CH 5 Student

Rational Exponents and
5
GO DIGITAL
Radical Functions
5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents
5.2 Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals
5.3 Graphing Radical Functions
5.4 Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities
5.5 Performing Function Operations
5.6 Composition of Functions
5.7 Inverse of a Function
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Ben Mirin
Ben Mirin is an acoustic biologist, sound artist, and science
communicator. He is the creator and host of the digital series WILD
BEATS. Ben travels the world recording animal sounds and samples
them to create music that connects people to nature. He leads
expeditions to record and catalog acoustic data from many
of the planet’s most endangered ecosystems.
• Give examples of animal sounds you can hear where you live. Do you
have a favorite animal sound?
• What are some animal species that sing?
• Why do you think animals sing? Use the Internet or another resource
to find at least two reasons.
STEM
Have you ever heard of a
song being played in a certain
octave? In the Performance
Task, you will compare the
sounds of notes in different
octaves. Then you will explain
properties of the sound waves
that produce those notes.
Sound Art
Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 228 5/11/20 7:46 AM

GO DIGITAL
Preparing for Chapter

Chapter Learning Target
5
Understand rational exponents and radical functions.
Chapter Success Criteria I can represent roots using rational exponents.
I can describe the properties of rational exponents and radicals.
I can solve radical equations and inequalities.
I can find compositions and inverses of functions. Surface
Deep
VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary

Work with a partner. Discuss each of the vocabulary terms.
nth root of a radical equation
simplest form of a radical extraneous solutions
like radicals inverse functions
radical function
Mathematical Practices
Model with Mathematics
Mathematically proficient students identify important quantities
in practical situations and map their relationships using such
tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts, and formulas.
Work with a partner. You use a microphone to record the sound

of an owl that is 500 meters away. You want to determine whether
it is possible for the sound to reach your microphone in less than
1.25 seconds. The speed of sound in air can be approximated by
the function shown.
Speed of Sound in Air

y
(meters per second)
420
400 y = 20 x
380
Speed
360
340
320
300
0
0 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 x
Temperature (Kelvin)
1. Identify the important quantities in this situation.

2. Describe any relationships among the important quantities.
3. Use the relationships you described in Exercise 2 to solve the problem by
(a) estimating using the graph and (b) solving algebraically. Justify your answers.
229

5
GO DIGITAL
Prepare WITH
Properties of Integer Exponents
WATCH
Example 1 Simplify the expression —3
.
x 5 x2
x
⋅
3
⋅
x5 x2
—
x
=—3
x5 + 2
x
Product of Powers Property
x7
= —3 Simplify.
x
= x7 − 3 Quotient of Powers Property
= x4 Simplify.
3 2
WATCH
Example 2 Simplify the expression ( 2st ) .
—
( )
2s3
—
t
2
(2s3)2
=—
t2
Power of a Quotient Property
22 (s3)2
=—
t2
⋅ Power of a Product Property
4s6
=— Power of a Power Property
t2
Simplify. Write the expression using only positive exponents.
1. y6 y ⋅ 2. —3
n4
n
3. —
6 2
x ⋅x
x5
m ⋅m
x6
4. —5 3x2
x ⋅ 5. ( )
4w3
—2
2z
3
6. (—
z ⋅m )
2
7
3
2
Rewriting Literal Equations

Example 3 Solve the literal equation −5y − 2x = 10 for y.
WATCH
−5y − 2x = 10 Write the equation.
−5y − 2x + 2x = 10 + 2x Add 2x to each side.
−5y = 10 + 2x Simplify.
−5y 10 + 2x
— =— Divide each side by −5.
−5 −5
2
y = −2 − — x Simplify.
5
Solve the literal equation for y.
1
7. 4x + y = 2 8. x − —3 y = −1 9. 2y − 9 = 13x
10. 2xy + 6y = 10 11. 8x − 4xy = 3 12. 6x + 7xy = 15
13. REASONING Is the order in which you apply properties of exponents important?
Explain your reasoning.
230 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Evaluate expressions and solve equations containing nth roots
and rational exponents.
Success Criteria • I can explain the meaning of a rational exponent.

• I can evaluate expressions with rational exponents.
• I can solve equations using nth roots.
Previously, you learned that the nth root of a is

n—
√a = a1/n Definition of rational exponent
for any real number a and integer n greater than 1.
EXPLORE IT Writing Expressions in Different Forms

Work with a partner.
a. Use the definition of a rational exponent and the properties of exponents
to write each expression as a base with a single rational exponent or as a
radical raised to an exponent.
Radical raised to Base with a single

an exponent rational exponent
i. ( √—5 )3
ii. ( √4 —4 )2
iii. ( √3 —9 )2
iv. ( √5 —
10 )
4
v. ( √—
15 )
3
vi. ( √3 —
27 )
4
vii. 82/3
viii. 65/2
ix. 123/4
x. 103/2
xi. 163/2
Math Practice xii. 206/5

Look for Structure
How do you know b. Use technology to evaluate each expression in part (a). Round your answer
when the value of a1/n to two decimal places, if necessary.
is an integer?
n—
c. Simplify √ an . What does this imply about the relationship between raising an
expression to the nth power and taking the nth root? How can you use this result
to solve the equation x 4 = 6?
5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents 231

Finding nth Roots
GO DIGITAL
You can extend the concept of a square root to other types of roots.
Vocabulary For example, 2 is a cube root of 8 because 23 = 8. In general, for an
nth root of a, p. 232 integer n greater than 1, if b n = a, then b is an nth root of a. An nth
n—
root of a is written as √ a , where n is the index of the radical.
index of a radical, p. 232
You can also write an nth root of a as a power of a. If you assume the Power of a
Power Property applies to rational exponents, then the following is true.
(a1/2)2 = a(1/2) ⋅ 2 = a1 = a
(a1/3)3 = a(1/3) ⋅ 3 = a1 = a
(a1/4)4 = a(1/4) ⋅ 4 = a1 = a
—
Because a1/2 is a number whose square is a, you can write √a = a1/2. Similarly,
3— 4— n—
√ a = a1/3 and √ a = a1/4. In general, √ a = a1/n for any integer n greater than 1.
KEY IDEA
Real nth Roots of a
STUDY TIP Let n be an integer greater than 1 and let a be a real number.
When n is even and a > 0,
n is an even integer. n is an odd integer.
there are two real roots.
n—
The positive root is called a<0 No real nth roots a<0 One real nth root: √ a = a1/n
n— n—
the principal root. a=0 One real nth root: √ 0 = 0 a=0 One real nth root: √0 = 0
n— n—
a>0 Two real nth roots: ±√ a = ±a1/n a>0 One real nth root: √ a = a1/n
EXAMPLE 1 Finding nth Roots
Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.

a. n = 3, a = −216 b. n = 4, a = 81
SOLUTION
a. Because n = 3 is odd and a = −216 < 0, −216 has one real cube root.
Because (−6)3 = −216, you can write
3—
√−216 = −6 or (−216)1/3 = −6.
b. Because n = 4 is even and a = 81 > 0, 81 has two real fourth roots.
Because 34 = 81 and (−3)4 = 81, you can write
4—
±√ 81 = ±3 or ±811/4 = ±3.
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.
Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.

1. n = 4, a = 16 2. n = 2, a = −49
3. n = 3, a = −125 4. n = 5, a = 243
5. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE For an integer n greater than 1, if b n = a, then
b is a(n) ___________ of a.
6. WRITING Explain how to use the sign of a to determine the number of real
fourth roots of a and the number of real fifth roots of a.

Rational Exponents
GO DIGITAL
A rational exponent does not have to be of the form 1/n. Other rational
numbers, such as 3/2 and −1/2, can also be exponents. Two properties of
rational exponents are shown below.
KEY IDEA
Rational Exponents
Let a1/n be an nth root of a, and let m be a positive integer.
— m n—
am/n = (a1/n)m = ( √
n
a) or am/n = (am)1/n = √ am
1 1 1 1 1
a−m/n = — =—=— n— m
,a≠0 or a−m/n = — =—
n—
,a≠0
am/n (a1/n)m ( √ a) (am)1/n √ am
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating Expressions with Rational Exponents
Evaluate (a) 163/2 and (b) 32−3/5.
SOLUTION
Rational Exponent Form Radical Form
— 3
a. 163/2 = (161/2)3 = 43 = 64 163/2 = ( √ 16 ) = 43 = 64
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b. 32−3/5 = — =—=—=— 32−3/5 = — =—=—=—
323/5 (321/5)3 23 8 323/5 ( 5 — )3 23 8
√32
Approximating Expressions with

EXAMPLE 3
Rational Exponents
Evaluate each expression using technology. Round your answer to two decimal places.
4— 3
a. 91/5 b. 123/8 c. ( √7 )
SOLUTION
a. 91/5 ≈ 1.55
1
95 = 1.55184557392
b. 123/8 ≈ 2.54 3
4— 3
c. Before evaluating ( √7 ) , rewrite the 12 8 = 2.53917695148
expression in rational exponent form. 3
4— 3 74 = 4.30351707066
( √7 ) = 73/4 ≈ 4.30
Evaluate the expression without using technology.

7. 45/2 8. 9−1/2 9. 813/4 10. 17/8
Evaluate the expression using technology. Round your answer to two decimal
places, if necessary.
11. 62/5 12. 64−2/3 13. ( √4 —
16 )
5
14. ( √3 —
−30 )
2
15. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which expression does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.
n— m m — −n
(a1/n)m (√ a) (√ a) am/n

Solving Equations Using nth Roots
GO DIGITAL
Raising to the nth power and taking the nth root are inverse operations.
√ an = (an)1/n = an ⋅ 1/n = a1 = a
n—
So, you can solve an equation of the form u n = d, where u is an algebraic expression
and d is a real number, by taking the nth root of each side.
EXAMPLE 4 Solving Equations Using nth Roots
Find the real solution(s) of (a) 4x5 = 128 and (b) (x − 3)4 = 21. Round your answer to
two decimal places, if necessary.
SOLUTION
a. 4x5 = 128 Write original equation.
x5 = 32 Divide each side by 4.
5—
COMMON ERROR x = √ 32 Take fifth root of each side.
When n is even and a > 0, x=2 Simplify.

be sure to consider both the
The solution is x = 2.
positive and negative nth
roots of a. b. (x − 3)4 = 21 Write original equation.
4—
x − 3 = ±√21 Take fourth root of each side.
4—
x = 3 ± √21 Add 3 to each side.
4— 4—
The solutions are x = 3 + √ 21 ≈ 5.14 and x = 3 − √ 21 ≈ 0.86.
EXAMPLE 5 Modeling Real Life
A hospital purchases an ultrasound machine for $50,000. The hospital expects the
useful life of the machine to be 10 years, at which time its value will have depreciated
to $8000. The hospital uses the declining balances method for depreciation, so the
annual depreciation rate r (in decimal form) is given by the formula
1/n
S
r=1− —
C () .
In the formula, n is the useful life of the item (in years), S is the salvage value
(in dollars), and C is the original cost (in dollars). What annual depreciation rate did
the hospital use?
SOLUTION
The useful life is 10 years, so n = 10. The machine depreciates to $8000, so S = 8000.
The original cost is $50,000, so C = 50,000. So, the annual depreciation rate is
1/n 1/10 1/10
S
r=1− —
C () =1− — (
8000
50,000 ) =1− —
4
25 ( ) ≈ 0.167.
The annual depreciation rate is about 0.167, or 16.7%.
Find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer to two decimal places,
if necessary.
16. 8x3 = 64 17. —12 x5 = 512 18. (x + 5)4 = 16 19. (x − 2)3 = −14
20. WHAT IF? In Example 5, what is the annual depreciation rate when the salvage value is $6000?

5.1 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–6, find the indicated real nth root(s) of a. 25. 20,7364/5 26. 86−5/6
Example 1
1. n = 3, a = 8 2. n = 5, a = −1
27. ( √4 —
187 )
3
28. ( √5 —
−8 )
8
In Exercises 29–38, find the real solution(s) of the

3. n = 2, a = 0 4. n = 4, a = 256
equation. Round your answer to two decimal places,
if necessary. Example 4
5. n = 5, a = −32 6. n = 6, a = −729
29. x3 = 125 30. 5x3 = 1080
In Exercises 7–14, evaluate the expression without using
technology. Example 2 31. (x + 10)5 = 70 32. (x − 5)4 = 256
7. 641/6 8. 81/3
33. x5 = −48 34. 7x 4 = 56
9. 253/2 10. 324/5
35. x6 + 36 = 100 36. x3 + 40 = 25
11. (−243)1/5 12. (−64)4/3
37. —13 x 4 = 27 38. —16 x 3 = −36
13. 8−2/3 14. 16−7/4
39. MODELING REAL LIFE When the average price of an
item increases from p1 to p2 over a period of n years,
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 15 and 16, describe and the annual rate of inflation r (in decimal form) is
p2 1/n
correct the error in evaluating the expression.
given by r = — ( )
p1
− 1. Find the rate of inflation
✗
15.
for each item in the table. Example 5
−275/3 = (−271/3)5
= 35 Price per pound Price per pound
Item
in 2009 in 2019
= 243
Potatoes $0.620 $0.749
16. Oranges $0.910 $1.280
✗ ( √3 — 2
643/2 = 64 ) Ground beef $2.251 $3.775
= 42
40. MODELING REAL LIFE A weir is a dam that is built
= 16
across a river to regulate the flow of water. The flow
rate Q (in cubic feet per second) can be calculated
using the formula Q = 3.367ℓh3/2, whereℓis the
STRUCTURE In Exercises 17–20, match the
length (in feet) of the bottom of the spillway and h
equivalent expressions. Explain your reasoning.
is the depth (in feet) of the water on the spillway.
17. ( √3 —5 )4 A. 5−1/4 Determine the flow rate of a weir with a spillway that
is 20 feet long and has a water depth of 5 feet.
18. ( √4 —5 )3 B. 54/3
1
19. ——
C. −51/4
4
√5
4—
20. −√ 5 D. 53/4 spillway h
In Exercises 21–28, evaluate the expression using

technology. Round your answer to two decimal places,
if necessary. Example 3
41. NUMBER SENSE Between which two
5— 7— 4—
21. √32,768 22. √ 1695 consecutive integers does √ 125 lie? Explain
your reasoning.
23. 25−1/3 24. 851/6

42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 45. REPEATED REASONING The mass
The graph of y = x n is shown in red. What can of the particles that a river can transport GO DIGITAL
you conclude about the value of n? Determine is proportional to the sixth power of the
the number of real nth roots of a. Explain speed of the river. A certain river normally flows at a
your reasoning. speed of 1 meter per second. What must its speed be
y
in order to transport particles that are twice as massive
as usual? 10 times as massive? 100 times as massive?
y=a
46. THOUGHT PROVOKING

In 1619, Johannes Kepler published his third law,
which can be given by d 3 = t 2, where d is the mean
distance (in astronomical units) of a planet from the
x Sun and t is the time (in years) it takes the planet to
orbit the Sun. It takes Mars 1.88 years to orbit the
Sun. Graph a possible location of Mars. Justify your
answer. (The diagram shows the Sun at the origin of
CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 43 and 44, find the
the xy-plane and a possible location of Earth.)
radius of the figure with the given volume.
y
43. V = 216 ft3 44. V = 1332 cm3
r (1, 0)
x
r 9 cm
Not drawn to scale
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 47 and 48, graph the function. 54. Write an equation of the parabola in vertex form.
47. f (x) = (x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 4) y
12
48. g(x) = 2(x + 2)2(x − 1)(x + 5) (4, 9)
8
49. Use finite differences to determine the degree of 4 (8, 5)

the polynomial function that fits the data. Then use
technology to find the polynomial function. 4 8 12 x
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
55. Write (1 + 7i) + (10 − 2i) − 3i(2 + 9i) as a
f (x) 1 9 1 1 9 1 complex number in standard form.
50. Find all zeros of 56. MODELING REAL LIFE Time Distance
f (x) = x4 − 9x3 + 19x2 − 9x + 18. The table shows the (minutes), x (miles), y
distances run by an
In Exercises 51 and 52, find the real solution(s) of the athlete on a treadmill 5 0.5
equation. Round your answer to two decimal places, over time. What type 10 1.0
if necessary. of function can you 15 1.5
use to model the data?
51. 2x 4 = 1250 52. (x − 8)3 = 144 Predict the distance 20 2.0
traveled by the runner 25 2.5
53. Let the graph of g be a translation 3 units left, after 30 minutes.
followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 of
the graph of f (x) = x3 − 4x. Write a rule for g.

Properties of Rational Exponents
5.2 GO DIGITAL
and Radicals
Learning Target Simplify radical expressions.
Success Criteria • I can simplify radical expressions with rational exponents.

