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Q1 - Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers?
Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing
purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and
designs to others. Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as
Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is
spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the
theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines,
its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions.

Q2 - Name different types of drawing instruments.

Ans2 – Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing
pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc.

Q3 – Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line?

Ans3 – The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform
thickness throughout.

Q4 – What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S.I. and which is suitable
for drawing work?
Ans4 – The standard size of sheets according to I.S.I. are A 0(1189 X 841), A1 (841 X 594),
A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X
420 i.e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for
drawing work in class.

Q5 – Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day?

Ans5 – Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience
as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape.

Q6 – What is layout of drawing sheet?

Ans6 – The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block,
parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing
sheet.

Q7 – Why is the layout of sheet is necessary?

Ans7 – Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading
easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information.

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Q8 – List out the contents of title block and material list
Ans8 – The title block should contain at least the following informations.
(i) Name of the institution
(ii) Name of title of drawing
(iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student
(iv) Scale
(v) Drawing number
(vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection

Q9 – What do you understand by thickness of lines?

Ans9 – There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are
specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker
and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line.

Q10 – Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing?

Ans10 – The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane,
to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or
inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an
object.

Q11 – What are the main requirements of lettering?

Ans11:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter.
2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters.
3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters.
4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences.

Q12 – What is lettering?

Ans12 – The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,…….Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 3……0 etc.
is known as lettering.

Q13 – What do you mean by composition of letters?

Ans13 – The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences.
The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the
eye judgement.
Q14 – What do you mean by uniformity of letters?

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Ans14 – The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength
of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing.

Q15 – What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering?

Ans15 –Normal lettering: - The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used
for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0.67 times of the height of the
letter.
Compressed lettering: - The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow
space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less
than height.
Extended lettering: - The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but
of the same height.

Q16 – What do you mean by single stroke letters?

Ans16:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as
is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types.
1) Vertical
2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal)

Q17 – What is the gothic and roman lettering?

Ans17 –Gothic lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or
thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups.
(i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering
(ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering
Roman lettering – The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin
elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined.

Q18 – What do you mean by freehand lettering?

Ans18 – The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called
freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types.
(a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering.
(i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering.
(i) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering.
(iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering.

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Q19 – What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering?

Ans19 – HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To
keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and
fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines.

Q20 – What is the importance of dimensioning?

Ans20:-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the
object.
2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements.
3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning
of the part given to be assembled.

Q21 – What is dimensioning?

Ans21 – The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an
object is known as dimensioning.

Q22 – What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning?

Ans22 – The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow
heads, dimension figures, notes, symbols etc.

Q23 – What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn?

Ans23 – A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it
applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas
the dot is placed within the outline of the object.
The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30º, 45º, and 60º but not
less than 30º.

Q24 – What are the general rules of dimensioning?

Ans24:-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated.
2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views.
3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible.
4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.
5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.

Q25 – Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions.

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Ans25 –Size dimension – The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as
length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented
by letter ‘S’.

Location dimension – The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w.r.t. the other
feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from
the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter ‘L’.

Q26 – What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning?
Or
What are the different methods of dimensioning?

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Ans26:-1) Aligned Method: - In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and
above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines.
Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.

2) Unidirectional Method: - In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they
can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted
preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions.

Q27 – Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and
(iii) combined dimensioning.
Ans27 –Chain Dimensioning – In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line.

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Parallel dimensioning – In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base
line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the
extension lines do not cross dimensions lines.

Combined dimensioning – Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of

chain and parallel dimensioning.

Q28 – Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) circles (ii) radii (iii)
angles (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes.
Ans28 –

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DIMENSIONING OF CIRCLE

ARC

R
62.5 R 6.5
R
R

58.5
20
0

HOLES

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SPHERE

Q29 – What is a scale?

Ans29:-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the actual
size of the object on a drawing.
1) Full size scale:-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to
same size on the drawing is known as full size scale.
2) Reducing scale: - The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced
to some proportion is known as reducing scale.
3) Enlarging scale: - The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are
increased to some proportion is known as enlarging scale.

Q30 – What is the representative fraction (R.F.) or scale factor (S.F.)?

Ans30:-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the
Representative fraction.
R.F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object

Q31 – What are the main uses of scale?

Ans31 – The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice.
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(i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings.
(ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions.
(iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly.

Q32 – What are the information necessary for scale?

Ans32 – To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary.
(i) The representative fraction (R.F.) of the scale.
(ii) The units to be presented either in metric or British measures.
(iii) The maximum length of the scale.

Q33 – What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale?

Ans33:-Plain Scale:-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of
equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either
two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm, m and dm, etc.
Diagonal Scale:- A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0.1 mm etc. are
to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for example dm,
cm, and mm.

Q34 – What is the principle of a diagonal scale?

Ans34: - The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts
by following the diagonal division’s method of construction.

Q35 – What is the difference between a quadrilateral and a polygon?

Ans35 –Quadrilateral – A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines and
containing four angles.
Polygon – A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing
more than four angles.

Q36 – What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus?

Ans36 –Parallelogram – A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are
equal and parallel.
Rhombus – A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not
right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal.

Q37 – What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons?

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Ans37 –Regular polygon – A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and
angles are equal. Irregular polygon – An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the
sides and angles are not equal.

