1

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

Gender issues, such as gender inequality, gender stereotypes, gender

discrimination, and others, touch everyone in their everyday life. There are no

exceptions since everyone is affected, whether men, women, children,

families, or trans and gender-diverse people. It is a complex phenomenon in

organizational structures, processes, and practices (Stamarski & Son-Hing,

2015). Although gender inequality affects people of all ages and backgrounds,

the victims are affected differently. Worse, victims frequently experience many

forms of discrimination.

The meaning of gender, gender equality, and women's economic

empowerment are outlined to inform the analysis of gender and work in

subsequent sections. In addition, the importance of gender equality in

development strategies at international and national levels is noted to

motivate the topic further. Although binary classification is controversial,

gender refers to the socially created distinctions between men and women

(MacPhail, 2017). Hence, according to European Institute for Gender Equality

(2014), Gender problems encompass all aspects and concerns relating to

women's and men's lives and circumstances in society, including how they

interact, differences in access to and use of resources, activities, and how

they respond to changes, interventions, and laws.

Although women and men have officially equal political rights in today's

democracies, there are persistent gaps in how often these rights are
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exercised, with women underrepresented in numerous political practices. The

gender gap in democratic participation is problematic because gendered

asymmetries in participation entail collective outcomes that are less attentive

to women's needs, interests, and preferences (Beauvais, 2020).

Hence, the perception of gender equality does not share the same with

men and women. According to the study by González, Forcén, and Sanchez

(2019), The discrepancy in perceptions between men and women was more

striking among women, who believed that males acknowledged women's

leadership ability. Men felt that men and women received equal treatment in

their workplaces, whereas women's attitudes toward equality were

substantially lower, with just 69% agreeing. Men and women see gender

inequalities and hurdles differently depending on the office, town, and locality.

Women make more difficult risk judgments than males in

nonstereotyped danger scenarios or stereotyped threat situations (Moya &

Exposito, 2021). They are afraid of being judged negatively and appeared to

make riskier decisions than other groups. Thus, in the study of Fox and

Lawless (2014), they uncovered a dramatic gender gap as men and women

aim for a position in politics. Women appear to be less interested and less

engaged in politics than men; some evidence suggests that the presence of

women as candidates and officeholders can help to stimulate political

engagement among women (Karp & Banducci, 2008). Hence, achieving

gender equality still remains a challenge for every country.

Liu (2019) found that the average percentage of women in national

legislatures worldwide increased from 12% in 1997 to 2018. Therefore,

decision-makers are motivated to make careful decisions tended to exhibit

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less gender-role congruity bias for male-dominated jobs (Koch et al., 2015). It

shows that gender remains the strongest predictor of political participation and

suggests that Asian women remain marginalized in the political arena (Liu,

2020).

In the Australian Victoria Government (2021), it was studied that

alongside gender inequality, women from culturally diverse communities

experience discrimination and racism. Women face barriers in accessing

services and understanding their rights. Traditional stereotypes are

challenging for many men. They live up to the societal pressures of being

physically and emotionally intense, as well as the breadwinner or earner,

because they are regarded as attributes of a real man. Gender equality is

believed to guarantee that individuals are treated equally and have human-

centered development, and that they all progress together (Gender Equality

Cayman Islands, 2012).

Further, in the study of Asante (2014) in the Dangme West district of

Ghana, governmental and non-governmental interventions have influenced

women to contribute more economically in their homes, and they become less

vulnerable and subsequently improve their decision-making roles. However,

the study revealed that other factors, such as unemployment and the out-

migration of men, create more space for women to assume 'headship'

positions and act as significant decision-makers in the home. This 'new'

gender role and position of women is, however, creating gender antagonism

at the household level.

When it comes to participatory decision-making, Valverde (2021)

mentioned that participatory decision-making is the chance for associate

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degree workers to supply input into the decision-making method associated

with work matters like work organization, task priorities, or structure problems

if they need a say in promoting new strategy concepts. The various

opportunities to participate in decision-making will give workers and

employers mutual advantages. Participatory decision-making enhances

motivation, structure commitment, and job satisfaction. Decision-making is

choosing by identifying a decision, gathering information, and considering

alternative resolutions to achieve the desired result. Consequently, having

both men and women involved broadens the perspectives, increases

creativity and innovation, diversifies the pool of talents and competencies,

reduces conflicts, and improves the decision-making process.

Power and decision-making remain huge and dominated by men (UN,

2020). Female political leaders still face issues and challenges that their male

counterparts do not (Fox & Lawless, 2014). The understanding that males are

superior, more powerful, and represent the norm should not be ignored, as

women are inferior and lack power and autonomy (Jakobsh, 2012). Even

once they run for office, differences persist in the experiences of male and

female politicians. Stereotypes can be one of the most severe obstacles to

female leadership. Besides the patriarchal setups and norms that differentially

position men and women where voters rely on stereotypes to help them

evaluate political leaders, voters have limited time and energy to devote to

political matters. It shows that women were ultimately excluded from the

political process as they are less likely to be recruited as eligible candidates

(Fox & Lawless, 2014). Women generally focus on supportive positions,

specifically in the lower positions, to keep this male leadership in power. With
 5

this, naturally, males depend on the subordinate position of women, and this

ordering of power thus has severe effects on women's leadership (Alqahtani,

2019; & Misra, 2020). Hindrances to women's effective political participation

were discrimination based on gender, a political environment characterized by

violence, and a lack of support from fellow women (Anyango et al., 2018).

According to the United Nations, a Civil Society Organization (CSO) is

any non-profit, voluntary citizen group organized locally, nationally, and

internationally. Civil society organizations (CSOs) are established and

devoted by people to raising citizens' concerns to governments,

monitoring policies, and stimulating political engagement at the community

level, with the shared objective of performing different services and do-good

following their functions and purposes. Hence, in the study area, CSOs are

the farmers and entrepreneurs’ association; Banaue Public Vendors

Association, INC; and the Senior Citizens Affair.

While an association organized by independent neighbourhood

councils is also called the community assembly, it serves as a meeting or

gathering to discuss issues of broad interest. Its objective is to discuss issues

and matters that affect governance while promoting accountability and

transparency or providing ordinary citizens a venue to interact with their

barangay officials. The community assembly is those who join during the

barangay assembly or the citizens as part of the community.

As for electoral participation, though the law does not require citizens

to vote, voting is an essential part of a democratic country where citizens

participate in the democratic process by voting for a leader that supports the

citizens' interests and represents the community and their ideas. Hence, civil
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society organizations, community assemblies, and electoral participation

promote the participation of men and women in the community and

policymaking process.

In the Philippines, women's participation is higher in the planning

process, during meetings, nursery development, and maintenance, as well as

in mangrove management and protection. Men were involved in constructing

and maintaining fences in the mangrove area. Some of the issues

encountered by the members included a lack of support from other community

members, lack of funds, and conflict within the household over time devoted

to the work (Bagsit & Jimenez, 2013). Regarding gender roles in the

indigenous community, Razote (2021) claimed that indigenous women play

an important role as custodians of indigenous people’s lands and resources,

as well as in food security. Indigenous women have an important role in

maintaining communal harmony. To address the multiple challenges that

Indigenous women face, many Indigenous cultures' gender-neutral

conceptions of equality must be updated. In addition, according to Elbat and

Alburo (2012)'s research in Sarangani, women are compelled to engage in

income-generating activities; worse, women are often forced to leave their

houses and children in the care of their husbands and seek jobs as house-

helpers. Gender roles have changed dramatically as a result of this. When

this occurs, decision-making authority historically held by men is moved to

women.

While in the study of Lundgren and Petrosiute (2016), which focused

on women's political representation, specifically the top politicians in Manila as

their respondents, described just apart from the wholeness of the reality.
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Thus, there is a need to interview more politicians from lower positions to

perceive reality better. It is recommended for future studies to show different

results in the municipality and provinces, which could be a reason to study

gender gaps in those areas. Similarly, Cruz and Tolentino (2020) found that

men are more likely to be recognized as influential, while women are still

markedly less likely to be recognized as influential. The overall gender

inequality remains in favor of males. The continuing of male domination

overall, despite the authors'/editors' evident pro-women tendencies, may

represent the country's persistent gender disparity, notably in the economic

and political arenas (Curaming & Curaming, 2020). It demonstrates a dearth

of female participation in senior or leadership roles and presents some ideas

to improve this systematic underrepresentation of Filipino women (David et

al., 2017). However, the group stated that the country still has to address its

gender disparities in political empowerment, economic involvement, and

opportunity.

In the Philippines, women make up a smaller percentage of the labor

force than males. About four out of every five working-age Filipino males are

in the labor force, whereas just half of women aged 15 and above are.

Between 2005 and 2015, this difference shrank by only 2.5 percent. This

gradual improvement in women's work participation may be seen throughout

the ASEAN area (Albert & Vizmanos, 2017).

According to Malapit et al. (2020), many development groups in value

chains strive for empowerment and women's engagement. To follow the goals

between and within value chains, restricted systematic, rigorous research was

performed. Unlike in other nations where men and women are empowered
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throughout all four value chains, men and women in the Philippines are

disempowered. As a result, attitudes about gender-based violence within the

household are the major causes of disempowerment for both men and

women. The study discovered that, despite the Philippines' comparatively

small gender differences, men and women are nevertheless impacted by

gender stereotypes in terms of empowerment and engagement.

Gender concerns are frequently mentioned as being present in

participatory decision-making. It is associated with running for office or a job,

voting, and providing service or leadership. Men are more commonly seen as

political participants, whereas women are portrayed as subordinates and

supporters of males. Regardless of the findings of subsequent research, they

focused on broad gender concerns in participation, representation, leadership,

workplace or offices, voting, and stereotypes. Most research papers focused

on women's leadership; gender roles, social recognition, and political

influence; barriers to women's leadership; women's political participation;

challenges women’s political leaders face; women's political representation;

and women's participation and engagement (Razote, 2021; Jakobsh, 2012;

Liu, 2019, 2020; Cruz & Tolentino, 2020; Malapit et al., 2020; Lundgren &

Petrosiute, 2016). Few have studied gender issues in participatory decision-

making.

In the province of Ifugao, it has been discovered that NGO personnel

may also be unaware of existing inequalities experienced by members of an

indigenous community, such as cultural and gender inequalities. NGO

initiatives, on the other hand, may have equivocal effects on female and

community empowerment (Kwiatkowski, 2005). Furthermore, it was shown

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that respondents' attitudes on gender roles based on policy views, moral

beliefs, and factual beliefs are almost the same, which is regarded as

agreeable (Aguido, et. al., 2016). Moreover, in the study of De Guzman et. al.,

(2014), it was found that respondents are aware of the identified dimensions

of violence against women and children.

Gender issues are seen everywhere, which means that the civil society

organizations and barangay officials in the community assembly, electoral

participation, and other cultural activities are also affected. Participating in

decision-making through community assembly, electoral participation, and

other decision-making activities would enhance their rights as community

citizens to ensure that they are heard and that their priorities are reflected in

policies, programs, and projects. As CSOs and barangay officials participate

in community assemblies, electoral participation, and other decision-making

activities with diverse communities, gender issues arise, such as when it

comes to inside the office, service delivery, approaches, and opinions or

voices being unheard.

Thus, this study identified men's and women's perspectives of gender

issues in Banaue, Ifugao participatory decision-making. The designated

officials and officers of the Civil Society Organization, the barangay officials,

and the community who perform community assemblies, electoral

participation, and other participatory decision-making activities are the

research respondents. The next section covers the scope and impact of the

identified gender problems on individuals.

This study aimed to determine the gender issues affecting participatory

decision-making experienced in the selected communities of Banaue, Ifugao,

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specifically regarding community assembly, electoral participation, and other

decision-making activities. Also, the study determined and described the

gender issues in participatory decision-making experienced by the

communities in Banaue and recommendations for an appropriate intervention

program.
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Conceptual Framework

Input Process
1. Data collection
The gender issues and challenges, effect, and
and Analysis.
extent experienced in participatory decision-
2. Stakeholder
making processes in the communities of
Engagement
Banaue, Ifugao, in terms of:
3. Interpret the
1. Community Assembly;
results
2. Electoral participation;
3. Other participatory decision-making
activities

Output
 Measures or recommendations to develop gender
equality in participatory decision-making.
 Improved gender-responsive decision-making.
 Strengthened community cohesion and
empowerment.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of this study. This study will

identify the gender issues, effect, and extent experienced in participatory

decision-making in the community of Banaue, Ifugao, specifically in the civil

society organization and barangay officials who conduct community

assembly, electoral participation, and other decision-making activities. This

study will describe the extent and effect of the identified gender issues in

participatory decision-making to the individual, specifically the men and

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women elected and appointed officials as part of the civil society organization

and the municipality. Thus, the collected, identified, analyzed, and interpreted

data of different gender issues in the different fields will help to measure or

recommend an appropriate intervention program to develop gender equality.

