LESSON 1. WHAT IS ART: INTRODUCTION often means that he knows what that something is about.

• Art is something that is perennially around us. Some • When one claims that he has experienced falling in love,
people may deny having to do with the arts but it is getting hurt, and bouncing back, he in effect claims that he
indisputable that life presents us with many forms of and knows the (sometimes) endless cycle of loving.
opportunities for communion with the arts.
• When one asserts having experienced preparing a
Why Study the Humanities? particular recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how the recipe
is made.
• Ars in Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It
meant "any special form of book-learning, such as grammar • Knowing a thing is different from hearing from others what
or logic, magic or astrology" (Collingwood, 1938). It was only the said thing is.
during the Renaissance Period
• Art is always an... experience. Unlike fields of knowledge
• "The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most that involve data, art is known by experiencing.
important means of expression developed by man" (Dudley
et al., 1960). Human history has witnessed how man evolved • A painter cannot claim to know how to paint if he has not
not just physically but also culturally, from cave painters to tried holding a brush. A sculptor cannot produce a work of
men of exquisite paintbrush users of the present. art if a chisel is foreign to him, Dudley et al. (1960) affirmed
that "[a]ll art depends on experience, and if one is to know
Assumptions of Art art, he must know

ART IS UNIVERSAL. • In order to know what an artwork is, we have to sense it,
see or hear it, and see AND hear it. To fully appreciate our
• Age is not a factor in determining art. An "...art is not good national hero's monument, one must go to Rizal Park and
because it is old, but old because it is good". (Dudley et al., see the actual Sculpture.
1960).

• Art has been crafted by all people regardless of origin, time,

and place. It stayed on because it is liked and enjoyed by Let's Wrap It Up
people continuously.
• Humanities and the art have always been part of man's
• A great piece of work will never be obsolete. growth and civilization. Since the dawn of time, man has
always tried to express his innermost thoughts and feelings
ART IS NOT NATURE. about reality through creating art.

• Paul Cézanne- Well and Winding Path in the Park of • Three assumptions on art are its universality, its not being
Château Noir nature, and its need for experience.

• Art is man's way of interpreting nature. • Art is present in every part of the globe and in every period
time. This is what is meant by its universality.
• What we find in nature should not be expected to be
present in art too. • Art not being nature, not even attempting to simply mirror
nature, is the second assumption about art. Art is always a
• Art is like each of these men's view of the elephant. It is
creation of the artist, not nature.
based on an individual's subjective experience of nature. It is
not meant, after all, to accurately define what the elephant • Finally, without experience, there is no art. The artist has to
really like in nature. be foremost, a perceiver who is directly in touch with art.

• Artists are not expected to duplicate nature just as even

scientists with their elaborate laboratories cannot make
nature. LESSON 2. Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and
Expression
• What reasons might the artist have in creating something?
In whatever work of art, one should always ask why the Art Appreciation as a Way of Life
artist made it. What is it that he wants to show?
• Jean-Paul Sartre, a famous French philosopher of the
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE. twentieth century, described the role of art as a creative
work that depicts the world in a completely different light
• art does not require a full definition. Art is just experience. and perspective, and the source is due to human freedom
By experience, we mean the "actual doing of something" (Greene, 1995).
(Dudley et al., 1960).
• Each artwork beholds beauty of its own kind, the kind that
• When one says that he has an experience of something, he the artist sees and wants the viewers to perceive.
• refining one's ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply The following list is included, but is not limited to, popular
understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the art expressions
beauty it possesses (Collins & Riley, 1931).
• Visual Arts - Creations that fall under this category are
• In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also those that appeal to the sense of sight and are mainly visual
exercise and develop his taste for things that are fine and in nature.
beautiful.
- Artists produce visual arts driven by their desire to
• Learning to appreciate art, no matter what vocation or reproduce things that they have seen in the way that they
profession you have, will lead to a fuller and more perceived them (Collins & Riley, 1931).
meaningful life (Collins & Riley, 1931).
- Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, drawings,
The Role of Creativity in Art Making letterings, printing. sculptures, digital imaging, and more.

• Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used • Film - refers to the art of putting together successions of
to solve problems that have never occurred before, conflate still images in order to create an illusion of movement.
function and style, and simply make life a more unique and
enjoyable experience. - focuses on its aesthetic, cultural, and social value and is
considered as both an art and an industry.
• In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from
another. - can be created by using one or a combination of some or
all of these techniques: motion-picture camera (also known
• A creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another as movie camera), animation techniques, Computer-
artist's work. Generated Imagery (CGI), and more.

Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as a Product of • Performance art - is a live art and the artist's medium is
Art mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but
also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or
• Albert Einstein - "Imagination is more important than sound.
knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and
understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, - It usually consists of four important elements: time, where
and all there ever will be to know and understand." the performance took place, the performer's or performer's
body, and a relationship between the audience and the
• Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but performer(s) (Moma Learning, n,d.)
goes beyond that.
• Poetry Performance - is an art form where the artist
• Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold, expresses his emotions not by using paint, charcoal, or
something new, and something better in the hopes of camera, but expresses them through words.
creating something that will stimulate change, allows
endless possibilities - It uses a word's emotional, musical, and spatial values that
go beyond its literal meaning to narrate, emphasize, argue,
• In the same way that imagination produces art, art also or convince.
inspires imagination.
- These words, combined with movements, tone, volume,
Art as Expression and intensity of the delivery.

• An emotion will remain unknown to a man until he • Architecture - not all buildings are beautiful. Some
expresses it. buildings only embody the functionality they need, but the
structure, lines, forms, and colors are not beautifully
• Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is
expressed.
best known for his work in aesthetics, explicated in his
publication The Principles of Art (1938) that what an artist - not all buildings can be considered architecture.
does to an emotion is not to induce it, but express it.
- Buildings should embody these three important elements-
• Expression, on the other hand, individualizes. An artist has plan, construction, and design-if they wish to merit the title
the fondom to express himself the way he wants to. Hence, architecture (Collins & Riley, 1931).
there is no specific technique in expression. This makes
people's art not a reflection of what is outside or external to • Dance - is a series of movements that follows the rhythm
them, but a reflection of their inner selves. of the music accompaniment.

• expressing emotions is something different from - Dancing is a creative form that allows people to freely
describing emotions. express themselves. It has no rules. You may say that
choreography does not allow this, but in art expression.
There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art.
• Literary Art - Artists who practice literary arts use words- inspires imagination.
not paint, musical instruments, or chisels to express
themselves and communicate emotions to the readers. • Lastly, through expression, an artist is able to explore his
own emotions while at the same time, create something
- Simply constructing a succession of sentences in a beautiful out of it. Expressing emotions is something
meaningful manner is not literary art. different from describing emotions. Description actually
destroys the idea of expression, as it classifies the emotion,
- It focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a making it ordinary and predictable. Expression, on the other
specific format or norm. It may include both fiction and non- hand, individualizes the artist.
fiction such as novels, biographies, and poems.
Some forms of art expression include visual arts, film,
• Theater - uses live performers to present accounts or performance art, poetry performance, architecture, dance,
imaginary events before a live audience. Theater art literary arts, theater arts, and applied arts.
performances usually follow a script, though they should not
be confused with literary arts.

- Much like in filmmaking. theater also considers several LESSON 3. Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art
elements such as acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects,
musical score, scenery, and props. • Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that every particular
substance in the world has an end, or lelos in Greek, which
- Similar to performance art, since theater is also a live translates into "purpose"
performance, the participation of the viewer is an important
element in theater arts. • Functions of Art

• Applied arts - is incorporating elements of style and design When one speaks of function, one is practically talking about
to everyday items with he aim of increasing their aesthetical the use of the object whose function is in question.
value.
• An inquiry on the function of art is an inquiry on what art is
- Industrial design, interior design, fashion design, and for Alternatively, the answer to the question "what is it for is
graphic design are considered appled arts. the function of whatever "It" in the question refers to.

- Through exploration and expression of ideas, consideration • Does Art Always Have to be Functional?
of the needs, and careful choice of materials and techniques,
- While it has been shown that most arts are functional, still
artists are able to combine functionality and style.
there are some which are not. The value of a work of art
does not depend on function but on the work itself.

