Basic 7 (Edited) Final

STRAND 1: ORAL LANGUAGE (LISTENING AND SPEAKING)
SUB-STRAND 1: CONVERSATION/ EVERYDAY DISCOURSE
UNDERSTANDING AND USING THE APPROPRITE REGISTERS IN

COMMUNICATION
In the English language, a register refers to a variety of language used in a specific context
or for a particular purpose. It encompasses different levels of formality, vocabulary,
grammar, and tone that are suitable for a given situation or audience. For example, formal
register is often used in academic or professional settings, while informal register is more
typical in casual conversations or among friends. Each register serves to convey meaning
effectively within its intended social or professional environment.
TYPES OF REGISTER
Registers can be broadly categorized into several types based on their formality, purpose,
and audience. Here are the main types of registers:
Formal Register
It is used in professional, academic, or official settings. Employs precise and sophisticated
vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and avoids contractions and slang. Examples
include academic papers, business reports, legal documents, and formal speeches.
Example: "The board of directors convened to discuss the fiscal year-end report."
Informal Register
It is used in everyday conversations, among friends, or in casual settings. Features colloquial
language, contractions, and may include slang or regional expressions. Examples include
chatting with friends, texting, or informal emails.
Example: "Hey, wanna grab a coffee later?"
Technical Register
It is specific to particular fields or professions. Utilizes specialized terminology and jargon
relevant to that field. Examples include medical reports, computer programming
documentation, or engineering manuals.
Example: "The program encountered a segmentation fault due to a null pointer exception."
Academic Register
It is used in educational settings, including lectures, essays, and academic discussions. It
adheres to formal language norms, maintaining a professional and objective tone. It often
includes specialized terminology related to the academic discipline.
Example: "The hypothesis was tested through a controlled experimental study."
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Literary Register
It is found in literary works such as novels, poetry, or creative writing. It focuses on aesthetic
expression, often utilizing descriptive language and varied stylistic elements. It allows for
artistic liberties and poetic devices.
Example: "The moonlight danced upon the water, casting a silver glow."
Colloquial Register
It reflects the language spoken in a particular region, community, or social group. It involves
localized vocabulary, idioms, and expressions specific to that group. Examples include
regional dialects, urban slang, or cultural expressions.
Example: "She's totally chill about it, no worries."
Public Register
It is used in public addresses, speeches, or announcements. It is designed to be easily
understood by a broad audience, maintaining a clear and engaging style. It often employs
rhetorical techniques to persuade or inform. Each type of register serves a distinct purpose
and is adapted to suit the needs and expectations of its intended audience and context.
Example: "Ladies and gentlemen, I stand before you to address a matter of utmost
importance."
These examples illustrate the distinct language styles and usage of each register in various
contexts.
A CONVERSATION AT THE MUNICIPAL OFFICE USING THE APPROPRIATE

REGISTER
Receptionist (R): Good morning, welcome to the Municipal Office. How may I assist you
today?
Visitor (V): Good morning. I'm here to inquire about the process for obtaining a business
permit for my new venture.
R: Thank you for choosing our office for your inquiry. To obtain a business permit, you'll
need to fill out the Business Permit Application Form available at the Forms Counter.
V: Great, thank you. Could you guide me to the Forms Counter, please?
R: Of course. It's located just to your left. Once you have the form, please ensure you
complete it accurately and provide all required details.
V: Got it. Are there any specific documents I should bring along with the application?
R: Yes, you'll need to bring a copy of your valid ID, proof of business ownership or
registration, and any other relevant supporting documents for your business.
V: Understood. Is there a fee for the business permit application?
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R: Yes, there's a processing fee for the application. The fee varies based on the nature and
scale of your business. We'll provide you with the details once you've filled out the form.
V: Okay, that's clear. Once I've completed the form and gathered the necessary documents,
where do I submit the application?
R: You can submit your completed application at the Submission Counter just across the
hall. Our officers will review your application and guide you through the next steps.
V: Thank you for your assistance. Is there a specific time frame for processing the business
permit application?
R: Processing times may vary, but we strive to process applications within five working
days. We'll inform you once your application is approved and ready for collection.
V: Perfect, thank you for your help. I'll proceed to the Forms Counter to get started.
R: You're welcome. If you have any further questions during the process, feel free to ask.
Good luck with your business venture!
A CONVERSATION USING THE APPROPRIATE REGISTER IN A

SCHOOL
Teacher (T): Good morning, class. I trust you all had a restful weekend. Today, we're going
to discuss the upcoming science fair and the projects each of you will be working on.
Student 1 (S1): Good morning, Teacher. I'm excited about the science fair. I was thinking
of doing a project on renewable energy sources.
T: Good morning, S1. That's a great topic choice. Renewable energy is indeed an important
subject. Make sure to gather relevant information and conduct experiments for a
comprehensive project.
Student 2 (S2): Good morning, Teacher. I wanted to work on a project related to plant
growth and different types of soil.
T: Good morning, S2. Exploring plant growth and soil types is an excellent idea. You can
conduct experiments to demonstrate the effects of various soils on plant growth.
Student 3 (S3): Good morning, Teacher. I'm interested in water purification methods for my
project.
T: Good morning, S3. Water purification is a crucial topic. You can showcase various
purification techniques and their effectiveness in ensuring clean and safe drinking water.
Student 4 (S4): Good morning, Teacher. I'd like to explore the effects of pollution on aquatic
life.
T: Good morning, S4. That's a relevant and vital topic. Investigating the impact of pollution
on aquatic ecosystems will raise awareness about environmental issues.
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T: Remember, students, the science fair is an opportunity to showcase your research and
scientific understanding. Plan your projects thoroughly, conduct experiments meticulously,
and present your findings clearly and confidently.
S1: Thank you, Teacher. I'll start my research and experiments right away.
S2: Yes, Teacher. I'll gather the necessary materials for my project.
S3: Thank you, Teacher. I'll make sure to conduct a variety of experiments for my water
purification project.
S4: Thank you, Teacher. I'm looking forward to working on my project about pollution and
its effects on aquatic life.
T: Excellent. If you have any questions or need guidance during the process, feel free to
approach me. Let's make this science fair a successful and enlightening event.
A CONVERSATION AMONG FRIENDS USING THE APPROPRIATE

