UNIVERSITY OF JAFFNA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MP 7010 : Production Engineering

Assignment -1

MUKUNTHAN T

2017/E/069

1. a. What are the disadvantages of a graphics program written directly with the device driver
commands?
1. Only works on the device for which the device driver was developed If you write a program
utilizing instructions from a device driver, then that program will only operate on the
device for which the driver was built. This indicates that the application will not be able to
be transferred to other devices, regardless of how similar those devices may be.
2. Complicacy Device driver instructions are often low-level and challenging to utilize,
particularly for activities that need more sophistication than simple drawing and
rendering. Because of this, the software is going to be more challenging to create and keep
up to date.
3. Performance utilizing device driver instructions may be less efficient than using a higher-
level graphics library, which may result in a decrease in the program's overall performance
because of the slower execution of the commands.
4. A lack of features: Device driver instructions frequently only give the most fundamental
functions for graphics rendering, and they may not support more complex features like as
shading, texture mapping, and animation. This is a common problem.
5. Inability to be transferred to other devices Even though the devices in question are
identical, a program that is built using device driver commands will not be able to be
transferred to other devices. Because of this, the application will either need to be created
from scratch or updated in order for it to function properly on a new device.
b. In describing the shape of an object, what is the main reason for using the object’s model
coordinate system?
If the coordinates of any point on an object are specified with respect to the object's model
coordinate system, then the values of those coordinates will not change even if the item is
translated or rotated in the space where they are being used. They are entirely dependent on
the form of the thing being measured.

c. Briefly describe the procedure by which the coordinate of a point on an object, measured
with respect to the model coordinate system, are converted to the virtual screen device
coordinates (u, v).
1. Transfer the point's coordinates from one coordinate system to another, in this case from
the model coordinate system to the world coordinate system. In order to do this, it may
be necessary to apply transformations to the point, such as translation, rotation, and
scaling.
2. Transfer the point's coordinates from the 3D space of the world to the 2D space of the
screen. In most cases, this entails using a perspective projection transformation on the
point in question.

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 3. Convert the coordinates of the point from screen space to the space of the device. In order
to do this, it may be necessary to apply transformations to the point, such as viewport
mapping and window-to-viewport mapping.
4. The point's location on the virtual screen as determined by these coordinates (u, v) is
represented in device space by these values. After obtaining these coordinates, the point
may be drawn on the screen or additional actions can be carried out using them.

d. There are two coordinate systems X1Y1Z1 and X2Y2Z2, where Z2 is opposite of Y1, X2 parallel
with Z1, and Y2 is opposite of X1. The origin O2 when measured in X1Y1Z1 is (5, 5, 0). The
X1Y1Z1 coordinates of point P is (2, 0, 3).

(a) By visual judgment, obtain the X2Y2Z2 coordinates of P.

𝑋2 3
P’= [ 𝑌2 ] = [3]
𝑍2 5

(b) With respect to X1Y1Z1, using the standard Rotx( ), Roty( ), Rotz( ), and
Trans(a,b,c) to derive the transformation T* that will transform the rigid body of
X2Y2Z2 to coincide with X1Y1Z1.
Trans (0,5,5)
cos(90) 0 sin(90) cos(−90) − sin(−90) 0
Roty (90). Rotz (-90) = [ 0 1 0 ] ∙ [ sin(−90) cos(−90) 0]
−sin(90) 0 cos(90) 0 0 1

0 0 1 0 1 0
= [ 0 1 0] . [−1 0 0]
−1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1
= [−1 0 0]
0 −1 0
T* is
T*= [ (1 0 1 0), (-1 0 0 5), (0 -1 0 5), (0 0 0 1)] T

(c) Calculate P* = T* • [2 0 3 1]T.

P* = T* • [2 0 3 1] T
= [ (1 0 1 0), (-1 0 0 5), (0 -1 0 5), (0 0 0 1)] T • [2 0 3 1] T

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 = [2,3,5,1] T

(d) Verify that P* identifies with the coordinates obtained in (a).

P’=P* and Identical

T12 T21
(e) Is T* the or ?
T12

2. a. Explain why geometric data exchange is important.

 Important for data sharing between suppliers
 Important when using different CAD software
 All CAD systems have their own database formats which are mostly proprietary
and often confidential
 Data is stored in different ways
 Data conversion between systems becomes necessary

b. You need to submit all the created files during the exercises b, c & g. Also, the screen
capture of the model from SolidWorks & other CAD package.
Model one of the below shapes (based on your index number in the table) in
SolidWorks and save native part file:

2018/E/015
Sphere
r=17.5mm
SLDPRT

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c. Create following files from the above model:
STEP AP203

STEP AP214

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VRML

STL

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3D XML

DXF

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d. Explain different sections of IGES file.
 Start Section -Human-readable and can be freely used for example to provide a
’title’ for the file.
 Global Section - General information such as product id, IGES version, units, file
characteristics.
 Directory Entries - Drawing Entity descriptions such as line styles, colours, etc.
 Parameter Data - Include Coordinates.
 Terminate Section - Total number of lines in other sections - used as a
transmission test.

e. Find and explain the differences of STEP AP203 & STEP AP214 files.
 AP203 defines the geometry, topology, and configuration management data of solid
models for mechanical parts and assemblies. Does not manage Colours and Layers.
 AP214 consists of everything an AP203 file includes, additionally with colours, layers,
geometric dimensioning and tolerance, and design intent.
 AP214 is considered an extension of AP203.

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f. Discuss the advantages of below file formats:
- VRML
- 3D XML
VRML is a file format that was developed as a way to create interactive 3D scenes for the World

Wide Web. It's a text-based format that allows for the representation of 3D geometry, lighting,
textures, and animations in a way that is compatible with web browsers. One of the main
advantages of VRML is that it is a widely supported format, allowing for the sharing of 3D models
and scenes across a wide range of platforms and devices.

3D XML, on the other hand, is a proprietary file format developed by Dassault Systems, the
company behind the SolidWorks software. It is primarily used as an exchange format between
CATIA and SolidWorks software. One of the main advantages of 3D XML is that it is a compact
and efficient format, allowing for the efficient storage and transfer of large and complex 3D

models. It also provides the ability to exchange PMI (Product and Manufacturing Information)
such as annotations and dimensions, and meta-data such as material information, object
attributes and classifications.

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g. Open the DXF file from another CAD package and save it as the native file format.
Identify whether there are any data loses during the data share via DXF file.

Considering the DXF file we couldn’t find any data missing while converting.

END
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