Research Objectives

The study aimed to determine the gender issues affecting participatory

decision-making among the communities in Banaue, Ifugao.

Specifically, it sought:

1. To determine and describe the gender issues in participatory decision-

making as experienced by the communities in Banaue, Ifugao, in terms of the

following platforms:

a) community Assembly;

b) electoral Participation; and

c) other Decision-making Activities.

2. To recommend an appropriate intervention program.

Scope and Delimitation

The purpose of this study was to find out how gender problems

influenced respondents' participation in decision-making. The investigation

focused on the officers of civil society organizations as well as elected and

appointed authorities who were involved in (a) community assembly, (b)

electoral participation, and (c) other decision-making activities. In addition, the

respondents' gender, age, and position were clearly collected in their profile.

The study site will be in the city of Banaue.

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The study's research respondents were limited to elected and

appointed officials in the barangay and officers in the CSO conducting

community assemblies, electoral participation, and other decision-making

activities for the community of Banaue because they are the beneficiaries of

gender development and gender equality programs.

Significance of the Study

The study aimed to benefit the following:

Men and Women. This research study may be a reference or guide in

developing gender equality and avoiding gender gaps and barriers in the

community or at the workplace.

Government Officials. Government officials or political leaders may

use this study to acknowledge the issues and problems in gender gaps and

barriers in political leadership to give actions and programs to reduce the

gender gaps and barriers and develop gender equality in political leadership

in the indigenous community.

Gender Equality Advocates. The Gender Equality Resource Center

(GERC) partners with cooperatives, non-government organizations, LGUs,

development councils, government agencies, and other actors to implement

gender equality. They may use the information gathered in measures or

intervention programs to promote a positive and broader improvement in

gender equality.

Future Researcher. As this topic of gender gaps and barriers in the

indigenous community is unknown, future researchers may use this study to

get additional information on the related field.

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Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study employed a qualitative design to collect and analyze data.

Qualitative data is a close-ended and open-ended interview using guide

questions to identify the gender issues and experiences affecting the

participatory decision-making in the community assembly, electoral

participation, and other decision-making activities in the municipality of

Banaue. Men and women elected and appointed officials as part of the

barangay and the municipality, and the elected officers as part of a Civil

Society Organization were interviewed. Qualitative data was assessed using

thematic analysis. The qualitative data analysis method involves reading

through a data set, such as transcripts from in-depth interviews or focus

groups, and identifying patterns in meaning across the data to derive themes.

Research Environment

This study was conducted in Banaue, a municipality in the landlocked

province of Ifugao. It is bordered by Mountain Province on the north, Isabela

on the east, Benguet on the west, and Nueva Vizcaya on the south. It has 18

barangays which are Amganad, Anaba, Balawis, Banao, Bangaan, Batad,

Bocos, Cambulo, Ducligan, Gohang, Kinakin, Uhaj, Poblacion, Poitan, Pula,

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San Fernando, Tam-an, View Point. Banaue is mainly dominated by two

ethnolinguistic groups, the Tuwali and Ayangan.

This study determined the gender issues in the municipality of Banaue.

Table 1 shows the criteria or basis for the research area. Out of 18

barangays, barangay Poblacion, Bocos, Batad, Ducligan, and Pula were

selected as research area based on the distribution of ethnolinguistics,

household population, total population, the geographical location or the

nearest distance of Poblacion center to the barangays, and economic status.

The study areas are chosen based on the highest, middle, and lowest criteria.

Therefore, the ethnolinguistic group of Poblacion, Bocos, and Pula is "Tuwali,"

while Batad and Ducligan are "Ayangan." Pula has the lowest total household

population of 106 and a total population of 473 among the 18 barangays.

Batad and Ducligan are in the middle regarding the total household

population, total population, and economy and are farthest from the center of

Banaue. In contrast, Poblacion and Bocos have the highest total household

populations, total populations, and economy and are the nearest to the center

of Banaue. This also indicates that the five selected barangays well

represented the ethnolinguistic group of Banaue.

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 17

Source: Banaue LGU

Figure 2. Map of Banaue

Figure 2 shows the location of the research area, the municipality of

Banaue. Participatory in decision-making included the men and women

elected and appointed officials in the barangay and municipality and the

elected officers in the civil society organization.

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Research Respondents

Respondents were selected using purposive sampling, a technique in

which the researcher relies on criteria judgment when choosing population

members to participate in the study. Purposive sampling was used to access

a particular subset of people, as all respondents of an interview are selected

based on the criteria and profile. The respondents were ninety (90), forty-five

(45) for the men and women elected and appointed officials in the barangay

and the elected officers in the civil society organization and forty-five (45)

respondents for the community conducting community assemblies, electoral

participation, and other decision-making activities in Poblacion, Bocos, Batad,

Ducligan, and Pula in the municipality of Banaue.

Table 2.
Total Number of Respondents
Total of
Respondents Men Women
Respondents

Elected Barangay Officials 10 14 24

Appointed Barangay Officials 0 9 9

Civil Society Organization Officers 5 7 12

Community 20 25 45

Total of Respondents 35 55 90
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Research Instrument

The utilized research instrument in this study is the guide questionnaire

for a key informant interview. The qualitative data utilized a key informant

interview using a guide questionnaire, audio recorder, and notes to

supplement the recorded response. It was a mixture of close-ended and

open-ended interviews to identify the gender issues experienced by the

participants affecting their participatory decision-making in the community

assembly, electoral participation, and other decision-making activities in the

municipality. Qualitative data are recorded, transcribed, translated, coded,

grouped under different themes, finalized, and interpret.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the interview was conducted, there was a need for a letter of

request for an interview with the selected participants and seeking data on

gender issues in participatory decision-making experienced in the

municipality, which was sent to the mayor ‘s office of Banaue.

Also, the adviser experts in the field formulated and checked a guide

interview questionnaire. After checking and approval, the researchers

conducted a pilot interview which was followed by the final interview with the

selected participants using guide questions, notes to supplement the audio

recorder, and follow-up questions were asked.

To continue, researchers did a thematic analysis of the qualitative data

to understand better the result of the data collected. After collecting the data

through interviews, the data was thematized and interpreted the results.
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Data Analysis

Qualitative data was employed to gather data. Then the data was

presented and analyzed using thematic analysis. First, the data was

familiarized, followed by transcription of the audio, reading of the text, and

taking preliminary notes. The second step was to code the data, highlight text

parts, and construct brief labels or codes to represent the material. The

interview was transcribed and everything pertinent or potentially interesting

was noted. The data was then consolidated into groupings defined by code,

resulting in a condensed summary of the important points and common

meanings reoccurring across the data. Third, generated themes examine the

created codes, identify patterns within the codes, and begin to construct

themes. Fourth, themes were examined to verify that they provided a useful

and accurate representation of the data. Fifth, once the data is accurate, a

final list of themes is created, defined, and named, which entails formulating

precisely what each theme means and determining how it helped the

researchers understand the data—naming the themes entails creating a

succinct and easily understandable name for each theme. Finally, the analysis

was written detailing the key insights and how the study answered the

research question. Responses were categorized and coded under different

themes. The local dialects and Filipino words or responses were translated

into English for a readable and understandable response. The researcher did

the translation to retrieve what the research participants stated, and this was

verified again with the recording.

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Finally, data validation was conducted and employed through

consultation with experts in the field and experts in the field discussions.

Chapter III

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

GENDER ISSUES

A. COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY

Gender Roles

The participants who are the elected and appointed barangay officials

and officers of the civil society organization are aware of gender roles as they

experienced during meetings in conducting activities where heavy work is

assigned to men, like road clearing. In contrast, the paper works given to

women are light. Paticular respondent from barangay Pula, Banaue stated,

“nan linalaki ketdi ya iconsider da nadan girls nga kagawads nga nakabsut.

Nu panggep hin eda tumulungan yah iconsider da nadan binabai nga uray

athtu uray dakmi di ume te adi yu kaya nga aton for example ngay ya nan

road clearing. Ya nan linalaki piman di ume nga e tumulung hin imali nga

nalpu hi munisipyu athidi.” [Men considers women as weak when it comes to

heavy activities like road clearing, and they believe they cannot do it. That is

why women are leaving the job to men.]

Therefore, Schmitt and Wirth (2009) claim that stereotyping is

promoted in the workplace through the division of labor according to gender.

Gender role is seen mainly when it comes to attending meetings, as

they observe that men prefer their jobs in order to feed their families than

attending meetings. Particular respondent from Ducligan maintains, “Nan

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finafai ngay shi kanayun an umattend ja chochoor hi meetings te nan linalai

eh ya mahachot cha an ume mi attend or ume cha ot mamo’la te jahnuy ken

chi ohan tamu cha.” [Women outnumbered the men in attending meetings

because men are tended to be lazy in joining a meeting or they prioritize to go

to other works as they are providers of the family.]

Hence, prescriptive norms place women in a subordinate status to men

who are stereotyped as the providers (Bowles et al., 2005).

In terms of the response from the community based on their

observations during community assembly it is undoubtedly that gender roles

are evident, especially in terms of community assembly where men are seen

and chosen to preside and to lead while women are sometimes perceived as

being limited only to domestic responsibilities or support roles. Men are

preferred when it comes to handling forest issues because women do not join

or go in the forest that's why men are mostly the one who talks.

This confirms one of the respondents in Barangay Batad, Banaue,

“Lalai ji mun preside te jijay kajaklan hitu munisipyu met. And nan babai ji

kasla supporter or helper ja.” [Men will preside since they are the ones who

are many here in the municipal and the women their supporters or helper.]

Also, a respondent in Barangay Ducligan, Banaue, “Ngem nu

organizations ya mostly paren is nangunguna paren ang mga gentlemen. Sa

ano mga field sa mga agricultural sector eh may discrepancy sa wages nila

na mas mababa sa babae, yung daily wage niya tas mataas sa lalaki

although the same ang trabaho.” [When it comes to organizations, men are

usually the ones who lead. Like in the field of agricultural sectors where there
 23

is a discrepancy of wages where women have little while men have bigger

wages although the work is equal.]

The study of Schmitt and Wirth (2009), claims that stereotyping is

promoted in the workplace through the division of labor according to gender.

Thus, in the study of Haque and Itohara (2008), Bangladeshi women

are playing a very important role both at home and outside but still disparities

exist between men and women in education, health, employment, and income

opportunities, control over assets, personal security, and participation in

political activities. According to this practice, the man is the earner and the

woman is the server of the man. Being the server of men, women should be

kept in the house, and movement outside the house is restricted (Panday,

2008).

Women have seen to have so many responsibilities to do that's why

they often prioritize their family and caregiving responsibilities, which can limit

their availability or willingness to participate actively in meetings or

organizations.

This further confirms by one of the respondents in Batad, Banaue

stated that, “Mostly ya linalaki ti dida di waday kaya na kanu an rumwar athidi.

Tapos nu pangep hidiyen bibinabai handi oya syempre gopo ya mostly ya

dida kanuy mabati an munbantay lang ayni unga hidin nabayag.” [Men are

mostly chosen because they are the ones capable and when it comes to

women, they are said to be housewives only because they have babies to

take care of.]

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Because women are more involved in caregiving work, the

characteristics ascribed to them are those of being nurturing, caring, and

concerned with personal relationships. By contrast, men are typically seen by

society as exhibiting masculine characteristics, such as leadership, strength,

and assertiveness (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, & Madon, (2003); Skelly &

Johnson, (2011). Unfortunately, unlike men, women when they become a

parent, are assumed to be likely to prioritize care for their children over

commitment at work (Ellemers et al., 2018). Social role theory explains that

men and women acting in accordance with their social roles are often

segregated along gender lines and that this functions to confirm gender

stereotypes (Eagly, 1987, 1997; Koenig & Eagly, 2014).

Supremacy

As men are the majority of barangay officials during their meetings,

men are said to be powerful in decision-making, and the people mostly prefer

their decisions as they can handle a meeting in case of arguments. A

particular respondent from Bocos said, “Nu pangep hi meeting chi barangay

wennu organization ya mostly ya linalai kase mas kaya cha ngay an ihandle

hiie an kunamon aji punkikinnaawatan ngem ni finafai. Ja nu humapit cha ja

mas paboran cha nan linalai.” [Men are mostly the presider of a meeting not

only in the official barangay assembly but also in the civil groups meeting

because men can manage the meeting when there is an argument and can

handle it better than women. When they speak, their voice is heard and

mostly followed.]
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Thus, female leaders need to be seen as both sensitive and strong to

be perceived as effective, while male leaders only need to demonstrate

strength (Johnson et al., 2008).

The superiority of men over women as observed in the community,

both based on religious or traditional views, or notions of men are noticed to

being followed, as the head and to be honored as women are followers.

A respondent in Barangay Pula stated that, “Ah halos ad uwan yanu

pangep hi hay hana an munpreside ya lalai oh te yahne nan ayyon

mahnongan an ayyona hi dapat ya he first hi mangi papto hi pamilya ya lalai

fuun chi babai.” [Right now, when it comes to meetings, men are the ones

mostly presiding because that is what God said that the ones who should lead

the family are men and not women.]