REGISTER
Friend 1 (F1): Hey there! How you dey?
Friend 2 (F2): I dey fine! You?
F1: I dey cool. I hear say you get news for me. What's the latest?
F2: Oh chale, dem promote me for work. I be assistant manager now!
F1: Wow! That be some serious moves. Congrats, bro! How you take celebrate am?
F2: Thanks, bro! I just chill with some friends, pop some bottles, you know how we dey do
am.
F1: Definitely! Make we link up soon, make we celebrate proper.
F2: For sure! We go vibe soon. How your side? Anything new?
F1: No be plenty oo. I dey hustle, same old grind. But we go make am.
F2: I believe you, bro. We go chop that success together. Keep pushing!
F1: You know, always. E be time for us all to shine. Bless up!
F2: Blessings, bro. Stay focused and positive. We go catch up soon.
F1: No doubt. Take care, bro. Catch you later.
F2: You too, bro. Later!
A CONVERSATION AMONG FAMILY USING THE APPROPRIATE REGISTER

Parent (P): Good evening, everyone. I hope your day went well.
Child 1 (C1): Good evening, Dad. My day was good. I finished my homework.
Child 2 (C2): Good evening, Mom and Dad. My day was good too. I helped C1 with some
of the homework.
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P: That's wonderful, C1 and C2. Teamwork is important. Thank you, C2, for helping your
sibling.
C1: Yes, thank you, C2. I appreciate it.
C2: You're welcome, C1. We're a team, after all.
P: Absolutely, teamwork makes the family stronger. By the way, have you both planned
your study schedules for the week?
C1: Yes, Dad. I have it all set. I'll focus on Math and Science tomorrow.
C2: I'm planning to review History and English tomorrow evening.
P: Great planning, both of you. Remember, consistency is key. And if you have any
questions or need help, don't hesitate to ask.
C1: We will, Dad. Thank you.
C2: Thanks, Dad. We'll make sure to stay on top of our studies.
P: That's my diligent children. Now, let's have dinner and relax for a bit.
C1: Sounds good, Dad. I'm hungry!
C2: Me too! Let's go.
P: Alright, let's go to the dining area. Mom has prepared a delicious meal for us.
The family gathers for dinner, engaging in lively conversation and bonding over the meal.
A CONVERSATION AMONG A STRANGER GIVING DIRECTIONS TO

SOMEONE ON HOW TO LOCATE A CHURCH USING THE APPROPRIATE
REGISTER
Stranger (S): Good afternoon, my friend. How can I assist you today?
Person seeking directions (PSD): Good afternoon. I'm trying to find St. Andrew's Anglican
Church. Can you help me with directions?
S: Of course! St. Andrew's Anglican Church is not far from here. Head straight on this road
until you reach the first junction.
PSD: Alright, got it. What should I look out for at the junction?
S: At the junction, you'll see a vibrant market on the left side and a tall palm tree on the right
side.
PSD: Okay, a market on the left, and a tall palm tree on the right. Got it.
S: Correct. Turn right at that junction, and keep walking until you reach a T-junction.
PSD: Turn right at the first junction, got it. And then at the T-junction?
S: At the T-junction, turn left. You'll notice a signpost for St. Andrew's Anglican Church
about 200 meters down the road. Follow the signs.
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PSD: Turn left at the T-junction, and I'll look for the church signpost. Thank you so much
for your help.
S: You're welcome! If you have any trouble, feel free to ask anyone around; people in the
area are friendly and helpful. Safe travels!
PSD: Thank you. I appreciate your assistance. Have a great day!
A CONVERSATION AMONG A STRANGER GIVING DIRECTIONS TO

SOMEONE ON HOW TO LOCATE A HOSPITAL USING THE APPROPRIATE
REGISTER
Stranger (S): Good morning, sir. How may I assist you today?
Person seeking directions (PSD): Good morning. I need to find the Korle-Bu Teaching
Hospital. Could you guide me on how to get there?
S: Certainly. To reach Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, head straight down this road until you
get to a major junction.
PSD: Alright. What landmarks should I look out for at the junction?
S: At the junction, you'll see a tall telecommunications mast to your left and a police station
to your right.
PSD: Got it, a tall mast on the left and a police station on the right.
S: Exactly. Turn left at that junction, and continue until you reach a roundabout.
PSD: Turn left at the major junction, and then a roundabout. Understood.
S: Yes. At the roundabout, take the second exit which will lead you into the hospital
premises.
PSD: Take the second exit at the roundabout. I'll keep an eye out for it. Thank you for your
help.
S: You're welcome. If you have any difficulties, don't hesitate to ask. Korle-Bu Teaching
Hospital is an important facility; you'll find it easily.
PSD: Thank you for your assistance. Have a great day!
S: You too, sir. Safe travels, and I hope you find the hospital without any trouble.
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A CONVERSATION AMONG A STRANGER GIVING DIRECTIONS TO A
DRIVER ON HOW TO LOCATE A SCHOOL USING THE APPROPRIATE
REGISTER
Stranger (S): Good afternoon, driver. How may I assist you today?
Driver (D): Good afternoon. I'm trying to find La Wireless Senior High School. Can you
provide me with directions?
S: Of course! To get to La Wireless Senior High School, you'll need to head straight on this
road until you reach the first traffic light.
D: Alright. What landmarks should I look out for at the traffic light?
S: At the traffic light, you'll see a large billboard advertising a popular mobile network on
your right and a busy market on your left.
D: Got it, a billboard on the right and a busy market on the left.
S: Correct. At that traffic light, make a right turn, and continue straight until you reach a T-
junction.
D: Turn right at the traffic light, and then a T-junction. Understood.
S: Yes. At the T-junction, take a left turn, and you'll see La Wireless Senior High School on
your right after about 500 meters.
D: Take a left at the T-junction. I'll keep an eye out for the school on the right. Thank you
for your help.
S: You're welcome. If you have any trouble, feel free to ask around; the locals will be glad
to assist. Safe travels!
D: Thank you. I appreciate your assistance. Have a great day!
S: You too, driver. Take care and enjoy your day.
ASSESSMENT
Register Type Multiple Choice Assessment
1. In which register would you typically find formal and academic language?
a) Informal b) Formal c) Neutral d) Colloquial
2. Which register is characterized by everyday language and is suitable for casual
conversations?
a) Technical b) Formal c) Informal d) Literary
3. A job interview often employs which register to maintain a professional tone?
a) Informal b) Neutral c) Formal d) Slang
4. Which register might you use when addressing a group of close friends or family
members?
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a) Technical b) Informal c) Formal d) Academic
5. Legal documents and contracts often use this register to ensure clarity and precision:
a) Legal b) Formal c) Informal d) Technical
Register Type Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. _______ register uses specialized language related to a particular field or profession.
2. In a business email, it's important to maintain a _______ tone.
3. _______ register is appropriate for academic papers and research articles.
4. Text messages often employ an _______ register due to its conversational style.
5. When writing a letter to a potential employer, it's advisable to use a _______ register to
convey professionalism.
Register Type Identification Assessment