Let's Wrap It Up - A functional object cannot be claimed to be beautiful

unless it can perform its function sufficiently
• Art is a product of a man's creativity, imagination, and
expression. • Philosophical Perspectives on Art

• An artwork may be inspired by nature or other works of art, • Art as an Imitation

but an artist invents his own forms and patterns due to what
- In Plato's metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this
he perceives as beautiful and incorporates them in creating
world are only copies of the original, the eternal, and the true
his masterpiece.
entities that can only be found in the World of Forms
• Perhaps not everyone can be considered an artist, but
- Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artists for two
surely, all are spectators of art, which gives us all a role in
reasons; they appeal to the emotion rather than to the
the field of art appreciation.
rational faculty of men and they imitate rather than lead on
•Refining one's ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply to reality.
understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the
- For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty
beauty it possesses.
replacement for the real entities that can only be attained
• Creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another. A through reason.
creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another
•Art as a Representation
artist's work. He does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and
patterns in recreating nature.
- Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing
truth.
• While through imagination, an artist is able to craft
something bold, something new, and something better in the
- The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical to the
hopes of creating something that will stimulate change. In
reaching of fundamental truths in the world.
the same way that imagination produces art, art also
- Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another the artwork is.
imitation, Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible
versions of reality. • Types of Subject

• Art as a Disinterested Judgment - Portraits such as the "Mona Lisa" are good examples of
what is called representational art.
- Kant mentioned that judgment of beauty, and therefore, art,
is innately autonomous from specific interests. A. Representational art - These types of art have subjects
that refer to objects or events occurring in the real world.
- It is the form of art that is adjudged by one who perceives Often, it is also termed figurative art, because as the name
art to be beautiful or more so, sublime. suggests, the figures depicted are easy to make out and
decipher. Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is, it is clear
- Kant recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective. that the painting is of a woman that is realistically-
proportioned.
• Art as a Communication of Emotion
B. Non-representational art - There were no clear figures that
- Art then serves as a language, a communication device
jot out from the canvas: there were only drips and splashes.
that articulates feelings and emotions that are otherwise
often termed non-figurative art
unavailable to the audience.
- does not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a
- In the same way that language communicates information
person, place, thing, or even a particular event. It is stripped
to other people, art communicates emotions.
down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, and colors
that are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion,
- In listening to music, in watching an opera, and in mading
and even concept.
poems, the audience is at the receiving end of the artist
communicating his feelings and emotions.
• Non-representational Art and Abstract Art

- One source of confusion is the notion that non-

representational art is the same as abstract art. This is
• Let's Wrap It Up
essential to discuss because it introduces the fact that
- Art has remained relevant in our daily lives because most representational art and non-representational art is not a
of it has played some form of function for man. Since the clear-cut divide; rather, they exist in a spectrum.
dawn of the civilization, art has been at the forefront of
- Abstract art is in itself a departure from reality, but the
giving color to man's existence.
extent of that departure determines whether it has reached
- The different functions of art may be classified as either the end of the spectrum, which is non- representationality--a
personal, social, or physical. complete severance from the world.

- An art's function is personal if it depends on the artist - A proponent of non-representational art was Russian artist
herself or sometimes still, the audience of the art. Vasily Kandinsky. Although his chosen art form was
paintings, he likened non-representational art to music, an
- There is a social function in art if and when it has a art form that he was also very keen to.
particular social function, when it addresses a collective
need of a group of people. - He asserted that with sounds, musicians are able to evoke
imagery in their listeners or audiences, Object-free, he
- Physical function, finally, has something to do with direct, alludes to the sounds and spiritual experiences that music
tangible uses of art. Not all products of art have function. makes possible in his paintings.
This should not disqualify them as art though.
• Sources and Kinds of Subject
- As mentioned and elucidated by some of the most
important thinkers in history, art may serve either as - it is important to note that these two are often inextricably
imitation, representation, a disinterested judgment, or simply related. Often, even a singular source of inspiration can yield
a communication of emotion. multiple translations. A good starting point is, of course, the
nature.

- Artists throughout history have explored diverse ways of

LESSON 4. Subject and Content representing nature: from plants to animals; the qualities of
bodies of water and the terrain of landmasses; and even the
- In the field of the sciences, experimentation is the key to perceivable cycles and changing of seasons.
proving a hypothesis or a larger theory.
- Nature - Vincent van Gogh - He saw art and nature as
- In the arts, there are also observable qualities that the inseparable, often finding solace and happiness in painting
artwork holds that will point to its subject, and sometimes in it and painting from it (landscapes).
even to its content In order to flesh out what the subject of
- landscapes and seascapes - Claude Menet, Camille - A closer examination of the various art movements and
Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, and JMW Turner - In the Philippines, artworks created within those movements will indicate that
National Aists for Painting Fernando Amorsolo and Fabian notions of freedom and independence, which are presumed
de la Rosa gained prominence from their painted rural to be enjoyed by artists, were not without limits or
scenes such as women in the fields gathering harvest. restrictions.

