. March 2, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019.
186. ^ "Toyota Is Launching a $2.8 Billion Self-Driving Car Company". Futurism. March 3,
2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019.
187. ^ "Toyota is buying Lyft's autonomous car division for $550 million". The Verge. April
26, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
188. ^ "Toyota to invest $500m in Uber in driverless car deal". BBC News. August 27,
2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019.
189. ^ "Toyota to invest $500m in Uber for self-driving car programme". The Guardian.
August 28, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019.
190. ^ "Toyota steers $400 million to self-driving startup Pony.ai". February 25, 2020.
191. ^ "INGDAN.com Partners with Toyota to Build New Smart Car Ecosystem That Will
Empower Technology Upgrades Across the Automotive Industry". The Wall Street Journal.
January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019.
192. ^ "Akio Toyoda Visits the e-Palette Operation Support Team on the Opening
Ceremony Day". TOYOTA TIMES (Press release). Retrieved August 5, 2021.
193. ^ "Toyota Unveils Their e-Palette Self-Driving Shuttles". Retrieved June 28, 2021.
194. ^ "Toyota e-Palette autonomous vehicles to be rolled out "within the next few years"".
caradvice. February 11, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
195. ^ "A City Tailor-Made for Self-Driving Cars? Toyota Is Building One". Bloomberg.
April 26, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
196. ^ Poon, Linda (January 24, 2020). "Can Toyota Turn Its Utopian Ideal Into a 'Real
City'?". Bloomberg. City Lab. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020.
197. ^ "Toyota to sink $67.2 mln in Mitsubishi passenger jet, China Economic Net, May
23, 2008". En.ce.cn. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved September
11, 2010.
198. ^ Toyota press release of first flight Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback
Machine
199. ^ "MRJ Program Schedule Announcement". Archived from the original on October
16, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
200. ^ "Toyota Marine". Toyota Marine. Toyota Motor Corporation. Archived from the
original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
201. ^ "Lexus pleasure boat introduced". Nikkei Inc. May 26, 2017. Archived from the
original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
202. ^ "Toyota: Supporting Our Communities | Local Support". Toyota. Archived from the
original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
203. ^ El-Naggar, Mona (July 26, 2013). "In Lieu of Money, Toyota Donates Efficiency to
New York Charity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013.
204. ^ "Technology | Robot trumpets Toyota's know-how". BBC News. March 11,
2004. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
205. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota Developing A Wheelchair Driven By The
Mind". PopSci.com.au. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012.
206. ^ Etherington, Darrell (2017). "You can virtually inhabit Toyota's new humanoid
robot". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved December
8, 2018.
207. ^ Heater, Brian (December 1, 2018). "Toyota taps Docomo 5G to remotely control its
humanoid robot". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018.
208. ^ "History of TOYOTA home-use sewing machine". www.aisin.co.jp. Archived
from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
209. ^ Olick, Diana (May 16, 2022). "This start-up makes vodka out of CO2 emissions,
and it's backed by Toyota and JetBlue". CNBC. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
210. ^ Shrestha, Priyanka (April 20, 2021). "Toyota aims to become carbon-neutral by
2050". future Net Zero. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
211. ^ "Toyota Kirloskar Motor takes giant strides towards achieving Zero Carbon
Emission manufacturing facility". Indiablooms. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
212. ^ Wesoff, Eric; Sylvia, Tim (August 13, 2020). "Morning Brief: wind and solar
continue to rise drastically in the global power mix, Toyota announces three new solar
projects". pv magazine USA. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
213. ^ Bellan, Rebecca (May 11, 2021). "Toyota partners with ENEOS to explore a
hydrogen-powered Woven City". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
214. ^ Hardcastle, Jessica Lyons (October 19, 2015). "Toyota aims for zero carbon
emissions over life of a vehicle". Environment + Energy Leader. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
215. ^ "StackPath". www.industryweek.com. July 6, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
216. ^ "Toyota to settle U.S. truck rust lawsuit for up to $3.4 billion". Reuters. November
12, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
217. ^ Jump up to:a b Harden, Blaine (July 13, 2008). "Japan's Killer Work Ethic". The
Washington Post Foreign Service. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017.
218. ^ "Nagoya court rules Toyota employee died from overwork". The Japan Times.
December 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved June
29, 2017.
219. ^ Mattera, Phil (February 11, 2010). "Toyota totals its corporate social responsibility
cred". Facing South. US. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
220. ^ Jump up to:a b Prang, Allison (January 14, 2021). "Toyota to Pay $180 Million to
Settle Complaint Over Delayed Emissions Defect Reports". The Wall Street Journal. US.
221. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota to pay $180 million fine for failing to report and fix pollution
control defects". US. Associated Press. January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021 – via
Dallas News.
222. ^ Atiyeh, Clifford (November 13, 2014). "Massive Takata Airbag Recall: Everything
You Need to Know, Including Full List of Affected Vehicles". Car and Driver. Archived from
the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
223. ^ "Toyota advances plans to replace Takata airbags in 65,000 vehicles". Reuters.
December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved December
12, 2018.
224. ^ "Strike halts production at Denso plant in China". June 23, 2010. Archived from the
original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
225. ^ "US Officials Ask How ISIS Got So Many Toyota Trucks". ABC News.
226. ^ "Islamic State and others using Toyota trucks". Archived from the original on
August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
227. ^ Somaiya, Ravi (October 14, 2010). "Why Rebel Groups Love the Toyota
Hilux". Newsweek. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
228. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (May 8, 2009). "For Somali Pirates, Worst Enemy May Be on
Shore (Published 2009)". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
229. ^ Engel, Pamela. "These Toyota trucks are popular with terrorists — here's
why". Business Insider. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
230. ^ "Toyta's self-charging hybrid ads deemed misleading, banned in
Norway". www.insideevs.com. InsideEVs. January 27, 2020.
231. ^ "Don't' fall for the self-charging hybrid con". Forbes. October 24, 2020.