1. Identify the register suitable for an academic research paper.
2. In which register would you expect to find jargon related to computer programming?
3. Point out the register typically used in legal documents.
4. Name the register commonly found in a news article.
5. Identify the register that often includes slang and is used for informal communication.
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SUB-STRAND 2: LISTENING COMPREHENSION
THE DYNAMICS OF VOLLEYBALL: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW
OF THE GAME AND ITS PLAY
Volleyball, a popular team sport, is played in over 200 countries worldwide, making
it one of the most widely recognized and enjoyed games. The sport involves two
teams, each with six players, competing to score points by hitting a ball over a net to
the opponent's side. This essay delves into the dynamics of volleyball, its rules,
strategies, techniques, and the collaborative effort required to play this thrilling
game.
The Basics of Volleyball: A volleyball match is typically played in sets, with each
set ending when one team reaches a specified number of points, usually 25. A team
scores a point by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent's court or when the
opposing team commits a fault. The ball must be passed over the net within three
touches—bump, set, and spike—without the same player touching the ball
consecutively.
The Court and Equipment: A volleyball court is a rectangular area divided into
two equal halves by a net. The net's height varies for men's and women's games. Each
team is positioned on one side of the court, with specific areas designated for serving,
receiving, and defensive play. The ball used is spherical and made of leather or
synthetic materials, weighing between 9-10 ounces.
The Game Play: The match begins with a serve, where a player from the serving
team hits the ball over the net to the receiving team. The receiving team aims to
control the ball and set it up for a spike to send it back to the opponent's court. Teams
continue rallying the ball until a fault is committed, resulting in a point for the
opposing team.
Scoring and Rotation:
Points are scored on every rally, and the receiving team becomes the serving team
for the next rally. Players rotate positions in a clockwise manner after each point,
ensuring equal opportunities to serve and preventing unfair advantages.
Techniques and Strategies: Serving: The serve initiates the rally. Players can opt
for an overhand or underhand serve, aiming to get the ball over the net accurately
and at a speed that challenges the opponent.
Passing: Passing involves using the forearms to receive the serve and other hits from
the opposing team. A well-executed pass sets up the ball for the next play.
Setting: The set is a controlled hit using the fingertips to direct the ball to a teammate
for a spike. Precision and quick decision-making are key in setting.
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Spiking: The spike is a powerful hit over the net, aiming to ground the ball on the
opponent's side. Timing, coordination, and strength are crucial in executing a
successful spike.
Blocking: Players at the net attempt to block the opponent's spikes, creating a
defense to prevent the ball from crossing over to their side.
Digging: Digging involves using the forearms or fists to save a spiked ball, keeping
the rally alive.
Collaboration and Communication: Volleyball is a team-oriented sport that
requires strong communication and collaboration. Effective verbal and non-verbal
communication among team members ensures seamless plays and enhances the
overall performance.
Conclusion: Volleyball is an exhilarating sport that demands a blend of skills,
strategy, and teamwork. From serving to spiking, every aspect of the game involves
coordination and precision. With its growing popularity and global reach, volleyball
continues to captivate sports enthusiasts, showcasing the joy of collaboration and the
spirit of healthy competition.
THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN INSTALLING AN APPLICATION ON A