• I can explain when radical expressions are in simplest form.
• I can simplify variable expressions containing rational
exponents and radicals.
EXPLORE IT Reviewing Properties of Exponents

a. The Product Property of Square Roots states that the square root of a product
equals the product of the square roots of the factors.
Math Practice
Use Technology
to Explore
— — —
How can you use √64x2 = √64 • √x2 Product Property of Square Roots
technology to help you
determine the values = 8x Simplify.
of n in part (d)?
—
Describe the behavior of the graphs of y = √ 64x2 and y = 8x. What do
you notice? Use technology to check your graphs and explain the results.
b. You can extend the Product Property of Square Roots to other radicals,
such as cube roots.
3— 3— 3—
√64x3 = √64 • √x3 Product Property of Cube Roots
= 4x Simplify.
3—
Describe the behavior of the graphs of y = √64x3 and y = 4x. What do
you notice? Use technology to check your graphs and explain the results.
c. How can you change the function y = 8x so that it coincides with the
—
graph of y = √ 64x2 for all values of x? Explain your reasoning.
n— n—
d. Determine the values of n for which √ xn = x and √ xn = ∣ x ∣.
5.2 Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals 237

Properties of Rational Exponents
GO DIGITAL
The properties of integer exponents can also be applied to
Vocabulary rational exponents.
simplest form of a radical,
p. 239 KEY IDEA
like radicals, p. 240 Properties of Rational Exponents
Let a and b be real numbers and let m and n be rational numbers, such that the
quantities in each property are real numbers.
Property Name Definition Example
Product of Powers am ⋅ an = am + n 51/2 ⋅ 53/2 = 5(1/2 + 3/2) = 52 = 25
COMMON ERROR Power of a Power (am)n = amn (35/2)2 = 3(5/2 ⋅ 2) = 35 = 243
When you multiply
powers, do not multiply Power of a Product (ab)m = ambm ⋅ ⋅
(16 9)1/2 = 161/2 91/2 = 4 3 = 12 ⋅
the exponents, add 1 1 1
Negative Exponent a−m =— ,a≠0 36−1/2 =— =—
them. For example, am 361/2 6
⋅
32 35 = 37, not 310. Zero Exponent a0 = 1, a ≠ 0 2130 = 1
am 45/2
Quotient of Powers —n
= am − n, a ≠ 0 —
1/2
= 4(5/2 − 1/2) = 42 = 16
a 4
m 1/3
Power of a Quotient
a
()
—
b
am
=—
bm
,b≠0 ( )
27
—
64
271/3 3
=— =—
641/3 4
EXAMPLE 1 Using Properties of Exponents

WORDS AND MATH
Use the properties of rational exponents to simplify each expression.
In everyday life, a property
of an object or idea is a ⋅
a. 71/4 71/2 = 7(1/4 + 1/2) = 73/4 Product of Powers Property
⋅4 ⋅
quality or attribute of it.
b. (61/2 1/3)2 = (61/2)2 (41/3)2 Power of a Product Property
A mathematical property
describes attributes of = ⋅
6(1/2 2) ⋅4 ⋅
(1/3 2) Power of a Power Property
numbers and expressions. =6 ⋅ 42/3 Simplify.
c. (45 ⋅ 35)−1/5 = [(4 ⋅ 3)5]−1/5 Power of a Product Property
= (125)−1/5 Multiply.
= ⋅
12[5 (−1/5)] Power of a Power Property
= 12−1 Simplify.
1
=— Definition of negative exponent
12
5 51
d. — = — = 5(1 − 1/3) = 52/3 Quotient of Powers Property
51/3 51/3
( ) [( ) ] 1/3 2
2
421/3 42
e. — = — Power of a Quotient Property
61/3 6
= (71/3)2 Divide.
= 72/3 Power of a Power Property
Simplify the expression.
⋅
1. 23/4 21/2 2. —
3
1/4
3
3. ( ) 201/2
—
1/2
5
3
⋅
4. (51/3 71/4)3

Simplifying Radical Expressions
GO DIGITAL
The Power of a Product and Power of a Quotient properties can be
1
expressed using radical notation when m = — for some integer n greater than 1.
n
KEY IDEA
Properties of Radicals
Let a and b be real numbers such that the indicated roots are real numbers, and
let n be an integer greater than 1.
Property Name Definition Example
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n— n— n— 3— 3— 3—
Product Property √a b = √ a √b √4 √2 = √8 = 2
√1622 = √81 = 3
4—
√
n— —
—
a √a √162 4—
Quotient Property n —=—
n—
,b≠0 ——
= 4
—
b √b
4
√2
EXAMPLE 2 Using Properties of Radicals
Use the properties of radicals to simplify each expression.
⋅ √18 = √12 ⋅ 18 = √216 = 6

3— 3— 3— 3—
a. √ 12 Product Property of Radicals
√805 = √16 = 2
4— —
√80 4—
b. — = 4
— Quotient Property of Radicals
4—
√5
An expression involving a radical with index n is in simplest form when these
three conditions are met.
• No radicands have perfect nth powers as factors other than 1.
• No radicands contain fractions.
• No radicals appear in the denominator of a fraction.
To meet the last two conditions, rationalize the denominator by multiplying
the expression by an appropriate form of 1 that eliminates the radical from
the denominator.
EXAMPLE 3 Writing Radicals in Simplest Form

5—
3— √7
Write the expressions (a) √ 135 and (b) — in simplest form.
5—
√8
SOLUTION
⋅
3— 3—
a. √ 135 = √ 27 5 Factor out perfect cube.
= √ 27 ⋅ √ 5
3— 3—
Product Property of Radicals
3—
= 3√ 5 Simplify.
5— 5— 5—
√7 √7 √4
b. —
5—
=—
5—
—
5—
√8 √8 √4
⋅ Make the radicand in the denominator a perfect fifth power.
5—
√28
=— Product Property of Radicals
5—
√32
5—
√28
=— Simplify.
2

For a denominator that is a sum or difference involving square roots,
multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the GO DIGITAL
— — — —
denominator. The expressions a√ b + c√ d and a√ b − c√ d are
conjugates of each other, where a, b, c, and d are rational numbers.
EXAMPLE 4 Writing a Radical Expression in Simplest Form
1
Write — — in simplest form.
5 + √3
SOLUTION
—
5 − √3
⋅—
1 1 — —
—— = —— — The conjugate of 5 + √ 3 is 5 − √ 3 .
5 + √3 5 + √3 5 − √3
—
1( 5 − √ 3 )
=— — 2
Sum and Difference Pattern
52 − ( √ 3 )
—
5 − √3
=— Simplify.
22
Radical expressions with the same index and radicand are like radicals. To add or
subtract like radicals, use the Distributive Property.
EXAMPLE 5 Adding and Subtracting Like Radicals and Roots
Simplify each expression.

4— 4— 3— 3—
a. √10 + 7√ 10 b. 2(81/5) + 10(81/5) c. √ 54 − √ 2
SOLUTION
4— 4— 4— 4—
a. √ 10 + 7√ 10 = (1 + 7)√ 10 = 8√ 10
b. 2(81/5) + 10(81/5) = (2 + 10)(81/5) = 12(81/5)
⋅ √2 − √2 = 3√2 − √2 = (3 − 1)√2 = 2√2

3— 3— 3— 3— 3— 3— 3— 3— 3—
c. √ 54 − √ 2 = √ 27
Simplify the expression.
√43
3— —
√250
⋅
4— 4— 3—
5. √ 27 √3 6. ——
7. √ 104 8. 5
—
3
√2
3 5— 5— 3— 3—
9. — — 10. 7√ 12 − √ 12 11. 4(92/3) + 8(92/3) 12. √ 5 + √ 40
6 − √2
Simplifying Variable Expressions

The properties of rational exponents and radicals can also be applied to expressions
involving variables. Because a variable can be positive, negative, or zero, sometimes
absolute value is needed when simplifying a variable expression.
Rule Example
n— 7— 7—
When n is odd √x = x
n √57 = 5 and √(−5)7 = −5
n— 4— 4—
When n is even √ xn = ∣ x ∣ √34 = 3 and √(−3)4 = 3
Absolute value is not needed when all variables are assumed to be positive.

EXAMPLE 6 Simplifying Variable Expressions
GO DIGITAL
Simplify each expression.
√
—
3— x4
STUDY TIP a. √64y
6 b. 4 —8
y
You do not need to
take the absolute value SOLUTION
√64y6 = √43(y2)3 = √43 ⋅ √(y2)3 = 4y2
3— 3— 3— 3—
of y 2 because it is a.
√
always positive. —
4 x
4
4—
√x 4
4—
√x 4 ∣x∣
b. —8 = —
—
=—
—
=—
y 4 4
y2
√y 8 √( y 2)4
EXAMPLE 7 Writing Variable Expressions in Simplest Form
Write each expression in simplest form. Assume all variables

are positive.
4— x 14xy1/3
a. √ 16a7b11c4 b. — c. —
3— 2x3/4z −6
√y 8
SOLUTION
4— 4 ——
a. √ 16a7b11c4 = √ 16a4a3b8b3c4 Factor out perfect fourth powers.
⋅ √a b
4— 4—
= √ 16a4b8c4 3 3 Product Property of Radicals
4—
= 2ab2c√ a3b3 Simplify.
3—
√y
⋅
x x
b. — =— — Make denominator a perfect cube.
3— — 3—
COMMON ERROR
3
√y 8 √y 8 √y
3—
You must multiply both x√ y
=— Product Property of Radicals
the numerator and 3—
denominator of the
√y 9
3—
3— x√ y
fraction by √ y so that =— Simplify.
the value of the fraction y3
does not change. 14xy1/3
c. — = 7x (1 − 3/4)y1/3z−(−6) = 7x1/4 y1/3z 6
2x3/4z−6
EXAMPLE 8 Adding and Subtracting Variable Expressions
Perform each indicated operation. Assume all variables are positive.

— — 3— 3—
a. 5√ y + 6√ y b. 12√ 2z5 − z√ 54z2
SOLUTION
— — — —
a. 5√ y + 6√ y = (5 + 6)√ y = 11√ y
3— 3— 3— 3— 3— 3—
b. 12√ 2z5 − z√ 54z2 = 12z√ 2z2 − 3z√2z2 = (12z − 3z)√ 2z2 = 9z√ 2z2
√
—
3— a8
13. Simplify (a) √ 27q3 and (b)
4
—4 .
256b
Simplify the expression. Assume all variables are positive.
√
—
6— x10 6xy3/4 — —
14. √36p q r
6 8 10 15. 5
—
y5
16. —
1/2 1/2
3x y
17. √ 9w5 − w√ w3

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–10, use the properties of rational In Exercises 35– 44, simplify the expression.
exponents to simplify the expression. Example 1 Example 5
3— 3— 6— 6—
1. (92)1/3 2. (122)1/4 35. 9√ 11 + 3√ 11 36. 8√ 5 − 12√ 5
6 7 37. 3(141/4) + 9(141/4) 38. 13(83/4) − 4(83/4)

3. —
1/4
4. —
1/3
6 7
— — — —
−1/4 −1/3 39. 5√ 12 − 19√ 3 40. 27√ 6 + 7√ 150
5. ( )
84
—4
10
6. ( )
93
—3
6 5—
41. √ 224 + 3√ 7
5— 3— 3—
42. 7√ 2 − √ 128
7. (3−2/3 ⋅ 31/3)−1 8. ⋅
(51/2 5−3/2)−1/4
43. 5(241/3) − 4(31/3) 44. 51/4 + 6(4051/4)
22/3 162/3
9. —
42/3
⋅ 10.
49 ⋅ 49
—
7
3/8
5/4
7/8
In Exercises 45–50, simplify the expression.

Example 6
In Exercises 11–18, use the properties of radicals to
4— 3—
simplify the expression. Example 2 45. √81y8 46. √ 64r 3t 6
⋅ √72 ⋅ √32 √ √
— — 3— 3—
11. √ 2 12. √ 16 —
m10
—
k16
5 4
47. — 48. —4
n5
√5 ⋅ √125 √2 ⋅ √128
4— 4— 4— 4— 16z
13. 14.
√ √
— —
5— — 6 g6h 8 n2p−1
√486 √2 49. —7
h
50. —
18 7
n p
15. ——
16. —
—
√32
5
√2
⋅ ⋅
3— 3— 3— 3—
√6 √72 √3 √18 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 51 and 52, describe and
17. — 18. —
√2 ⋅ √2
— 3 — —6 6 correct the error in simplifying the expression.
√2
✗
51.
3— 3— 3—
In Exercises 19–26, write the expression in simplest 3 √ 12 + 5 √ 12 = (3 + 5) √24
form. Example 3 3—
= 8 √24
⋅
4— 5— 3—
19. √ 567 20. √ 288 = 8 √8 3
21. —
3—
√5
22. —
4—
√4 ⋅
= 8 2 √3
3—
3—
—
√4
3 — 4
√27 = 16 √ 3
√ √
— —
3 3 7
23. — 24. —
8 4
✗
52.
√
6—
√6449 √1296
—
— —
64 √ 64
25.
3
— 26.
4
—
6
— =—
25 w6 — 6
√w 6
6—
In Exercises 27–34, write the expression in simplest √26
=—
6—
form. Example 4 √w 6
1 1 2
27. —— 28. —— =—
1 + √3 2 + √5 w
5 11
29. — — 30. ——
3 − √2 9 − √6 53. OPEN-ENDED Write two variable expressions
9 2 involving radicals, one that needs absolute value when
31. —— —
32. —— —
√3 + √7 √8 + √7 simplifying and one that does not need absolute value.
— — Justify your answers.
√6 √7
33. —
— — 34. —— —
√3 − √5 √10 − √2

54. COLLEGE PREP When each expression is simplified 72. MODELING REAL LIFE The apparent
and written in radical form, which expressions are magnitude of a star is a number that GO DIGITAL
like radicals? indicates how faint the star is in relation
53 2.512m1
○ A (52/9)3/2 ○B — to other stars. The expression — tells how many
58/3 2.512m2
3— 3— 3— times fainter a star with apparent magnitude m1 is than
C √625
○ D √960 − √120
○ a star with apparent magnitude m2.
3— 3— 4— 4—
E √40 + 3√320
○ F 7√80 − 2√405
○
Apparent
Star Constellation
In Exercises 55–62, write the expression in simplest magnitude
form. Assume all variables are positive. Example 7
Vega 0.03 Lyra
— 3—
55. √81a7b12c9 56. √125r 4s9t7 Altair 0.77 Aquila
c3 w7 Deneb 1.25 Cygnus
57. —
—
58. —
—
4 5
√d 7 √ z13
√ √
— — a. How many times fainter is Altair than Vega?
5 160m6 4 405x3y3
59. —7
60. —
−1 b. How many times fainter is Deneb than Altair?
n 5x y
c. How many times fainter is Deneb than Vega?
18w1/3v5/4 7x3/4 y5/2
61. — 62. —— −1/2
27w4/3v1/2 56x y1/4z−2/3 Deneb Vega
In Exercises 63–68, perform the indicated operation. Lyra

Assume all variables are positive. Example 8 Cygnus
— —
3— 3—
63. 12√ y + 9√ y 64. 11√ 2z − 5√ 2z
Altair
65. 3x7/2 − 5x7/2 66. 7m7/3 + 3m7/3 Aquila
4— 4—
67. √ 16w10 + 2w√ w6
73. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend — claims it —
is not
3— 3—
68. √32p10 − 9p2√4p4 possible to simplify the expression 7√11 − 9√ 44
because it does not contain like radicals. Is your friend
CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 69 and 70, find
correct? Explain your reasoning.
simplified expressions for the perimeter and area of the
74. PROBLEM SOLVING The surface area S
given figure.
(in square centimeters) of a mammal can be modeled
69. 70. by S = km 2/3, where m is the mass (in grams) of the
x3 mammal and k is a constant. The table shows the values
3x1/3
of k for different mammals.
2x2/3
4x1/3 Mammal Rabbit Human Bat
Value of k 9.75 11.0 57.5
71. MODELING REAL LIFE The optimum diameter d
(in millimeters) of the pinhole in a pinhole camera
can be modeled by d = 1.9[(5.5 × 10−4)ℓ]1/2, a. Find the surface area of a bat whose mass is
whereℓis the length (in millimeters) of the camera 32 grams.
box. Find the optimum pinhole diameter for a camera b. Find the surface area of a rabbit whose mass is
box with a length of 10 centimeters. 3.4 kilograms (3.4 × 103 grams).
pinhole
c. Which mammal has the greatest mass per square
film centimeter of surface area, the bat in part (a), the
rabbit in part (b), or a human whose mass is
59 kilograms?
tree m
d. Rewrite the formula so that one side is —. Use this
S
formula to justify your answer in part (c).