Also, a respondent in barangay Batad, Banaue stated that, “Mostly met

yah lalai te under ja babai te lalai latta ji maunud.” [Mostly, it is men because

women are under and men are being followed.]

Further, a respondent in Batad, Banaue stated that, “Ahyy nu mun

preside eh yah lalai te kasla hiya peman ji oongar ji an ah na … honor na.

Honoron peman nan lalai. Mabarin ma honor nan babai eh kasla un eh

second nan babai gamin second choice yah mostly gamin hiway tumahjog

yah head yah syempre lalai.” [In presiding, men preside because they are

held in great regard. They will respect the guys. Women have the potential to

be respected, but it appears that women are the second choice, with males

often taking the lead.]

 26

Thus, in the study of Johnson (2008), it was revealed that female

leaders need to be seen as both sensitive and strong to be perceived as

effective, while male leaders only need to demonstrate strength.

Passive Participation of Men

It is seen in the elected and appointed barangay officials and civil

society organization officers that men are not actively participating during

meetings, which is why they get quickly bored; meetings are not for men; they

have more important to do, and they need to be more active and interested in

attending the meetings. Thus, the particular respondent from barangay Bocos

stated, “regarding hi meeting ya mostly ya puru finafai han miattendar hi

meeting.” [Regarding meetings, most attenders are women.] “chicha han

always present nan during meeting nu munpaajag cha, ti syempre na aahawa

cha gamin ja busy.” [They (women) are always present during meetings,

because their spouses (men) are busy/]

During meetings, women are mostly seen sharing and talking, whereas

men tend to be silent and agree with what women are saying because men

are not good at sharing or explaining their ideas. Particular respondent from

barangay Ducligan mentioned that, “Nu munmeeting ami, babai ken ni

kapitan mi tapos chachuy linalai ja achi cha ngay unay humapet, ja syempre

chitaon fafai ja the more ni hapet tao su nga un the more an munexplain ni

fafai ngem nu hini lalai isu nga at last ken ja mapanigan ken hini fafai te chen

the more an iexplain na ken hini panig na athichi.” [Whenever we have a

meeting, and because our captain is a woman, males are always mute to say

when it comes to their thoughts, however, women keep extending their ideas
 27

more than men, which is why the choice is overwhelmingly in favor of the

women's ideas because it is comprehensible.]

Also, the respondents in the community show that women are often

perceived as being more available than men. Women are described as

always being present and involved in various activities and situations.

Women's perceived availability may lead them to be relied upon more often,

while men may prioritize their plans and activities.

This was revealed during the interview from Barangay Poblacion with

one of the respondents, “Halos hay matigoh yah binabai gamin hay mattig uh

ya nu wada eh di problema ya dida di tumulung ngem nadan linalaki ya

importante on da pay nan umeyan da sagpaminsan.” [Mostly what I saw are

the women and what I saw was that if there is a problem, women are usually

the ones who will help while the men give more importance to doing their

plans on that same day sometimes.]

A respondent from Barangay Ducligan, Banaue stated, “Om ngem

waja ji ujum an active ngem wajay ujum an aji ja ngay unay mi paparticipate.

Nu waja ngay ah meeting yah namag yah inbaun ja ngay iiba ja, adding ja

athiji. Ngem tanu binabai eh ta invaga jan wajay meeting yah mun sacrifice

jan ume.” [Yes, some are active, and some are also not active to participate. If

there are meetings, they will just let their siblings attend. But if women, if they

say that there will be a meeting, they will sacrifice to go.]

Another, in Barangay Ducligan, Banaue, “Mostly Babai ngem aji met

an namin, ngem oh te jijay mostly nga bakante.” [Mostly women but not all

because they are the ones who have the availability.]

 28

Perceived Negative Behavior

Women are known to be talkative, as said to be part of their behavior.

That is why when it comes to meetings, women are the ones who are heard,

and turned out that men are being left behind with the information. It shows

that women are discussing with women as a particular respondent from Bocos

stated, “Waja hin udjum ngay mapansin uh nga misunderstandings ji

members hitu nu mun meeting ami. Umat inan nu mun meeting ami ya mostly

an humapit ya binobai te innilam pibo nu binobai hehe oya hin udjum ya aji

maawatan nu nganne pinhod jay a kay aji ami part ije.” [I observed that

members have a misunderstanding during our meetings. Just like when we

are having our meeting, mostly women are the ones who are talking because

you know the women. We do not understand what they want, and sometimes

they are just the ones who are talking. It seems like we are not part of it.]

Thus, it is observed that women are being talkative in a way that keeps

on talking without even considering the other participants of the meeting,

especially the men. Despite being talkative during the meeting, some women

are not attending it, and sometimes they attend. However, they refuse to

speak about their decisions as they protect against committing mistakes and

do not like arguments wherein they protect their image. As a particular

respondent from Batad stated, “Dakol pigoh tuh di issue or chismiss athidi

tapos nu mainvolve da ya hay inilak ke nae ya more on politics metlng parang

proprotektaran day adol da te wada pay di planu da an tumuray hi next. Hyan

as much as possible ya adida uray adi in ah ya shut up da lang tahimik lng

sila.” [There are issues here about the involvement of women in a particular

situation which I politically think that they are just protecting themselves
 29

because they have plans to run for the same position in the next election.

Therefore, as much as possible, they would shut their mouth and keep silent.]

Passive Participation of Women (Decision-making)

Women are perceived to be passive in decision-making. Some

respondents from Pula stated, “during meetings ya napansin uh lang ngay ya

gapu ta jakjakor ji linalai an kadwa hi barangay te ooha an kagawad ya un ay

ngay syempre jijinongana te ngay kaya ngay hinan jakjakor an linalai hehe

oya gapu ta waja mo po nan bain an ooha an babai ya syempre ajiya mo go

unay makahapit nu nganne nan desisyon uh.” [during meetings, I observed

that because men are many and I am the only woman in the council, I would

keep silent because I am inefficient to argue with the men about my opinion

and because of shyness that I am the only female, I am unable to speak.]

Thus, this shows that having a majority of men as barangay officials is

a significant factor in why women are passive in decision-making as they feel

shy and pressured to express their ideas. Also, a particular participant from

Ducligan stated that, “nu umat hinan culture ya hano ngay mamaelog sunga

hitud chu’lig ja mostly ja chichay nanginnila hi about hanan cultural ngay chin

nahup aja chichay mostly an nangannila way itchuran chi munfa-I nah oya

irespect mi ken as respeto metlang inan culture ha’ah ti agkhuy mi tinnig.”

[When it comes to decision-making about cultures, elderly men are the ones

who are knowledgeable about the culture in the past and they have witnessed

the culture like the process or performing "munbaki" that is why we respect

their decision and we respect also to the culture because we did not witness

how it was done.]

Patriarchy
 30

During barangay assemblies or civil group discussions, it is known that

the decision of the elders, especially the men, are still considered and

followed as they are more knowledgeable and experienced. Particular

respondent from Ducligan says, “Nu cultural ja we can base to those older...

hano ngay mamaelog sunga hitud chu’lig ja mostly ja chichay nanginnila hi

about hanan cultural ngay chin nahup aja ihno han oha an ommod an

kagawad ja hijay mostly an nangannila way itchuran chi munfa-I nah oya

irespect mi ken ha’ah ti agkhuy mi tinnig, han mi nga Nakita isunga ibasar mi

nah immuna.” [When it comes to cultural, our basis are our elders, here in

Ducligan, elderly men are the most knowledgeable about the past. We have

an elderly barangay official who we mostly rely when it comes to “munbaki”

and as a respect to the elderly, we follow it because we didn’t witness how it

is done that’s why we base it on them.]

Gender Bias

Perceiving gender imbalance when a female is a barangay chief

executive, there is a belief that they are more powerful than men during

meetings.

Some of the respondents who were interviewed in Barangay Ducligan

stated that, “Hiway barangay mi is that well babai nan kapitana mi so it is

like.” [In our barangay, our Captain is a woman so that’s why…]

In addition, a respondent from Barangay Ducligan, Banaue stated that,

“Sa barangay syempre sa amin is babae ang kapitan so siya ang

nagdedecide.” “In our barangay, it is women since our captain is a female.”

Gendered Participation
 31

In the conduct of the community assembly, participants observed that

there is a gap in the participation of men and women as they have their

abilities and capabilities. As both genders have abilities and capabilities, this

might impact the way they participate in community assemblies. Men are

portrayed as strong, courageous, and confident in speaking their minds. They

are defined as being straightforward, adhering to their decisions, and taking

command in a variety of circumstances, including gatherings, rallies, and

meetings. Men are also viewed as more strong, smart, and communicative,

whereas women are perceived as more passive or indecisive.

This was revealed by one of the respondents in Barangay Ducligan by

stating that, “Ay lalai ta mas nainin-ay power cha, mas inila ja oh kaya ja an

humapet an mostly gamin nu babai ya pabaliwbali ngay chi decision ja.” [Men

are powerful and knowledgeable and they know how to speak, and most

women do not have a constant decision.]

Also, from Barangay Ducligan, Banaue stated that, “Mostly nan mi

tahdog an organization yah lalai mun handle kasi pag babai eh bababa daw

yung level nila.” [Mostly who will stand and handle in an organization are men

because if women, their level will go low.]

Also, women are described as being more talkative, expressive, and

active in various contexts. They are recognized for their knowledge, talents,

and willingness to question and seek clarification. This suggests a gendered

expectation that women are naturally more skilled in verbal communication

and emotional expression, while men may face limitations in these areas.
 32

A respondent from Barangay Pula, Banaue stated that, “Mostly yah

babai, te iparuwar ja ngay mo nan laing ja. Te idi garud yah gapu ta ayon ja

an pangbahay ja yah hije lang focus ja ngem adwani yah rinumwar mo nan

laing ja. Gapu ta adwani yah I identify ja mo ji babai, yah hiji an matigo an

waja gayam ji talenton ji bibinai.” [Women are more likely to bring out their

knowledge. Because they used to claim that they were simply housewives,

and that was their exclusive focus, but now they will share their wisdom.

Because women are now being acknowledged, it will be clear that women

have abilities as well.]

Further, a respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue stated that,

“Oh, karkaru nan naelect an babae ya wajay turturid na an mun question athiji

oh te in ah..nu waja ji questionara naya ibaga na latta an ajina maawawatan,

athiji met.” [women who have a position have the courage to question

because if it is questionable they just say that they don't understand and give

questions.]

The study of Heilman (2001), emphasizes that men are considered to

be emotionally strong, assertive, and workplace achievers whereas women

are often considered to be emotionally unstable, weak, and timid.

According to Johnson and Redmond (2000) and Bigler and Liben

(2006), stereotyping occurs when people have expectations that because of

certain characteristics such as color, race, age, nationality, marital status,

education, or upbringing, individuals will have particular norms, values, and

modes of behavior. Furthermore, Bigler and Liben (2006) found that

 33

perceptually discriminable characteristics of people are more likely to become

the foundation of stereotypes.

B. ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION

Gender Roles

Because farming is the primary source of income for the Banaue

community, elected and appointed barangay officials and CSO officers

believe that the Banaue farmer's organization was predominantly led by

males, and most men were officers because men were known to be farmers.

Women, on the other hand, were known to do the housework. In addition,

men chose to work for their families and women to care for their children

because women were better at caring for children and domestic duties. As a

result, males are selected to lead the community since they are adaptable in

managing a community while still fulfilling their responsibility as family

providers. A particular respondent from Poblacion indicated that, “Nan

trabahu ngay gamin nan barangay officer ya matrabahu nga kayan ketdi di

binaba ngem mostly gamin nadan binabai hitu ya busy ja ngay karu nga

wajay imbabare ja sunga han da masango nan responsibilities da nu mielect

jahnuy ken ni rason an munresign cha ayni position cha. Isunga mas mayat

an miheto cha nalang hichi nunhitugwan sha tapos hana met linalai ja flexible

ja ngay an kaya cha an munmulti tasking athiji, umuy sha ken mamo’la.” [The

work of a barangay official or officer is laborious and may be done by women;

but, women who have children have no time to complete their tasks and

obligations after they are elected, causing them to quit. That is why it is

preferable for women to stay at home and care for their children. Men, on the
 34

other hand, will be the family provider since they are capable of multitasking,

leading a community while providing for their family.]

Thus, in the study of Ahmed and Moorthy (2021), it is seen that women

are more obviously hindered from participating in politics and many aspects of

a nation. As over half of the country's women are still hindered or blocked

from participating in policy and decision-making, women are unsatisfied with

municipal, national, and state politics. Women are therefore discriminated

against and, in most cases, mistreated.