Q38– Name the principal planes of projections.

Ans38:-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or
principle planes of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are
1) Vertical plane: - The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by
V.P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane.
2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V.P is called
Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H.P.

Q39:- What is the principle of projection?

Ans39:-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a
plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct
sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object.

Q40 – What is ground line (G.L.) or intersection or reference line?

Ans40:-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i.e. VP and HP is called
reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line.

Q41 – What is an auxiliary view?

Ans41:-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an
object is called auxiliary view.

Q42 – What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing?
Ans42 – The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an
imaginary cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to
show the interior details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside.

Q43 – What is a cutting plane or section plane?

Ans43:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting
plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes
and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their
traces.

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Q44 – What are section or hatching lines?
Ans44 – The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are
called section lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced
lines inclined at 45º to the horizontal.

Q45 – What do you mean by sections of solids?

Ans45 – the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional
details of the invisible features are known as section of solids.

Q46 – What is apparent section?

Ans46:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent
section.

Q47 – What is true section?

Ans47:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of
the section.

Q48 – How will you classify sections of solids?

Or
What are the different positions of a section plane w.r.t. two reference lines?
Or
What are the types of sections of solids?
Ans48:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes.
2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes.
3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes.
4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes.
5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane.

Q49 – What do you understand by V.T. and H.T. of section plane?

Ans49 – Horizontal trace (H.T) – H.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets
the H.P.
Vertical trace (V.T.) – V.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V.P.

Q50 – What do you mean by Frustum?

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Ans50 – When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a
frustum.

Q51 – What do you mean by truncated?

Ans51 – When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated.

Q52 – What is a point?

Ans52 – A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented
by a very small circle or dot.

Q53 – What do you mean by octants?

Ans53 – When the three planes i.e. H.P., V.P. and P.P. divide the entire space into eight
quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants.

Q54 – Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants?
Ans55 – The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the
overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views.

Q55 – When the auxiliary planes are used?

Ans56 – The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface.
The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true
shape of the inclined surface.

Q57 – What are the types of auxiliary planes?

Ans57:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane.
Auxiliary planes are of two types.
1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP.
Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view.
2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P.):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP.
Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view.

Q54 – What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle
projection is recommended by B.I.S. now a days?
Or
What are the types of orthographic projections?
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Ans54:-First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be situated in first
quadrant, i.e. in front of V.P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called
first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is shown in fig.

Third angle projection: - In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third
quadrant that is below HP and behind VP .The front view comes below the XY line and the top
view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is shown in fig.
Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B.I.S
and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983.

Q58 – Define a straight line.

Ans58 – A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points.

Q59:- What is true length of a line?

Ans59:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, its projections on
the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length.

Q60 – What do you mean by projections of a straight line?

Ans60:-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of
a straight line.

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Q61:- What is inclination of a straight line?
Ans61:-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two
inclinations i.e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle θº and inclination of a line
with VP is represented by an angle Фº.

Q62 – What are the apparent angles of inclinations?

Ans62 – The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called
apparent angle of inclination α. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-
y line) is called apparent angle of inclination β.

Q63 – Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a
straight line. Ans63:-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to
both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3)
Trapezoid method.

Q64 – What are skew lines?

Ans64:-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew
lines.

Q65 – What is the trace of a straight line?

Ans65:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary.
The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace.
1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal
trace.
2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace.

Q66 – Define a plane.

Ans66:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig.
has only two dimensions i.e. length and breadth.

Q67 – What is the difference between a plane and a lamina?

Ans67:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions.
Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina.

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Q68 – What are the types of planes?
Ans68:-There are two types of planes.
1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference
i.e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes.
2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i.e. VP and
HP are called oblique planes.

Q69 – What is the trace of a plane?

Ans69:-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i.e. HP and VP are called the
traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes.
1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the
horizontal trace.
2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace.

Q70 – What is a solid?

Ans70 – An object having three dimensions i.e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E.g.
Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc.

Q71 – What are different types of solids?

Ans71:- Solids may be divided into two main groups.
1) Polyhedra or polyhedron: - A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called
faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges?
2) Solids of revolution: - The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are
known as solids of revolution. e.g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc.

Q72:- What are right solids?

Ans72:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces.

Q73 – What are oblique solids?

Ans73:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90º to its base or end faces, it is
called as an oblique solid.

Q74:- What are regular solids?

Ans74:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form
regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid.

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Q75 – What is the difference between prism and pyramid?

Ans75:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases,
parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms.
2) Pyramid: - A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of
triangular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point
called the apex or vertex.

Q76 – What are the various positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference planes?
Ans76 – The following are the different positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference
planes.
(i) The solid resting on base on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to H.P., and parallel to
V.P.
(ii) The solid resting on face on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to V.P., and parallel to
H.P.
(iii) The solids resting on face on H.P., with its axis parallel to H.P. and V.P.
(iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other.
(v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i.e., H.P. and V.P.

Q77:- What is an isometric view?

Ans77:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally
inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view.

Q78:- What is an isometric scale?

Ans78:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as
isometric scale.

Q79 – What are isometric axis?

Ans79 – The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120º angles with each
other are termed as isometric axis.

Q80:- What are isometric and non isometric lines?

Ans80:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines
which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines.

Q81 – What are iso-metric planes?

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Ans81 – The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other
planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes.

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