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THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS 299

UNIT 10

THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS

The first element of alkali and alkaline earth metals differs

in many respects from the other members of the group

After studying this unit, you will be

able to
The s-block elements of the Periodic Table are those in
• describe the general charact- which the last electron enters the outermost s-orbital. As
eristics of the alkali metals and the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons, two
their compounds;
groups (1 & 2) belong to the s-block of the Periodic Table.
• explain the general characteristics Group 1 of the Periodic Table consists of the elements:
of the alkaline earth metals and lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and
their compounds; francium. They are collectively known as the alkali metals.
• describe the manufacture, These are so called because they form hydroxides on
properties and uses of industrially reaction with water which are strongly alkaline in nature.
important sodium and calcium The elements of Group 2 include beryllium, magnesium,
compounds including Portland calcium, strontium, barium and radium. These elements
cement; with the exception of beryllium are commonly known as
• appreciate the biological the alkaline earth metals. These are so called because their
significance of sodium, oxides and hydroxides are alkaline in nature and these
potassium, magnesium and metal oxides are found in the earth’s crust*.
calcium. Among the alkali metals sodium and potassium are
abundant and lithium, rubidium and caesium have much
lower abundances (Table 10.1). Francium is highly
223
radioactive; its longest-lived isotope Fr has a half-life of
only 21 minutes. Of the alkaline earth metals calcium and
magnesium rank fifth and sixth in abundance respectively
in the earth’s crust. Strontium and barium have much
lower abundances. Beryllium is rare and radium is the
–10
rarest of all comprising only 10 per cent of igneous
rocks† (Table 10.2, page 299).
The general electronic configuration of s-block elements
1 2
is [noble gas]ns for alkali metals and [noble gas] ns for
alkaline earth metals.
* The thin, rocky outer layer of the Earth is crust. † A type of rock formed
from magma (molten rock) that has cooled and hardened.

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Uses: †
£
† › †
†
£
› †
£
† › †
£
› † ›
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (Baking
Soda), NaHCO3
›
–
› ›
› ›
› † ›
›
›
› 10.6 GROUP 2 ELEMENTS : ALKALINE
› EARTH METALS
› ›
›
› ›
› †
‘ + ‘+ ‘ → ‘
› ›

10.5 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM 10.6.1 Electronic Configuration
› ¢ ›
› › s †
› › ›
› ns
›

Element Symbol Electronic

› › › configuration

› ’ ’ s s
› › › s s p s
‹ s s p s p s
s s p s p d
s p s
’ ’ s s p s p d s
p d s p s
s
› – s

› 10.6.2 Atomic and Ionic Radii

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s ’ ‘

Table 10.2 Atomic and Physical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals

Property Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
¡ ¡¡
£
†› ¢ ¡ ¡

›
¡¢¢ ¢ ¢ ¢
£
† ¥
¢ ¢ ¢
£
† ¥
£ ¢ £ ¢ £ £ £ £
† ¥
¢ £

¡ ¡

¢ ¢
¡ † ¢
£
ƒ › ¡ ¢ †
£ ¢ £ £ ¡ £ ¡¢ £ ¢ £ ¢

†
£
‘ § §§ §§ ¡ § ¢ § §

*ppm (part per million); ** percentage by weight

› ›
’ › ’
› ›
›

10.6.3 Ionization Enthalpies

› ›
› › ‘ ‘

› 10.6.5 Physical Properties

†
›
›
›
’
› ›
› ›
› ›
› ›
›
’
10.6.4 Hydration Enthalpies ›

› ’ ’

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s ’ ‘ ¢

10.7 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ’

COMPOUNDS OF THE ALKALINE ›
EARTH METALS ›
†
› †
› ¡ ‘ ‘ ‘
’ ‘ ›
›
› ’ ›«
›
› ’ › ›
›
† ’ › › › ›
(iii) Salts of Oxoacids:

(i) Oxides and Hydroxides:

› Carbonates:
‘ ’ ‘
’ ‘

‹ › ‹
’ ‘

’ ‘
› › ›
’
‘ ‘ → †‘
‘
›
Sulphates:
› ›†‘
’ †‘
’ ‘ › ‘ «
’ ‘ ’ ‘
› ’
›
£ £
’ †‘ ‘ → ’ †‘
’
’ †‘ ‘ → ’ †‘ Nitrates:

(ii) Halides: ›

’ ›
› ›
’
› ›
›
›
( ‘ ) → ‘+ ‘ +‘
† '’ › ’

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Problem 10.4 †

›
› “ 10.8.1 Diagonal Relationship between
Beryllium and Aluminium
Solution
› ’
› « ›

› †
› ›
Problem 10.5
† ’
£
› ’ †‘ ‡
›
› “ †‘
£

Solution †
£
› › ›
’
›
› ›
›
† ’ ›
£ £
’

10.9 SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF

CALCIUM
10.8 ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF
BERYLLIUM
’
›
›
›
Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
‹
† ’
› † ‘
›
’ › 
‘  ‘+ ‘
› ›
† ’

› › › ¡ ‘
›
d

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s ’ ‘

‘+ ‘→ (‘ ) †

‘+ ‘ → ‘
† › › ›
›
›
slaking of lime · Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
› ’ ›
›
›
‘+ ‘ → ‘ ›
‘+– ‘ → ( –‘ )
(‘ ) + ‘ → ‘ + ‘
Uses:
† + ‘ → ‘ +
›

† ›

† ›

Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2 ‘ 

→ ‘ + ‘
›
‹ ‘
‘ + → + ‘+ ‘
› ‹
lime water ‘ + ‘ → ‘ + ‘+ ‘
Uses:
milk of lime ›
› ‹
› ›

(‘ ) + ‘ → ‘ + ‘ ‘
‘ › › ‹

› › ›

‘ + ‘ + ‘→ ( ‘ ) Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris),

CaSO4·½ H2O
›
› ‘ ‘
¢
(‘ ) + → + (‘ ) + ‘
’ › ( ‘ ‘) → ( ‘ ) ‘+ ‘
Uses: ¢
† ‘
› fl

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› ‘ † †
‘ › ‹ ‹ † ‘ †
› Setting of Cement:
› ›
Uses:
› – –
› › ›
› › ›
› ›

› Uses:
Cement: ›
›
¡ ¥ ›
– › ›
‹
10.10 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
– ›
MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
› ›
› ‘ › ›
› ‹
‘ ›
› › £ ›
– ‘
–
†« ‘ †« ‘ †« ›‘
‹ ›
†« ‘ † ‘ † ›
› ›
‹ † ‘
† ‘
› ¢¢ †
† ‘
† ‘ † ‘
† ‘
› ›
›
£
›
› › ƒ
fl › ›
† › › ›
† ‘ ‘
› – › “
† ‘ † ›

SUMMARY

s-Block Group1 † Group 2

†
s
s ›
+ 2+
› (M ) (M )

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s ’ ‘

›
› atomic ionic ionization
enthalpies ›
›
›
›
‘diagonal relationship’
›
› ›

› ›
›
Castner-Kellner
Solvay

† †
(Plaster of Paris), † Portland cement
›

› † † ›

›
› biological fluids
biological functions

EXERCISES

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ƒ › ›

“
‘

†
† †
› “
¡
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¢ “
‹ ‹
›
’ › ›
“
ƒ
– “
‘ ‘ ›
“

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›
† †
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› †
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† † “
¡ ƒ › † †
† ‹
¢ ƒ † ’ † † ’ †

› › ›

ƒ › † † †

“
› ›
›

† “
† “
† “
›
† ‹

†
 £
† † ‹ → † † ' ’

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† “
† “
¡ ‹
† ‘
† ‘
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¢ › “
† ’ ‘ ’ ‘
† ’ ‘ ’ ‘
†
› › “
† † † †
› › “
† † † †
“
† › ‘ † ‘ † ‘ † ’ ‘

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