75. CONNECTING CONCEPTS 2 77. REWRITING A FORMULA You fill two
Find a simplified radical round balloons with water. One balloon GO DIGITAL
expression for the perimeter 4 contains twice as much water as the
of the triangle inscribed in other balloon.
the square. Is the inscribed 4 a. Solve the formula for the volume of a sphere,
triangle a right triangle?
8 V = —43 πr 3, for r.
b. Use your result from part (a) and the formula for
the surface area of a sphere, S = 4π r2, to show
76. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
that S = (4π)1/3(3V )2/3.
Without finding points, match the functions
— 3— c. Compare the surface areas of the two water
f(x) = √x 2 and g(x) = √ x 3 with their graphs. balloons using the formula in part (b).
A. y B. y 78. THOUGHT PROVOKING

2 4
Determine whether the expressions (x2)1/6 and (x1/6)2
are equivalent for all values of x. Explain your
2 reasoning.
−2 2 x
−2
−2 2 x 79. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Substitute different
combinations of odd and even positive integers for
n—
m and n in the expression √ x m . When you cannot
assume x is positive, explain when absolute value is
needed in simplifying the expression.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 80–83, write a rule for g. Describe the 88. Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic,
graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f. geometric, or neither. Explain your reasoning.
80. f(x) = x 4 − 3x2 − 2x, g(x) = −f(x) 4, 12, 36, 108, . . .
81. f(x) = x3 − x, g(x) = f(x) − 3 In Exercises 89–92, simplify the expression.

82. f(x) = x3 − 4, g(x) = f(x − 2)
83. f(x) = x4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2, g(x) = f(2x)
89. ( )
481/4
—
1/4
6
6
4—
90. √ 3 ⋅ √432
4—
1 3— 3—
In Exercises 84 and 85, identify the focus, directrix, 91. — — 92. √ 16 − 5√ 2
and axis of symmetry of the parabola. Then graph 3 + √2
the equation. In Exercises 93 and 94, determine whether the
84. y = 2x2 85. y2 = −x function is even, odd, or neither.
93. f (x) = 3x4 − 5 94. g(x) = x5 + 2x − 3

86. Write the cubic function whose graph is shown.
y In Exercises 95 and 96, evaluate the expression

(0, 6) without using technology.
5 95. 163/4 96. 1252/3
3
97. MODELING REAL LIFE While standing on an
1 (2, 0) apartment balcony, you drop a pair of sunglasses
(4, 0)
(−3, 0) 1 3 5 x from a height of 25 feet.
a. Write a function h that gives the height (in feet)
87. Is f (x) = 4x3 + 2x − 5x a polynomial function? of the pair of sunglasses after t seconds. How
Explain. long do the sunglasses take to hit the ground?
b. Find and interpret h(0.25) − h(1).

5.3 Graphing Radical Functions GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Describe and graph transformations of radical functions.
Success Criteria • I can graph radical functions.

• I can describe transformations of radical functions.
• I can write functions that represent transformations
of radical functions.
EXPLORE IT Graphing Radical Functions

a. In your own words, define a radical function. Give several examples.
b. CHOOSE TOOLS Graph each function. How are the graphs alike?
How are they different?
— — — —
i. f (x) = √ x ii. f(x) = √
3
x iii. f(x) = √
4
x iv. f(x) = √
5
x
Math Practice
Use Technology c. Match each function with its graph. Explain your reasoning. Then
to Explore describe g as a transformation of its parent function f.
How are the domain — —
and range of a radical i. g(x) = √ x + 2 ii. g(x) = √ x − 2
function related to the — —
iii. g(x) = √
3
x+2 iv. g(x) = √
4
x−2
index of the radical?
3— 5—
v. g(x) = √x + 2 − 2 vi. g(x) = −√ x + 2
A. B.
2 2
–4 –2 2 4 –4 –2 2
–2 –2
C. D.
2 2
–4 –2 2 4 –4 2 4
–2 –2
E. F.
2 2
–4 –2 5 –4 –2 2 4
–2 –2
—
d. Describe the transformation of f (x) = √—x represented by g(x) = −√x + 1 .
Then graph each function.
5.3 Graphing Radical Functions 245

Graphing Radical Functions
GO DIGITAL
A radical function contains a radical expression with the independent
Vocabulary variable in the radicand. When the radical is a square root, the function is
radical function, p. 246 called a square root function. When the radical is a cube root, the function is
called a cube root function.
KEY IDEA
Parent Functions for Square Root and Cube Root Functions
The parent function for the family of The parent function for the family of
— 3—
STUDY TIP square root functions is f (x) = √ x . cube root functions is f (x) = √ x.
A power function has the y
form y = ax b, where a is
y f(x) = x f(x) = 3
x
a real number and b is a 2 2
rational number. Notice (1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1)

that the parent square −4 (0, 0) 2 4 x (−1, −1) 2 4 x
root function is a power −2 −2
function, where a = 1
and b = —12 .
Domain: x ≥ 0, Range: y ≥ 0 Domain and range: All real numbers
EXAMPLE 1 Graphing Radical Functions
Graph each function. Find the domain and range of each function.
√
—
—
a. f(x) = —14 x b. g(x) = −3√
3
x
SOLUTION
a. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. y 1
f(x) = 4
x
Math Practice x 0 4 8 12 16 2
Look for Structure

y 0 1 1.41 1.73 2 1
How can you choose
convenient x-values when 4 8 12 16 x
making a table for a The radicand of a square root must
radical function? be nonnegative. So, the domain is x ≥ 0.
The range is y ≥ 0.
b. Make a table of values and sketch the graph. y

4
x −2 −1 0 1 2
g(x) = −3 3 x
y 3.78 3 0 −3 −3.78
−4 −2 2 4x
−2
The radicand of a cube root can be any real
number. So, the domain and range are all −4
real numbers.
Graph the function. Find the domain and range of the function.
— 3— 1 —
1. g(x) = √ x + 1 2. f (x) = √ 2x 3. h(x) = −—2 √ x − 3

Graphing Transformations of
Radical Functions GO DIGITAL
In Example 1, notice that the graph of f is a horizontal stretch of the graph of the
parent square root function. The graph of g is a vertical stretch and a reflection in
the x-axis of the graph of the parent cube root function. You can transform graphs of
radical functions in the same way you transformed graphs of functions previously.
KEY IDEAS
Transformation f (x) Notation Examples
—
Horizontal Translation g(x) = √ x − 2 2 units right
f(x − h) —
Graph shifts left or right. g(x) = √ x + 3 3 units left
—
Vertical Translation g(x) = √ x + 7 7 units up
f (x) + k —
Graph shifts up or down. g(x) = √ x − 1 1 unit down
—
Reflection f(−x) g(x) = √ −x in the y-axis
—
Graph flips over a line. −f (x) g(x) = −√ x in the x-axis
—
Horizontal Stretch or Shrink g(x) = √ 3x shrink by a factor of —13
—
Graph stretches away from or shrinks f(ax)
1
toward y-axis by a factor of —. √
g(x) = —12 x stretch by a factor of 2
a
—
Vertical Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 4√ x stretch by a factor of 4
Graph stretches away from or shrinks
toward x-axis by a factor of a.
⋅
a f (x)
g(x) = —15 √ x
—
shrink by a factor of —15
EXAMPLE 2 Transforming Radical Functions
Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

— — — 3—
a. f(x) = √x , g(x) = √ x − 3 + 4 b. f(x) = √
3
x , g(x) = √−8x
SOLUTION
a. Notice that the function
—
is of b. Notice that the function is of the form
Math Practice the form g(x) = √ x − h + k, g(x) = √3—
ax , where a = −8.
Look for Structure where h = 3 and k = 4. So, the graph of g is a horizontal
In Example 2(b), how can So, the graph of g is a translation shrink by a factor of —18 and a
you rewrite g to describe 3 units right and 4 units up of reflection in the y-axis of the
the transformation a the graph of f. graph of f.
different way?
y g y
6
f
4
f
−2 2 x
2
−2
g
2 4 6 x
— —
4. Describe the transformation of f (x) = √
3
x represented by g(x) = −√
3
x − 2.
Then graph each function.

Writing Transformations of Radical Functions
GO DIGITAL

—
The function E(d ) = 0.25√ d approximates the number of
seconds it takes a dropped object to fall d feet on Earth. The
⋅
function M(d ) = 1.6 E(d ) approximates the number of
seconds it takes a dropped object to fall d feet on Mars. How
long does it take a dropped object to fall 64 feet on Mars?
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given functions
that represent the number of seconds it takes a
dropped object to fall d feet on Earth and on
Mars. You are asked how long it takes a
dropped object to fall a given distance on Mars.
2. Make a Plan Multiply E(d ) by 1.6 to write
Mars lander InSight took this self- a rule for M. Then find M(64).
⋅
portrait of one of its 7-foot-wide
solar panels in December 2018.
3. Solve and Check M(d) = 1.6 E(d )
⋅ 0.25√d
— —
= 1.6 Substitute 0.25√ d for E(d ).
—
= 0.4√ d Simplify.
—
Check M(64) = 0.4√ 64 = 0.4(8) = 3.2
Use the original functions
to check your solution. It takes a dropped object about 3.2 seconds to fall 64 feet on Mars.
E(64) = 0.25√64 = 2
—
✓
M(64) = 1.6 E(64)⋅ EXAMPLE 4 Writing a Transformed Radical Function
= 1.6 ⋅ 2 = 3.2 ✓
Let the graph of g be a horizontal shrink by a factor of —16 , followed by a translation
3—
3 units left of the graph of f (x) = √ x . Write a rule for g.
SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the horizontal shrink of f.
h(x) = f (6x) Multiply the input by 1 ÷ —16 = 6.
3—
Check = √ 6x Replace x with 6x in f(x).
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.
2 h
g f g(x) = h(x + 3) Subtract −3, or add 3, to the input.
–6 –4 –2 2 3—
= √ 6(x + 3) Replace x with x + 3 in h(x).
3—
–2 = √ 6x + 18 Distributive Property
3—
The transformed function is g(x) = √ 6x + 18 .
⋅
5. WHAT IF? In Example 3, the function N(d ) = 2.4 E(d ) approximates the number of seconds
it takes a dropped object to fall d feet on the Moon. How long does it take a dropped object to
fall 25 feet on the Moon?
6. WRITING In Example 4, is the transformed function the same when you perform the
translation followed by the horizontal shrink? Explain your reasoning.

Graphing Parabolas and Circles
GO DIGITAL
You can use radical functions to graph circles and parabolas that open
left or right.
Graphing a Parabola
EXAMPLE 5 (Horizontal Axis of Symmetry)
Use radical functions to graph —12 y 2 = x. Identify the vertex and the direction
that the parabola opens.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Solve for y.
1
—2 y2 = x Write the original equation.
y2 = 2x Multiply each side by 2.

STUDY TIP —
y = ±√ 2x Take square root of each side.
Notice that y1 is a function
and y2 is a function, but Step 2 Graph both radical functions. 4
1
—2 y 2 = x is not a function. — y1
y1 = √ 2x 2
—
y2 = −√ 2x 2 4 6 8
The vertex is (0, 0) and the –2
y2
parabola opens right. –4
EXAMPLE 6 Graphing a Circle (Center at the Origin)
Use radical functions to graph x2 + y2 = 16. Identify the radius and the intercepts.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Solve for y.
x 2 + y 2 = 16 Write the original equation.
y 2 = 16 − x 2 Subtract x2 from each side.

—
y = ±√ 16 − x2 Take square root of each side.
Step 2 Graph both radical functions.
—
y1 = √ 16 − x2 2
y1
—
y2 = −√ 16 − x2 –6 –2 2 6
–2
The radius is 4 units. The x-intercepts y2
are ±4. The y-intercepts are also ±4.
Use radical functions to graph the equation of the parabola. Identify the vertex
and the direction that the parabola opens.
1
7. x = 2y2 8. −4y2 = x + 1 9. —3 x = 1 − y2
Use radical functions to graph the equation of the circle. Identify the radius and
the intercepts.
10. x2 + y2 = 25 11. y 2 = 49 − x 2 12. 4x2 + 4y2 = 1

GO DIGITAL
1
In Exercises 1–10, graph the function. Find the domain 21. f(x) = x1/2, g(x) = —4 (−x)1/2
and range of the function. Example 1
1
— —
22. f(x) = x1/3, g(x) = —3 x1/3 + 6
1. h(x) = √ x + 4 2. g(x) = √ x − 5
— 4—
3— 3— 23. f(x) = √
4
x , g(x) = 2√ x + 5 − 4
3. g(x) = −√ 2x 4. f(x) = √ −5x
— 5—
1 — 1 3—
24. f(x) = √
5
x , g(x) = √ −32x + 3
5. g(x) = —5 √ x − 3 6. f(x) = —2 √ x + 6
25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
7. f(x) = (6x)1/2 + 3 8. g(x) = −3(x + 1)1/3 —
graphing f (x) = √ x − 2 − 2.
— 5—
9. h(x) = −√
4
x 10. h(x) = √ 2x
In Exercises 11–16, match the function with its graph.
11. f(x) = √ x + 3
—
12. h(x) = √ x + 3
—
✗ −2
2
y
4x
−2
— —
13. f(x) = √ x − 3 14. g(x) = √ x − 3
— —
15. h(x) = √ x + 3 − 3 16. f(x) = √ x − 3 + 3
26. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error
—
A. y B. y in describing the transformation of f (x) = √x
√
4 —
−2 2 x
represented by g(x) = —12 x + 3.
−2
−4
−4 −2 2x
✗ The graph of g is a horizontal shrink
by a factor of —12 and a translation
3 units up of the graph of f.
C. y D. y
4 4
2 2 USING TOOLS In Exercises 27–32, use technology

to graph the function. Then find the domain and range
2 4 6x −2 2 4x of the function.
— —
E. y F. y 27. g(x) = √ x2 + x 28. h(x) = √ x2 − 2x
4
3— 3—
−4 −2 x
2
29. f(x) = √ x2 + 2x 30. f(x) = √ 2x2 − x
−2 ——
31. f(x) = √ x2 − 4x + 6
2 4 6x
−4
√—x
——
3 1 2
32. h(x) = 2
− 3x + 4
In Exercises 17–24, describe the transformation 33. MODELING REAL LIFE The functions approximate
of f represented by g. Then graph each function. the velocity (in feet per second) of an object dropped
Example 2 from a height of x feet right before it hits the ground
— — on Earth and on Mars.
17. f(x) = √ x , g(x) = √ x + 1 + 8
—
—
Earth: E(x) = 8√ x
—
18. f(x) = √ x , g(x) = 2√ x − 1 Mars: M(x) = 0.6 E(x) ⋅
3— 3—
19. f(x) = √ x , g(x) = −√ x − 1 What is the velocity of an object dropped from a
height of 25 feet right before it hits the ground on
— 3—
20. f(x) = √
3
x , g(x) = √ x + 4 − 5 Mars? Example 3

34. MODELING REAL LIFE The speed (in knots) of sound In Exercises 51–56, use radical functions to
waves in air can be modeled by graph the equation of the circle. Identify the GO DIGITAL
√
— radius and the intercepts. Example 6
K
v(K) = 643.855 —
273.15 51. x 2 + y 2 = 9 52. x 2 + y 2 = 4
where K is the air temperature (in Kelvin). The speed
(in meters per second) of sound waves in air can be 53. 1 − y 2 = x 2 54. 64 − x 2 = y 2
modeled by
v(K) 55. −y 2 = x 2 − 36 56. x 2 = 100 − y2
s(K) = —.
1.944
What is the speed (in meters per second) of sound ABSTRACT REASONING In Exercises 57–60, complete
waves when the air temperature is 305 Kelvin? the statement with sometimes, always, or never.
—
In Exercises 35–38, write a rule for g described by the 57. The domain of the function y = a√ x is ______ x ≥ 0.
transformations of the graph of f. Example 4 —
58. The range of the function y = a√ x is ______ y ≥ 0.
35. Let g be a vertical stretch by a factor of 2, followed by
—
a translation 2 units up of the graph of f (x) = √ x + 3. 59. The domain and range of the function
3—
y = √x − h + k are ________ all real numbers.
36. Let g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a—
3
translation 1 unit right of the graph of f(x) = 2√ x − 1 . 60. The domain of the function
—
2 y = a√ −x + k
37. Let g be a horizontal shrink by a factor of followed —3 ,
— is ________ x ≥ 0.
by a translation 4 units left of the graph of f(x) = √ 6x .
38. Let g be a translation 1 unit down and 5 units right, 61. MODELING REAL LIFE
followed by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of The period of a pendulum
1 4— is the time the pendulum
f(x) = −—2 √ x + —32 .
takes to complete one
back-and-forth swing.
In Exercises 39 and 40, write a rule for g.
The period T (in seconds)
39. y 40. y can be modeled by the
g 3 —
f(x) = x function T = 1.11√ℓ,
4 2
where ℓis the length
(in feet) of the pendulum.
−2 4x
g Estimate the length of a
−2
2 4 x pendulum with a period
f(x) = x
of 2 seconds.
In Exercises 41–44, write a rule for g that represents the 62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
indicated transformation of the graph of f. Does the graph represent y
4
— a square root function or
41. f(x) = 2√ x , g(x) = f(x + 3) (−2, 2)
a cube root function? 2
1 — Explain. What are the
42. f(x) = —3 √ x − 1 , g(x) = −f(x) + 9 (−3, 1)
domain and range −4 −2 2x
— of the function?
43. f(x) = −√ x2 − 2 , g(x) = −2f(x + 5)
3—
44. f(x) = √ x2 + 10x , g(x) = —4 f(−x) + 6
1
63. PROBLEM SOLVING For a drag race car with a
total weight of 3500 pounds, the speed s (in miles
In Exercises 45–50, use radical functions to graph the
per hour) at the end of a race can be modeled by
equation of the parabola. Identify the vertex and the 3—
s = 14.8√ p , where p is the power (in horsepower).
direction that the parabola opens. Example 5
a. Determine the power of a 3500-pound car that
45. —14 y 2 = x 46. 3y2 = x reaches a speed of 200 miles per hour.
47. −8y2 + 2 = x 48. 2y2 = x − 4 b. What is the average rate of change in speed as
the power changes from 1000 horsepower to
49. x + 8 = —5 y 2
1
50. —12 x = y 2 − 4 1500 horsepower?

64. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The terminal velocity 65. CONNECTING CONCEPTS The
vt (in feet per second) of a skydiver who weighs surface area S of a right circular GO DIGITAL
140 pounds is given by cone with a slant height of
√
— 1 unit is given by 1 unit
140
vt = 33.7 — S = πr + πr2, where r
A
is the radius of the cone.
where A is the cross-sectional surface area (in square r
a. Use completing the
feet) of the skydiver. The table shows the terminal
square to show that
velocities (in feet per second) for various surface areas
(in square feet) of a skydiver who weighs 165 pounds.
Which skydiver has a greater terminal velocity for
r=—
1 —
√
π 1
— S + — − —.
√π 4 2
each value of A given in the table? How is it possible b. Use technology to graph the equation in part (a).
for the value of A to vary for one skydiver? Then find the radius of a right circular cone with
a slant height of 1 unit and a surface area of
Cross-sectional Terminal 3π
— square units.
surface area, A velocity, v t 4
1 432.9
3 249.9 The graph of a radical function f passes through the
5 193.6 points (3, 1) and (4, 0). Write two different functions
7 163.6 that can represent f (x + 2) + 1.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 67 and 68, solve the inequality. In Exercises 78–81, solve the equation.
67. x2 + 7x + 12 < 0 68. x2 − 10x + 25 ≥ 4 78. ∣ 3x + 2 ∣ = 5 79. ∣ 4x + 9 ∣ = −7
In Exercises 69–72, write the expression in simplest 80. ∣ x − 9 ∣ = 2x 81. ∣ x + 8 ∣ = ∣ 2x + 2 ∣

form. Assume all variables are positive.
5— 82. Write a piecewise
3— √32 3
69. √216p
9 70. —
—5
function represented
√m3 by the graph. 1
4— — 21ab3/2 −5 −3 −1 1x
71. √n q + 7n √4 q
4 72. ——
1/3 1/2 −1/4
3a b c
−3
73. Use finite differences to determine the degree of
the polynomial function that fits the data. Then use
technology to find the polynomial function. 83. MODELING REAL LIFE The prices of smartphone
cases at a store have a median of $29.99 and a
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 range of $40. The manager considers decreasing all
prices by either $5 or 15%. Which decrease results
f (x) −7 −3 −2 −1 3 13 in a lesser median price? a lesser range of prices?
In Exercises 74 and 75, graph the function. Label the 84. Solve the system.
vertex and axis of symmetry. 3x + 2y − z = −11
74. g(x) = −(x + 4)2 − 1 75. h(x) = 4x2 + 8x − 5 2x + y + 2z = 3
4x − 5y + z = −13
76. Evaluate 102/3 using technology. Round your
—
answer to two decimal places. 85. Describe the transformation of f (x) = √
3
x
3—
— represented by g(x) = √x − 2 − 4. Then graph
77. Graph f (x) = −2√ x + 3 . Find the domain and each function.
range of the function.

Solving Radical Equations
5.4 GO DIGITAL
and Inequalities
Learning Target Solve equations and inequalities containing radicals
Success Criteria • I can identify radical equations and inequalities.

• I can solve radical equations and inequalities.
• I can identify extraneous solutions of radical equations.
• I can solve real-life problems involving radical equations.
EXPLORE IT Solving Radical Equations

—
a. Two students solve the equation x + 2 = √ 5x + 16 as shown. Justify each
solution step in the first student’s solution. Then describe each student’s
method. Are the methods valid? Explain.
Math Practice Student 1

—
Understand x + 2 = √5x + 16 Write the equation.
Mathematical Terms — 2
(x + 2)2 = ( √ 5x + 16 ) _________________
The solution x = −3 is
called an extraneous x2 + 4x + 4 = 5x + 16 _________________
solution. Why is it called
x 2 − x − 12 = 0 _________________
extraneous?
(x − 4)(x + 3) = 0 _________________
x − 4 = 0 or x+3=0 _________________
x=4 or x = −3 _________________
Student 2
6
y= 5x + 16 (4, 6)
y=x+2
–4 2 4 6
The graphs intersect at the point (4, 6). So, the only
solution is x = 4.
b. Which student is correct? Explain why the other student’s solution is incorrect
and how the student arrived at an incorrect answer.
c. Explain how you might solve the equation (9n)3/2 − 7 = 20.
5.4 Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities 253

Solving Equations
GO DIGITAL
A radical equation contains radicals that have variables in the radicands.
—
Vocabulary An example of a radical equation is 2√ x + 1 = 4.
radical equation, p. 254
extraneous solution, p. 255
KEY IDEA
Solving Radical Equations
Step 1 Isolate the radical on one side of the equation, if necessary.
Step 2 Raise each side of the equation to the same exponent to eliminate the
radical and obtain a linear, quadratic, or other polynomial equation.
Step 3 Solve the resulting equation using techniques you learned in previous
chapters. Check your solution.
EXAMPLE 1 Solving Radical Equations
Solve each equation.

— 3—
a. 2√ x + 1 = 4 b. √ 2x − 9 − 1 = 2
SOLUTION
—
a. 2√ x + 1 = 4 Write the equation.
—
Check √x + 1 = 2 Divide each side by 2.
— ? — 2
2√3 + 1 = 4 ( √x + 1 ) = 22 Square each side to eliminate the radical.
— ?
2√4 = 4 x+1=4 Simplify.
4=4 ✓ x=3 Subtract 1 from each side.
3—
b. √2x − 9 − 1 = 2 Write the equation.
3—
√2x − 9 = 3 Add 1 to each side.
Check 3— 3
3— ?
( √2x − 9 ) = 33 Cube each side to eliminate the radical.
√2(18) − 9 − 1 = 2 2x − 9 = 27 Simplify.
3— ?
√27 − 1 = 2 2x = 36 Add 9 to each side.
2=2 ✓ x = 18 Divide each side by 2.
Solve the equation. Check your solution.

— — 3—
3
1. √ x − 9 = −6 2. √ x + 25 = 2 3. 2√ x − 3 = 4
4. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the other three?
3— — — 3—
√x + 7 = 11 3√ x + 5 = 21 3x − √ 2 = 6 √x − 1 = 5

GO DIGITAL
The mean sustained wind velocity (in meters per second) of a hurricane is
—
modeled by v( p) = 6.3√1013 − p , where p is the air pressure (in millibars) at
the center of the hurricane. Estimate the air pressure at the center of the hurricane
when the mean sustained wind velocity is 54.5 meters per second.
SOLUTION
—
v( p) = 6.3√ 1013 − p Write the function.
—
54.5 = 6.3√ 1013 − p Substitute 54.5 for v( p).
—
8.65 ≈ √ 1013 − p Divide each side by 6.3.
— 2
8.652 ≈ ( √ 1013 − p ) Square each side.
74.8 ≈ 1013 − p Simplify.
−938.2 ≈ −p Subtract 1013 from each side.
938.2 ≈ p Divide each side by −1.
The air pressure at the center of the hurricane is about 938 millibars.
Math Practice Raising each side of an equation to the same exponent may introduce solutions that are
Explain the Meaning not solutions of the original equation. These solutions are called extraneous solutions.
To understand how When you use this procedure, you should always check each apparent solution in the
extraneous solutions can original equation.
be introduced, consider
—
the equation √x = −3. Solving an Equation with an Extraneous Solution
EXAMPLE 3
This equation has no
—
real solution, however, Solve x + 1 = √ 7x + 15 .
you obtain x = 9 after
squaring each side. SOLUTION
—
x + 1 = √ 7x + 15 Write the equation.
— 2
(x + 1)2 = ( √ 7x + 15 ) Square each side.
x2 + 2x + 1 = 7x + 15 Expand left side and simplify right side.
x2 − 5x − 14 = 0 Write in standard form.
(x − 7)(x + 2) = 0 Factor.
x−7=0 or x+2=0 Zero-Product Property
x=7 or x = −2 Solve for x.
Check
? — ? —
7 + 1 = √ 7(7) + 15 −2 + 1 = √ 7(−2) + 15
? — ? —
8 = √64 −1 = √ 1
8=8 ✓ −1 ≠ 1 ✗
The apparent solution x = −2 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 7.

EXAMPLE 4 Solving an Equation with Two Radicals
GO DIGITAL
— —
Solve √x + 2 + 1 = √ 3 − x .
SOLUTION
— —
√x + 2 + 1 = √3 − x Write the equation.
— 2 — 2
( √x + 2 + 1 ) = ( √3 − x ) Square each side.
—
x + 2 + 2√ x + 2 + 1 = 3 − x Expand left side and simplify right side.
—
2√ x + 2 = −2x Isolate radical expression.
—
√x + 2 = −x Divide each side by 2.
— 2
( √x + 2 ) = (−x)2 Square each side.
ANOTHER WAY x+2= x2 Simplify.
You can also graph each 0= x2 −x−2 Write in standard form.
side of the equation and 0 = (x − 2)(x + 1) Factor.
find the x-value where the
x−2=0 or x+1=0 Zero-Product Property
graphs intersect.
x=2 or x = −1 Solve for x.
(–1, 2) — ? — — ? —
Check √2 + 2 + 1 = √3 − 2 √ −1 + 2 + 1 = √ 3 − (−1)
— ? — — ? —
1 √4 + 1 = √1 √1 + 1 = √ 4
–3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 3≠1 ✗ 2=2 ✓
The apparent solution x = 2 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = −1.
5. WHAT IF? In Example 2, estimate the air pressure at the center of the hurricane when the
mean sustained wind velocity is 48.3 meters per second.
Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).
— — — — —
6. √ 10x + 9 = x + 3 7. √ 2x + 5 = √ x + 7 8. √ x + 6 − 2 = √x − 2
When an equation contains a power with a rational exponent, you can solve the
equation using a procedure similar to the one for solving radical equations. In this
case, first isolate the power and then raise each side of the equation to the reciprocal
of the rational exponent.
EXAMPLE 5 Solving an Equation with a Rational Exponent
Solve (2x)3/4 + 2 = 10.
SOLUTION
(2x)3/4 + 2 = 10 Write the equation.
Check
(2x)3/4 = 8 Subtract 2 from each side.
⋅
?
[(2x)3/4]4/3 = 84/3 Raise each side to the four-thirds. (2 8)3/4 + 2 = 10
?
2x = 16 Simplify. 163/4 + 2 = 10
x=8 Divide each side by 2. 10 = 10 ✓

Solving an Equation with
EXAMPLE 6
a Rational Exponent GO DIGITAL
Solve (x + 30)1/2 = x.
SOLUTION
Check (x + 30)1/2 = x Write the equation.
?
(6 + 30)1/2 = 6 [(x + 30)1/2]2 = x2 Square each side.
?
361/2 = 6 x + 30 = x2 Simplify.
6=6 ✓ 0= x2 − x − 30 Write in standard form.
? 0 = (x − 6)(x + 5) Factor.
(−5 + 30)1/2 = −5
? x−6=0 or x+5=0 Zero-Product Property
251/2 = −5
x=6 x = −5
✗
or Solve for x.
5 ≠ −5
The apparent solution x = −5 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 6.
Solving Radical Inequalities

n —
To solve a simple radical inequality of the form √ u < d, where u is an algebraic
expression and d is a nonnegative number, raise each side to the exponent n. This
procedure also works for > , ≤ , and ≥ . Be sure to consider the possible values of
the radicand.
EXAMPLE 7 Solving a Radical Inequality

—
Solve 3√x − 1 ≤ 12.
SOLUTION
Check — Step 1 Solve for x.
The graph of y = 3√x − 1 —
is on or below the graph of 3√ x − 1 ≤ 12 Write the inequality.
y = 12 when 1 ≤ x ≤ 17. —
√x − 1 ≤ 4 Divide each side by 3.
16 y = 12 (17, 12) x − 1 ≤ 16 Square each side.
x ≤ 17 Add 1 to each side.
8
4 y=3 x−1 Step 2 Consider the radicand.
4 8 12 16 20 x−1 ≥ 0 The radicand cannot be negative.
–4
x≥1 Add 1 to each side.
So, the solution is 1 ≤ x ≤ 17.
Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

9. (3x)1/3 = −3 10. (x + 20)1/2 = x 11. (x + 2)3/4 = 8
Solve the inequality.

— 3— 1 —
12. 2√ x − 3 ≥ 3 13. 4√ x + 1 < 8 14. —2 √ 6 − x ≤ 5
15. REASONING How does changing 8 to −8 change the solution in Exercise 13? cut.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–10, solve the equation. Check your In Exercises 23–30, solve the equation. Check your
solution. Example 1 solution(s). Examples 5 and 6
— —
1. √ 5x + 1 = 6 2. √ 3x + 10 = 8 23. 2x2/3 = 8 24. 4x3/2 = 32
3— —
3. √ x − 16 = 2 3
4. √ x − 10 = −7 25. x1/4 + 3 = 0 26. 2x3/4 − 14 = 40
—
5. −2√ 24x + 13 = −11 27. (x + 6)1/2 = x 28. (5 − x)1/2 − 2x = 0
— 2
6. √ 2x − —3 = 0 29. 2(x + 11)1/2 = x + 3 30. (5x2 − 4)1/4 = x
3— 3—
7. 8√ 10x − 15 = 17 8. —15 √ 3x + 10 = 8
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 31 and 32, describe and
— 4— correct the error in solving the equation.
5
9. 2√ x + 7 = 15 10. √ 4x − 13 = −15
✗
31.
3—
11. MODELING REAL LIFE The maximum speed v √3x − 8 = 4
(in meters per second) of a trapeze artist is
—
( √3 — 3
3x − 8 ) = 4
represented by v = √2gh , where g is the 3x − 8 = 4
acceleration due to gravity (g ≈ 9.8 m/sec2)
3x = 12
and h is the height (in meters) of the
swing path. Find the height of the x=4
swing path for a performer whose
maximum speed is 7 meters 32.
✗
per second. Example 2
8x3/2 = 1000
8(x3/2)2/3 = 10002/3
8x = 100
x=—
25
2
In Exercises 33–40, solve the inequality. Example 7
33. 4√—
x − 2 > 18
—
34. 7√ x + 1 < 9
12. MODELING REAL LIFE The shoulder height h
(in centimeters) of a male Asian elephant can be 3— 3—
3—
35. √ x − 5 ≥ 3 36. √ x − 4 ≤ 5
modeled by h = 62.5√ t + 75.8, where t is the age
3— 3—
(in years) of the elephant. Determine the age of an 37. 4√ x + 7 ≥ 8 38. −2√ x + 4 < 12
elephant with a shoulder height of 250 centimeters.
— —
39. 2√ x + 3 ≤ 8 40. −0.25√ x − 6 ≤ −3
In Exercises 13–22, solve the equation. Check your
solution(s). Examples 3 and 4 41. MODELING REAL LIFE The least possible frequency
— — of a string is its fundamental frequency. The
13. x − 6 = √ 3x 14. x − 10 = √ 9x
fundamental frequency n (in hertz) of a certain string
—
√
— — T
15. √ 44 − 2x = x − 10 16. √ 2x + 30 = x + 3 on a violin is represented by n = — , where T is
0.0054
3— 3— the tension (in newtons). The fundamental frequency
17. √2x3 − 1 = x 18. √3 − 8x2 = 2x of the string is 196 hertz. What is the tension of
— — — — the string?
19. √ 4x + 1 = √ x + 10 20. √ 3x − 3 = √ x + 12
3— 3— 42. REASONING A company finds that the function
21. √ 2x − 5 − √ 8x + 1 = 0 —
p = 70 − √0.02x + 1 relates the price p of an item and
3— 3— the number x of units demanded per day. Explain how
22. √ x + 5 − 2√ 2x + 6 = 0
changing the price affects the number of units demanded.