COMPUTER
In our increasingly digitized world, applications have become an integral part of our
daily lives, aiding us in numerous tasks and endeavors. From productivity to
entertainment, applications cater to diverse needs. However, to utilize these
applications on a computer, one must understand the process of installation. This
essay provides a comprehensive overview of the steps involved in installing an
application on a computer.
Understanding Application Installation
Application installation is the process of adding a software program or application to
a computer's operating system, enabling the user to execute the program and utilize
its features. The installation process varies depending on the operating system (OS)
being used, such as Windows, macOS, or Linux.
Steps in Installing an Application
1. Selection of Application: Choose the desired application based on its purpose,
features, and compatibility with the computer's operating system.
2. Downloading the Application: Visit the official website or authorized platform
for the application and locate the download link. Download the application setup file
(e.g., .exe for Windows, .dmg for macOS, .deb or .rpm for Linux) to the computer.
3. Locating the Setup File:
Navigate to the folder or location where the setup file has been downloaded.
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4. Running the Setup: Double-click on the setup file to initiate the installation
process. This action typically opens the installer and prepares the application for
installation.
5. Installer Interface: The installer presents an interface guiding the user through
the installation process. This interface may include options to customize the
installation, such as choosing the installation directory or specific features to install.
6. Accepting Terms and Conditions: Read and accept the terms and conditions or
end-user license agreement (EULA) presented by the installer.
7. Choosing Installation Options: Depending on the installer, you may have options
to select the installation type (e.g., typical, custom) and choose additional
components or plugins.
8. Initiating Installation: Click on the "Install" or "Next" button to begin the
installation process. The installer will start copying necessary files and configuring
the application.
9. Completion and Launch: Once the installation is complete, the installer will
notify you of the successful installation. You may choose to launch the application
immediately or do it later.
Installing an application on a computer is a straightforward process that empowers
users to access and utilize a wide array of software for various purposes.
Understanding the steps involved in installation is essential to make efficient use of
applications and optimize the computer's capabilities. As technology continues to
evolve, mastering the installation process is key to navigating the digital realm
effectively.
UNVEILING THE EARTH'S FURY: UNDERSTANDING VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS
Volcanic eruptions are awe-inspiring geological phenomena that have shaped the
Earth's landscape for millions of years. These explosive events are the result of
complex processes occurring beneath the Earth's surface. This essay aims to delve
into the mechanics of volcanic eruptions, shedding light on the underlying geological
forces that give rise to this remarkable natural occurrence.
Volcanoes are geological formations through which magma, gas, and other materials
from the Earth's interior reach the surface. These formations vary in shape and size,
and their activity is influenced by the type of magma, the volcano's structure, and the
tectonic setting.
Magma, the molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, is the primary component
involved in volcanic eruptions. It is composed of solid minerals, liquid rock, and
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dissolved gases. Magma's composition, viscosity, and gas content are critical factors
that determine the nature and intensity of an eruption.
Volcanic eruptions are closely linked to tectonic plate movements, which occur due
to the Earth's dynamic nature. The Earth's crust is divided into several tectonic plates
that continuously interact at their boundaries. When these plates move, they can
either collide (convergent boundary), move apart (divergent boundary), or slide past
each other (transform boundary). Most volcanic activity is concentrated at
convergent and divergent plate boundaries.
Magma accumulates in a chamber beneath the Earth's surface, causing an increase in
pressure as more magma enters the chamber. The pressure from the accumulating
magma causes the surrounding rocks to crack and create fissures, allowing magma
to move towards the surface. As the magma rises, it reaches a point where it breaches
the surface, creating a vent or conduit through which the magma can escape. When
the pressure from the rising magma overcomes the resistance of the surrounding
rocks, an eruption occurs, expelling magma, gases, and other materials into the
atmosphere. The erupted magma can take the form of lava flows or pyroclastic
fragments, such as ash, rock fragments, and gases, depending on its composition and
viscosity.
Volcanic eruptions can be broadly categorized into effusive eruptions (characterized
by the relatively gentle flow of lava) and explosive eruptions (marked by the violent
expulsion of gases and fragmented rocks).
Volcanic eruptions are fascinating natural phenomena driven by the dynamic
interplay of geological forces beneath the Earth's surface. Understanding the
processes that lead to these eruptions is crucial not only for scientific research but
also for mitigating the potential hazards posed by volcanic activity. Studying
volcanic eruptions contributes to our appreciation of the Earth's ever-changing
landscape and the forces that have shaped it over millions of years.
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SUB-STRAND 3: ENGLISH SOUNDS
WHAT ARE VOWEL SOUNDS
Vowel sounds are speech sounds produced with an open vocal tract, where air flows freely
without significant constriction. In English, the primary vowel sounds are typically
represented by the letters 'a,' 'e,' 'i,' 'o,' and 'u,' but there are variations and combinations that
create a range of distinct vowel sounds. Examples include the 'ah' in "car," 'ee' in "see," 'ai'
in "rain," 'o' in "go," and 'oo' in "food." These sounds play a crucial role in forming words
and conveying meaning in language.
Short vowels and long vowels differ in their duration and sound quality:
SHORT VOWELS
Duration: Short vowels are brief and quick in duration.
Sound Quality: They maintain their pure sound and are usually similar to the natural sound
of the vowel. For example, "cat" ('a' as in 'cat'), "pet" ('e' as in 'pet'), "sit" ('i' as in 'sit'), "hot"
('o' as in 'hot'), "but" ('u' as in 'but').
Articulation of pure short vowel sounds
Pure short vowel sounds in English are characterized by brief articulation and relatively
simple tongue and lip positions. Here's a brief guide to articulating each pure short vowel
sound:
/æ/ (as in "cat"): Open your mouth slightly, tongue low and towards the front of your
mouth.
/ɛ/ (as in "bet"): Mouth slightly open, tongue mid-front, and slightly raised.
/ɪ/ (as in "sit"): Keep your mouth mostly closed, tongue high and towards the front.
/ɒ/ (as in "hot"): Open your mouth moderately, tongue low and towards the back.
/ʌ/ (as in "cut"): Open your mouth slightly, tongue mid, and in a neutral position.
/ʊ/ (as in "put"): Keep your mouth somewhat closed, tongue back and mid.
These short vowel sounds are fundamental in English pronunciation and understanding their
articulation helps in clear and accurate communication. Practice and repetition can improve
the accuracy and consistency of producing these sounds.
Examples of words with pure short vowel sounds:
/æ/ (as in "cat"): cat, bat, hat
/ɛ/ (as in "bet"): bet, pen, bed
/ɪ/ (as in "sit"): sit, pig, bit
/ɒ/ (as in "hot"): hot, pot, dog
/ʌ/ (as in "cut"): cut, sun, bus
/ʊ/ (as in "put"): put, cook, book
Each word showcases one of the six short vowel sounds in English.
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LONG VOWELS
Duration: Long vowels are pronounced for a longer duration compared to short vowels.
Sound Quality: The sound of a long vowel is a variation of the pure vowel sound, often
resembling a diphthong. For example, "ate" ('a' as in 'ate'), "beet" ('ee' as in 'beet'), "kite"
('ai' as in 'kite'), "go" ('o' as in 'go'), "use" ('oo' as in 'use').
In English, long vowels are often formed by the addition of the vowel-consonant 'e' at the
end of a word or by using two consecutive vowels. Understanding and distinguishing
between short and long vowels is important for proper pronunciation and spelling.
Articulation of pure long vowels sounds: Pure long vowel sounds in English have a longer
duration compared to their short counterparts and often involve a change in tongue position
during articulation. Here's a guide to articulating each pure long vowel sound:
/eɪ/ (as in "say"): Begin with an open mouth and move to a mid-front tongue position as in
the short 'e' sound, then glide towards the 'ɪ' sound.
/iː/ (as in "beet"): Start with a high-front tongue position as in the short 'i' sound and hold
it for a longer duration.
/aɪ/ (as in "mine"): Start with an open mouth and move to a low-front tongue position as
in the short 'a' sound, then glide towards the 'ɪ' sound.
/oʊ/ (as in "go"): Begin with a mid-back tongue position as in the short 'o' sound and glide
towards the 'u' sound.
/uː/ (as in "food"): Start with a high-back tongue position as in the short 'u' sound and hold
it for a longer duration.
It's important to note that long vowel sounds often involve a glide or diphthongization,
where the sound changes slightly during its pronunciation. Practice and listening to native
speakers can help refine your ability to produce these long vowel sounds accurately.
Examples of words with pure long vowel sounds:
/iː/ (as in "see"): see, bee, tree
/eɪ/ (as in "say"): say, play, may
/aɪ/ (as in "mine"): mine, kite, ride
/oʊ/ (as in "go"): go, show, boat
/uː/ (as in "food"): food, moon, blue
These examples highlight words where each long vowel sound is represented distinctly.
DIPHTHONGS
Diphthongs are complex vowel sounds that involve a smooth, gliding movement from one
vowel to another within the same syllable. They are different from pure vowel sounds
because the tongue and mouth position change during their pronunciation. Diphthongs can
be classified into centering and closing diphthongs based on the movement of the tongue
during the sound production.
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CENTERING DIPHTHONGS
In centering diphthongs, the tongue glides from a more central position to a more open or
closed position.
Examples:
/ɪə/ (as in "ear")
/eə/ (as in "air")
/ʊə/ (as in "tour")
CLOSING DIPHTHONGS
In closing diphthongs, the tongue glides from a less closed position to a more closed
position.
Examples:
/eɪ/ (as in "say")
/aɪ/ (as in "night")
/ɔɪ/ (as in "boy")
/aʊ/ (as in "how")
/oʊ/ (as in "go")
Understanding diphthongs is essential for correct pronunciation in English, as they are
prevalent in the language and contribute to its unique sound patterns.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS

Vowels and diphthongs are both speech sounds used in language, but they differ in their
complexity and structure:
Vowels: Vowels are pure, single, and distinct speech sounds produced with an open vocal
tract and unrestricted airflow. When producing a vowel sound, the tongue and lip position
remain relatively stable throughout its duration. Vowels are usually represented by a single
letter in the alphabet (e.g., a, e, i, o, u).
Examples of pure vowel sounds include /a/ (as in "cat"), /e/ (as in "bet"), /i/ (as in "sit"), /o/
(as in "hot"), and /u/ (as in "cut").
Diphthongs: Diphthongs are complex sounds formed by a combination of two distinct
vowel sounds within the same syllable. During a diphthong, the tongue and/or lip position
changes as the sound glides from one vowel to another. Diphthongs are often represented
by combinations of two letters or symbols (e.g., /aɪ/, /eɪ/, /oʊ/).
Examples of diphthongs include /aɪ/ (as in "night"), /eɪ/ (as in "say"), /oʊ/ (as in "go"), /aʊ/
(as in "how"), and /ɔɪ/ (as in "boy").
In summary, vowels are single, pure sounds with consistent tongue and lip position, while
diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds that involve a gliding or shifting of
tongue position during their production.
15
STRAND 2: READING
SUB-STRAND 1: COMPREHENSION
TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS OF GHANA
Ghana, a country in West Africa, is rich in cultural heritage and traditions. One significant
aspect of Ghanaian culture is its traditional festivals. These festivals are a vibrant celebration
of history, religion, and community. Each festival has its own unique characteristics and
holds great importance in the lives of the people.
One prominent festival is the Ashanti Kingdom's "Akwasidae," which honors the Ashanti
King, or Asantehene. People from all walks of life gather in the Ashanti region to celebrate
this festival. It is marked by colorful processions, traditional dances, and music. The festival
showcases the unity and strength of the Ashanti people.
Another well-known festival is the "Homowo" festival of the Ga people. This festival is
celebrated in the Greater Accra region and is a homage to the Ga's agricultural heritage. It
involves a grand parade and traditional chants, showcasing their thanksgiving for a good
harvest.
In Northern Ghana, the "Damba" festival is celebrated by the Dagomba people. This festival
is dedicated to the Islamic heritage of the Dagomba and is marked by prayers, horse riding,
and drumming. It is a time for communal prayers and strengthening of bonds within the
community.
16
Questions
1. What is a significant aspect of Ghanaian culture mentioned in the passage?
2. Describe the "Akwasidae" festival and its significance.
3. Which region in Ghana is known for the "Homowo" festival, and what does it
commemorate?
4. What are the key elements of the "Damba" festival, and which ethnic group celebrates
it?
5. How do traditional festivals like "Akwasidae" and "Homowo" contribute to the sense of
community in Ghana?
For each of the following words, give a word or phrase that means the same and can fit
into the passage:
i. prominent
ii. dedicated
iii. heritage
iv. communal
v. bonds
17
GHANA'S ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES
Ghana, a country located in West
Africa, is blessed with an abundance of
natural resources. These resources play
a vital role in shaping the economy,
trade, and overall development of the
nation.
One of the primary resources in Ghana
is gold. Ghana is renowned for its gold
production and is often referred to as the
"Gold Coast." The gold mining industry
has a significant impact on the country's
economy, providing employment and
contributing to foreign exchange
earnings. Another essential resource is cocoa, which is a major export for Ghana. The
country is one of the largest cocoa producers globally. Cocoa farming is a significant source
of income for many Ghanaians and plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector.
Ghana also possesses rich deposits of bauxite, manganese, and diamonds. Bauxite is a key
material for aluminum production, while manganese is vital for steel production. Diamond
mining is an important industry that adds to the country's mineral wealth.
In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the oil and gas sector. Ghana has
discovered substantial offshore oil reserves, leading to the development of the oil industry.
Oil production contributes to the country's revenue and energy needs.
Questions
1. What is Ghana often referred to due to its significant gold production?
2. How does the gold mining industry impact Ghana's economy?
3. Which crop is a major export for Ghana, and what role does it play in the country's
economy?
4. Name three other significant natural resources mentioned in the passage and explain
their importance.
5. How has the discovery of offshore oil reserves impacted Ghana's economy and energy
sector?
into the passage:
i. abundance
ii. essential
iii. rich
iv. discovered
v. country’s
18
MINING IN GHANA
BALANCING WEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Mining plays a crucial role in Ghana's economy, contributing significantly to revenue