- nature into smaller parts - Jan van Kessel the Elder - stiff - History - as a resource for artists in search of subjects,
lives and small-scale, highly detailed studies, and scientific brings into consideration events that are familiar and
illustrations of flowers. insects, shells, fruits, garlands, and sometimes even common or shared in world context. These
bouquets works serve as documentary and commemorative artworks
that illustrate subjects such as important leaders and
- Greek and Roman mythology - from episodes that transport figures
the viewer to heroic encounters of Achilles and Aeneas;
warnings about man's folly like the vanity of Icarus; the wit • Content in Art
and cunning of Odysseus; the beauty of Aphrodite and the
athleticism of Myron. - subject may simply be referred to as the "what-what is
readily seen and relates to the artwork, its inspiration, and
- literature - gave faces to Greek and Roman deities or the the many kinds of translation. But apart from what is made
gods and goddesses whose fates are seemingly as tragic as explicit, to recognize and grasp the message of the artwork,
those of men. the viewer may sometimes need to go beyond what is visible.
Why was the artwork created in the first place? When this
- wall paintings or frescos and sculptural works such as question is asked, we are after the meaning or message that
busts, statuaries, and ceramics and pottery, among others. is expressed or communicated by the artwork.

- distinct relationship with a higher controlling power. If the - To take on the challenge of understanding the content of
belief systern of Greeks and Romans was polytheism with a art, it must be reiterated that there are various levels of
multitude of gods and goddesses, the Judeo-Christian meaning.
tradition stems from a belief in a lone creator of the universe
or what is called monotheism. - factual meanibg - pertains to the most rudimentary level of
meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or
This tradition had an immense influence in Western recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how
civilization especially in art. Guided by a host of styles and these elements relate to one another.
techniques, various media and art forms were also
experimented with paintings, frescos, church architecture - Conventional meaning - pertains to the acknowledged
sarcophagus, icons and other carvings, vestments, tapestry, interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, symbols
illuminated manuscripts, and other sacred scriptures, other cyphers as bases of its meaning. These conventions
among others. are established through time strengthened by recurrent use
and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and
- Islam - practicing Jews and Christians were allowed to scholars who study them.
depict God and other important biblical figures
- subjectivities meaning - a variety of meaning may arise
- hybrid between literature and sacred text is India's when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem
miniature paintings -In Central India, the kind of art that was from the viewer's or audience's circumstances that come
produced was deeply rooted in Vedic texts such as into play when engaging with art
Upanishads, Puranas, and other important texts like the
Sanskrit epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. These paintings
were small but were highly pictorial, stylized, and employed
a good contrast of colors. Some artists also included verse LESSON 5 Artists and Artisans
from the epics as part of the cartouche which added interest
Artists have treaded a long history. Their roots can likewise
and meaning to the paintings.
be traced in one of the major milestones in human
- Historically significant events particularly in the affairs of civilization.
humanity - are abundant references for art production. From
The impulse to create is at the core of human civilization,
early breakthroughs such as the discovery of fire and the
much like the impulse to communicate through language.
overthrow of geocentric theory in favor of a sun-centered
universe, succeeding advancements brought about by
Early on, artists were embedded in the development of
discovery, innovation, and man's incessant search for glory
culture, and in turn, art was nurtured by the varying cultures
plotted a dynamic course of history.
in which it existed.
- history of art, it is important to remember that the source
The works produced varied from the prosaic to those that
and kind of subjects were not merely a product of the artist's
explored a wide range of aesthetic possibilities.
inclination and choice.
It was in this light that artists worked and most of the time, evolution of the pivotal role of the artist in the arts started
the products were considered not as artworks at all but during the Middle Ages up to the Renaissance. period. Most
rather as craft or placed under some other category. pivotal developments included the transformation of the
craftsman to an artist or an independent artist the
The use of the word "embedded" may be taken to mean that widespread patronization of secular art (alongside the
what was created automatically circulated in the operations continuous production of works with religious subjects), and
of society and was not integral to an art object that the the assertion of cognition, the will, and individuality. Before
identity of its maker be known. the Renaissance Period, artworks were left unsigned. Artists
claiming authorship for their works by affixing- their mark
• The Artisan and the Guilds
onto the surfaces of their paintings were a big milestone in
the history of the artist. Combined, these resulted in a wider
Museums are packed with numerous artifacts and
variety of artworks, not just in form, but more so in style and
interesting objects from all over the world that have survived
technique. The site that saw this shift was a very personal
centuries for us all to see
space for the artist himself, which is the studio,
Perhaps what made the difference was the materials,
Today, artist studios have been a place of interest for the
medium, and the principles behind the process of their
public. It is interesting 10 see and learn where creativity
creation.
manifests itself, especially since an artist's studio is an
Another contributory factor is the emergence of technology extension of the artist himself. The studio model dates back
and knowledge in managing and conserving all of these from the Renaissance Therein, artists flexed their
objects and structures, enabling the retention of the integrity relationship with their patron as a site where negotiations
of the artwork and the intention of the artist in terms of the and works were made. There were those whose work
design stations were segmented into two, the studiolo and the
bottega, the latter is where the work usually happened
Craftsmen and builders in the past did not have Apprentices studied under masters, assisting with menial
sophisticated terminologies and principles that architects tasks or the preparation of the painting surfaces, In the
and engineers abide by today. Yet, they fulfilled overlapping seventeenth century, these demarcations became lose,
roles such as the draftsman, architect, engineer, and even as eventually merging together9. This was especially true with
the builder, What they had was a sense on how materials artists who explored oil painting techniques whose long
behaved. how the environment, light, and weather patterns process can be described by cycles of mixing, layering. and
affected structures, and other more intuitive principles of drying of paint. This format remained throughout the latter
creation. part of the 1800s.