USING TOOLS In Exercises 43–46, solve the 50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
nonlinear system. Justify your answer with a graph. Use the graph to find the solution of the GO DIGITAL
— —
— — equation 2√x − 4 = −√ x − 1 + 4.
43. y = √ x − 3 44. y = √ 4x + 17
Justify your answer.
y=x−3 y=x+5
y
— y=− x−1+4
45. y = ±√−x2 +1 46. x2 + y2
=4
— 4
y = —12 x2 − 1 y = ±√ x + 2
(5, 2)
(5
47. PROBLEM SOLVING The speed s (in miles per y=2 x−4
—
hour) of a car is given by s = √ 30 fd , where f is the
2 4 6 x
coefficient of friction and d is the stopping distance
(in feet). The table shows the coefficient of friction for
different surfaces.
51. MODELING REAL LIFE The Moeraki Boulders are
Surface Coefficient of friction, f
stone spheres along the coast of New Zealand. A
√
—
dry asphalt 0.75 1 S
formula for the radius of a sphere is r = — — where
2 π
wet asphalt 0.60 S is the surface area of the sphere. Find the surface
snow 0.30 area of a Moeraki Boulder with a radius of 3 feet.
ice 0.15 52. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS “Hang time” is the time

you are suspended in the air during a jump. Your
a. Compare the stopping distances of a car traveling hang time t (in seconds) is given by the function
—
45 miles per hour on the surfaces given in t = 0.5√ h , where h is the height (in feet) of the jump.
the table. Suppose a wallaby and a skier jump with the hang
b. You are driving 35 miles per hour on an icy road times shown.
when a deer jumps in front of your car. How far
away must you begin to brake to avoid hitting the
deer? Justify your answer.
48. MODELING REAL LIFE The Beaufort wind scale

was devised to measure wind speed. The Beaufort
numbers B, which range from 0 to 12, can be modeled
—
by B = 1.69 √ s + 4.25 − 3.55, where s is the wind
t = 0.81
speed (in miles per hour).
Beaufort number Force of wind

t = 1.21
0 calm
3 gentle breeze a. Find the heightss that the
wallaby and thee skier jump.
6 strong breeze
b. If the hang time doubles, does the height of
9 strong gale the jump double? Justify your answer.
12 hurricane
53. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Is it possible for a radical
equation to have two extraneous solutions? Justify
a. What is the wind speed for B = 0? B = 3? your answer.
b. Write an inequality that describes the range of
wind speeds represented by the Beaufort model.
City officials rope off a circular area to prepare for
49. STRUCTURE Without performing any
a concert in a park. They estimate that each person
calculations, explain how you know that the radical
— occupies 6 square feet. Describe how you can use a
equation √x + 4 = −5 has no real solution. radical inequality to determine the possible radius
of the region when P people are expected to attend
the concert.

55. PROBLEM SOLVING The height h and slant 56. A burning candle has
heightℓ of a truncated square pyramid are related a radius of r inches and was initially GO DIGITAL
by the formula shown. h0 inches tall. After t minutes, the height
2 of the candle has been reduced to h inches.
These quantities are related by the formula
√ √
—— —
1 kt
ℓ = h2 + — (b2 − b1)2 5 h r= —
4 π (h0 − h)
where k is a constant. Suppose the radius of a
candle is 0.875 inch, its initial height is 6.5 inches,
4
and k = 0.04.
In the given formula, b1 and b2 are the side lengths
of the upper and lower bases of the pyramid, a. Rewrite the formula, solving for h in terms of t.
respectively. What is the height of the truncated b. Use your formula in part (a) to determine the
square pyramid shown? height of the candle after it burns for 45 minutes.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 57–60, perform the operation. In Exercises 72–75, solve the inequality.
— —
57. (x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1) + (x 4 − 7x) 72. 6√ x − 1 ≤ 18 3
73. 4√ x + 7 > 23
— —
58. (2x 5 + x 4 − 4x2) − (x 5 − 3) 74. −√
3
x + 6 < 11 75. −4√ x − 1 ≥ −3
59. (x 3 + 2x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 5) 76. MODELING REAL LIFE Some countries use the
Fujita scale to describe the potential damage
60. (x 4 + 2x 3 + 11x 2 + 14x − 16) ÷ (x + 2) inflicted by tornados. The number for the rating
on the scale can be found using the equation
In Exercises 61 and 62, write a rule for g. w 2/3
y= — ( )
14.1
− 2, where w is the wind speed
61. y 62. y (in miles per hour). What is the rating for a tornado
4
f(x) = x with wind speeds of 200 miles per hour?
4
f(x) = x
2
g 2
x y Rating
2 4
g
y<1 F0
−2 2 x
−2
1≤y<2 F1
2≤y<3 F2
In Exercises 63–66, simplify the expression. 3≤y<4 F3
3— 4—
63. √64p
9 64. √ 81m4n8 4≤y<5 F4
√ √
— — 5≤y F5
4 y16 7 g5k17
65. —4
66. —
−2 3
z g k
In Exercises 77–80, solve the equation by completing
67. REASONING The graph of f is a parabola the square.
with axis of symmetry x = −3 that passes through
77. x2 − 8x = 6 78. 2x2 + 4x = 16
the point (−7, 12). Solve f (x) = 12. Explain your
reasoning.
79. x2 + 4x + 11 = 0 80. −x2 + 3x + 1 = 4
In Exercises 68–71, let f(x) = x3 − 4x2 + 6. Write a
81. Solve the system using any method. Explain your
rule for g. Describe the graph of g as a transformation
choice of method.
of the graph of f.
3x − y + 4z = 14
1
68. g(x) = f(−x) + 4 69. g(x) = —2 f(x) − 3 −x − 2y + 3z = 25
−5x + 3y − 2z = 24
70. g(x) = −f(x − 1) 71. g(x) = f —4 x + 5 ( )
1

5.5 Performing Function Operations GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Perform arithmetic operations on two functions.
Success Criteria • I can explain what it means to perform an arithmetic

operation on two functions.
• I can find arithmetic combinations of two functions.
• I can state the domain of an arithmetic combination of
two functions.
• I can evaluate an arithmetic combination of two functions
for a given input.
Just as two real numbers can be combined by the operations of addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division to form other real numbers,
two functions can be combined to form other functions.
EXPLORE IT Graphing Arithmetic Combinations of Two Functions

Work with a partner. Consider the y
graphs of f and g.
4
Math Practice
Use a Table 2
y = f(x)
How can you use a table
to organize your work in a. Describe what it means to −4 −2 2 4 6 x
part (b)? add two functions. Then describe
y = g(x)
what it means to subtract one
function from another function.
−4
b. Match each function with its graph.

i. m(x) = f (x) + g(x) A. y B. y
2
ii. n(x) = f (x) − g(x)
−2 −2
⋅
2 x 2 x
iii. p(x) = f (x) g(x)
−2 −2
iv. q(x) = f (x) ÷ g(x)
C. y D. y
2 2
−2 2 x −2 2 x
−2
c. What is the domain of each function in part (b)? How do you know?
d. Check your answers in part (b) by writing function rules for f and g,
performing each arithmetic combination, and graphing the results.
5.5 Performing Function Operations 261

Operations on Functions
GO DIGITAL
You have learned how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomial
expressions. These operations are also defined for functions.
KEY IDEA
Operations on Functions
Let f and g be any two functions. A new function can be defined by performing
any of the four basic operations on f and g.
Operation Definition Example: f (x) = 5x, g(x) = x + 2
Addition ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) ( f + g)(x) = 5x + (x + 2) = 6x + 2
Subtraction ( f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x) ( f − g)(x) = 5x − (x + 2) = 4x − 2
Multiplication ⋅
( fg)(x) = f (x) g(x) ( fg)(x) = 5x(x + 2) = 5x2 + 10x
Division ()
f
— (x) = —
g
f(x)
g(x) ()
f
— (x) = —
g
5x
x+2
The domains of the sum, difference, product, and quotient functions consist of
the x-values that are in the domains of both f and g. Additionally, the domain
of the quotient does not include x-values for which g(x) = 0.
EXAMPLE 1 Adding Two Functions

— —
Let f(x) = 3√ x and g(x) = −10 √ x . Find ( f + g)(x) and state the domain.
Then evaluate ( f + g)(4).
SOLUTION
( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) Definition of function addition
— —
= 3√ x + (−10√ x ) Write sum of f (x) and g(x).
—
= (3 − 10)√ x Distributive Property
—
= −7√x Subtract.
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all nonnegative real numbers.
So, the domain of f + g also consists of all nonnegative real numbers. To evaluate
f + g when x = 4, you can use several methods. Here are two:
Method 1 Use an algebraic approach.

—
( f + g)(4) = −7√ 4 = −14
Method 2 Use a graphical approach.
Use technology to graph the –4 4 8 12
sum of the functions. The graph –4
shows that ( f + g)(4) = −14. f+g
–8
–12 (4, –14)

EXAMPLE 2 Subtracting Two Functions
GO DIGITAL
Let f (x) = 3x3 − 2x2 + 5 and g(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 2. Find ( f − g)(x)
and state the domain. Then evaluate ( f − g)(−2).
SOLUTION
( f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
= 3x3 − 2x2 + 5 − (x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 2)
= 2x3 + x2 − 4x + 7
The functions f and g each have the same domain: all real numbers. So, the domain of
f − g also consists of all real numbers.
( f − g)(−2) = 2(−2)3 + (−2)2 − 4(−2) + 7 = 3
EXAMPLE 3 Multiplying Two Functions

—
Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = √ x . Find ( fg)(x) and state the domain. Then evaluate ( fg)(9).
Check
SOLUTION
6 The domain
of fg is all
⋅ —
( fg)(x) = f (x) g(x) = x2(√ x ) = x2(x1/2) = x(2 + 1/2) = x5/2
4 The domain of f consists of all real numbers, and the domain of g consists of
nonnegative
2 real numbers. all nonnegative real numbers. So, the domain of fg consists of all nonnegative
real numbers.
2 4 6
( fg)(9) = 95/2 = (91/2)5 = 35 = 243
ANOTHER WAY EXAMPLE 4 Dividing Two Functions

In Example 4, you can also
f
g ()
evaluate — (16) as
f
g () f
Let f (x) = 6x and g(x) = x3/4. Find — (x) and state the domain. Then evaluate — (16).
g ()
SOLUTION
()
f
— (16) = —
g
f(16)
g(16)
=—
6(16)
()
f
g
f(x)
— (x) = — = —
3/4
g(x)
6x
= 6x(1 − 3/4) = 6x1/4
x
(16)3/4 The domain of f consists of all real numbers, the domain of g consists of all
96 f
=— nonnegative real numbers, and g(0) = 0. So, the domain of — is restricted to all
8 g
positive real numbers.
= 12.
()
f
— (16) = 6(16)1/4 = 6(24)1/4 = 12
g
1. Let f(x) = −2x2/3 and g(x) = 7x2/3. Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f − g)(x) and state the
domain of each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(8) and ( f − g)(8).
() f
2. Let f(x) = 3x and g(x) = x1/5. Find ( fg)(x) and — (x) and state the domain of each.
g
()
f
Then evaluate ( fg)(32) and — (32).
g

Performing Function Operations
f(x) = x EXAMPLE 5
Using Technology GO DIGITAL
—
g(x) = 9− x2 —
Let f(x) = √ x and g(x) = √ 9 − x2 . Use technology to evaluate ( f + g)(x),
f(2) + g(2)
= 3.65028153987
f
()
( f − g)(x), ( fg)(x), and — (x) when x = 2. Round your answers to two
g
decimal places.
f(2) − g(2)
= −0.821854415127 SOLUTION
f(2) ∙ g(2)
Enter f and g. From the screen, you can see that f (2) + g(2) ≈ 3.65,
= 3.16227766017
so ( f + g)(2) ≈ 3.65. Similarly,
f(2)
g(2)
= 0.632455532034
f
( f − g)(2) ≈ −0.82, ( fg)(2) ≈ 3.16, and — (2) ≈ 0.63.
g ()
For a white rhino, heart rate (in beats per minute) and life span (in minutes) are related
to body mass m (in kilograms) by the following functions.
Heart rate: r(m) = 241m−0.25
Life span: s(m) = (6 × 106)m0.2
Find (rs)(m) and explain what it represents.
SOLUTION
(rs)(m) = r(m) s(m) ⋅ Definition of function multiplication
= 241m−0.25[(6 × 106)m0.2] Write product of r (m) and s(m).
= 241(6 × 106)m−0.25 + 0.2 Product of Powers Property
= (1446 × 106)m−0.05 Simplify.
= (1.446 × 109)m−0.05 Use scientific notation.
So, (rs)(m) = (1.446 × 109)m−0.05. Multiplying heart rate by life span

gives the total number of heartbeats over the lifetime of a white rhino
with body mass m.
3. Let f(x) = 8x and g(x) = 2x5/6. Use technology to evaluate ( f + g)(x), ( f − g)(x), ( fg)(x),
f
()
and — (x) when x = 5. Round your answers to two decimal places.
g
4. WRITING In Example 5, explain why you can evaluate ( f + g)(3), ( f − g)(3),

f
and ( fg)(3) but not — (3).
g ()
5. Use the answer in Example 6 to find the total number of heartbeats over the
lifetime of a white rhino when its body mass is 1.7 × 105 kilograms.
6. The cost (in dollars) to rent a scooter for x minutes in City A is represented
by A(x) = 0.15x + 1. The cost (in dollars) in City B is represented by
B(x) = 0.29x + 1. Find (B − A)(x) and explain what it represents.

GO DIGITAL
16.
✗
In Exercises 1– 4, find ( f + g)(x) and ( f − g)(x) and
state the domain of each. Then evaluate f + g and f(x ) = x1/2 and g(x ) = x 3/2
f − g for the given value of x. Examples 1 and 2 The domain of (fg)(x) = x2
— — is all real numbers.
1. f(x) = −5√
4
x , g(x) = 19√
4
x ; x = 16
3— 3—
2. f(x) = √ 2x , g(x) = −11√ 2x ; x = −4 17. MODELING REAL LIFE Over a period of 8 years, the
numbers (in millions) of female and male employees
3. f(x) = 6x − 4x2 − 7x3, g(x) = 9x2 − 5x; x = −1
in the United States over the age of 16 can be modeled
by F(t) = 0.0134t3 − 0.160t2 + 0.98t + 72.9 and
4. f(x) = 11x + 2x2, g(x) = −7x − 3x2 + 4; x = 2 M(t) = 0.0093t3 − 0.078t2 + 0.58t + 82.3, where t is
the number of years since 2010. Example 6
f
()
In Exercises 5–10, find ( fg)(x) and — (x) and state the
g a. Find (F + M)(t).
f b. Explain what (F + M)(t) represents.
domain of each. Then evaluate fg and — for the given
g
value of x. Examples 3 and 4 18. MODELING REAL LIFE For a mammal that weighs
3—
w grams, the volume b (in milliliters) of air breathed
5. f(x) = 2x3, g(x) = √ x ; x = −27 in and the volume d (in milliliters) of “dead space”
—
(the portion of the lungs not filled with air) can be
6. f(x) = x 4, g(x) = 3√ x ; x = 4 modeled by
7. f(x) = 4x, g(x) = 9x1/2; x = 9 b(w) = 0.007w and d(w) = 0.002w.

The breathing rate r (in breaths per minute) of a
8. f(x) = 11x3, g(x) = 7x7/3; x = −8 mammal that weighs w grams can be modeled by
9. f(x) = 7x3/2, g(x) = −14x1/3; x = 64 1.1w0.734

r (w) = ——.
b(w) − d(w)
10. f(x) = 4x5/4, g(x) = 2x1/2; x = 16 Simplify r (w) and calculate the breathing rate
for body weights of 6.5 grams, 300 grams, and
USING TOOLS In Exercises 11–14, use technology 70,000 grams.
f
to evaluate ( f + g)(x), ( f − g)(x), ( fg)(x), and — (x)
g () 19. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Is the addition of functions
commutative? the multiplication of functions?
when x = 5. Round your answers to two decimal places.
Example 5
11. f(x) = 4x4; g(x) = 24x1/3 20. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graphs of the functions y f
12. f(x) = 7x5/3; g(x) = 49x2/3 f (x) = 3x2 − 2x − 1 and 4
g(x) = 3x + 4 are shown. g
13. f(x) = −2x1/3; g(x) = 5x1/2 Which graph represents 2 x
the function f + g? the
14. f(x) = 4x1/2; g(x) = 6x3/4 function f − g? Explain.
−4
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 15 and 16, describe and y

A. y B.
correct the error in stating the domain.
4
✗
15.
f(x ) = x3 and g(x ) = x2 − 4
−2 x −2 2 x
f x3
g()
The domain of — (x) = —
x −4
2 −4
is all real numbers except x = 2.