generation and employment. The country is blessed with diverse mineral resources, making
it a hub for mining activities. However, it is essential to strike a balance between reaping
the benefits of mining and ensuring sustainable, responsible practices to protect the
environment.
Gold mining is one of the prominent sectors in Ghana's mining industry. The country has
rich gold deposits, attracting both local and international mining companies. Gold exports
contribute substantially to Ghana's foreign exchange earnings, enhancing its economic
stability.
Apart from gold, Ghana is also a major producer of bauxite, manganese, and diamonds.
These minerals are vital for various industries, including aluminum production, steel
manufacturing, and the jewelry industry. Mining activities related to these resources
significantly bolster Ghana's economy.
However, mining can have adverse effects on the environment if not properly managed.
Deforestation, pollution of water bodies, and habitat destruction are some of the
environmental challenges associated with mining. The Ghanaian government and mining
companies are increasingly focusing on responsible mining practices to minimize these
negative impacts.
Mining companies are encouraged to rehabilitate mined areas, restore biodiversity, and
adopt technologies that reduce pollution. Government regulations and oversight are in place
to ensure compliance with environmental standards and promote sustainable mining
practices.
19
Questions
How does gold mining contribute to Ghana's economy?
List three other minerals, besides gold, that are significant to Ghana's mining industry.
What are some potential environmental challenges associated with mining, as mentioned
in the passage?
What steps are being taken to mitigate the environmental impacts of mining in Ghana?
Why is it crucial for mining companies to adopt responsible practices and comply with
environmental standards?
into the passage:
i. hub
ii. protect
iii. prominent
iv. bolster
v. minimize
20
ENVIRONMENT IN GHANA
BALANCING DEGRADATION AND PRESERVATION EFFORTS
Ghana's environment is a precious asset that sustains the livelihoods of its people and
contributes to its unique biodiversity. However, the delicate balance between development
and environmental preservation is a pressing concern. The country faces the challenge of
managing environmental degradation while striving to preserve its natural resources for
future generations.
Deforestation is a significant environmental issue in Ghana. Logging, agriculture expansion,
and urbanization contribute to the loss of forest cover, impacting biodiversity and disrupting
ecosystems. Conservation efforts and reforestation programs are crucial to mitigate
deforestation and its adverse effects on the environment.
Pollution is another major concern. Industrial and domestic waste, as well as inadequate
waste management systems, contribute to environmental pollution. This pollution affects
water bodies, air quality, and soil health. Stricter regulations and community education on
proper waste disposal are vital steps towards reducing pollution.
Preservation efforts are underway to protect Ghana's unique ecosystems, including its
diverse wildlife and marine life. National parks, reserves, and protected areas are established
to conserve the environment and promote sustainable tourism. Additionally, community-
based conservation initiatives empower local communities to actively participate in
preserving their natural surroundings.
Promoting sustainable practices in various sectors, such as agriculture, energy, and fisheries,
is essential for preserving the environment. Sustainable farming techniques, renewable
energy adoption, and responsible fishing can significantly contribute to environmental
preservation and development.
21
Questions
1. What are the key factors contributing to deforestation in Ghana, as mentioned in the
passage?
2. How does pollution impact the environment in Ghana, and what are its sources?
3. Describe the role of national parks and reserves in preserving Ghana's environment.
4. In what ways can sustainable farming and responsible fishing contribute to
environmental preservation?
5. Why is community involvement crucial in conservation and preservation efforts?
into the passage:
i. delicate
ii. challenge
iii. vital
iv. mitigate
v. sectors
22
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN GHANA
A PATH TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CHALLENGES
Ghana, like many developing nations, has been striving to achieve sustainable
industrialization as a means to boost economic growth, create employment opportunities,
and improve living standards. Industrialization involves a shift from agrarian-based
economies to manufacturing and production-oriented economies, aiming for greater
productivity and efficiency.
One of the key sectors driving industrialization in Ghana is manufacturing. The country has
seen growth in industries such as food processing, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. These
industries contribute to value addition, promoting exports and reducing dependence on
imports.
The government of Ghana has been implementing policies and initiatives to encourage
industrialization. These include tax incentives, investment promotion, and infrastructure
development projects to attract local and foreign investors. The goal is to create an enabling
environment that supports businesses and industrial growth.
However, industrialization comes with its set of challenges. Environmental degradation due
to industrial activities is a concern, prompting the need for stringent regulations and
sustainable practices. Additionally, ensuring a skilled workforce, reliable infrastructure, and
adequate financing for industries remain vital for sustainable industrial growth.
Efforts are being made to address these challenges. Skill development programs, technology
transfer initiatives, and collaborations with educational institutions are enhancing the
capabilities of the workforce. Sustainable industrial practices and environmental regulations
are being enforced to mitigate negative impacts on the environment.
23
Questions
1. What are the potential benefits of industrialization for Ghana, as mentioned in the
passage?
2. Name three industries that are contributing to industrialization in Ghana.
3. How is the government encouraging industrialization in Ghana?
4. What are the challenges associated with industrialization, as mentioned in the passage?
5. How are environmental concerns being addressed in Ghana's pursuit of
industrialization?
into the passage:
i. boost
ii. goal
iii. stringent
iv. skilled
v. regulations
24
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN GHANA
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE
Energy conservation is a critical initiative in Ghana aimed at reducing energy consumption

and promoting sustainable energy usage. As the demand for energy continues to rise due to
population growth and economic development, implementing energy-saving measures is
essential to ensure a reliable and sustainable energy future. One of the primary focuses of
energy conservation in Ghana is improving energy efficiency. This involves using energy
more efficiently to achieve the same or increased output while consuming less energy.
Energy-efficient technologies and practices are being encouraged in various sectors,
including residential, commercial, and industrial.
In the residential sector, raising awareness about energy conservation and promoting
energy-saving appliances and lighting solutions are key strategies. Government campaigns
and educational programs inform the public about simple steps like turning off lights when
not needed, using energy-efficient bulbs, and properly insulating homes. In the industrial
sector, companies are encouraged to adopt energy-efficient technologies and practices to
reduce energy waste during production processes. Implementing energy management
systems and conducting energy audits are effective tools to identify areas for improvement
and optimize energy use.
Renewable energy adoption is another aspect of energy conservation. Ghana is making
strides in utilizing renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These
sources are sustainable, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and have a lower environmental
impact.
Collaborative efforts between the government, private sector, and civil society are crucial
for a successful energy conservation drive in Ghana. Policies, incentives, and regulations
are being put in place to promote sustainable energy practices and achieve the goal of a more
energy-efficient nation.
25
Questions:
1. What is the primary goal of energy conservation in Ghana, as mentioned in the passage?
2. How can energy efficiency be improved in the residential sector?
3. What strategies are being employed to promote energy efficiency in the industrial
sector?
4. Why is the adoption of renewable energy sources considered a part of energy
conservation?
5. Why is collaboration important for a successful energy conservation initiative in
Ghana?
into the passage:
i. key
ii. turning
iii. audit
iv. reliance
v. promote
26
STIs IN GHANA
UNDERSTANDING, PREVENTING, AND COMBATING
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern in Ghana, as
they pose a threat to the well-being and reproductive health of its population. Understanding
the nature of STIs, promoting awareness, and adopting preventive measures are crucial in
combating the spread of these infections.
STIs are infections that spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral
intercourse, and they can be bacterial, viral, or parasitic. Common STIs in Ghana include
HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human papillomavirus (HPV). These
infections can have serious health consequences if left untreated, such as infertility, cancer,
and increased risk of HIV transmission.
Prevention and education are key components of addressing the STI epidemic. Public health
campaigns and educational programs aim to increase awareness about safe sexual practices,
condom use, regular testing, and the importance of seeking medical help if symptoms occur.
Additionally, providing access to accurate information about STIs and safe sex practices is
essential in reducing the spread of infections.
Regular testing and early diagnosis play a vital role in controlling STIs. Individuals
engaging in sexual activities should undergo regular STI screenings, especially if they have
multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors. Early detection allows for timely
treatment and prevents further transmission of the infection. Promoting vaccination against
STIs is another important preventive measure. For example, the HPV vaccine can protect
against several types of HPV that can lead to cervical and other cancers.
Empowering healthcare providers to offer comprehensive sexual health services, including
testing, counseling, and treatment for STIs, is crucial. Additionally, creating a stigma-free
environment encourages individuals to seek help and engage in open conversations about
sexual health.
27
Questions
1. What is the primary mode of transmission for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
2. Name three common STIs in Ghana mentioned in the passage.
3. How can public health campaigns contribute to reducing the spread of STIs?
4. Why is early detection important in controlling the spread of STIs?
5. Besides safe sexual practices, what other preventive measures are mentioned in the
passage for combating STIs?
into the passage:
i. combating
ii. oral
iii. infections
iv. screenings
v. comprehensive
28
DESTRUCTION OF WATER BODIES IN GHANA
A LOOMING ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
The destruction of water bodies is a pressing environmental issue in Ghana, significantly