232. ^ "Toyota hybrid falls foul of ad rules after misleading cost saving
claim". www.journal.ie. The Journal. September 5, 2019.
233. ^ "Toyota's self-charging hybrid ad banned by this country". www.ibtimes.com.
International Business Times. January 24, 2020.
234. ^ "Claims about environmental benefits of hybrid vehicles
'greenwashing'". www.irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. May 29, 2021.
235. ^ "Irish Examiner view: Verification has huge role in climate
wars". www.irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. May 29, 2021.
236. ^ "We Need To Talk About Toyota". www.irishevs.com. IrishEVs. May 25, 2021.
237. ^ Jump up to:a b Bruce, Chris (April 28, 2023). "Toyota Admits Some Daihatsu Crash
Test Cars Were Rigged For Better Results". Motor1. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
238. ^ Leussink, Daniel (December 20, 2023). "Toyota's Daihatsu to halt all vehicle
shipments, in widening safety scandal". Reuters.
239. ^ "Toyota chief apologizes for cheating on testing at group company —
again". CTVNews. January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
240. ^ Jump up to:a b "Overview". Global website. Toyota Motor Corporation. March 31,
2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
241. ^ Jacob, Vinod (August 18, 2006). "In Toyota land". The Hindu – Business Line.
Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
242. ^ Greimel, Hans (May 6, 2013). "Dreary HQ city is a handicap in global glitz
plan". Automotive News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved May
9, 2013.
243. ^ Jump up to:a b "Sales, Production, and Export Results | Profile | Company". Toyota
Motor Corporation Official Global Website. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
244. ^ "Mazda and Toyota Establish Joint-Venture Company "Mazda Toyota
Manufacturing, U.S.A., Inc."" (Press release). Mazda. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
245. ^ "Is Toyota planning on introducing a diesel-powered
vehicle?". Toyota.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October
12, 2013.
246. ^ "Toyota's Woodstock plant opens". Canadiandriver.com. December 4,
2008. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
247. ^ Hinocanada.com Archived January 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
248. ^ "Toyota's European manufacturing plants". Toyota Motor Europe.
249. ^ "Toyota closes manufacturing operations" (Press release). Australia: Toyota.
October 3, 2017. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December
13, 2018.
250. ^ Wallace, Rick; Ferguson, John (February 10, 2014). "Toyota to stop making cars in
Australia, follows Ford and Holden". The Australian. Archived from the original on April 28,
251. ^ "Toyota Way 2001". 75 Years of TOYOTA. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
252. ^ Liker, Jeffrey (2004). "The 14 Principles of the Toyota Way: An Executive
Summary of the Culture Behind TPS" (PDF). University of Michigan. p. 36. Archived from the
original (PDF) on September 15, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
253. ^ Spear, Steven (January 1999). The Toyota Production System: An Example of
Managing Complex Social/Technical Systems (Thesis). US: Harvard
University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
254. ^ ibidem, p. 11 ff.
255. ^ ibidem, p. 25 ff.
256. ^ How Toyota Became #1: Leadership Lessons from the World's Greatest Car
Company Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine By David Magee. Penguin
Group. 2007
257. ^ How Toyota Became #1: Leadership Lessons from the World's Greatest Car
Company Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine By David Magee. Penguin
Group. 2007
258. ^ Kaizen Event Implementation Manual Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback
Machine By Geoffrey L. Mika; 2006
259. ^ Jump up to:a b "Toyota Logo History". Carlogos.org. April 30, 2020.
260. ^ New brand for Toyota Queensland Transport News October 26, 1989, page 11
261. ^ "Company > Vision & Philosophy > Nov/Dec 2004" (Press release). Japan: Toyota.
Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
262. ^ "Passion" (Press release). Toyota. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011.
263. ^ "Crown Motors Ltd. (Hong Kong) Corporate Information" (in Chinese).
2010. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
264. ^ "Toyota China". Toyota.com.cn. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010.
265. ^ Toyota headquarters image (cropped to show logo), September 7, 2012,
retrieved August 6, 2021
266. ^ Kierstein, Alex (August 3, 2021). "Toyota Celebrates the Land Cruiser's 70-Year
Run". MotorTrend. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
267. ^ "IANA — Delegation Report for .toyota".
268. ^ "Commercial Partners | Cricket
Australia". www.cricketaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.
269. ^ Brettig, Daniel (December 5, 2023). "Warner's leap on brand as Toyota replaces
Alinta on Australian shirt". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
270. ^ Reid, Andrew (December 5, 2023). "Cricket Australia panned over 'ridiculous' detail
as new major sponsor unveiled". Yahoo! Sport Australia. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
271. ^ Long, Michael (May 18, 2015). "English cricketers to drive Toyotas under new ECB
deal". SportsPro. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
272. ^ "Toyota signs on as premier partner for three more years –
AFL.com.au". afl.com.au. August 31, 2016. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.
273. ^ "IOC Announces Toyota as TOP Partner to 2024". Olympic News (Press release).
March 13, 2015. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota.
 Official website
 Business data for Toyota Motor Corp:
o SEC filings
show
v
e
Toyota Motor Corporation
show
Toyota navigational boxes
show
v
e
Automotive industry in Japan
show
Authority control databases
Categories:
 TOPIX 100
 Toyota
 1940s initial public offerings
 Belgian Royal Warrant holders
 Car brands
 Car manufacturers of Japan
 Companies based in Aichi Prefecture
 Companies listed on the Fukuoka Stock Exchange
 Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
 Companies listed on the Nagoya Stock Exchange
 Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
 Conglomerate companies established in 1937
 Conglomerate companies of Japan
 Defense companies of Japan
 Diesel engine manufacturers
 Electric vehicle manufacturers of Japan
 Engine manufacturers of Japan
 Japanese brands
 Japanese companies established in 1937
 Japanese Imperial Warrant holders
 Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
 Marine engine manufacturers
 Military vehicle manufacturers
 Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
 Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan
 Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
 Robotics companies of Japan
 Sewing machine brands
 Technology companies established in 1937
 Toyota Group
 Toyota, Aichi
 Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1937
 This page was last edited on 12 February 2024, at 09:39 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy
 About Wikipedia
 Disclaimers
 Contact Wikipedia
 Code of Conduct
 Developers
 Statistics
 Cookie statement
 Mobile view
 Toggle limited content width

