Module 5:

Mediums in Various Forms of Art

Course Title: Art Appreciation Course Code GE 6
Instructor: Mr. Dannie-Jay Suyat Term & Year 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021
Number 0916-839-7324 Email [email protected]
I. Overview

II. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)

Upon completion of this module, the students should be able to:

a. identify the medium in various forms of arts (Visual, auditory and combined)
b. define an artist’s or artisan’s medium and techniques
c. define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealer in the world
d. differentiate between artists and artisans work as an end in itself and the artists’ work
is a means to end.

III. Learning Resources and References

Art Appreciation BY: Dr. Mariano M. Ariola, LL.B.; Ed.D.; L.P.T.

IV. Lecture and Content/Summary of the lesson

Mediums of the Visual Arts

• Refers to the materials which are used by an artist
• Means by which he communicates his ideas
• Many mediums have been used in creating different works of art
• Mediums is very essential to arts.

Pigments of the painter could be applied to:

Wet Plaster Canvas
Wood Paper
Pigments:
Oil Tempera Watercolor Pastel Fresco Acrylic

PAINTING
 The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments

OIL PAINTING
 Pigments are mixed in oil
 The most familiar type of painting is done with oil on canvass.
 The surface to be suitable must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand
temperature changes and not crack the pigment on it.
 Pigments can come from many sources: minerals, vegetable matter, coal tars, and other
chemical combinations
 Two Methods in Oil Painting
 Direct method: paints are opaque and are applied to the surface just as they are to look
in the finished product
 indirect method: the paint is applied in many thick layers of transparent colour.

Oil color is the best method for convincing representation where exact reproduction of a color tone is
necessary.
TEMPERA
 Mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal
vehicle, either egg, gum, or glue, used by Egyptian, Medieval, and Renaissance painters.
 Special characteristic: EMULSION -Watery, milk-like
texture of oily and watery consistency.

Advantages of Tempera
- Rapid drying
-Great luminosity of the stone
- Colors are clear and beautiful

3 Principal Dimensions
1.Unvarnished or goauche like tempera
2. Varnished tempera
3. tempera as under painting for oil
Sample Painting
 “Majesty” Segna Di Bonaventura Tempera on Panel Siena, 1298-1326
 “Resurrection with Two Angels” by Bernardino Fungai Temper a on Wood Siena, 1460-1616

WATERCOLOR
 Pigments are mixed with water and applied to fine white paper.
 Require a high degree of technical dexterity.
 Paper is the most commonly used for ground.
 Opaque watercolour is also called “gouache” Made by grinding opaque colours with water and mixing
the product with a preparation of gum and adding Chinese white to transparent watercolours.

PASTEL
The most recent Medium
Possess only surface of ligth, gices no glazed effect, and most closely resembles dry pigments.
 Pigments is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface, usually paper.
 as support for pastel painting paper, pasteboard or canvas is used.
as far as the technique is concerned, the painter is free to handle the materials to suit himself.
 it is a very flexible medium.
 Varied effects may be produced.
 not a very popular medium because no one has yet to discovered the way to preserve its original
freshness
 the chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses its brilliance.

FRESCO
 Fresco is a painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a limewater
mixture.
Fresco must do quickly because it is an exacting medium- the moment the paint is applied to the
surface, the color dry into the plaster and the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The image
becomes permanently fixed and almost impossible to remove. An example of fresco painting is
Michelango’s The Creation of Adam in the Sistine chapel Ceiling.

ACRYLIC
 Acrylic is a medium used popularly by contemporary painters because of the transparency and quick-
drying characteristics of water and the flexibility of oil combined.
 the synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating the surface of the artwork.
Acrylic paints do not tend to break easily unlike oil paints which turn yellowish or darker over a period
of time.,

 Mosaic
 Stained Glass
 Tapestry
 Drawing
 Pencil, Pen and Ink, Charcoal
 Granite
 Jade
 Ivory
 Metals
 Plaster
 Clay
 Glass
 Bistre
 Crayons
 Silverpoint
 Lithography

What are Sculptures?

-the art of making two- or three- dimensional representative or abstract forms, by the use of
different mediums. (to be discussed later on.)
-In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing to consider is the material.
-Substances available for sculpture are limitless.
-Some of the earlier sculptures are made from bone or wood.
-Different materials required different methods of handling.