Traditionally, men are known to be masculine, and they are expected

to display attributes such as strength, power, and competitiveness and less

openly display emotion and affection. That is why during the election of

barangay officials and organization officers in Banaue, men are mostly

elected because they have the quality to control, manage and handle the

community in case of arguments and fights. Particular respondent from

barangay Poblacion said, "nan linalai talaga ya powerful da when it comes to

leadership te nan finafai eh ya un cha ngay emotional ya achi cha unay

mapaboran chi community te mid ah unay power cha.” [Men are powerful

when it comes to leadership because women are emotional and mostly not

followed by the community as they do not have the power to command or

order.]

Thus, the study of Jakobsh (2012) found that the understanding that

men are superior, more powerful, and represent the norm should be

addressed, as women are inferior and lack power and autonomy. This proves

that women lack the power to manage and hold a position because of the

gender roles in the community. Naznin (2021) found that both men and
 35

women believe that men are more suitable than women in leadership

positions, though this belief is endorsed more by men than women.

Further, the study of Fox and Lawless (2020) shows that women need

more confidence in recognizing themselves as qualified to seek office despite

comparable backgrounds, credentials, and experiences. Significantly, when

men and women evaluate themselves as candidates, they rely on the same

factors, but men were believed to meet the criteria. Women are more likely to

question themselves, their skills, and their ability to engage in politics and

campaign mechanics.

Hence, in the community men are typically found in more senior roles,

particularly in barangay offices. This is because men are believed to be

stronger than women at carrying out heavy duties and capable of doing things

that women can't do like physically fighting. This explains why men are more

likely to be elected, active, and preferred than women because they have

more control over the community, particularly the bad guys, and because they

are more likely to be heard since they are men. In addition, they preferred

male barangay officers to female ones in times of disaster as they are strong.

Additionally, few women seek office because they think they can't since they

can't defend themselves.

A respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue stated that,

"Siyempre nu inilam hi barangay nu gamin linalaki di kumali, kay hin wada di

mun-iinum nu lalaki gamin di kimmali ya donglon da ngem nu babai

ngayngaya-on da. Ngem nu lalaki umat da hidi kaya na nga makigabbu ki

dida. Binabai keya maid, hiyah neh di number one." [In the barangay, for

example, individuals who are drinking liquor will listen when men warn or talk
 36

to them, but if women talk, they will not listen, but if they do the same thing,

men can fight them. Women are incapable of doing so.]

One of the respondents from Barangay Bocos, Banaue stated that,

"Syempre kasla ngay nan ayon ja ngamin an jijay mangat hi mas kaykaya da.

Kasla example, kasla jijay mangat inan kasla mas majamot ji kaya jan aton or

ilaeh at hiji isunga parang mas linalai in-ah ja.” [Maybe because they are the

ones who have the capabilities. For example, they are the ones who do those

heavy tasks or they can carry something like that, that's why men are mostly

elected.]

Another, a respondent in Barangay Bocos, Banaue mentioned that,

"Aggeh lang inila te, ay, ihaon lang ah ti mas ngay nga nain-ah ja peman nan

boys kaysa nan girls. When it comes ngay nu wajay karkaru nu barangay

officials nu wajay calamity ya mas nan boys ngay ji mipasabak. Manmanu ji

girls." [I don't know, but for me, men are somehow more active than women.

Especially, when it comes to the barangay officials when there is a calamity,

boys are the ones who go through it. Sometimes women also participate.]

Since women are noticed to have no interest in running for office

specifically in politics women are portrayed as supporters or assigned tasks

like processing paperwork and serving as secretary or treasurer.

This further confirms the response of one of the respondents in

Barangay Bocos, Banaue stated, "Lalaki di mahilig an tumuray hi politika te

maid a hilig ji binabai an tumuray te supporter ja lang nan binabai." [Men are

the ones who usually run for office because women don't have any interest to
 37

join and men are the ones who have interests in running for politics. Women

are just their supporters.]

Furthermore, a respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue said,

"Hay matigoh lang met ad uwan nu panggep hi binabai met di tumuray ya

mostly lang met hi tigoh nu waday tumuray ya nan ngay fuun ngay hiten in-

ah, fuun ngay umat hinan tanud ti un umat hinan tamu an secretary, treasurer

mostly hijee ngay ji umayan ji babai. Ngem ayoom, example ijie an pulis an

wajay iskul an waja nan ayyon ja an in-ah, hiji mostly umayan ji linalai met. Ti

hay pangieyan ja na babai napansin uh ya at na treasurer, secretary ya paper

works." [What I only observed now is that women are not running for election

but they are mostly appointed as secretary and treasurer and not for barangay

police where men are appointed. Because, based on what I observed women

are mostly appointed as secretaries, treasurers, and paper works.]

Since more men than women are observed to run for office, men are

typically elected. It is a common knowledge that women either have less free

time or are extremely busy taking care of their children and as a wife.

This was revealed during the interview with one of the community

respondents from Barangay Batad, Banaue stated, "Jakjakor ji men nga

tumuray gamin nadan binabai ya aji ja go gamin nawaya te busy jai nan bale

ya imbabale ja." [Women don't have time to run for office as they are busy

fulfilling their responsibilities in their house, unlike the men.]

According to Fox and Lawless’s (2014) study, women were ultimately

excluded from the political process as women are less likely to be recruited as

eligible candidates. It is like women generally focus on supportive positions,

 38

specifically in the lower positions to keep this male leadership in power. Also,

it is more known that men mainly participate in politics while women are

shown as subordinates and supporters of men (Razote, 2021).

Men's Superiority, Abilities, and Action

It is perceived that men used to be elected to higher positions,

specifically at the barangay offices and organizations. At the same time,

women are observed to be their supporters or subordinates, working on the

paper works and being appointed as secretaries and treasurers. Because

men are known to be stronger than women in controlling the community, as

women are soft and have no stick decisions to manage a barangay. That is

why women are perceived to be the subordinates of men when it comes to

other work that men cannot do, like paper works, technical work, knowledge,

discussion, and information literacy, and those skills that women have makes

men stronger in leading. Thus, people prefer to elect a man in a higher

position due to men having more decisive leadership and being capable of

handling the barangay and the organization, as women tend to lead under

men's leadership. Particular respondent from Bocos stated, "nu maipanggep

ki nae ya hay naencounter ku oya kasla nadan linalaki ya ya mas napigsa di

leadership da kaysa binabai. Hya nga nu election oya mas prefer di tatagu

nga nadan linalaki di mas nangatngatu di posisyon na kaysa binabai. Te

kasla wada hi utok nadan tatagu nga linalaki di mas mayat nga leaders kaysa

binabai.” [What I have encountered about that electoral participation, men

tend to have stronger and better leadership than women. That is why men are

preferred to be in higher positions than women because people think that

men are better leaders than women.]

 39

According to Alqahtani (2019), women are still underrepresented in

higher executive roles in politics, companies, and higher education

institutions, despite making advances into the boardroom. According to the

research analyzed, male leaders and the necessary leadership traits are

perceived in a consensus that prevails on society and cultural expectations.

Furthermore, societal and gender stereotypes of men and women maintain

unequal distribution, access to, and advancement to leadership and power

positions.

Furthermore, according to Parker et al. (2015), the American

Association of University Women [AAUW] (2016), Alqahtani (2019), and Misra

(2020), males greatly outnumber women in leadership, particularly in senior

positions. Women are not significantly more likely than males to be leaders.

Males have woven the fundamental fabric of social order for males to assist

males. Then, in general, women will focus on lower-level roles, such as

supportive posts, in order to preserve this male leadership in power. They

continue to be underrepresented in politics. Women and men's social and

gender stereotyped roles maintain unequal distribution, access to, and

development to leadership and power positions. With this, naturally, males

depend on the subordinate position of women, and this ordering of power thus

has severe consequences for women's leadership. Karpowitz et al. (2012)

found a significant gender gap in voice and power or authority.

Another, Makama (2013), found that an aspect that interferes with

women's political participation is male superiority in politics or political parties

and the culture of formal political structures. Women were often ignored in

political parties and were not reflected in their parties' politics, as males
 40

seemed superior. Also, men are usually elected to the position of power within

party structures, while women do not because of the gender biases of male

leadership. Further, Dahal et al. (2022) found that women are socially

assigned to lower positions, which makes them face subordination and

violence in Nepal. It has been a practice that in electing a chair or an officer in

the barangay, men should be the ones to hold the committee on peace and

order, committee on youth and sports development, and committee on fiscal

control. at the same time, women have the committee on health,

environmental protection and waste management, women, family, senior

citizens and minors, and committee on education, cultural affairs, and tourism.

That is why particular respondent from Pula stated, “syempre nan position like

peace and order eh ya pang linalae talaga te nan finafai ja achi ja kaya an

mun anawa.” [We cannot just put women in a position that is not suitable for

them like the peace and order as the duty of a chair in the peace and order is

for men. Women cannot stop the arguments and fight in the community while

men can.]

With the study of Doering and Thébaud (2017) reflects that there is a

consensus in managerial and sociological research that certain occupations

are gendered. For example, public relations, nursing, and teaching are

considered "female-gendered" occupations, whereas stock trading,

engineering, and construction are considered "male-gendered" occupations.

In addition, research suggests that women are perceived as less authoritative

than men in work contexts.

Also, in the community, men are frequently expected to take the lead

because of assumptions of their power, aptitude, and status as the family's

 41

leader. Men are usually known to be the ones who act as an emcee or the

one who talks, are aggressive, and can act in political settings. Men are

therefore frequently thought of as being more active and participative since

women have no time. Men are favored since they have the skills and the

courage to act for the community's sake more than women because they are

always shy. In addition, men are perceived as having more strength, flexibility,

and power than women.

This was unanimously confirmed by one of the respondents from

Barangay Poblacion, Banaue, "Om te dida di dakdakol an munrun so wada

talaga di chance nga mas dakdakol da nga maielect kase dakol di punpili an

kaysa hin binabai." [Because men are mostly the ones who run for candidacy

which is why they have the chance to get a higher number of votes for men

than women.] Another, "Gamin nadan linalaki ke gamin ya dehna di turturid

da nga mangat hin way punsayaatan. Oya hin binabai eh ya medyo bumain

da gamin hin uddum nga mangat." [Because, men have the courage to do

common good while women are shy.] Also, "Linalaki ladta di sumrek

manmanu lang di binabai dipende nah kun kaya or nan maka kaya." [Men are

the ones who mostly win than women which depends on their capabilities.]

Lastly, "Nadan linalaki di halos nga mangabak te mas dakdakor da and dida

di mas napigsa” [Mostly men are the ones who win because they are more

(who runs for candidacy) and they are stronger (than women).]

Also, women are occasionally viewed as talkative or inaction-lacking,

whereas men's actions are seen as more influential and forceful.

 42

Particular respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue maintains,

"Lalaki di mostly an maibotbotos kasi nan girls gamin ya they are more on

words ngay mahapet cha gopon binabai. Nan lalaki peman an at least an ma

actionan da nan ibaga da athidi." [Men are mostly chosen as they put into

action what they said. Compared to women, who are more on words only.]

Schein (1975) discovered that both men and women agreed that

successful leaders possessed traits commonly associated with men, such as

leadership ability, competitiveness, self-confidence, objectivity,

aggressiveness, forcefulness, ambition, and desire for responsibility. Women,

on the other hand, are connected with attributes associated with care for the

compassionate treatment of others. Being loving, helpful, pleasant, kind, and

empathetic, as well as being interpersonally sensitive, delicate, and soft-

spoken, are all examples (Eagly and Carli, 2007). According to Cruz and

Tolentino's (2020) research, males are more likely to be perceived as

influential, whereas women are far less likely.

Women are flexible and multi-taskers

As women are noticed to have a lot more experience than men when it

comes to socio-related activities like seminars, training programs, intervention

programs, and other community activities, women are preferred to be elected

and chosen as leaders because of their flexibility and capability of

multitasking. As stated by particular respondent from Barangay Poblacion,

"As ohan officer hitu organization ya bokon pang lalai te mas knowledgeable
 43

nan binabai considering nga hidiye ji role da nga mun perform hinan athina an

tasks. Binabai ji mostly an ma elect and maki participate hinan organization te

mas experiensyado da. Yah at the same time, aji active nan linalai te matigo

ja nga mostly babai ji member hitu organization, sunga ibati ja nan tasks

hiway binabai te mas knowledgeable da.” [Being an officer (in civil society

groups) is not for males since women are better informed because it is their

gender's function to execute such activities. Women are more likely to be

elected and participate in the organization since they have greater

experience. At the same time, males are not active because they realize that

women make up the majority of the organization's members, and they

delegate jobs to women since they are more informed.]

Therefore, the study by Gaby (2016) found that men are less likely to

volunteer, while women do more when participating in different community

activities.