impacting the nation's ecological balance, public health, and socio-economic development.
The degradation of water bodies is primarily attributed to illegal small-scale mining, also
known as "galamsey," as well as improper waste disposal and deforestation.
Illegal small-scale mining involves the use of hazardous chemicals such as mercury and
cyanide to extract minerals like gold from riverbeds and banks. These practices contaminate
water sources, posing a serious threat to aquatic life and endangering the health of
communities relying on these water bodies for drinking, agriculture, and fishing. Improper
waste disposal, including the discharge of untreated industrial effluents and solid waste into
rivers and lakes, exacerbates water pollution. The accumulation of pollutants not only
affects aquatic ecosystems but also disrupts the balance of the entire environment.
Deforestation, often linked to mining and agricultural expansion, worsens the situation by
reducing vegetation cover that acts as a natural buffer to filter pollutants from reaching water
bodies. Soil erosion from deforested areas further contributes to sedimentation in rivers and
lakes, leading to reduced water quality and increased susceptibility to flooding.
Efforts to combat the destruction of water bodies include stricter regulations and
enforcement to curb illegal mining and punish polluters. Public awareness campaigns
educate communities about the importance of proper waste disposal and the preservation of
water bodies. Additionally, reforestation initiatives aim to restore vegetation and improve
water catchment areas.
Collaboration between government bodies, non-governmental organizations, local
communities, and the private sector is essential in finding sustainable solutions to protect
Ghana's precious water resources and ensure a healthier environment for all.
29
Questions
1. What are the main causes of the destruction of water bodies in Ghana?
2. How does illegal small-scale mining contribute to water pollution?
3. Explain how deforestation exacerbates the degradation of water bodies.
4. What are the consequences of water pollution on aquatic life and communities?
5. How can collaboration among various stakeholders help address the issue of water body
destruction?
into the passage:
i. hazardous
ii. exacerbate
iii. worsens
iv. curb
v. healthier
30
ENHANCING ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
EMPOWERING GHANA'S FUTURE GENERATION
Adolescent reproductive health is a critical aspect of public health in Ghana, aiming to

empower young individuals with the knowledge, skills, and resources needed to make
informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive well-being. Addressing adolescent
reproductive health is essential for promoting a healthy transition into adulthood and
reducing the burden of reproductive health issues.
One of the key components of adolescent reproductive health is comprehensive sexuality
education. Providing accurate and age-appropriate information about puberty, sexuality,
contraception, STIs, and healthy relationships is crucial in guiding adolescents towards
responsible behavior and decision-making.
Access to youth-friendly health services is another critical aspect. Adolescent-friendly
health facilities and clinics create a safe, non-judgmental environment where young people
can seek reproductive health services, including counseling, contraception, and testing for
STIs.
Empowering adolescents, especially girls, with the knowledge and means to delay early
pregnancies is essential. Education and support programs can help girls stay in school and
delay childbirth, leading to better health outcomes for both the mother and child.
Engaging parents, teachers, communities, and the media is crucial in creating a supportive
environment for adolescents. Open communication, reducing stigma, and dispelling myths
and misconceptions about reproductive health are vital steps in fostering understanding and
acceptance.
Moreover, involving young people in policy discussions and program development ensures
that their unique needs and perspectives are considered, leading to more effective and youth-
centric reproductive health initiatives.
31
Questions
1. What are the key objectives of adolescent reproductive health in Ghana, as mentioned in
the passage?
2. What does comprehensive sexuality education encompass, and why is it important for
adolescents?
3. How do youth-friendly health services contribute to improving adolescent reproductive
health?
4. Explain the role of education and support programs in delaying early pregnancies
among adolescents.
5. Why is involving young people in policy discussions and program development crucial
for addressing adolescent reproductive health?
into the passage:
i. transitions
ii. guiding
iii. essential
iv. dispelling
v. fostering
32
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GHANA
EMPOWERING INNOVATORS AND DRIVERS OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH
Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and development in Ghana, playing a