21. REASONING The table shows the outputs 24. PROBLEM SOLVING You throw
of the two functions f and g. Use the table to find a tennis ball from point A along the GO DIGITAL
each value. water’s edge of a lake to point B in the
water, as shown. Your dog first runs from point A to
x 0 1 2 3 4 point D and then swims to fetch the ball at point B.
f (x) −2 −4 0 10 26
B
g(x) −1 −3 −13 −31 −57
a. ( f + g)(3) b. ( f − g)(1) 12 m
c. ( fg)(2) d. ()
f
— (0)
g A
20 m
D
x C
22. THOUGHT PROVOKING a. Your dog runs at a speed of about 6.4 meters per
Is it possible to write two functions whose sum second and swims at a speed of about 0.9 meter
contains radicals, but whose product does not? per second. Write a function r in terms of x that
Justify your answers. represents the time he spends running. Write a
function s in terms of x that represents the time he
spends swimming.
23. For the functions f and g, b. Write a function t in terms of x that represents
f
() 3
( f + g)(−1) = 4 and — (−1) = −—. Find f (−1)
g 2
how long it takes your dog to reach the ball.
c. Use technology to graph t. Find the value of x that
and g(−1).
minimizes t. Explain the meaning of this value.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 25 and 26, solve the equation. In Exercises 36 and 37, describe the transformation
— — of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
25. 3√ 2x − 5 = 9 26. √ −x − 3 = x + 5 —
—
36. f (x) = √ x , g(x) = −√ x + 2
In Exercises 27 and 28, solve the literal equation for n.
— —
3 + 4n 37. f (x) = √
3
x , g(x) = 4√
3
x−6
27. 3xn − 9 = 6y 28. — = 7b
n
38. Determine whether the table represents a linear
In Exercises 29 and 30, determine whether the or nonlinear function. Explain.
relation is a function. Explain.
29. (1, 6), (7, −3), (4, 0), (3, 0) x 12 9 6 3

y −1 0 1 2
30. (3, 8), (2, 5), (9, 5), (2, −3)
31. Let f (x) = 8x3 and g(x) = −2x3/2. Find ( fg)(x) and 39. MODELING REAL LIFE The number A of
commercial drones sold (in thousands) can be
()
g
f
— (x) and state the domain of each. Then evaluate
f
modeled by the function A = 19t 2 + 30t + 110,
where t represents the number of years after 2016.
fg and — when x = 4.
g
a. In what year did commercial drone sales reach
200,000?
In Exercises 32–35, simplify the expression.
√
— b. Find and interpret the average rate of change
5— y12
32. √ 243z8 33. 4
—8
625y
from 2016 to 2018.
c. Do you think this model will be accurate after
3— 3— — —
34. 6√ 9 − 10√ 9 35. 3√ 20 + 7√ 5 20 years? Explain your reasoning.

5.6 Composition of Functions GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Evaluate and find compositions of functions.
Success Criteria • I can evaluate a composition of functions.

• I can find a composition of functions.
• I can state the domain of a composition of functions.
EXPLORE IT Finding a Composition of Functions

Work with a partner. The formulas below represent the temperature F
(in degrees Fahrenheit) when the temperature is C degrees Celsius, and the
temperature C when the temperature is K (Kelvin).
Math Practice
F = —95 C + 32 C = K − 273
Make Sense of
Quantities a. Write an expression for F in terms of K.
Does g(f(x)) make sense
in this context? Explain. b. Given that
f (x) = —95 x + 32
and
g(x) = x − 273
write an expression for f(g(x)). What does f (g(x)) represent in

this situation?
c. Water freezes at about 273 Kelvin. Find f (g(273)).

Does your answer make sense? Explain your reasoning.
d. Interpret the point shown on the graph.
Temperature Conversion
n
y
300
(373, 212)
12))
200
y = f(g(x))
g(x
(x))
100
0
100 200 300
00 400
0 x
5.6 Composition of Functions 267

Evaluating Compositions of Functions
GO DIGITAL
You have combined functions by finding sums, differences, products,
Vocabulary and quotients of functions. Another way of combining two functions is
composition, p. 268 to form a composition.
KEY IDEA
Composition of Functions domain of f range of f
The composition of a function g with
a function f is input output
of f of f
h(x) = g( f(x)).
READING The domain of h is the set of all
x f(x) g(f(x))
The composition g(f(x)) can x-values such that x is in the domain input output
be read as “g of f of x.” of f and f(x) is in the domain of g. of g of g
domain of g range of g
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating Compositions of Functions

—
Let f(x) = √ 2x + 1 and g(x) = x 2 − 4. Find the indicated value.
a. g( f (4)) b. f (g(2)) c. g( g(−2))
SOLUTION
a. To evaluate g( f (4)), first find f (4).
— — —
f(4) = √ 2(4) + 1 = √ 8 + 1 = √ 9 = 3
Then g( f(4)) = g(3) = 32 − 4 = 9 − 4 = 5.
So, g( f(4)) is 5.
b. To evaluate f (g(2)), first find g(2).

READING g(2) = 22 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
As with subtraction and — — —
division of functions, you Then f (g(2)) = f (0) = √ 2(0) + 1 = √ 0 + 1 = √ 1 = 1.
need to be aware of the So, f (g(2)) is 1.
order of functions when
they are composed. In c. To evaluate g(g(−2)), first find g(−2).
general, f(g(x)) ≠ g(f(x)).
g(−2) = (−2)2 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
Then g(g(−2)) = g(0) = 02 − 4 = 0 − 4 = −4.
So, g(g(−2)) is −4.
x+5
Let f(x) = x − 2, g(x) = x 2, and h(x) = —. Find the indicated value.
2
1. f(g(−1)) 2. g(h(−7))
3. h(g(5)) 4. f( f(0))
5. STRUCTURE For functions f and g, f(2) = −3 and g(−3) = 10. Find g( f(2)).

Finding Compositions of Functions
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Compositions of Functions
Let f(x) = 5x−1 and g(x) = 3x − 3. Perform the indicated composition

and state the domain.
a. f(g(x))
b. g( f(x))
c. f ( f (x))
SOLUTION
STUDY TIP a. f(g(x)) = f(3x − 3) Substitute 3x − 3 for g(x).
g(1) = 0 is not in the
domain of f because = 5(3x − 3)−1 Replace x with 3x − 3 in f (x).
f(0) = —50 , which is 5
=— Definition of negative exponents
undefined. 3x − 3
The domain of y = f(g(x)) is all real numbers except x = 1, because g(1) = 0
is not in the domain of f.
b. g( f(x)) = g(5x−1) Substitute 5x−1 for f(x).

= 3(5x−1) − 3 Replace x with 5x−1 in g(x).
= 15x−1 − 3 Multiply.
15
=—−3 Definition of negative exponents
x
The domain of y = g( f(x)) is all real numbers except x = 0, because 0 is not
in the domain of f.
c. f ( f(x)) = f (5x−1) Substitute 5x−1 for f(x).

= 5(5x−1)−1 Replace x with 5x−1 in f(x).
= 5(5−1x1) Use properties of exponents.
( )
= 5 —15x Definition of negative exponents
=x Multiply.
The domain of y = f ( f(x)) is all real numbers except x = 0, because 0 is not

in the domain of f.
Let f(x) = 2x−1, g(x) = 4x − 3, and h(x) = 0.5x + 2. Perform the indicated composition
6. f(g(x)) 7. g( f (x))
8. f( f(x)) 9. h(h(x))
10. REASONING Let f and g be linear functions. Is y = f (g(x)) a linear function? Explain
your reasoning.

Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
The function C(m) = 15 − 10.5m approximates the temperature (in degrees Celsius)
at an altitude of m miles. The diagram shows the altitude (in miles) of an airplane
t minutes after taking off, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 30. Find C(m(t)). Evaluate C(m(30)) and
explain what it represents.
m(t) = 0.2t
SOLUTION
The composition C(m(t)) represents the temperature at the airplane’s altitude t minutes
after taking off. Find C(m(t)).
C(m(t)) = C(0.2t) Substitute 0.2t for m(t ).
= 15 − 10.5(0.2t) Replace m with 0.2t in C (m).
= 15 − 2.1t Multiply.
Evaluate C(m(30)).
C(m(30)) = 15 − 2.1(30) Substitute 30 for t.
= 15 − 63 Multiply.
= −48 Subtract.
So, C(m(30)) = −48 indicates that after 30 minutes, the airplane is at an altitude
that has a temperature of about −48°C.
11. The function C(x) = 50x + 100 represents the cost (in dollars) of
producing x bee hive boxes. The number of bee hive boxes produced
in t hours is represented by x(t) = 6t.
a. Find C(x(t)).
b. Evaluate C(x(8)) and explain what it represents.
12. A worker earning an hourly wage changes positions

within a company. The new position comes with a
20% raise in hourly wage. The worker also receives
a $2 increase in hourly wage. Use composition of
functions to write a function that represents the worker’s
new hourly wage when the 20% raise is applied before the
$2 raise.
270 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical

cal Functions
hs2022_alg2_se_0506.indd 270 5/11/20 11:54 AM

GO DIGITAL
—
In Exercises 1– 8, let f(x) = √ x + 1 , g(x) = 2x − 5, and 23. MODELING REAL LIFE The function C(g) = 2.75g
h(x) = 3x2 − 3. Find the indicated value. Example 1 represents the cost (in dollars) of g gallons of
gasoline at a gas station. The function g(m) = 0.04m
1. f(g(4)) 2. g( f (0)) approximates the number of gallons of gasoline a
vehicle uses to travel m miles. Example 3
3. g(h(−2)) 4. h(g(−1))
a. Find C(g(m)). Interpret the coefficient.
5. h( f(10)) 6. f(h(−3)) b. Evaluate C(g(100)) and explain what it represents.
7. g(g(−2.5)) ( ( ))
8. h h —3
2
24. MODELING REAL LIFE The function p(d) = 0.03d + 1
approximates the pressure (in atmospheres) at a depth
In Exercises 9– 20, find (a) f(g(x)), (b) g( f(x)), and of d feet below sea level. The function d(t) = 60t
(c) f( f(x)). State the domain of each composition. represents the depth (in feet) of a diver t minutes after
Example 2 beginning a descent from sea level, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
9. f(x) = −5x, g(x) = x + 6 a. Find p(d(t)). Interpret the terms and coefficient.
b. Evaluate p(d(1.5)) and explain what it represents.
10. f(x) = x − 9, g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣
25. REASONING The table shows the inputs
11. f(x) = 2x2, g(x) = x − 1 and outputs of two functions f and g. Use the table to
find each value.
12. f(x) = x2 + 7, g(x) = 2x + 5
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
13. f(x) = 3x−1, g(x) = 4x + 8 −2
f (x) 7 5 3 2 0
14. f(x) = 10x−1, g(x) = x2 − 9 g(x) 1 −2 −1 5 2 0
—
15. f(x) = 3x − 7, g(x) = √ x + 7 a. f(g(−1)) b. g( f(2))
— c. f ( f(0)) d. g(g(−2))
16. f(x) = 4x + 2, g(x) = √ x − 6
3—
17. f(x) = −x + 11, g(x) = √ x − 3 26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
Use the graphs of f and g to find each value.
3—
18. f(x) = −6x − 5, g(x) = √ x + 4 y
19. f(x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x2 + 6x − 10 4

f
20. f(x) = 3x − 1, g(x) = x3 − 2x + 4

−2 4 6x
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 21 and 22, let g
−2
f(x) = x2 − 3 and g(x) = 4x. Describe and correct
the error in performing the composition.
a. f (g(6)) b. g( f (−1))
✗
21.
f (g(x)) = (x2 − 3)(4x)
c. f ( f (2)) d. g(g(3))
= 4x3 − 12x
27. REASONING Functions f and g consist only
✗
22. of the ordered pairs shown. Find the ordered pairs
g (f (x)) = g (x2 − 3) for y = f (g(x)).
= 4x2 − 3 f: (−12, 11), (−4, 9), (1, 3), (2, −4), (6, −5)
g: (−10, 6), (−3, 1), (0, −4), (5, 2), (8, −12)

28. COLLEGE PREP Let f (x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 1. 35. LOGIC Complete the table using
What is f ( f (x)) − g( f (x))? the following information. GO DIGITAL
A
○ x2 − 3x • f and g are
x f (x) g(x)
linear functions.
B x 4 − x2 − 2
○ 1
• f(g(1)) = 6.5
C x4 − 7x2 − 6x
○ 2
• g( f(2)) = −5
D x 4 − 3x3 + x2 − 3x
○ 4 −5
29. CONNECTING CONCEPTS The radius of a circular 7 6.5
region increases at a rate of 2 inches per minute. Use
composition of functions to write a function that
represents the area A (in square inches) of the region 36. THOUGHT PROVOKING
after t minutes. Write two different nonlinear functions f and g such
that f (g(x)) = x and g( f (x)) = x.
30. PROBLEM SOLVING You have two coupons
for a store, one for $10 off your entire purchase In Exercises 37–40, let f (x) = 3x + 5, g(x) = x2, and
and another for 20% off your entire purchase. Both h(x) = −2x − 1. Perform the indicated composition.
coupons can be used on the same purchase. Which
order of discounts results in a lesser total? Use 37. f (g(h(x))) 38. h(g( f (x)))
composition of functions to justify your answer.
39. f ( f ( f (x))) 40. g(h(g(x)))
STRUCTURE In Exercises 31–34, find functions 41. Show that the function
f and g such that f(g(x)) = h(x), f(x) ≠ x, and g(x) ≠ x. 1 —
f(x) = —3 √ x − 2
+ 3 is a composition, in some order,
32. h(x) = ∣ 2x + 9 ∣
1
31. h(x) = —2 x + 6 of functions g, h, p, and q.
3—
g(x) = —13 x h(x) = x − 2
4
33. h(x) = √ x + 2 34. h(x) = — —
3x2 + 7 p(x) = x + 9 q(x) = √x
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 42 and 43, solve the inequality. In Exercises 48 and 49, solve the system using any
— 3— method. Explain your choice of method.
42. 5√ x − 3 < 17 43. √ x + 1 + 4 ≥ −2
48. 2x2 + 4x − y = −5 49. x2 − 3x − y = 4
44. Describe the x-values for which (a) f is increasing 2x + y = 1 −x2 + 7x + y = 10
or decreasing, (b) f(x) > 0, and (c) f(x) < 0.
y
50. MODELING REAL LIFE From 2012 to 2017, the
4 United States population (in millions) ages 5 and
(2, 3)
over can be modeled by
2
P(t) = 0.0208t 4 − 0.203t 3 + 0.56t 2 + 2.1t + 289
(3, 0)
−2 2 4 6x and the number of people in that group that speak
−2 a language other than English at home can be
(1, 0) modeled by
−4
f S(t) = 0.0037t 3 − 0.042t 2 + 1.08t + 59.4
where t is the number of years since 2012. Find
In Exercises 45 and 46, let f(x) = −x + 4 and (P − S )(t). Explain what (P − S)(t) represents.
2x − 1
g(x) = —. Find the indicated value.
3 51. Find the volume of the cone.
45. f (g(5)) 46. g( f (−4)) Round your answer to the
6 cm
nearest tenth.
47. Let g be a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2,
followed by— a translation 3 units up of the graph
of f (x) = √ 4x . Write a rule for g.
2 cm

5.7 Inverse of a Function GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Understand the relationship between inverse functions.
Success Criteria • I can explain what inverse functions are.