What is meant here is a kind of formalization of craft • Other Players in the World of Art
education in which regulation was set in place.
Storage Manager Studio , Studio Manager Collector, Art Fair
Here, skills qualification was needed for an apprentice to Director , Gallery Assistant Art Handler Artis Gallery Director
register under a particular craft guild. These guilds were , Gallerisor, Curator , Critic , Museum Press officer ,
prevalent during the Middle Ages. particularly during the Museum BMuseumEducator, Museum director
thirteenth to fifteenth century, where towns had formalized.
groups of artisans or craftsmen who took on a particular • Production Process
specialization or trade: shoemakers, textile and glass
- The process of creating an artwork does not necessarily
workers, carpenters, carvers, masons, armorers, and
follow a linear progression. One of the things that one must
weapon-makers, among others.
accept is the fact that the arts have an anarchic dimension
Here, the practice of artists was not grounded on the idea of to it, allowing it to fully hamess its creative potential.
individual capacities or success; rather, in the commitment
- The very reason why different art styles, periods, and
to work together as a collective, Guilds were a type of social
movements were made possible, is because there was a
fellowship, an association structured with rules, customs,
form of flexibility given to artists in terms of how to
rights, and responsibilities.
conceptualize and execute their ideas into reality.
A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring
- The process is essentially tripartite
apprentices who would be under his tutelage and instruction.
In these guilds, artistry and technology flourished under one
(1) preproduction, (2) production, (3) postproduction.
roof. This brought to light various ways of thinking about
transferring knowledge and skills by visualizing and 1.preproduction - The artist always begins with an idea that
articulating the principles, processes, and tricks of the trade he wants to express or communicate with his audience. It
both in words and in print through manuals and publications. may not necessarily be fully formulated, and so some form
of exposure, research,
• The Artist and His Studio
2. Production - The execution of the art may take a variety of
Moving back to Europe, the big shift that propelled the
forms such as painting, sculpture, tapestry, photograph, film,
a routine (dance), or a track or composition (music). citations. The two major awards given to artists in the
Philippines are the Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
3. postproduction - Once an artwork is finished, it will then (Order of National Artists) and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
be decided on how it will be circulated not only in the art Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)
world, but the many publics. If the artist decides that he
alone should see the work, then so be it. The conferment of the Order of National Artists is the
highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who
• Medium and Technique have made significant contributions to the development of
Philippine arts; namely, music, dance, theater, visual arts,
• medium - is one of the aspects of art that directly
literature, flim, broadcast arts, and architecture and allied
correlates with its composition and presumed finality of the
arts. The order is jointly administered by the National
artwork.
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the
- is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea, or
President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both
message is conveyed.
institutions (NCCA, 2015).
• The appreciation or engagement with the artwork is also
The very first recipient of this award was painter Femando
affected by the medium spatiotemporally.
Amorsolo, who was touted as the "Grand Old Man of
- concrete works, the objects physically manifest Philippine Art." He was the sole awardee in the year 1972, a
themselves for a prolonged or lasting period. National Artist for Visual Arts