Passive Participation of Men

Despite having a majority of men leaders in the community of Banaue,

men are sometimes seen not to be participative when electing officers

because of their responsibility as family providers. A particular respondent

from barangay Ducligan stated, "So far hitu organization hitu hi Ducligan I

think ah usually met ja finafai chi mun eelect te hana linalae ja they very busy

an umuy cha mamo’la and cha’mi eh an finafai ja we have all the time nga

mun participate hinan hinuy siguro chi rason nu nakhu ta usually an president

hitu na organization ja finafai.” [Women in our organization in Ducligan are the

ones doing the election because men are busy going to work, and us women
 44

have all the time to participate; that is maybe the reason why the

organization's presidents and officers are usually women.]

While aggressive forms of protest in political engagement are minimal

and non-existent in gender disparities, Grasso and Smith (2021) discovered

that young women in Europe are more involved in community service,

petitioning, and boycotting.

Gender Disparity in Political Representation

Men are elected and are usually the ones who run for political

positions because they are perceived to be more capable, powerful, or

traditionally fit for political responsibilities, women are underrepresented in

politics. They noticed that there are fewer women than men standing for office

in the Banaue community because women are not interested in joining. Men

participate more in barangay politics than women.

This was confirmed by one of the respondents from Barangay

Poblacion, Banaue stated, "On my observation ang mga lalaki kasi noon eh

mga traditional politicians na sila. Sila ang mga politico mula kabataan nila

hanggang sa pag tanda ay sila at sila pa din ang tumatakbo kaya hanggang

ngayon mga lalaki pa rin ang mas maraming tumatakbo pero ngayon naman

eh may mga babae na ring tumatakbo." [According to my observations, men

are traditional politicians who have ran from their early years till now, they are

seniors, and many of them are still running, but many women are now

participating.]

Other respondents from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue stated in the

interview that, "Nadan linalaki di mostly an mangna te dakdakor da tas

 45

manmanu gamin di binabai an maki-at. Adi da nin ciguru interesado." "Hay

mostly an mangabak yah linalaki di ustu met example yah wada di himpulu ya

wada di duwa nga babai nga niddum." [Men mostly win because they

outnumbered the women as women are not interested in joining. For instance,

ten (10) men are elected and two (2) women as well.]

Also, women are observed not to be participative in running for office

due to their lack of time, lack of interest in politics, and lack of confidence.

Because of these, men tend to lead their community more often than women

in the locality of Banaue.

A particular respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue stated that,

"Linalai di halos an tumuray tas mangabak te nadan binabai eh gamin yah

mid ha time da an mikyat." [Mostly men are the ones who run because

women have no time.]

Makama (2013) discovered that male superiority in politics or political

parties, as well as the culture of formal political organizations, are barriers to

women's political engagement.

Women's political representation has consistently been lower

compared to men though women represent more than half of the world's

population (AAUW, 2016). Also, the study of Fox and Lawless (2010), shows

that women have doubts about recognizing themselves as qualified to seek

office despite comparable backgrounds, credentials, and experiences.

Significantly, when men and women evaluate themselves as candidates, they

both rely on the same factors, but men were believed to meet the criteria.
 46

Women are more likely to question themselves, their skills, and their abilities

to engage in politics and campaign mechanics.

Influence of Money, Popularity, and Power

It is seen that money and popularity have a higher influence on a

candidate's likelihood of winning an election. Men are clearly preferred for

election to higher posts in the Banaue because they can spend money and

are more popular than women. They are motivated by fame and fortune rather

than knowledge.

This was confirmed by one of the respondents in Barangay Poblacion,

Banaue who stated, "Nadan linalaki di mostly nga mangabak te tigon da

nadan popular or nan wada di pihu na. Mabalin bo di binabai nu popular da

ngem mas popular ladta gamin di linalaki." [Men mostly win because they will

base it on popularity and the one who had money but women can win also if

they are popular as well. However, men are more popular than women.]

One of the respondents from Barangay Ducligan, Banaue also stated

that, "Te dipende go te ad uwan yah he kuma alan ja nan ugari hanji nga mid

ah pihu ivayad ji tagu oh wahji jiye nga an ah ma prinsipyu dipende nan mun

piri. Ad uwan, nu panggep eh pulitika, yah mid met ah tinigo tu vimutus yah

nan nalaing yah nan rinalai or nan vinavaih nan nun a laing ji ivutus ja te nan

wajay pihu na oh an ijat ja te un ah aji kuma athiji nga suruton ji pihu waja

siguru ji equal mitlaing wajay vinavaih, rinalai." [It depends also, because right

now if they will adopt the attitude before, money will not move the people.

There is still a principle for those who will choose. Now, when it comes to

politics, I do not see voters who choose men and women that are genius
 47

because those that they will vote are those who have money. If it will not be

like that, they will follow the money, there will be equality between women and

men.]

Additionally, women are not viewed as being able to spend any amount

of money without reluctance, whereas men are.

As stated by a particular respondent from Barangay Bocos, Banaue

maintains, "Nan den pungastusan kase adwani nga pinagpolitika ya maid ke

ha pihu ya adi da mo eh patna-on. So, nabalor ki dida hidiye nga basit nga

spend-on da. Nadan linalaki ke gamin ya nalaka da nga sumugal ngay.” [In

today's politics, spending money is necessary, but because they don't have a

lot of it, they don't try. It is pricey for them to spend a small amount, however

for males, it is simple to try without reluctance.]

According to Paxton et al., 2020, politics is governed not only by the

wealthy, but also by men. This is not by chance; males have more money,

influence, and power than women over the world. Gender disparities in

resources make it simpler for men than women to fund campaigns and run for

office, leading to men's worldwide over-representation in government

(Ballington and Kahane, 2014; Cigane and Ohman, 2014).

Women's participation and Empowerment

In the municipality of Banaue, women are becoming increasingly

politically involved and empowered. Women are perceived to be more

participatory, to wield more political power, and to be chosen on the basis of

their qualifications rather than their gender. Women are also regarded to be

the ones that advocate for their spouses. They put forth more effort than
 48

males, and they are more knowledgeable in terms of political power. When it

comes to thinking, males are thought to be less expressive and have fewer

words than women. They merely focused on what was in their thoughts at the

time. Unlike males, they can multitask and think at the same time.

This was revealed by one of the respondents in Barangay Bocos,

Banaue who stated, "Before pibo ya usually ya lalaki tumaray, ngem nu wada

siguruy babai ya mas in-ah mas in-ay babai met. Mas napigpigsay political

influence di babai. Tigom di aahawan di politicians ot parang ano. Kay diday

mun effort, kay na ahawa dan babai di mun effort kasi nalaklakada nga

dumiskarte an mun akit hi in-ah compared hinan lalaih an limited nga lang

talagay hapet na, na ohay nomnom da an umehan ya hidiye lang. Nan babai

ya talagan multi-tasking, multi-thinking." [Men are normally the ones that run

first, but when there are more women on, women are more. Women have

greater political power. It appears that you see the spouses of politicians. It

appears that ladies are the ones that put forth effort for their husbands who

run because they can easily discover methods to influence them, as opposed

to males who have limited language and their minds are only concentrating on

one thing, whereas women can multi-task or multi-think.]

According to World Economic Forum (2013), the Filipino women hold

the majority of jobs in the legislative, top official, and managerial occupational

category. All these results indicate that the Philippines has taken steps to

improve gender equality in the country. Similarly, Wangnerud (2009), also

pointed out that many studies indicate that female politicians contribute to

strengthening the situation of women's interests and that they tend to prioritize

problems that are also prioritized by female voters.

 49

Women's Emotional Vulnerability

Women are sometimes perceived as being readily persuaded by

emotions, which influences their decisions, despite an increase in the number

of women participating in politics and empowerment. Men, on the other hand,

are seen to make firmer judgments and to be less swayed by outside forces.

It is further stated by one of the respondents from Barangay Batad,

Banaue that, "Hay ohan jingor uh yah syempre tayong mga babae ngay yah

ag aga tau ngay an. We are easily influence hinan jakor an hapi hapit, we are

easily influence to change our decisions. Ngem nu hinan lalai talaga, kung

ano yung sinabi nila, firm sila sa kung anong sinasabi nila. Gapu ta we are

softhearted. We are easily affected with our emotions. Unlike men nga kung

ano yung sinabi eh yun na." [One thing I have heard is that we, as women,

are readily swayed by what we hear, and we are quickly persuaded to alter

our minds. Men, on the other hand, stick to their guns no matter what. It's

because we (women) are sensitive. Our emotions have a strong influence on

us. In contrast to males, everything they say is definitive.]

According to Moya and Exposito (2021), when it comes to decision-

making, women make more difficult risk judgments than males. That women

make more difficult risk judgments than males in non-stereotyped threat

scenarios or in stereotyped threat situations. Stereotyped thinking is also

present in Islamic civilizations such as Iran, where women are often banned

from leadership posts owing to the assumption that they are emotional

(Ghorbani and Tung, 2007).

C. OTHER DECISION-MAKING ACTIVITIES

 50

Gender Roles

Men in the organization perceived to leave decision-making to women

because they are good and knowledgeable at planning. Also, women are

preferred to be the ones to plan, conduct and lead the activities with their

ability to manage and organize programs, as men need more confidence in

planning activities for the barangay.

Therefore, women are seen to be more active in decision-making, for

they act as the mind because of their capabilities when it comes to decision-

making. At the same time, men are noticed to be supporters by contributing to

the programs through their physical strength. A particular respondent from

Barangay Ducligan said, "nu hana eh an programs umat iten mamaat ad

uwan ya hay finafai ji manhandle te mas kaya ja accommodate hi fihita ja

hano uchum an matamu… hana linalai umali cha lang an mun prepare

umathinan mun ephod hi torcha bago munstart chen program.” [Programs like

this, they will give the task to women because men would say that women are

good at accommodating visitors and they can do whatever task is available

and men are only present for the preparation like putting up tents but leave

when the program starts.']

With these statements, the participants perceived that gender roles

exist in other decision-making where tasks like programs are given to women

because of their abilities and expertise in handling such activities. It is

believed that men are not participative because they are not interested and

confident in planning.

As a result, in the community, women are considered to participate in

activities such as cultural events and entertaining visitors, whereas males are
 51

perceived to participate in tasks such as slaughtering pigs or planning. Men in

the workplace are supposed to defer to women when making decisions since

they are perceived to be adept at planning and informed. Furthermore,

women are picked to plan, conduct, and lead activities because of their ability

to manage and organize programs, whereas males require more self-

assurance when organizing barangay events.

Another respondent in Barangay Pula, Banaue mentioned that, “Nan

binabai, ti syempre nan wowomen’s peman ya jakor cha. Icha mun intertain

pay nan ruwar nan wachay grupo na ann organization.” [Women, because

they are many, and what they do is entertain visitors from outside the town.

Women are also active when it comes to organizations.]

In Wilkinson's study (2021), a typical argument for male dominance

over female sex that developed during the querelle is the assertion that

women are physically weaker than males and so inferior.

As a result, women are regarded to take a more active part in decision-

making than males due to their decision-making abilities. The contributions of

men's physical strength to the programs assisted them in becoming

supporters at the same time.

Further, a respondent in Barangay Pula, Banaue stated that, “Hay

mapansin uh lang met yah ni panggep hi programs or activities yah un babai

met ji active ngem nu waja ji ma parti umat hi fafuy yah pangrinarai hine.”

[What I observed when it comes to programs or activities is that women are

active but when it comes to butchering of pigs, it is the work of men.]

 52

With these remarks, it is seen that gender roles in other decision-

making situations where tasks such as programs are assigned to women due

to their abilities and expertise in handling such activities. Men are observed to

not participate because they are not interested and not confident in their

planning abilities.

Overburdened Women

It is known that women usually have many responsibilities to fulfil, like

as being a mother, a wife, and a part of an organization which sometimes

affects some of their participation and performance in the office and in the

organization. The women in Banaue were noticed to mostly leave their

positions as they have much responsibility to prioritize at home rather than in

the organization. They are sometimes seen to take their children with them,

so they do not have another responsibility to think of. In connection to this, a

particular respondent from barangay Pula, Banaue said, “Mas better an wajay

babai nga single hitu office te kaya na an aton nan duties yah responsibility n

ate mostly nga women hitu yah waja ji inbabale da sunga aji ja participative te

hay reason yah kailangan an bantayan ja nan inbabale ja.” [It is preferable to

have a single woman at the workplace to carry out her tasks and

responsibilities since most women who already have children are not involved

in the reason they have to care for their children.]

Another, Julian said, “hitu hi organization, mostly yah babai ngem

mothers jamo sunga they tend to carry their children while working yah

sometimes yah makak ja ta eja sunduwon nan invavare ja hi iskur yah aton ja

nan responsibilities ja hi unig ji vare ja.” [Here in the organization, most of

them are women but because most of them are also mothers, they tend to
 53

carry their children while working and sometimes they have to leave to fetch

their children in the school and do their responsibilities inside their home.]