• I can find inverses of linear and nonlinear functions.
• I can determine whether a pair of functions are inverses.
EXPLORE IT Describing Functions and Their Inverses

a. Consider each pair of functions, f and g, below. For each pair, create an
input-output table of values for each function. Use the outputs of f as
the inputs of g. What do you notice about the relationship between the
equations of f and g?
—
i. f(x) = 4x + 3 ii. f (x) = x3 + 1 iii. f (x) = √x − 3
x−3 3—
g(x) = — g(x) = √x − 1 g(x) = x2 + 3, x ≥ 0
4
b. What do you notice about the graphs of each pair of functions in
part (a)?
c. For each pair of functions in part (a), find f (g(x)) and g( f (x)). What do
Math Practice you notice?
Build Arguments
In part (c), why do you d. The functions h and j are inverses of each other. Use the graph of h to
think this occurs when find the given value. Explain how you found your answers.
you find the compositions
i. j (−6) ii. j (4)
of these functions?
y y y=x
8 8
4 y=x 4
y = h(x)
−8 −4 4 8 x −8 −4 4 8 x
−4
y = h(x)
−8 −8
iii. j(−6) iv. j (2)

y y
8 8
y = h(x) 4 y = h(x) 4
y=x y=x
−8 −4 4 8 x −8 −4 4 8 x
−4 −4
−8 −8
5.7 Inverse of a Function 273

Exploring Inverses of Functions
GO DIGITAL
You can solve equations of the form y = f (x) for x to obtain an
Vocabulary equation that gives the input for a specific output of f.
Inverse functions, p. 274
EXAMPLE 1 Writing a Formula for the Input of a Function
Let f(x) = 2x + 3. Solve y = f (x) for x. Then find the input when
the output is −7.
SOLUTION
y = 2x + 3 Set y equal to f(x).
y − 3 = 2x Subtract 3 from each side.
y−3
—=x Divide each side by 2.
2
Find the input when y = −7.
−7 − 3
x=— Substitute −7 for y.
2
Check
−10
=— Subtract.
2 f(−5) = 2(−5) + 3
= −10 + 3
= −5 Divide.
= −7 ✓
So, the input is −5 when the output is −7.
y−3
In Example 1, notice the operations in the equations y = 2x + 3 and x = —.
2
Math Practice y−3
Communicate y = 2x + 3 x=—
2
Precisely Multiply by 2. Subtract 3.
The term inverse
functions does not refer Add 3. inverse operations Divide by 2.
to a new type of function. in the reverse order
The term describes any These operations undo each other. Inverse functions are functions that undo each
pair of functions that other. In Example 1, use the equation solved for x to write the inverse of f by
are inverses. switching x and y.
y−3 switch x and y x−3
x=— y=—
2 2
y An inverse function can be denoted by f −1, read as “f inverse.” Because an inverse
f function switches the input and output values of the original function, the domain and
6
range are also switched.
x−3
4
y=x Original function: f (x) = 2x + 3 Inverse function: f −1(x) = —
2
f −1 x −2 −1 −1
0 1 2 x 1 3 5 7
−4 4 6 x
y −1 1 3 5 7 y −2 −1 0 1 2
−4
The graph of f −1 is a reflection of the graph of f. The line of reflection is y = x.
This is true for all inverses.

To find the inverse of a function algebraically, switch the roles
of x and y, and then solve for y. GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Inverse of a Linear Function
Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x − 1.
SOLUTION
Method 1 Use inverse operations in the reverse order.
READING f(x) = 3x − 1 Multiply the input x by 3 and then subtract 1.
The −1 in f −1 is not an
To find the inverse, apply inverse operations in the reverse order.
exponent. It indicates that
the function is an inverse, x+1
f −1(x) = — Add 1 to the input x and then divide by 3.
1 3
not that it is equal to — .
f(x)
x+1
The inverse of f is f −1(x) = —.
3
Method 2 Set y equal to f (x). Switch the roles of x and y and solve for y.
y = 3x − 1 Set y equal to f(x).

x = 3y − 1 Switch x and y.
x + 1 = 3y Add 1 to each side.
x+1
—=y Divide each side by 3.
3
x+1
The inverse of f is f −1(x) = —.
3
Check
Use technology to graph f and f −1.
f
4
f −1
–8 4 8
The graph of f −1 appears to be a reflection of the graph of f in the line y = x. ✓
Solve y = f(x) for x. Then find the input(s) when the output is 2.
1. f(x) = x − 2 2. f(x) = 2x2 3. f(x) = −x3 + 3
4. VOCABULARY In your own words, state the definition of inverse functions.
Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its inverse.
1
5. f(x) = 2x 6. f(x) = −x + 1 7. f(x) = —3 x − 2

Inverses of Nonlinear Functions
GO DIGITAL
In the previous examples, the inverses of the linear functions were
also functions. However, inverses of functions are not always functions.
The graphs of f(x) = x2 and f(x) = x3 are shown along with their reflections
in the line y = x. Notice that the inverse of f(x) = x3 is a function, but the
inverse of f (x) = x2 is not a function.
REMEMBER
y y
You can use the Vertical 4 4
Line Test to check whether f −1(x) = 3
x
the inverse is a function. 2 2
f(x) = x 2
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 f(x) = x3
x= y2
−4 −4
When the domain of f (x) = x2 is restricted to only nonnegative real numbers, the
inverse of f is a function, as shown in the next example.
EXAMPLE 3 Finding the Inverse of a Quadratic Function
Find the inverse of f(x) = x2, x ≥ 0. Then graph the function and its inverse.
SOLUTION
f(x) = x2 Write the original function.
y = x2 Set y equal to f(x).
x= y2 Switch x and y.
—
±√ x = y Take square root of each side. f(x) = x 2, x ≥ 0
STUDY TIP
y
If the domain of f is The domain of f is restricted to nonnegative 6
instead restricted to values of x. So, the range of the inverse must
x ≤ 0, then the inverse also be restricted to nonnegative values.
4 f −1(x) = x
—
is f −1(x) = −√x . 2
—
So, the inverse of f is f −1(x) = √ x .
2 4 6x
You can use the graph of a function f to determine whether the inverse of f is a
function by applying the Horizontal Line Test.
KEY IDEA
Horizontal Line Test
The inverse of a function f is also a function if and only if no horizontal line
intersects the graph of f more than once.
Inverse is a function Inverse is not a function
y f y f
x x

EXAMPLE 4 Finding the Inverse of a Cubic Function
GO DIGITAL
Consider the function f (x) = 2x3 + 1. Determine whether the inverse
of f is a function. Then find the inverse.
SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line f(x) = 2x 3 + 1
intersects the graph more than once. So, the inverse
y
of f is a function. Find the inverse. 4
y = 2x3 + 1 Set y equal to f(x).

2
Check x = 2y3 + 1 Switch x and y.
x − 1 = 2y3 Subtract 1 from each side. −2 2 x
4
f x−1
2 — = y3 Divide each side by 2.
f −1 2
√x −2 1 = y
—
–2 2 4 3
— Take cube root of each side.
√x −2 1 .
–2 —
So, the inverse of f is f −1(x) = 3

—
EXAMPLE 5 Finding the Inverse of a Radical Function

—
Consider the function f (x) = 2√ x − 3 . Determine whether the inverse
of f is a function. Then find the inverse.
SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line y
8
intersects the graph more than once. So, the inverse
of f is a function. Find the inverse.
6
—
y = 2√ x − 3 Set y equal to f(x). f(x) = 2 x − 3
— 4
x = 2√ y − 3 Switch x and y.
— 2 2
Check x2 = ( 2√y − 3 ) Square each side.
6 f −1 x2 = 4(y − 3) Simplify. 2 4 6 8 x
f 1
4 —4 x2 =y−3 Divide each side by 4.
1
2 —4 x2 + 3 = y Add 3 to each side.
Because the range of f is y ≥ 0, the domain of the inverse must be restricted to x ≥ 0.
2 4 6 8
So, the inverse of f is f −1(x) = —14 x2 + 3, x ≥ 0.
8. Find the inverse of f(x) = −x2, x ≤ 0. Then graph the function and its inverse.
Determine whether the inverse of f is a function. Then find the inverse.
1 —
9. f(x) = −x3 + 4 10. f(x) = — 11. f(x) = √ x + 2
2 x +1
12. WRITING Explain why you can use horizontal lines to determine whether the
inverse of a function is also a function.

Math Practice Let f and g be inverse functions. If f (a) = b, then g(b) = a. So, in general,
GO DIGITAL
Communicate f(g(x)) = x and g ( f(x)) = x.
Precisely
Inverse functions undo
EXAMPLE 6 Determining Whether Functions Are Inverses
each other. In your own
words, explain what x+1
Determine whether f (x) = 3x − 1 and g(x) = — are inverse functions.
this means. 3
SOLUTION
Use compositions to determine whether f and g are inverse functions.
Step 1 Find f (g(x)). Step 2 Find g( f (x)).
x+1
( )
f(g(x)) = f —
3
g( f(x)) = g(3x − 1)
x+1 3x − 1 + 1
= 3(
3 )
— −1 =—
3
3x
=x+1−1 =—
3
=x ✓ =x ✓
So, f and g are inverse functions.
The speed of
—
sound (in meters per second) through air is approximated by
f (x) = 20√ x + 273 where x is the temperature in degrees Celsius. Find
and interpret f −1(340).
SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than
once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse.
—
y = 20√ x + 273 Set y equal to f(x).
4
400
f(x) = 20 x + 273 —
x = 20√ y + 273 Switch x and y.
— 2
200
2 x2 = ( 20√ y + 273 ) Square each side.
100 x2 = 400(y + 273) Simplify.
1 2
–300 –200 –100 100 —
4 00
x = y + 273 Divide each side by 400.
1 2
—
400
x − 273 = y Subtract 273 from each side.
Because the range of f is y ≥ 0, the domain of the inverse must be restricted to x ≥ 0.

The inverse of f is f −1(x) = —1 2
400
x − 273, x ≥ 0.
Using f −1(x), you obtain f −1(340) = 16. This represents that the temperature is
16 degrees Celsius when the speed of sound through air is 340 meters per second.
Determine whether the functions are inverse functions.

3—
13. f(x) = x + 5, g(x) = x − 5 14. f (x) = 8x3, g(x) = √ 2x
15. WHAT IF? In Example 7, find and interpret f −1(350).

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–8, solve y = f (x) for x. Then find the ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, describe and
input(s) when the output is −3. Example 1 correct the error in finding the inverse of the function.
✗
1. f(x) = 3x + 5 25.
2. f(x) = −7x − 2
f(x) = −x + 3
2
3. f(x) =
1
—2 x −3 4. f(x) = −—3 x +1 y = −x + 3
−x = y + 3
5. f(x) = 3x3 6. f(x) = 2x 4 − 5
−x − 3 = y
7. f(x) = (x − 2)2 − 7 8. f(x) = (x − 5)3 − 1 So, f −1(x) = −x − 3.
In Exercises 9–16, find the inverse of the function. Then

graph the function and its inverse. Example 2
✗
26.
f(x) = —17 x 2, x ≥ 0
9. f(x) = 6x 10. f(x) = −3x
y = —17 x 2
11. f(x) = −2x + 5 12. f(x) = 6x − 3
x = —17 y 2
1
13. f(x) = −—2 x + 4
1
14. f(x) = —3 x − 1 7x = y 2
—
2 1 4 1 ±√7x = y
15. f(x) = —3 x − —3 16. f(x) = −—5 x + —5 —
So, f −1(x) = ±√ 7x .
REASONING In Exercises 17 and 18, determine
whether functions f and g are inverses. Explain your USING TOOLS In Exercises 27 and 28, use the
reasoning. graph to determine whether the inverse of f is a
17. function. Explain your reasoning.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
27. 28.
f (x) −2 1 4 7 10
f
8 4
x −2 1 4 7 10 6
f
–4 –2 2 4
g(x) −2 −1 0 1 2
2 –4
18. –4 –2 2 4
x 2 3 4 5 6
f (x) 8 6 4 2 0 In Exercises 29– 40, find the inverse of the function. Then
graph the function and its inverse. Examples 4 and 5
x 2 3 4 5 6
29. f(x) = x3 − 1 30. f(x) = −x3 + 3
g(x) −8 −6 −4 −2 0
31. f(x) = −x3 + 2 32. f(x) = 2x3 − 5
— —
In Exercises 19–24, find the inverse of the function. Then 33. f(x) = √ x + 4 34. f(x) = √ x − 6
graph the function and its inverse. Example 3
3— 3—
35. f(x) = 2√ x − 5 36. f(x) = 3√ x + 1
19. f(x) = 4x2, x ≤ 0 20. f(x) = 9x2, x ≤ 0
2
37. f(x) = —3 (x + 1)3 + 8
21. f(x) = (x − 3)2, x ≥ 3 22. f(x) = (x + 4)2, x ≥ −4
2
38. f(x) = −—5 (x − 2)3 − 4
23. f(x) = −(x − 1)2 + 6, x ≥ 1
√2x 3+ 4 √4x 3− 7
— —
3
24. f(x) = 2(x + 5)2 − 2, x ≤ −5 39. f(x) = − — 40. f(x) = −3 —

1 ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS
41. COLLEGE PREP What is the inverse of f(x) = −— 3
64 x ?
3—
In Exercises 49–52, match the graph of GO DIGITAL
A g(x) = −4x3
○ B g(x) = 4√
○ x the function with the graph of its inverse.
3— 3—
C g(x) = −4√
○ x D g(x) = √−4x
○ 49. 50.
y y
42. COLLEGE PREP What is the inverse of the function
whose graph is shown? 2 2
3
A g(x) = —2 x − 6
○ y
−4 −2 2 4x −4 2 4x
3 −2 −2
B g(x) = —2 x + 6
○ 2 4 6 x
2 8 −2
C g(x) = —3 x + —3
○
51. 52.
3
D g(x) = —2 x + 4
○ y y
2
In Exercises 43–46, determine whether the functions
are inverse functions. Example 6 −4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
−2 −2
x
43. f(x) = 2x − 9, g(x) = — + 9
2
x−1 A. B.
44. f(x) = —, g(x) = 5x + 1
5 y y
√x +5 9 , g(x) = 5x − 9
—
2 2
45. f(x) = 5
— 5
−4 −2 4x −2 2 4x
x+4
f(x) = 7x − 4, g(x) = (
7 )
3/2
46. 3/2 — −2 −2
47. MODELING REAL LIFE The maximum hull speed

(in knots) of a boat with a displacement hull can C. D.
— y y
be approximated by f (x) = 1.34√x , where x is
the waterline length (in feet) of the boat. Find and 2 2
interpret f −1(7.5). Example 7 x
−4 −2 2 −4 −2 2 4x
48. MODELING REAL LIFE Elastic bands can be used
−2
for exercising to provide a range of resistance. The
resistance (in pounds) of a band can be modeled by
r(x) = —38 x − 5, where x is the total length (in inches)
of the stretched band. Find and interpret r −1(19). In Exercises 53 and 54, use the table or graph to find
f −1(−2). Explain your reasoning.
53. x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f(x) −1 −2 1 4 7 10
54. y
4
2
f
−4 −2 2x
−2

55. COMPARING METHODS Find the inverse of 62. PROBLEM SOLVING The surface
f(x) = −3x + 4 by switching the roles of x and y area (in square meters) of a person GO DIGITAL
and solving for y. Then find the inverse of f by using with a mass of 60 kilograms can be
inverse operations in the reverse order. Which method approximated by s(x) = 0.2195x 0.3964,
do you prefer? Explain. where x is the height (in centimeters) of the person.
56. REASONING The graph of a function passes a. Find the inverse function. Then estimate the height
through the points (−2, 5), (0, 1), (3, −6), and (7, n). of a 60-kilogram person who has a body surface
For what values of n is the inverse a function? Explain area of 1.6 square meters.
your reasoning. b. Verify that s and the function you found in part (a)
are inverse functions.
STRUCTURE In Exercises 57–60, match the
63. MODELING REAL LIFE At the start of a dog sled race
function with the graph of its inverse.
in Anchorage, Alaska, the temperature was 5°C.
3— 3—
57. f(x) = √ x − 4 58. f(x) = √ x + 4 By the end of the race, the
— —
temperature was −10°C.
59. f(x) = √ x + 1 − 3 60. f(x) = √ x − 1 + 3 The temperature in degrees
Celsius is represented by
A. y B. y C(x) = —59 (x − 32), where
x is the temperature in
degrees Fahrenheit.
2
−8 4x a. Find the inverse function.
−4 Describe what it represents.
2 x
b. Find the Fahrenheit temperatures
at the start and end of the race.
C. y D. y
−2 2 x
4 64. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graph of the function f is shown.
−2
−4 4 8x Name three points that lie on the
−4 graph of the inverse of f. Explain
your reasoning.
y
4
61. PROBLEM SOLVING When calibrating a spring
scale, you need to know how far the spring stretches 2
f
for various weights. Hooke’s Law states that the
distance a spring stretches is proportional to −4 −2 4x
the weight attached to it. −2
The length (in inches) spring with
of the spring on a unweighted weight
certain scale is spring attached
represented by
h(x) = 0.5x + 3, 65. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Does every quadratic
3 3 function whose domain is restricted to nonnegative
where x is the weight
(in pounds) of the object. 0.5x values have an inverse function? Explain your
reasoning.
a. Find the inverse
function. Describe 66. THOUGHT PROVOKING
what it represents. n—
Not drawn to scale Do functions of the form y = √ x m , where m and n
are positive integers, have inverse functions? Justify
b. You place a melon on the scale, and the spring your answer with examples.
stretches to a total length of 5.5 inches. Determine
the weight of the melon.
67. ABSTRACT REASONING Compare the slope and the
c. Verify that h and the function you found in part (a) y-intercept of a linear function with the slope and the
are inverse functions. y-intercept of its inverse. Is the inverse of any linear
function also a linear function? Explain.