- ephemeral works, on the other hand, it is durational At present, there are 66 awardees of this prestigious honor
across different art forms. Some of them were given the
• The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity award posthumously, while others were fortunate enough to
with the medium being manipulated. It alludes to the receive the award themselves.
necessity of additional tools or implements
Some of the honors and privileges that a national artist
• Engagement with Art awardee receives are the following:

The defining roles and nature of exhibitions have had an (1) the rank and title, as proclaimed by the President of the
interesting evolution, changing alongside the demands of Philippines;
the society that purports to partake in its display.
(2) a medallion or insignia and a citation that will be read
The art exhibition, by its nature, holds a mirror up to society, during the conferment;
reflecting its interests and concerns while at the same time
challenging its ideologies and preconceptions. (3) cash awards and a host of benefits (monthly life pension,
medical, and hospitalization benefits, life insurance
Keeping art relevant to society and to a diverse audience at coverage);
any given point in history is one of the main goals of the art
exhibition and one of the reasons it is so important to the (4) a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani
history of art." (Heroes' Cemetery); and

In Paula Marincola's What Makes a Great Exhibition? (2006), (5) a place of honor or designated area during national state
it reads that "exhibitions are strategically located at the functions, along with recognition or acknowledgment at
nexus where artists, their work, the arts institution, and many cultural events. The most recent conferment was in 2016.
different publics intersect. This opportunity is singular, as
The recipients of the GAMABA are sought under the
most interactions in the art world are limited to two players
qualification of a "Manilikha ng Bayan who is a "citizen
at a time.
engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose
Exhibitions create an opportunity in which the different roles distinctive skills have reached such a high level of technical
in the art world get to meet, interact, and even enter into a and artistic excellence and have been passed on to and
discussion. widely practiced by the present generation in his/ her
community with the same degree of technical and artistic
Exhibitions may be long-term or permanent hangs, or it may competence (NCCA, 2015).
be temporary or periodically changing. An artist may have a
solo exhibition or may be included in a two-person showing This artists' practice may fall under the following categories:
or even a group exhibition. folk, architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving,
performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts,
• Awards and Citations ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery and other artistic
expressions of traditional culture.
One of the most common measures in which artists and
other creative producers are given incentives and honor for Some of the incentives accorded to the awardee are the
their work is through state-initiated and given awards and following:
(1) a specially designed gold medallion; inferred from a sense of depth, whether it is real or
simulated.
(2) an initial grant of P100,000 and a P10,000 monthly
stipend for iffe (this was later increased to P14,000); - Real space is three-dimensional. Like what has been
previously mentioned, sculptures are a perfect example of
(3) benefits such as a maximum cumulative amount of artworks that bear this element. However, this can only be
P750,000 medical and hospitalization benefits; and manifested in two-dimensional artworks through the use of
different techniques, or the use (or non-use) of area around
(4) funeral assistance or tribute fit for a National Living
a drawing or picture
Treasure.
a Positive and negative space - usually identified with the
white space is the negative space. The positive space, on
the other hand, is the space where shadow is heavily used.
LESSON 6. Elements and Principles of Art
b Three-dimensional space can be simulated through a
Elements of Art: Visual
variety of techniques such as shading. An illusion of three-
1. Line - refers to a point moving at an identifiable path-it has dimensionality can be achieved in a two-dimensional work.
length and direction. It also has width. It is one-dimensional,
5. Color - perhaps one of the elements that enhances the
- A quality that is ascribed to lines is its ability to direct the appeal of an artwork.
eyes to follow movement or provide hints as to a work's
- Its effect has range, allowing the viewer to make responses
focal point.
based on memory, emotion, and instinct, among others.
a. Horizontal lines are normally associated with rest or calm.
- color wheel - first property of color, hue.
It also alludes to position of the reclined body at rest.
a. Hue - this dimension of color gives its name. It can be
b. Vertical lines,, connote elevation or height, which is
subdivided into a
usually taken to mean exaltation or aspiration for action
• Primary colors-red, yellow, and blue
c. Together, these lines communicate stability and firmness.
• Secondary colors-green, orange, and violet
d. diagonal lines convey movement and instability, although
the progression can be seen
• Tertiary colors-six in total, these hues are achieved when
primary and secondary colors are mixed
e. Crooked or jagged Ines, are reminiscent of violence,
conflict, or struggle.