Men preferred single women because they could do the duties of an

officer, but women with children are not participatory. Furthermore, having

children did not prevent men from becoming officers since they had spouses

to care for their children. Thus, according to Koenig and Eagly (2014), social

role theory argues that men and women playing out their social roles are

frequently divided along gender lines, which serves to reaffirm gender

stereotypes. Because women are more active in caregiving duties, they are

characterized as loving, compassionate, and concerned with personal

connections.

Men, on the other hand, are perceived by society as having male traits such

as leadership, strength, and aggressiveness (Vogel, Wester, Heesacker, &

Madon, 2003; Skelly & Johnson, 2011). Furthermore, the research of Firmase

and Caroline (2021) demonstrates that women's political engagement is

influenced by their varied gender roles both within and outside the house.

Their increased obligations, which give them political clout, are also the root of

their lack of time for political activity. Thus, unlike males, women are

considered to prioritize caring for their children over work commitment when

they become parents (Ellemers et al., 2018).

Patriarchy
 54

When it comes to decision-making in the Banaue community, cultures

and traditions were taken into account, with older men's decisions being

heeded since they are more informed about cultural activities, particularly

Ifugao culture. Also, males predominate in decision-making, which explains

why women follow men's decisions. Particular participant from Barangay

Ducligan said, “Mas karkaru ay sahmi an barangay officials ja ket dapat na

nga hatu elders talaga ta inilasa haa peman nu ngasan chi style na idi ja

iexplain sa ngaguy umatana ti hatu uungad uwan ja a sisa inila nu ngay

ngasan hana culture. Isu nga hasi peman lalakay an nanginnila mo culture ja

hasi moy mang-istorya ja sahmi ken an agguy nanginnila ja mun Chongo ami

ta ishare mi hinan uh-uh-uhnga.” [For us barangay officials, we prefer that the

elders decide when it comes to culture because they are knowledgeable of

the styles in the past… they explain how it is done because generation today

does not have any idea about the culture. Elderly men explain clearly and we

would listen so that we can also share it to the younger ones.]

That is why older men are perceived to be preferred when it comes to

cultural decision-making, as there are some cultural intricacies that young

people today still do not understand in comparison to older males.

Men have firmer decisions than women

In planning activities in the community of Banaue, males and women

are both involved, although males are clearly favoured. Males also like to

govern in other decision-making activities since males tend to stick to their

conclusions, but women are misunderstood and inconsistent in their

decisions. Men have also been perceived as being consistent in their

judgments and skilled in carrying out their ideas. Women are believed to be
 55

strong decision-makers yet too emotional and frequently misinterpreted due to

inconsistency. As mentioned by Juni from Batad, “Nu maminghan ya nan

binabai ya pasabasabali ngay nan aton ja an mun decide ya maminghan go

ja emotional cha isunga maminghan ya aji ja maawatan aji umat hinan linalai

an stick cha hi decision cha ngay.”

[Sometimes women are indecisive and emotional that’s why sometimes we

misunderstand them unlike men where they stick to what they say.]

Participants in Brescoll's (2016) study believed that female leaders'

decisions were influenced by emotions; hence, males are preferred in other

decision-making tasks. Gatbonton et al. (n.d.) discovered that females are

more dependent than men. This study backs up Verma's (2013) hypothesis

that women's connections are more likely to be emotional, especially given

their brains are divided into right and left hemispheres.

Passive Participation of Women in Decision-making

Women are observed to hesitate in sharing their opinions and ideas in

decision-making activities because most officials are men in the barangay

council. According to a particular respondent from Pula, “during meetings ya

napansin uh lang ngay ya gapu ta jakjakor ji linalai an kadwa hi barangay te

ooha an kagawad ya un ay ngay syempre jijinongana te ngay kaya ngay

hinan jakjakor an linalai hehe oya gapu ta waja mo po nan bain an ooha an

babai ya syempre ajiya mo go unay makahapit nu nganne nan desisyon uh.”

[During meetings, I observed that because men are many and I am the only

woman in the council, I would keep silent because I am inefficient to argue

with the men about my opinion and because of shyness that I am the only

female, I am unable to speak.]

 56

It has been discovered that the respondents are unaware that this

gender issue is occurring in their barangay's decision-making activities, which

occasionally influences how they present their views to their fellow officers.

According to Marcoses (2015), women's fear of being judged for having the

'wrong' opinion reduced their confidence in making significant contributions

and led to their decision to remain silent. This has important ramifications for

women's decision-making involvement, with some research attributing their

exclusion from formal decision-making in venues such as committees to their

domination by males and their inability to make meaningful contributions.

Gender of the barangay chief executive

In the Banaue community, electing and appointing officers is solely

dependable on the barangay captain. Also, men prefer to avoid running as a

candidate because of specific issues like disliking their colleagues or the

captain. Participants are aware that specific issues like mentioned above

affect their participation. Particular respondent in Pula said, “nu pangep aynuy

ja un ihood mi ngay nan mayat an tiempo an mi’jat tapnu nan capitan nan

mundecide an mun appoint wennu masukatan.” [We are patiently waiting for

the right moment to participate and the captain will decide to appoint or

change.]

They believe that gender is a significant factor in leading the

community. For instance, one of the female barangay captains in Banaue is

into women empowerment.

Gender Stereotypes in Communication Styles

 57

In the conduct of the meeting in terms of cultural activities, women are

noticed to be the ones who start the dialogue as they are often represented as

being more vocal and expressive while men prefer to be silent to avoid

conflicts. Both men and women are known to have the same knowledge but

men can hardly express themselves or their feelings compared to women.

Also, women are seen to think thrice compared to men who can only think of

one and it seems like women have already thought of three while men still

think of one, the concentration of men is limited. In terms of cultural activities,

women are seen to be the ones who initiate the discussion, since they are

frequently portrayed as being more outspoken and expressive, whilst males

prefer to remain silent in order to prevent disputes. Both men and women are

recognized to have the same information, yet males have a far harder time

expressing themselves or their thoughts than women. Also, women are seen

to think three times more than men, who can only think one, and it appears

that women have previously thought three times more than men, indicating

that men's attention is restricted.

A particular respondent from Barangay Poblacion, Banaue said that,

“Oh, nan binabai, te jituu eh anu an binabai ya natototot tu uh.” [Yes, the

women because like what they said us women are talkative.]

According to the study of Basow and Rubenfield, 2003, women use

more expressive, tentative, and polite language than men, especially in

situations of conflict. Men, on the other hand, are viewed as more likely than

women to offer solutions to problems to avoid further seemingly unnecessary

discussion of interpersonal problems (Baslow & Rubenfield, 2003). Also,

 58

women are observed to be more active or engaged and often do not like to be

corrected.

As shared by a respondent from Barangay Bocos, Banaue that, “Wada

go nan binabai an achicha makorek go nan ifagacha.” [Some women do not

like to be corrected.]

In the studies of Mulac et al., 2001: Popp, Donovan, Crawford, Marsh,

and Peele, 2003, feminine communication is more indirect, elaborate, and

emotional, whereas masculine communication is more direct, succinct, and

instrumental. Overall, women are expected to use communication to enhance

social connections and relationships, while men use language to enhance

social dominance (Leaper, 1991: Mulac, Bradac, & Gibbon, 2001).

Women as Organizers and Program Creators

Women are perceived as taking on leadership roles at meetings and

participating in groups, as well as organizing activities, developing programs,

arranging cultural events, and supporting the children who participate in the

cultural activities. Men in the organization believed that women should make

decisions since they are good and informed planners. Women are also

chosen to design, direct, and lead events due to their abilities to manage and

coordinate programs, men on the other hand, demand more confidence when

planning events for the barangay.

This was confirmed by one of the respondents in Barangay Batad,

Banaue stating that, “Mostly yah babai peman, te umat hinan program,

example nan naat hijin imbayah yah Mostly yah babai nan ime nun

dedecorate. Nan practice, ime ja naki co-coordinate.” [Mostly it is women. Just

 59

like in the program, for example, in what just happened in imbayah, women

are the ones who decorates the venue. In practice, they are the ones who

coordinated for the program.]

The result of the research Gaby (2016) revealed that whereas women

are more inclined to volunteer when taking part in various community events,

males are less likely to do so.

Men's Superiority/Supremacy

In the community of Banaue, cultures, and traditions are considered in

making decisions. Men are considered more participative or superior,

especially among elder males, because older men's decisions are obeyed

since they are more educated about cultural activities, particularly the Ifugao

culture. Men are also seen talking, presenting and being active during the

decision-making especially when the election is approaching, when they need

to impress or to have a good image to the people. Because of these, women

tend to respect their judgment.

A respondent in Barangay Batad, Banaue stated, “Mostly talaga ya

nan ngane go, cultural activities ya mostly boys ji mas chachoor oya mas

mi’participate ya base hinan napansin uh Lang manang ya ngane go, nan

generation oya mostly na girls ya aji ja ngay.” [Men mostly are participative

than women and from what I observed in the generation today, girls do not

want to participate when it comes to culture.]

In the study of Adichie (2014) and Walby (1989) the culture/cultural

institutions increasingly allow women’s active participation, but usually in a

 60

subordinated way. Therefore, male sex hegemony over female sex is

promoted by our culture/cultural institutions.

Gender Disparity in Participation

Women are seen to be more participatory or active than males when it

comes to gender disparities in involvement. Women are the most involved

since they are the ones that arrange cultural activities. They are also the ones

that push men to engage since men prefer to prioritize their work, thus women

are the ones who make the sacrifice to join and participate. Men are typically

stereotyped as being less interested in and engaged in joining groups.

A participant from Barangay Batad, Banaue further expressed that, “Ay

nu met umathina oya paran ihaon ya equal met miparticipate day binabai ya

linalai. Umathina garud way organizations ya mostly ya binabai te aji met

mahilig ji linalai hi organizations.” [When it comes to culture, the participation

is equal but when it comes to organizations, women are more participative

because men are not interested in joining organizations.]

EXPERIENCES

A. COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY

Women are more participative than men

Men want to emphasize obtaining occupations that will assist support

their family's desires as the leader and provider of the family. Men have

utilized it during a meeting; they are always unavailable and do not participate

in every meeting held; this is why women are always present during meetings.

Because males are supposed to prioritize their labor activities in order to

make money and provide for the requirements of their families, officers are
 61

primarily women because men do not actively engage in meetings. As stated

by a respondent from Ducligan, Banaue maintains, "So far hitu organization

hitu hi Ducligan I think ah usually met ja finafai chi mun eelect te hana linalae

ja they very busy an umuy cha mamo’la and cha’mi eh an finafai ja we have

all the time nga mun participate hinan hinuy siguro chi rason nu nakhu ta

usually an president hitu na organization ja finafai.” [Women in our

organization in Ducligan are the ones doing the election because men are

busy going to work, and us women have all the time to participate; that is

maybe the reason why the organization's presidents and officers are usually

women.]

Men's decision is consistent

When it comes to decision-making, men adopt the decision-making

approach and recommend a decision that is more analyzed to the fact; that

they have stick plans, and women tend to state a broad idea that creates or

leads to disagreement. Though it has been anticipated that women can prove

themselves much more. However, it is less significant than the role of men. A

particular respondent from Batad stated, “Active met amin, kaya lang ot po

oya nadan linalaki ladta di ustu kase nadan linalaki ya mas firmer di decision

da kaysa binabai. Kase dida ya munstick da nah den eda planu tas aton da

nan eda kinali. Nadan binabai ke gamin oya manu te kinali ya kinali da lng ya

abuh tas pabagu bagu di eda decision.” [everyone is active and we noticed

that men have firmer decision than women because they stick to what they

have planned and they put actions into it while women are they are just more

on speaking and they tend to change their decisions.]

 62

In the study of Brescoll (2016), it has been found that the participants in

his study consider the decisions of female leaders to be driven by emotions;

therefore, they are less interested in hiring women in leadership positions.

Elderly men are more knowledgeable about the culture

It has been a practice that the community still respects the ideas and

decisions of older men since older men are known during traditional times as

the head of the family. Being the head of the family, they know more about the

culture since they can go outside to work and communicate with others. They

have more experience when it comes to ways of culture; that is why up until

now, they are being respected and heard since they are one of the assets of

culture preservation as they witnessed how the culture works. As stated by

particular respondent from Ducligan, “nu umat hinan culture ya hano ngay

mamaelog sunga hitud chu’lig ja mostly ja chichay nanginnila hi about hanan

cultural ngay chin nahup aja chichay mostly an nangannila way itchuran chi

munfa-I nah oya irespect mi ken as respeto metlang inan culture ha’ah ti

agkhuy mi tinnig.” [When it comes to decision-making about cultures, elderly

men are the ones who are knowledgeable about the culture in the past and

they have witnessed the culture like the process or performing "munbaki" that

is why we respect their decision respect also to the culture because we did

not witness how it was done.]

B. ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION

Men are appointed in committees for its labour works

In most barangays, people elect men as captains, and the captain

chooses men in committees such as the Committee on Peace and Order,

 63

Youth and Sports Development, and Committee on Fiscal Control. These

positions are engaged in laborious work, not just in the barangay setting but

also in the organization. People believed that men could handle it since they

were used to labor work since it had been part of their role as the head and

provider of their family. As stated by a particular respondent from Barangay

Poblacion, “nu mun elect ami ja mostly ngay hi ielect mi umathinan position

chi presidente ya linalai te matrabahu gamin ngay.” [When we elect officers,

mostly they are in favor of men in holding the position of the president here

because it is laborious.]

People believe that men can handle it since it is more on physical work.

Social role theory explains that men and women acting by their social roles

are often segregated along gender lines and that this functions to confirm

gender stereotypes (Keonig & Eagly, 2014). Because women are more

involved in caregiving work, the characteristics ascribed to them are those of

being nurturing, caring, and concerned with personal relationships. By

contrast, society typically sees men as exhibiting masculine characteristics,

such as leadership skills, strength, and assertiveness (Vogel, Wester,

Heesacker & Madon, 2003; Skelly & Johnson, 2011).

Women are more responsive than men

It has been noticed when there is a sudden and unexpected difficulty,

women have been seen to be more trustworthy. Men are constantly busy at

work, therefore women answer faster. One of the criteria they use to

determine who will be the best candidate for barangay captain is their ability

to lead effectively. A particular respondent from Barangay Ducligan stated,

“hitu ah barangay mi umat hinan organization ya nan finafai ngay chi kanayun
 64

an active, ohan tawag cha lang ja nunresponse cha got nu ihnoy problema,

chichi cha always present.” [In our barangay, particularly in the organization,

women are easy to call and are responsive to the situation. They are always

present.]

Nevertheless, it has been known that women are more inclined to

prevent conflict and propose collaborative solutions. This shows that women

also contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution. They listen more to

what women say when there is a fight in the barangay. For example, men

normally prevent conflict, but this is not true in some barangay (particularly

Ducligan). Also, a particular respondent from Ducligan said, "hitu ah barangay

mi ya mas epektib ngay nu binabai nan mun hold ije te mas jonglon ja nan

babai an mun anawa munpapate an nabutong kaspangarigan kaysa inan

linalae ti un ot kumaru.” [In our barangay, women are more effective in

preventing a fight because they listen more to women than men because if a

man gets engaged in a fight, it will not stop but it will worsen instead.]

According to the Council on Foreign Relations study, women's

participation in conflict prevention and resolution can improve outcomes

before, during, and after conflict.

In appointing positions, especially the position of treasurer and

secretary, it has always been known that women excel more than men in

technical skills. Moreover, they appoint the position mostly to women because

of gender stereotypes. A particular respondent from Bocos said, “nu

appointing hi secretary wennu treasurer ya nan kapitan ya syempre ibase nan

gay hinan nangannila an mun operate hi computers te waja ngay pema nan

ujum an minaelog an munapply inen tamu. Mas pilihon go metlang nan

 65

kapitan ya finafai.” [In appointing the position of treasurer and secretary, the

captain will choose someone who are knowledgeable on operating computers

because some elders are also applying for the job. So, our captain would

prefer women for the job.]

C. OTHER DECISION-MAKING ACTIVITIES

Gender Roles in Decision-making

Women are known to be more knowledgeable in planning and

organizing activities, programs, and events since it is part of feminity. It is

known that men are less knowledgeable when it comes to planning and

organizing since they are more on physical work; as a result, it has been

stated by some participants that men support the decisions of women when it

comes to other decision-making practices in the barangay and the

organization. This was highlighted through the response of a particular

respondent from Poblacion stating that, "activities mi yah mostly pangalan mi

decision hi athina mohpe an activities for example christmass, nu wajay

activities an athina yah bobai. Bobai ji mostly ji in ah te jija ji nangina hi athina

an in ah un ami lang. jahmi mohpe an president or jahmi an officers an ujum

yah italek mih nan binabai nan athina te mas expert yah experiensadu jah nu

umat hi athina an activities, ngem other activities eh an in ah, an bokon nan

umat hinan party athiji yah halos an namin met ngem regarding lang nan

christmass athiji or nan ujum an activities an punsasayaatan ji iwahtu yah

italek mi binabai, yahje.” [In the activities, the decision of women is

considered when it comes to activities, for example, Christmas or an activity.

Because women are mostly the one who is knowledgeable in that case,

women are expert, and they are experienced when it comes to those
 66

activities. At the same time, men support women in case they need someone

to carry chairs or make a tent for the venue of the activity they will do.]

Elderly Men's Supremacy in cultural decision-making

It has been known and noticed that the experiences of older men

regarding cultures had been respected throughout the years that even in the

decision-making, they need to hear first the opinions and decisions of the

elders because older men during the traditional times serve as the chief or

head during cultural activities. Thus, as the head of the family, men are known

to be more exposed to cultures since women stay home to do household

chores and care for their children. Elders are seen to play an important role in

the community, especially in the cultural setting, since they witness the

process and familiarize the ways of culture as it has been part of their lives

from their adolescence until adulthood. It has been a tradition that older men

are the ones who are being followed during decision-making, particularly in

cultural activities. Because they respect the Ifugao culture, and men also

know about the tradition. Particular respondent from Ducligan said that, “nu

umat hinan culture ya hano ngay mamaelog sunga hitud chu’lig ja mostly ja

chichay nanginnila hi about hanan cultural ngay chin nahup aja chichay

mostly an nangannila way itchuran chi munfa-I nah oya irespect mi ken as

respeto metlang inan culture ha’ah ti agkhuy mi tinnig.” [When it comes to

decision-making about cultures, elderly men are the ones who are

knowledgeable about the culture in the past because they have witnessed the

culture like the process or performing "munbaki" that is why we respect their

decision because we did not witness how it was done.]

 67

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

There are gender issues on decision-making processes that surfaced

in this study. One is on gender roles in the community assembly. Men are

seen and being chosen to preside and to lead while women are sometimes

perceived as being limited only to domestic responsibilities or support roles.

The superiority of men over women is quite emphasized. Both based on

religious or traditional views, or notions of men being followed, as the head,

and to be honored as women are followers. There is a passive participation of

men. Women are often perceived as being more available than men. Women

are described as always being present and involved in various activities and

situations. Women's perceived availability may lead them to being relied upon

more often, while men may prioritize their own plans and activities. Gender

Bias is also present. Perceiving gender imbalance when a female is a

barangay chief executive, there is the belief that they are more powerful than

men during meetings. Finally, participation based on gender. As both genders

have abilities and capabilities, this might impact the way on how they

participate during community assemblies. Men are portrayed as strong,

courageous, and confident in speaking their minds. They are described as

being direct, sticking to their decisions, and taking charge in various settings

such as gatherings, rallies, and meetings. Also, men are perceived as

 68

powerful, knowledgeable, and adept at communication, while women are

characterized as more passive or indecisive.

There are gender issues on the electoral participation as a decision-

making activity. One is on the gender disparity in political representation.

Women are outnumbering men in political positions because males are

perceived to be more capable, powerful, or historically suited for political

tasks. As a result, women have less time and are less interested in or

confident in their own skills. As a decision-making activity, electoral

participation has a gender role. Men are represented as being in a higher

position, taking on heavy responsibilities, attending meetings, and dealing

with difficulties, whilst women are portrayed as supporters or allocated to jobs

such as secretary, treasurer, and dealing with paperwork. There is also a

man's supremacy, ability, and activity. Men are frequently expected to lead

because of their perceived power, aptitude, and status as the head of the

household. As a result, men are frequently viewed as more energetic,

aggressive, and capable of acting in a political context. Furthermore, men are

perceived to be stronger, more flexible, and to wield more authority than

women. Their acts are regarded as more impactful and forceful, whereas

women are frequently regarded as verbose or inactive. males are elected or

chosen over women owing to the impact of money, popularity, and power,

since males are associated with higher positions and are prioritized due to

financial influence and popularity. On the issue of women's involvement and

empowerment, there is a growing participation and empowerment of women

in politics, as women are described as more participatory, having greater

political impact, and being elected based on their ability rather than their
 69

gender. Finally, there is the emotional sensitivity of women. Women are

sometimes seen as being readily persuaded by emotions, which influences

their judgments, whereas males are perceived as being steadfast in their

decisions and less swayed by external variables. Gender concerns exist in

numerous decision-making methods. The first is on gender stereotypes in

communication methods. Women are frequently stereotyped as being more

conversational, outspoken, energetic, or participatory than males. There is

also a gender role in other decision-making methods. Women are described

as taking on roles in organizing activities, creating programs, coordinating

cultural events and entertaining visitors which are as seen as leading

meetings and being active in organizations while men are involved in other

activities such as butchering or pigs and planning. There is a men's

superiority/supremacy because men are thought to be more participatory or

superior, particularly older guys. Finally, there is a gender gap in involvement.

Women are more participatory or active, whereas males are frequently

regarded as being less interested in joining groups or participating less.

Thus, the gender issues affect the participatory decision-making of

both gender in different ways wherein it reflects how do men and women act,

decide and approach people at work or in the offices especially in political

participation.
 70

Intervention Program

Table 3.
Proposed Intervention Program to Develop Gender Equality for Gender
Issues

Gender
Involved Project
Development Agency Beneficiaries
Agency Description
Program
Seminar, Local Banaue Local To provide
Training and Government Community Government seminars,
Orientation Unit (LGU) Units, training, and
Program Organizations orientation about
promoting gender equality
gender and gender
equality, and development at
Philippine work and in the
Commission community, the
on Women LGUs and other
(PCW) organizations
promoting
gender equality
will also tackle
and share
gender roles,
patriarchy, and
supremacy in
organizing and
managing the
responsibility
 71

inside the house

and the
community.

Chapter IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The study determined the gender issues affecting participatory

decision-making among the communities in Banaue, Ifugao. Employing

qualitative research method, it utilized purposive sampling to access a

particular subset of people, as all respondents of an interview are selected

based on the criteria and profile. Specifically, respondents were ninety (90),

forty-five (45) for the men and women elected and appointed officials in the

barangay and the elected officers in the civil society organization and forty-

five (45) respondents for the community conducting community assemblies,

electoral participation, and other decision-making activities in Poblacion,

Bocos, Batad, Ducligan, and Pula in the municipality of Banaue.

A close-ended and open-ended interview using a guide question to

identify the gender issues and experiences affecting the participatory

decision-making in the community assembly, electoral participation, and other

decision-making activities in the municipality of Banaue wherein data from

 72

these responses were analyzed and coded using thematic analysis to look for

patterns and themes. A summary of the findings was surfaced.

Gender Issues

The gender issues encountered in the barangay of Poblacion, Bocos,

Batad, Ducligan and Pula in the municipality of Banaue as perceived by the

appointed and elected official men and women in the barangay and civil

society organization in terms of community assembly are gender roles,

passive participation of men, supremacy, perceived negative behaviour of

women, passive participation of women in decision-making, and patriarchy. In

electoral participation, gender roles, supremacy, women are flexible multi-

taskers, and passive participation of men. Lastly, in terms of other decision-

making activities (such as cultural activities, fiesta, and programs) are gender

roles in the barangay government, overburdened women, patriarchy, men

have firmer decisions than women, passive participation of women in the

decision-making, and gender of the barangay chief executive.

Experiences

The experiences encountered by the respondents in terms of

community assembly are, women are more participative than men, men’s

decision is consistent, and elderly men are more knowledgeable in the

 73

culture. In electoral participation, men are appointed in committees for its

manual physical works, and women are more responsive than men. Also, in

terms of other decision-making activities (such as cultural activities, fiesta,

and programs) are, women are for planning and organizing while men are for

manual physical works and elderly men’s supremacy in cultural decision-

making.

CONCLUSION

COMMUNITY AND POLITICAL LEADERS

Similarity Differences

Community  Women are more active  Women are supporters

Assembly than men. Women are of men

seen talkative and  Women representative

expressive but feel inferior to men.

indecisive while men  Men involvement are

are few and less in less seen than women.

speaking but decisive.

 Women are being relied

upon than men.

Electoral  Women are few in terms  Women are being

Participation of running for the affected by their

position emotional feelings that

 Men are mostly chosen impacts their decision

 74

in political positions as  Women have lack of

they are perceived to be interest in participating

utmost and capable in and presiding because

terms leadership, they lack self-

handling political confidence and self-

labours and presiding in belief.

terms of decision  Women are seen to be

making flexible and capable of

multi-tasking and

managing.

 Men are mostly chosen

for the political positions

as they are the ones

who are more popular

and financially stable.

Other Decision-  Men and women have

Making Activities balance role which are

planning and organizing

activities when it comes

to other decision-

making activities such

as cultural activities.

 Elderly men have more

power in presiding in

cultural activities
 75

because of knowledge

and experiences.

Based on the data gathered from the community and chosen political

leaders, men continue to have superiority over women because men are the

ones who lead and preside in decision-making in terms of religious and

traditional views, whereas women serve as only supporters of men. The

availability and involvement of women are frequently noticed in various

events, whereas men prioritize their personal careers, in which case, women

are often relied upon more than men.

