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    Polymer Chemistry Notes

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    kunal200jee
    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber using chemicals and heat. It involves creating cross-links between polymer strands in the rubber which draws them closer together and makes the material harder and less deformable. The most common vulcanizing agent is sulfur but others can be used for different types of rubber. Vulcanization makes rubber permanently shaped and resistant to heat and chemicals, allowing it to be used for many applications like tires, shoe soles, and hoses.

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    Polymer Chemistry Notes

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    kunal200jee
    37 views23 pages
    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber using chemicals and heat. It involves creating cross-links between polymer strands in the rubber which draws them closer together and makes the material harder and less deformable. The most common vulcanizing agent is sulfur but others can be used for different types of rubber. Vulcanization makes rubber permanently shaped and resistant to heat and chemicals, allowing it to be used for many applications like tires, shoe soles, and hoses.

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    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber using chemicals and heat. It involves creating cross-links between polymer strands in the rubber which draws them closer together and makes the material harder and less deformable. The most common vulcanizing agent is sulfur but others can be used for different types of rubber. Vulcanization makes rubber permanently shaped and resistant to heat and chemicals, allowing it to be used for many applications like tires, shoe soles, and hoses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views23 pages

    Polymer Chemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    kunal200jee
    Vulcanization is a process that hardens rubber using chemicals and heat. It involves creating cross-links between polymer strands in the rubber which draws them closer together and makes the material harder and less deformable. The most common vulcanizing agent is sulfur but others can be used for different types of rubber. Vulcanization makes rubber permanently shaped and resistant to heat and chemicals, allowing it to be used for many applications like tires, shoe soles, and hoses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    Vulcanization or vulcanisation (British) is a process of hardening rubber using chemicals and

    (usually) heat. Originally, vulcanization described the treatment of natural latex rubber with
    heat and sulfur. While this remains the most common type of vulcanization, the process also
    applies to synthetic rubber and may involve other chemicals.
    Vulcanization hardens or cures rubber by cross-linking its polymer strands. In Goodyear’s
    process, heat supplies the energy to connect the carbon atoms in polyisoprene molecules by
    sulfur bridges. The number of sulfur atoms forming the chain between molecules influences
    the final properties of the vulcanized rubber. For example, short rubber crosslinks yield
    rubber with high heat resistance. Long chains of crosslinks are more flexible, but have lower
    heat resistance.
    In the original process, the vulcanization agent is sulfur. Other compounds act as
    vulcanization agents for the synthetic rubbers silicone and chloroprene (neoprene).
    The five most common types of vulcanization agents are:
    • Sulfur or sulfur compounds
    • Metallic oxide (MgO, ZnO, sometimes Pb3O4)
    • Peroxides
    • Acetoxysilane
    • Urethane
    Vulcanization of natural rubber requires heat, but it’s not an essential factor in all processes.
    For example, silicone vulcanization occurs at room temperature. Some processes use
    radiation instead of heat.
    Modern vulcanization often includes a chemical called an accelerator. For example, ethylene
    thiourea (ETU) is an accelerator using in curing polychloroprene rubber. Carbon black is an
    accelerator for natural rubber, plus the addition improves properties of the finished product.
    Effects of Vulcanization
    Vulcanization changes the chemical composition of rubber, so of course it alters the
    material’s chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Here are some of the effects:
    • Shrinkage: Vulcanization shrinks rubber, as cross-linking draws the polymer chains
    closer together.
    • Irreversible: The effects of vulcanization are permanent and cannot be undone using
    heat or chemical processes.
    • Maintains shape: While vulcanization shrinks rubber, it does not change an object’s
    shape.
    • Increased viscosity
    • Increased hardness
    • Decreased deformation
    Uses of Vulcanized Rubber
    Today, most rubber is vulcanized. Vulcanized rubber finds use in vehicle tires, shoe soles,
    erasers, toys, shoe soles, wet suits, hoses, and belts.
    Buna-N and Buna-S are polymers. Both are examples of synthetic rubbers.
    Buna-N Buna-S
    1.The monomers of buna – N is 1,3- 1. The monomers of buna – S is 1,3 butadiene
    butadiene and acrylonitrile. and styrene.
    2. It is also called Nitrile Butadiene Rubber 2. It is also called Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
    (NBR). (SBR).
    3. Buna – N is synthesized by the 3. Buna – S is synthesized by the
    polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in
    acrylonitrile in the presence of sodium. the ratio 3:1 in the presence of sodium.
    4. It is used in belts, sealing of oils etc. 4. It is used in automobile industries.

    Buna-S

     Buna-S is a polymer.
     Its name derives Bu stands for butadiene and Na stands for sodium and S stands for
    Styrene.
     It is formed by the copolymerization of butadiene and styrene.

    Preparation

     It is prepared by copolymerization of 1,3 butadiene (75%)and styrene(25%) with


    sodium.

     Styrene reacts with Butadiene and double bond breaks to add butadiene group
    leading to the formation of Buna- S.
    Uses

     It is used for making tyres, and conveyor belts.


     They are also useful in making shoe soles, footwear, electrical insulations, etc.
    Properties

     They have a high load-bearing capacity.


     Buna-S is a polymer, that has high resistance to abrasion.

     Styrene reacts with Butadiene and double bond breaks to add butadiene group
    leading to the formation of Buna- S.
    Uses

     It is used for making tyres, and conveyor belts.


     They are also useful in making shoe soles, footwear, electrical insulations, etc.
    Properties

     They have a high load-bearing capacity.


     Buna-S is a polymer, that has high resistance to abrasion.
    -Buna-N is an example of a synthetic rubber.
    -Synthetic rubber may be defined as any vulcanized rubber-like polymer which is capable of
    getting stretched to twice its length. Synthetic rubbers are either homopolymers of 1,3-
    butadiene or its derivatives or are copolymers of 1.3-butadiene or its derivatives with another
    unsaturated monomer. Buna-N is a copolymer rubber.
    -Copolymerization is a technique in which two or more different compounds are allowed to
    polymerize. The product formed after copolymerization is called copolymers. A copolymer
    can be made not only by chain-growth polymerization but also by step-growth
    polymerization. It contains a large number of units of each monomer used in the same
    polymeric chain.
    -1,3-Butadiene and acrylonitrile are copolymerized to form Buna-N. This copolymerization
    takes place in the presence of peroxide as a catalyst.
    n number of 1,3-butadiene and n number of acrylonitrile reacts with each other. The double
    bonds shift to form a single chain. We get n number of Buna-N compounds.
    The reaction of formation of Buna-N is given below:
    The letter ‘N’ in Buna-N stands for acrylonitrile.
    -It doesn’t get affected with the action of petrol, lubrication oil, and organic solvents. It is,
    therefore, used in making oil seals, hoses, and tank linings, etc.

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