f. Curved lines- that bend or col. They allude to softness,

b. Value this refers to the brightness or darkness of color.
grace, flexibility, or even sensuality.
Often, this is used by artists to create the illusion of depth
and solidity, a particular mood, communicate a feeling, or in
Lines may not necessarily be explicit or literally shown. As
establishing a scene
what many examples will portray, implied lines may be just
as powerful, if not more.
• Light colors - taken as the source of light in the
composition
2-3 Shape and Form
• Dark colors - the lack or even absence of light
- These two are related to each other in the sense that they
define the space occupied by the object of art.
• Tint - this is a lighter color than the normal value (e.g., pink
for red)
- Shape refers to two dimensions: height and width
• Shade - this is a darker color than the normal value (e.g.,
- form refers to three dimensions: height, width, and depth.
maroon for red)
Even if shapes are part of a bigger picture
• Intensity- this is the color's brightness or dullness. It is
Two categories can be used as a broad distinction:
identified as the strength of color, whether it is vivid or
a Geometric - shapes find origin in mathematical muted.
propositions, often man-made.( squares, triangles, cubes,
• Bright or warm colors - positive energy
circles, spheres, and cones)
• Dull or cool colors - sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm
b. Organic - shapes are those readily occurring in nature,
often irregular and asymmetrical.
• Monochromatic harmonies - use the variations of a hue.
4. Space - Related to shape and form is space, It is usually
• Analogous harmonies - make use of two colors beside
each other in the color wheel

6. Texture - can be other real or implied. experienced POINTERS TO REVIEW

through the sense of touch (and sight).
•Assumptions of Arts:
- commonly associated with textiles.
- Universal
a. Textures in the two-dimensional plane - texture can be
implied using one technique or a combination of other -not nature
elements of art. one can imagine how the surface will feel if
- involves experience
it was to be touched. (rough or smooth, hard or soft, hairy,
leathery, sharp or dull, etc.)
• Creativity, Expression, Imagination
b. Surface texture refers to the texture of the three-
• Diff. Expression of Arts:
dimensional art object
- visual arts, films, performance arts, poetry performance,
engage with the visual and tactile qualities of the artwork
architecture, dance, literature, theter, applied arts
through a "common language" that may be widely
understood. • Functions of Atts:

- there is something from which the idea, concept, message, - personal, social, physical
or intended mood of the artist may be inferred.
• Subject and Content
- It offers a starting point or a baseline from which analysis
may take place. This kind of analysis is called formal • What is GAMMABA
analysis of art.
• Principles/Elements of Arts
• Planes and Perspective

Picture plane is the actual surface of the painting or

drawing, where no illusion of a third dimension exists.

Its use was based on the following observations: Identification & Application of arts

As forms and objects recede, the smaller they become. b. 40 items

We were taught that parallel lines never meet. However,
when they, too, seem to converge when they recede into a
distance, at a point, they both disappear This point of
disappearance is called the vanishing point.

There are three types of perspective, grounded on the

number of vanishing points used by the artist:

a One-point perspective- often used in depicting roads,

tracks, hallways, or rows of trees; this type of perspective
shows parallel lines that seem to converge at a specific and
lone vanishing point, along the horizon line.

b. Two-point perspective- pertains to a painting or drawing

that makes use of two vanishing points, which can be placed
anywhere along the horizon line. It is often used in depicting
structures such as houses or buildings in the landscape that
are viewed from a specific commer

c. Three-point perspective-in this type of perspective, the

viewer is looking at a scene from above or below.