Get citation

TOYOTA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TOYOTA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TOYOTA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Main menu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Toyota Motor Corporation

Headquarters in Toyota, Japan

Native name トヨタ自動車株式会社

Romanized name Toyota Jidōsha kabushikigaisha

Company type Public

Traded as  TYO: 7203

Founded August 28, 1937; 86 years ago

Founder Kiichiro Toyoda

Area served Worldwide

Key people  Akio Toyoda (Chairman)

Production output  9,472,556 (FY21)

Services Banking, financing, leasing

Revenue  ¥27,214,594 million

Operating income ¥2,197,748 million (FY21)

Net income ¥2,282,378 million (FY21)

Total assets  ¥62,267,140 million

¥24,288,329 million (FY21)

Owner Toyota Group through cross ownership:

 Toyota Industries cross-owns

Number of 366,283 (FY21)

Toyota Motor Corporation (Japanese: トヨタ自動車株式会社, Hepburn: Toyota

The 1936 Toyota AA, the first vehicle produced by the

The Japanese government supported the company by preventing foreign

Toyopet Crown, the first vehicle fully designed and built

Toyota 2000GT (1967–1969)

By the 1980s, the Toyota Corolla was one of the most

The Toyota Supra (JZA80) is one of the most recognized

Japanese sports cars. Toyota Prius, first generation

Toyota East Fuji Research and Development Center

Akio Toyoda was named President of Toyota in 2009,

Toyota Showroom in Shenzhen, China

1. Rizaburo Toyoda (1937–1948)

Best-selling Toyota and Lexus

1 Toyota Corolla 1,312

2 Toyota RAV4 980

3 Toyota Yaris 743

4 Toyota Camry 685

5 Toyota Hilux 605

6 Toyota Highlander 466

8 Toyota C-HR 235

9 Toyota Levin 221

SUVs and crossovers

Toyota Hilux (global)

Toyota Tacoma (US/Canada)

The Toyota Prius, flagship of Toyota's hybrid technology,

The Toyota Mirai fuel-cell vehicle

The Toyota SORA fuel-cell bus

Second-generation Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid

globally out of 15 BEV models by 2025.[179][non-primary source needed]

Akio Toyoda shows prototypes of 15 BEVs during

The Toyota TS050 Hybrid that won the 2018 24 Hours of

The Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in Aichi, sponsored

Principal headquarters building of Toyota

Top 10 Toyota and Lexus vehicle sales

1 United States 2,108,460

The Toyota Camry is assembled in several facilities

Top 10 Toyota and Lexus vehicle production

3 United States 1,129,988