68. PERFORMANCE TASK When communicating by a 69. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Determine
secret code, the sender and the receiver of a message whether the statement is true or false. GO DIGITAL
each use the same key. The sender uses the key to Explain your reasoning.
encode the message, and the receiver uses the key
a. If f(x) = x n and n is a positive even integer, then
to decipher the message. This process is called
the inverse of f is a function.
cryptography. Work with a partner to write a function
that can be used as the key for a secret code. Each b. If f(x) = x n and n is a positive odd integer, then
of you encode a message and then decipher your the inverse of f is a function.
partner’s message. Explain how inverse functions are c. If f(x) = x n, where x ≤ 0 and n is a positive even
used in this process. integer, then the inverse of f is a function.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 70 and 71, describe the x-values for In Exercises 83 and 84, find ( f + g)(x) and ( f − g)(x)
which the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, and state the domain of each. Then evaluate f + g and
and negative. f − g for the given value of x.
— —
70. 71. 83. f(x) = 3√
3
x , g(x) = −12√
3
x ; x = 64
y y
3
84. f(x) = 2x2 − 3 + 7x, g(x) = 11 + 4x2; x = 3
85. Write an expression for the volume of the figure as

−2 4x −3 −1 1 3x
a polynomial in standard form.
−2 1 3 4
y= x − x
y = 2x 2 − 4x −3 3 3
2x + 3
In Exercises 72–75, find the inverse of the function.

Then graph the function and its inverse. 3x + 5
2x + 8
72. f(x) = −4x + 7
86. Write an equation y
6
73. f(x) = −3x2 − 9, x ≥ 0 of the parabola.
focus
— 4
74. f(x) = 2x3 − 10 75. f(x) = 5√ x + 3
In Exercises 76–79, solve the equation. Check your vertex

solution(s). 2 4 6 x
— —
76. 3√ 4x − 3 = 15 77. x + 3 = √ 4x + 17
In Exercises 87–90, let f(x) = 6x − 2, g(x) = 2x−1,
— — and h(x) = 1.5x + 3. Perform the indicated operation
78. √ x − 8 = √ x + 3 − 1 79. (3x)2/3 − 6 = 3
80. Write an equation that represents the data in 87. f(h(x)) 88. h( f (x))
the table.
89. g( f (x)) 90. f (g(x))
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
In Exercises 91 and 92, determine the least possible
y 12 10 0 −18 −44 −78 degree of f.
91. y 92. y
81. Write a quadratic equation that has the given −2 2 x
4
solutions. f
— 2
−5 ± √ 89
x=—
4 −4
f −2 2 x
82. Find the values of x and y that satisfy the equation −6

7yi + 3 = 18x + 14i.

5 Chapter Review
Chapter Learning Target
WITH
Understand rational exponents and radical functions.

GO DIGITAL
Chapter Success Criteria I can represent roots using rational exponents.

I can describe the properties of rational exponents and radicals.
I can solve radical equations and inequalities. Surface
I can find compositions and inverses of functions. Deep
5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents (pp. 231–236)

Learning Target: Evaluate expressions and solve equations containing nth roots
Vocabulary
nth root of a
Find the indicated nth root(s) of a. index of a radical
1. n = 4, a = 1296 2. n = 5, a = −1024
Evaluate the expression without using technology.

3. 87/3 4. 95/2 5. (−27)−2/3
Find the real solution(s) of the equation. Round your answer to two decimal places
when appropriate.
6. x5 + 17 = 35 7. 7x3 = 189 8. (x + 8)4 = 16
9. Without using technology, show that 31.45 must be less than 6. s

10. A diamond has eight equilateral triangles as faces. The formula
V = 0.47s3 approximates the volume V (in cubic millimeters)
of the diamond, where s is the side length (in millimeters) of
each edge. Approximate the length of each edge of the diamond.
V = 161 mm3
5.2 Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals (pp. 237–244)

Learning Target: Simplify radical expressions.
Simplify the expression. Vocabulary

3
11. ( )
62/5
—
61/5
12. √ 32
4—
⋅ √8
4—
13. —
1
—
2 − √7
simplest form
of a radical
⋅
5— 5— — — like radicals
14. 4√ 8 + 3√ 8 15. 2√ 48 − √ 3 16. (52/3 23/2)1/2
Simplify the expression. Assume all variables are positive.

3— 21/4z5/4 — —
17. √125z9 18. —
6z
19. √ 10z5 − z 2√ 40z
Chapter 5 Chapter Review 283

5.3 Graphing Radical Functions (pp. 245–252) GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Describe and graph transformations of radical functions.

Vocabulary
Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function. radical function
— — 3— 3—
20. f(x) = √ x , g(x) = −2√ x 21. f(x) = √ x , g(x) = √ −x − 6
22. Let the graph of g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation 7 units
—
right of the graph of f(x) = √
3
x . Write a rule for g.
23. Use technology to graph 2y2 = x − 8. Identify the vertex and the direction
the parabola opens.
24. Use technology to graph x2 + y2 = 81. Identify the radius and the intercepts.
—
25. An investigator uses the model s = 4√ d to estimate the speed s (in miles per
SPEED
hour) of a car just prior to an accident, where d is the length (in feet) of the skid LIMIT
marks. Graph the model. The skid marks are 90 feet long. Was the car traveling
at the posted speed limit prior to the accident? Explain your reasoning. 35
5.4 Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities (pp. 253–260)

Learning Target: Solve equations and inequalities containing radicals and rational exponents.
Solve the equation. Check your solution.

3— — —
Vocabulary
26. 4√ 2x + 1 = 20 27. √ 4x − 4 = √ 5x − 1 − 1 28. (6x)2/3 = 36
radical equation
extraneous solution
Solve the inequality.
— — 3—
29. 5√ x + 2 > 17 30. 2√ x − 8 < 24 31. 7√ x − 3 ≥ 21
32. In a tsunami,
—
the wave speeds (in meters per second) can be modeled by
s(d ) = √ 9.8d , where d is the depth (in meters) of the water. Estimate the
depth of the water when the wave speed is 200 meters per second.
5.5 Performing Function Operations (pp. 261–266)

Learning Target: Perform arithmetic operations on two functions.
— 3—
()
f
33. Let f (x) = 2√ 3 − x and g(x) = 4√ 3 − x . Find ( fg)(x) and — (x) and state the domain of each.
g
f
()
Then evaluate ( fg)(2) and — (2).
g
34. Let f(x) = 3x2 + 1 and g(x) = x + 4. Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f − g)(x) and state the domain of
each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(−5) and ( f − g)(−5).
Determine whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
35. For two quadratic functions f and g, f + g is also a quadratic function.
36. For two functions f and g, when f (a) = 3 and g(a) = 4, ( fg)(a) = 12.

5.6 Composition of Functions (pp. 267–272)
GO
GO DIGITAL
DIGITAL
Learning Target: Evaluate and find compositions of functions.
—
Let f(x) = x + 3, g(x) = 4x 2, and h(x) = √ x − 7 . Find the indicated value. Vocabulary
composition
37. f(h(11)) 38. g( f (−8)) 39. h(g(2))
Let f(x) = 2x − 5, g(x) = x−2, and h(x) = 3x + 4. Perform the indicated

composition and state the domain.
40. f(g(x)) 41. h( f(x)) 42. g(h(x))
43. Let f be a radical function and let g be a linear function with a nonzero
slope. What type of function results when you compose f and g?
s:
C oupon
Online
44. You have the coupons shown to use for a purchase
at an online store. Use a composition of functions
to determine which coupon you should apply
first. Explain.
on code:
Use coup F
ENTOF
on code: 10PERC
Use coup
ARSOFF
15DOLL
5.7 Inverse of a Function (pp. 273–282)

Learning Target: Understand the relationship between inverse functions.
Vocabulary
Find the inverse of the function. Then graph the function and its inverse. inverse functions
1
45. f(x) = −—2 x + 10 46. f(x) = x2 + 8, x ≥ 0
—
47. f(x) = −x3 − 9 48. f(x) = 3√ x + 5
Determine whether the functions are inverse functions.

1 1
49. f(x) = 4(x − 11)2, g(x) = —4 (x + 11)2 50. f(x) = −2x + 6, g(x) = −—2 x + 3
51. On a certain day, the function that gives U.S. dollars in terms of British pounds
is d(p) = 0.777p, where p represents British pounds. Find and interpret d −1(100).
Mathematical Practices
Model with Mathematics
Mathematically proficient students identify important quantities in practical situations
and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs,
flowcharts, and formulas.
1. Explain how the equation you used to solve Exercise 45 on page 236 demonstrates
the relationship among the given information.
2. In Example 3 on page 248, the relationship between time (in seconds) and the
distance (in feet) that an object falls on Mars is represented by a function. Represent
this relationship in two other ways.
Chapter 5 Chapter Review 285

5 Practice Test WITH GO DIGITAL
— —
1. Solve the inequality 5√ x − 3 − 2 ≤ 13 and the equation 5√ x − 3 − 2 = 13.
Describe the similarities and differences in solving radical equations and
radical inequalities.
Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then write a rule for g.

— — —
2. f(x) = √ x 3. f(x) = √
3
x 4. f(x) = √
5
x
y g y y g
6
4
(−1, 2) (1, 4)
4
(0, 0) 2
g (0, 2)
−4 −2 2 4 x
2
(4, 1) (1, −2) (−1, 0)
−2
(3, 0) 2 4x
2 4 6 x
Simplify the expression. Explain your reasoning.

3—
4— √256
5. 642/3 6. (−27)5/3 7. √48xy z
11 3 8. —
— 3
√32
Let f(x) = —14 x + 6, g(x) = 3x−1, and h(x) = 4x + 12. Perform the indicated
composition and state the domain.
9. f(h(x)) 10. h(g(x)) 11. g( f (x)) 12. f( f (x))
13. The graph of quadratic function f has focus (−2, −7) and directrix y = −1.
Find the focus and the directrix of the graph of the inverse of f.
14. The basal metabolic rate of an animal is a measure of the amount of

Animal Mass (kilograms)
calories burned at rest for basic functioning. Kleiber’s law states that
an animal’s basal metabolic rate R (in kilocalories per day) can be rabbit 2.5
modeled by R = 73.3w3/4, where w is the mass (in kilograms) of sheep 50
the animal. Find the basal metabolic rates of each animal in the table.
human 70
15. Let f(x) = 6x3/5 and g(x) = −x3/5. Find ( f + g)(x) and ( f − g)(x) lion 210
and state the domain of each. Then evaluate ( f + g)(32)
and ( f − g)(32).
1
()
f
16. Let f(x) = — x3/4 and g(x) = 8x. Find ( fg)(x) and — (x) and state the domain
2 g
f
of each. Then evaluate ( fg)(16) and — (16).
g ()
17. The fork length r (in centimeters) of a requiem shark can
be approximated by r = 0.83t + 1.13, where t is the total
length (in centimeters) of the shark. Find the inverse of the
function. Use the inverse to approximate the total length of
a requiem shark whose fork length is 250 centimeters. fork length
total length

5 Performance Task
GO DIGITAL
The Sounds of Music

Sound is transmitted in waves.
Each sound wave has a frequency, in hertz (Hz), that determines its pitch.
High-frequency sound waves

produce high-pitched sounds.
Low-frequency sound waves

produce low-pitched sounds.
Each white key and each black key on a piano represents a distinct musical note.
The frequency of a sound wave produced by each note is 21/12 times
the frequency of a sound wave produced by the previous note.
27.5 Hz 4186 Hz
A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

octave octave octave octave octave octave octave
COMPARING OCTAVES
Musical tones are Use a musical instrument or the Internet to listen to the
separated into groups same tone in different octaves. Compare and contrast their
called octaves. On a sounds. Then explain how the frequencies of the sound
piano, 7 white keys waves in the second octave on a piano compare to the
and 5 black keys make frequencies of the sound waves in the first and third octaves.
up each octave. Justify your answers.
Which key on a piano is referred to as middle C? Show

how you can use the information above to quickly find the
frequency of a sound wave produced by middle C. Then find
the frequencies of every note in the same octave as middle C.
287

5 College and Career Readiness
Tutorial videos are available for each exercise.
WITH GO DIGITAL
1. Identify three pairs of equivalent expressions. Assume all variables are positive.
Justify your answer.
n—
a a1/n √ an a−1/n
—
( √—
a )n √ an n—
√a an
2. The graph represents the function f(x) = x − ( )2 + . Choose the

correct values to complete the function.
f y
6
4 −4 −3 −2 −1
2
1 2 3 4
−6 −4 −2 x
3. Which of the following are zeros of f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 9x + 18? Select all
that apply.
A −3
○ B −2
○
C 2
○ D 3
○
E −3i
○ F 3i
○
4. A polynomial function fits the data shown. Complete the table. Justify
your answers.
x −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
f(x) −15 −6 1 6 −9
5. Which expression is equivalent to 8x3 − 1?
A (8x − 1)(64x2 + 8x + 1)
○
B (2x − 1)(4x2 + 2x + 1)
○
C (2x + 1)(4x2 − 2x + 1)
○
D none of the above
○

—
6. What is the solution of the equation −2√ x + 3 + 1 = −3?
— GO DIGITAL
A x = −2
○ B x = √2 − 3
○
C x=1
○ D no solution
○
7. Which function does the graph represent?
y A y = −∣ 2x ∣ − 1
○
4 B y = ∣x∣ − 1
○
2 C y = ∣ 2x ∣ − 1
○
D y = ∣ 2x + 1 ∣
○
−4 −2 2 4 x
8. Your friend releases a weather balloon 50 feet from you. The balloon rises
vertically. When the balloon is at height h, the distance d between you and the
—
balloon is given by d = √ 2500 + h2 , where h and d are measured in feet. Find
the inverse of the function. What is the height of the balloon when the distance
between you and the balloon is 100 feet?
9. The area of the triangle is 42 square inches. Find the value of x.
x in.
(x + 8) in.
10. Which is the graph of f (x) = (x − 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)2?
A
○ 4
y B
○ 4
y
−4 −2 4x −4 2 4x
−2
−4 −4
C
○ 4
y D
○ 4
y
2 2
−4 −2 4x −4 −2 4x
−4
Chapter 5 College and Career Readiness 289

CH 5 Student

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 5 Student

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 5 Student

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rational Exponents and

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 228 5/11/20 7:46 AM

Preparing for Chapter

VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary

Work with a partner. You use a microphone to record the sound

Speed of Sound in Air

1. Identify the important quantities in this situation.

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 229 5/11/20 7:47 AM

Properties of Integer Exponents

Simplify. Write the expression using only positive exponents.

Rewriting Literal Equations

−5y − 2x = 10 Write the equation.

−5y − 2x + 2x = 10 + 2x Add 2x to each side.

10. 2xy + 6y = 10 11. 8x − 4xy = 3 12. 6x + 7xy = 15

230 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 230 5/11/20 7:48 AM

Success Criteria • I can explain the meaning of a rational exponent.

Previously, you learned that the nth root of a is

EXPLORE IT Writing Expressions in Different Forms

Radical raised to Base with a single

Math Practice xii. 206/5

5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents 231

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 231 5/11/20 7:49 AM

EXAMPLE 1 Finding nth Roots

Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.

Find the indicated real nth root(s) of a.

232 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 232 5/11/20 7:49 AM

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating Expressions with Rational Exponents

Evaluate (a) 163/2 and (b) 32−3/5.

Approximating Expressions with

Evaluate the expression without using technology.

5.1 nth Roots and Rational Exponents 233

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 233 5/11/20 7:49 AM

EXAMPLE 4 Solving Equations Using nth Roots

When n is even and a > 0, x=2 Simplify.

EXAMPLE 5 Modeling Real Life

The annual depreciation rate is about 0.167, or 16.7%.

234 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 234 5/11/20 7:50 AM

In Exercises 29–38, find the real solution(s) of the

In Exercises 21–28, evaluate the expression using

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 235 5/11/20 7:50 AM

46. THOUGHT PROVOKING

REVIEW & REFRESH

49. Use finite differences to determine the degree of 4 (8, 5)

236 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 236 5/11/20 7:52 AM

Success Criteria • I can simplify radical expressions with rational exponents.

EXPLORE IT Reviewing Properties of Exponents

5.2 Properties of Rational Exponents and Radicals 237

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 237 5/11/20 7:52 AM

EXAMPLE 1 Using Properties of Exponents

Simplify the expression.

238 Chapter 5 Rational Exponents and Radical Functions

Algebra 2 SE Chapter 5.indb 238 5/11/20 7:52 AM

EXAMPLE 2 Using Properties of Radicals

Use the properties of radicals to simplify each expression.