Types of Mediums in Making Sculpture

Soft Medium Hard Medium
 Has freedom  Requires the process of cutting and
 Lend itself to a moderate technique taking away from the block
that uses squeezing and shaping and  Carving is confined to the limits of
continuously adding to it as the work wood or stone
 goes on  Stone and wood is a good example of
 Modelling allows for the expansion of hard medium
gesture
 Clay is a good example of soft
medium
Sample:

2 Types of Sculpture:
1. Relief
 Figures which are attached to the ground like the relief of
“Stela of Akhenaten” and the Sculpture made by Ed Castrillo for the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines.

2. Free-standing:
 Can be seen from all sides can be seen from all sides like the
UP Oblation made by Guillermo Tolentino in 1949. It is made of bronze and stone.

Stone and Bronze

• The media most commonly used for sculpture are stone and metal.
• Stone is durable, resistant to elements, fire and other hazards. On the other hand, it is heavy and
breaks easily.
• Marble is the most beautiful of stones. Plenty in Greece and Italy and commonly used. High
gloss and polished; more or less permanent.
• “Pieta” by Michael Angelo in the Vatican City & The head of Ptolemy I are made of marble.

Wood
 Advantage: Really Cheap, Readily Available and easy to cut. Polishes well and has smooth, shiny
surface and beautiful color.
 Relatively light and can be made easily into a variety of shapes. The grain of wood that could be
seen ads to beauty.
  Carved Pulpit of the San Austin Church in Intramuros is an example of Phil. Carving.
Disadvantage: Limited in Size and Burns Easily. Discolor and Decays easily in the Phil. Climate.
Ivory
 Ivory Statues survive through long periods of time due to the intrinsic value of the material. Ivory
lends itself to technical mastery. Popular to ordinary craftspeople.
 Many statues of saints have heads and arms made of Ivory.
 vory lacks the vigor of wooden statues.
 Like wood, it also cracks.
 Seldom used today.

Terra Cotta
 “Terra Cotta” means “Cooked Earth”.
 It is made when Moist Clay is molded and then subjected to heat.
 Moderately Coarse Clay product fired comparatively low temperature.
 Usually painted and coated in heavy glaze.
 Breaks and Chips Easily, not strong; cannot stand great strain or weight. Mount Li(shan); Qin Shi
Huang
Other Materials
 Aluminium
 Chromium
 Steel
 Plastic
 Chemically Treated Clay & Stone for casting in liquid form

*** Plastic is less expensive for use as a casting material than metals and less fragile in many ways.
Beauty; lightness makes it preferable to other materials.

Architecture
 It is the art of designing a building and supervising its construction. It may also be
regarded as the procedure assisted with the conception of an idea and its realization in
terms of building materials.
 Materials:
o Stone
o Wood
o Brick
o concrete
o glass

Mediums of Auditory Arts

Auditory arts are those whose mediums can be heard and which are expressed in time. The
mediums of auditory arts are:
 motion pictures, film, or movies
 theatre (a place for viewing)
 television or TV for short

Mediums of Combined Arts (Mixed Media)

 doing a charcoal sketch before painting
 doing a pencil sketch before painting
 combining watercolor with pastel in landscape painting

Artists and Artisans

Artists are the creators of tangible or intangible products (works of art) as an expression of creativity and
imagination for purely aesthetic reasons.

Artisans (craftsman) are the makers of products or cratts, not only for aesthetic value of for decorative
purposes but for practical value, such as for business purposes.

Art Manager
An Art Manager has the following duties and responsibilities:
1. He/She plans, directs, and coordinates all activities in the art department.
2.He/She executes the marketing objectives, specifications and concepts in design, advertising, media,
print, and campaign materials.
3. He/She monitors the department projects.
4. He/She prepares the department reports that track and analyse productivity trends and other factors that
impact costs.
5.He/Shê evaluates the staff and other employees of the department.
6.He/She selects any additional staff as the need arises.
7.He/She selects any additional staff in the day-to-day performance of jobs.
8. He/She ensures that project, milestones, and goals of the department are carried out and adhering to
approved budgets.
9. He/She has full authority for personal actions in his department.
10. He/She reports to a senior manager.

Typically, an art manager requires a bachelor s degree. The position requires 5 years experience in the
related area as an individual contributor or artists. One to- three years supervisory experience may be
required.