In electoral participation, men outnumber women and they are mostly

chosen for political positions because they are perceived to be more capable

and powerful due to the responsiveness of their strength, capabilities, and as

the head of the family, so men are put in higher positions. Women, on the

other hand, are portrayed as having less time and lacking interest and

confidence in their talents. As a result, they solely act as men's supporters

and are assigned to lower-level tasks such as secretary, treasurer, and doing

paper work. Moreover, the flexibility of men and their use of their high

positions, makes their actions more influential and convincing while women

are observed as talkative but less in action. Additionally, men are mostly

chosen for political positions as they are recognized to be more financially firm

and popular. In contrast, there is an increased participation and empowerment

of women in politics as they are seen to be participative and are being elected

based on their abilities and political influence rather than just their femininity.
 76

Lastly, women are easily affected by their emotional sensitivity which disturbs

their decision making while men are firm in their decisions and are less likely

be persuaded by external factors.

In other decision-making activities, women are perceived to be more

active, expressive, and participative compared to men as women are

responsible for organizing activities, creating programs, coordinating

meetings, and entertaining visitors. While men are involved in other tasks

such as planning and other masculine tasks. In cultural activities such as

fiestas, elderly men are superior to women because of their knowledge and

experience. Finally, women are seen as active and men are seen as passive.

Gender roles affect the decision-making of women because of the

disparity of tasks wherein they are being called weak and not capable in

handling things or a particular situation.

The supremacy of men has an impact on decision-making of women

because of the few numbers of women officials in a barangay council, women

are not able to express their opinion on a particular subject for the reason that

the decision is always favored on men's decision making which affects them

as an official which make them look down on themselves because they are

not heard. With the negative behaviour of women like being talkative and

expressive, it creates misunderstandings between men and women because

men are not given the opportunity to speak about the subject which affects

their decision making.

Culturally, it was stated that elderly men are the only ones presiding

when a program involving culture is being conducted, wherein it is a factor

 77

that influences the decision of the younger ones (officials) because they

cannot make other plans about it that improve performance, for example.

They just agree and follow the elderly's decisions.

Overburdened women have a negative impact on their decision-making

as officers. They are unable to discharge their obligations and responsibilities

as members of the council since they already have families and

responsibilities as wives. Finally, they delegate their responsibilities to the

other authorities (men).

RECOMMENDATION

Gender issues are timely and relevant, especially in far-flung areas and

indigenous communities. In order to develop gender equality in participatory

decision-making in terms of community assemblies, electoral participation,

and other decision-making activities there is a need for seminars and training

about Gender Equality Training in the community of Banaue to be

spearheaded by the concerned Local Government Units (LGU) and Local

Organizations in the Philippines promoting equality for both genders like the

Philippine Competition Commission (PCC), Philippine Commission on

Women, Pambansang Koalisyon ng Kababbaihan sa Kanayunan (PKKK), and

more. Thus, with these seminars and training about gender equality at work

and in the community, the LGUs and other organizations promoting gender

equality will also tackle and share gender roles in organizing and managing

the responsibility inside the house and the community. Further, to provide

orientation on gender development sensitivity regarding to deal issues on the

supremacy of men and passive participation among men and women. This

can also serve as an awareness campaign to sensitize community members

 78

on the importance of gender equality and the benefits of including diverse

perspectives in decision-making processes.

Another recommendation we can give in light of the findings is to

enhance women’s participation by addressing cultural and structural barriers

that may limit women’s involvement.

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Appendices

Guide Questions for the appointed and elected barangay officials and

civil society groups officers

1. What are the gender issues you encountered as an officer of the

organization or barangay official?

a. Community Assembly

b. Electoral participation

c. Other decision-making activities

2. Kindly share your experiences on the following decision-making

activities

a. Community Assembly

b. Electoral participation

c. Other decision-making activities

Guide Questions for the community

1. What are the gender issues you observed to the officer of the organization

or barangay official?

d. Community Assembly

e. Electoral participation
 85

f. Other decision-making activities

2. Kindly share your experiences on the following decision-making activities

d. Community Assembly

e. Electoral participation

f. Other decision-making activities

List of Figures

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Input Process
4. Data collection
The gender issues and challenges, effect, and
and Analysis.
extent experienced in participatory decision-
5. Stakeholder
making processes in the communities of
Engagement
Banaue, Ifugao, in terms of:
6. Interpret the
4. Community Assembly;
results
5. Electoral participation;
6. Other participatory decision-making
activities

Output
 Measures or recommendations to develop gender
equality in participatory decision-making.
 Improved gender-responsive decision-making.
 Strengthened community cohesion and
empowerment.

Figure 2. Map of Banaue

 86

Source: Banaue LGU

List of Tables

Table 1. Socio-demographic profiles of Barangays in Banaue

Popul Mal Fem Total Number of Unemployed Geograph
ation e ale Populat members of members of ical
Barang
of ion the labor force the labor force
ays
House
hold
Banaue 4,220 9,8 9,305 19,106 mal fema tot mal fema tot
01 e le al e le al
Poblaci 492 1,1 1,165 2,308 52 412 93 34 30 64 0.27km
on 43 1 3
Bocos 481 1,0 1,086 2,180 51 412 93 21 24 45 1km
94 0 3
Amgana 402 865 856 1,721 35 285 63 46 30 68 6.38km
d 0 5
Viewpoi 310 783 740 1,523 34 254 60 9 5 14 3.23km
nt 7 1
Poitan 286 690 702 1,392 33 228 56 9 6 15 3.58km
9 7
Tam-an 275 652 614 1,266 34 246 58 33 9 42 1.10km
1 7
Cambul 263 657 575 1,232 35 215 57 4 1 5 19.22km
o 6 1
Kinakin 247 464 442 906 24 175 41 23 169 40 8.52km
5 7 9 5
Batad 218 484 405 889 27 184 45 4 7 11 39.24km
0 4
Ducliga 206 449 386 835 27 145 41 14 11 35 21.5km
n 0 5
Uhaj 191 357 394 751 15 126 28 12 12 24 8.7km
4 0
Bangaa 174 424 342 766 19 131 32 8 17 25 15.3km
n 1 2
Balawis 166 344 312 656 18 130 31 6 9 15 6.56km
 87

9 9
Anaba 144 341 315 656 15 91 24 1 1 2 18.1km
7 8
Gohang 140 324 357 681 14 117 25 13 111 24 5.26km
1 8 6 7
Banao 122 263 209 472 17 77 24 0 0 0 4.62km
1 8
San 119 214 185 399 11 66 17 0 0 0 5.52km
Fernand 3 9
o
Pula 106 253 220 473 13 71 20 5 7 12 19.48km
2 3

Table 2. Total of Respondents

Total of
Respondents Men Women
Respondents

Elected Barangay Officials 10 14 24

Appointed Barangay Officials 0 9 9

Civil Society Organization Officers 5 7 12

Community 20 25 45

Total of Respondents 35 55 90

Table 3. Proposed Intervention Program to

Develop Gender Equality for Gender Issues
Gender
Involved Project
Development Agency Beneficiaries
Agency Description
Program
Seminar, Local Banaue Local To provide
Training and Government Community Government seminars,
Orientation Unit (LGU) Units, training, and
Program Organizations orientation
promoting about gender
gender equality and
equality, and gender
Philippine development at
Commission work and in the
on Women community, the
 88

(PCW) LGUs and other

organizations
promoting
gender equality
will also tackle
and share
gender roles,
patriarchy, and
supremacy in
organizing and
managing the
responsibility
inside the
house and the
community.

Table 4. List of Research Respondents (Appointed and Elected

Barangay Officials and Civil Society Organization)

BARANGA NAME AG GENDE POSITION ETHNICI

Y E R TY
POBLACI 1. Adelina 38 Female Barangay Secretary Tuwali
ON Ananayo
2. Nena 51 Female Women’s Org. Tuwali
Secretary
3. Jillian 27 Male Vendor’s Org. VP Tuwali
4. Mercy Balitang 70 Female Senior’s Org. Auditor Tuwali
5. Margarette 29 Female Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
6. Maebel Rufino 37 Female SB Secretary Tuwali
7. July 36 Female Vendor’s Org. Secretary Tuwali
8. Maribel 38 Female Vendor’s Org. Treasurer Tuwali
9. Vilma 25 Female SK Chairman Tuwali
10. Jay 24 Male SK Kagawad Tuwali
Bongtiwon
BOCOS 1. Corazon 40 Female Barangay Treasurer Tuwali
2. Joseph 43 Male Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
Abbuyu
3. Mark 45 Male Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
4. Jenifer 40 Female Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
Ognayon
5. Ruth Layugan 55 Female Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
6. Darwin 45 Male Barangay Kagawad Tuwali
Bongtiwon
7. Carol 46 Female Barangay Book Keeper Tuwali
Domingon
8. Joel 27 Male Farmer’s Org. Officer Tuwali
 89

9. Alexander 38 Male Farmer’s Org. Officer Tuwali

Angayon
10. Allan Cutiyog 59 Male Barangay Captain Tuwali
BATAD 1. Kushly Chin-or 22 Female SK Chairman Ayangan
2. Michelle 25 Female Farmer’s Org. Treasurer Ayangan
Ganggang
3. Margie Poligon 40 Female Barangay Secretary Ayangan
4. Thelma 40 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
Naabus
5. Carla Inge 41 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
6. Maribel Payay 50 Female Farmer’s Org. Secretary Ayangan
7. Edwin 40 Male Chairperson Farmer’s Ayangan
Belingon Org.
8. Perlita 37 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
9. Eddi Binalit 46 Male Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
10. Dafie 40 Female Barangay Treasurer Ayangan
DUCLIGA 1. Tita Gano 38 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
N
2. Juliet 52 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
Bimmonog
3. Madeline 35 Female Ayangan Coop. Auditor Ayangan
Momog
4. Johnny 52 Male Banaue Gardener’s Ayangan
Padduyao Org.BOD
5. Hermenia 47 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
Lubbong
6. Jaime 39 Male Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
Omehang
7. Clarita Uyan 42 Female Barangay Captain Ayangan
8. Cheryl Gahinto 34 Female Barangay Secretary Ayangan
9. Marina Minton 38 Female IPMR Ayangan
10. Susan 59 Female Barangay Treasurer Ayangan
Gaddon
PULA 1. Montes 50 Male Barangay Captain Ayangan
2. Benito Benhoc 50 Male Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
3. Clarita 40 Female Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
4. Pedro 42 Male Barangay Kagawad Ayangan
5. Antonia 45 Female Barangay Secretary Ayangan
Dinalnog

Table 5. List of Research Respondents (Community)

BARANGA NAME AGE GENDER ETHNICITY

Y
POBLACI 1. Ellie Buccahan 56 Female Tuwali
ON
2. Juliva Pago 40 Female Tuwali
3. Kim Tuguinay 30 Male Tuwali
4. Jerry Dulnuan 47 Female Tuwali
 90

5. Marcus Pablo 41 Female Tuwali

6. Ally Um-hao 45 Female Tuwali
7. Akleb Dulnuan 32 Female Tuwali
8. Charles At-tig 36 Female Tuwali
9. Cesar Iwwah 40 Female Tuwali
10. Jacky Mundiguing 50 Male Tuwali
BOCOS 1. Judith Mangili 50 Female Tuwali
2. Mariano 48 Male Tuwali
3. Joan Battun 50 Male Tuwali
4. Joan Nagnot 29 Female Tuwali
5. Marcelina Ballitang 47 Female Tuwali
6. Marilou Ramos 55 Male Tuwali
7. Ben Lucas 60 Female Tuwali
8. 40 Male Tuwali
9. 40 Male Tuwali
10. Male Tuwali
BATAD 1. Nena 58 Female Ayangan
2. Junnie 32 Female Ayangan
3. Tayaban 46 Female Ayangan
4. Jimuel Abbig 36 Female Ayangan
5. Dalila Hagada 43 Female Ayangan
6. Shylee 21 Female Ayangan
7. Leon 54 Male Ayangan
8. Bugan 52 Female Ayangan
9. Alex Chorhangon 58 Male Ayangan
10. Romes Buwanan 60 Female Ayangan
DUCLIGA 1. Nelly Tumolnok 60 Female Ayangan
N
2. Julie 42 Female Ayangan
3. Ezra Omlano 34 Female Ayangan
4. Elvira Dango 42 Male Ayangan
5. Jenny 30 Female Ayangan
6. Apled 34 Male Ayangan
7. Roda 40 Female Ayangan
8. Beth 40 Female Ayangan
9. Sony Kimayong 40 Female Ayangan
10. Mersa Bongyo 58 Female Ayangan
PULA 1. Gina Catteg 46 Male Ayangan
2. Martin Udan Jr. 58 Male Ayangan
3. Lawrence 46 Female Ayangan
4. Mang-uhan 53 Male Ayangan
5. Jero Aga-oy 50 Female Ayangan