crucial role in job creation, poverty reduction, and technological advancements.
Encouraging a culture of entrepreneurship is vital for harnessing the innovative potential of
Ghanaians and fostering sustainable economic prosperity.
One of the main initiatives to promote entrepreneurship in Ghana is providing access to
finance and funding opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs. Accessible loans, grants,
venture capital, and government-sponsored schemes can help startups and small businesses
establish themselves and grow sustainably.
Entrepreneurship education and training are equally essential in equipping individuals with
the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed in the business world. Universities,
institutions, and organizations offer training programs, workshops, and mentorship
opportunities to nurture entrepreneurial talent and foster a supportive ecosystem.
Government policies that support entrepreneurship, such as tax incentives, simplified
business registration processes, and industry-specific regulations, create an enabling
environment for businesses to thrive. These policies aim to reduce barriers to entry,
encourage investment, and stimulate economic growth. Promoting innovation and
technology adoption is another critical aspect of fostering entrepreneurship. Embracing
digital transformation, encouraging research and development, and supporting tech startups
can drive competitiveness and position Ghana as a hub for innovation.
Collaborations and networking opportunities, both locally and internationally, offer
platforms for entrepreneurs to connect, learn, and collaborate. Entrepreneurial networks,
incubators, and accelerators provide invaluable support, mentorship, and resources to
emerging startups.
33
Questions
1. What are the key benefits of promoting entrepreneurship in Ghana, as mentioned in the
passage?
2. How does access to finance contribute to the success of entrepreneurs and startups?
3. Explain the importance of entrepreneurship education and training for aspiring business
owners.
4. How do government policies support the growth of entrepreneurship in Ghana?
5. What role does innovation and technology play in fostering entrepreneurship and
economic growth?
into the passage:
i. crucial
ii. aspiring
iii. nurture
iv. thrive
v. emerging
34
PRIORITIZING HEALTH THROUGH EXERCISE AND DIET
A HOLISTIC APPROACH
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise and a balanced diet is crucial for
overall well-being. In Ghana, adopting healthy habits related to exercise and diet is vital for
preventing chronic diseases, improving mental health, and enhancing the quality of life.
Exercise is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle. Engaging in regular physical activity, such
as aerobic exercises, strength training, or even simple activities like walking or cycling,
helps in managing weight, strengthening muscles and bones, and reducing the risk of
chronic illnesses like heart disease and diabetes.
Incorporating a well-rounded diet is equally important. A balanced diet should include a
variety of foods from all food groups, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins,
and healthy fats. Proper nutrition provides essential nutrients needed for growth, energy,
and overall health.
Traditional Ghanaian foods can be a part of a healthy diet. Foods like grains (e.g., rice,
maize), legumes (e.g., beans, lentils), vegetables (e.g., okra, spinach), fruits (e.g., mangoes,
bananas), and lean proteins (e.g., fish, poultry) are commonly consumed and contribute to
a well-balanced meal.
Hydration is often overlooked but critical for good health. Drinking an adequate amount of
water throughout the day is essential for maintaining bodily functions, supporting digestion,
and keeping the body hydrated.
Regular health check-ups and consultations with healthcare professionals are important to
monitor progress, get personalized advice, and address any health concerns. It's essential to
consult a healthcare provider before making significant changes to exercise routines or diet
plans, especially for those with pre-existing health conditions.
35
Questions
1. How does regular exercise contribute to a healthy lifestyle, as mentioned in the
passage?
2. Describe the components of a well-rounded, balanced diet.
3. How can traditional Ghanaian foods be incorporated into a healthy diet?
4. What are the benefits of staying hydrated, and how does it affect health?
5. Why is it important to consult a healthcare professional before making significant
changes to exercise or diet?
into the passage:
i. chronic
ii. traditional
iii. consumed
iv. critical
v. monitor
36
ADDRESSING BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION IN GHANA
A CALL FOR TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Bribery and corruption are pressing social issues in Ghana that undermine the country's
progress, erode public trust, and hinder socio-economic development. Tackling these
challenges requires concerted efforts from both the government and civil society to promote
transparency, accountability, and a culture of integrity.
Bribery, the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value as a means to
influence the actions of an individual or entity, is a common form of corruption in Ghana.
It is prevalent in various sectors, including education, healthcare, law enforcement, and
public services. The consequences of bribery can be far-reaching, leading to an unequal
distribution of resources and a breakdown of trust in public institutions.
Efforts to combat bribery and corruption involve strengthening anti-corruption laws and
institutions. The creation of specialized anti-corruption agencies, such as the Commission
on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Economic and Organized
Crime Office (EOCO), demonstrates the commitment of the Ghanaian government to
address these issues. Public awareness campaigns and education play a crucial role in
changing attitudes and behaviors towards bribery and corruption. Raising awareness about
the detrimental effects of corruption on society and promoting ethical values and integrity
from an early age can help cultivate a sense of responsibility and accountability among
citizens. Enhancing transparency and accountability within both the public and private
sectors is essential. Implementing mechanisms like open government initiatives, digital
platforms for reporting corruption, and encouraging citizen engagement in decision-making
processes can promote accountability and reduce opportunities for corrupt practices.
Lastly, enforcing stringent penalties for those involved in bribery and corruption sends a
strong message that such actions will not be tolerated. Holding individuals accountable for
their actions helps deter potential wrongdoers and demonstrates a commitment to upholding
the rule of law and promoting a just society.
37
Questions
1. Define bribery and explain its prevalence in various sectors of Ghanaian society.
2. How can public awareness campaigns contribute to reducing bribery and corruption?
3. Describe the role of specialized anti-corruption agencies in addressing corruption in
Ghana.
4. What are the benefits of enhancing transparency and accountability in combating
corruption?
5. Why is enforcing penalties and holding individuals accountable crucial in the fight
against bribery and corruption?
into the passage:
i. erodes
ii. tackling
iii. demonstrates
iv. practices
v. deter
38
ADVANCING EDUCATION IN GHANA
EMPOWERING MINDS, SHAPING FUTURES
Education is a fundamental pillar for national development and individual empowerment in

Ghana. Efforts to improve and expand education across the country are essential for
fostering a knowledgeable, skilled workforce and a brighter future for all Ghanaians.
Universal access to quality education is a key goal in Ghana. The government, along with
various stakeholders, is working to ensure that every child, regardless of socioeconomic
background or location, has the opportunity to receive a proper education. Initiatives like
the Free Senior High School (SHS) policy aim to eliminate financial barriers to education
and increase enrollment rates. Teacher training and professional development are vital
aspects of enhancing the quality of education. Equipping educators with the necessary skills,
knowledge, and teaching methods ensures that students receive a high standard of education.
Continuous training also allows teachers to adapt to evolving educational needs and
technologies.
Promoting STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education is
crucial to prepare students for the demands of the modern workforce. Encouraging interest
in STEM subjects from an early age and providing resources and facilities for STEM
learning can help bridge the skills gap and foster innovation and technological advancement.
Integration of technology into education is becoming increasingly important. E-learning
platforms, digital resources, and online courses offer flexible learning opportunities and can
reach students in remote areas. Embracing technology in education enhances access to
information and promotes interactive and engaging learning experiences. Partnerships and
collaborations between the government, private sector, NGOs, and international
organizations are instrumental in advancing education in Ghana. These collaborations bring
in expertise, funding, and innovative solutions that can contribute to addressing various
challenges in the education sector.
39
Questions
1. Why is universal access to quality education important for Ghana's development?
2. How does the Free Senior High School (SHS) policy contribute to improving education
in Ghana?
3. Explain the significance of STEM education in preparing students for the future.
4. How can technology integration enhance the educational landscape in Ghana?
5. Describe the role of partnerships and collaborations in advancing education in the
country.
into the passage:
i. universal
ii. barriers
iii. bridge
iv. integration
v. students
40
UNLOCKING GHANA'S TOURISM POTENTIAL
A JOURNEY TO CULTURAL RICHES AND NATURAL WONDERS
Tourism is a burgeoning industry in Ghana, offering a rich tapestry of cultural heritage,

diverse landscapes, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. The country has been
increasingly recognized as a prime tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the
world to explore its unique attractions and experiences. Ghana's diverse cultural heritage is
a major draw for tourists. The country is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own
distinct traditions, festivals, music, and art. Cultural events such as the Ashanti Durbar,
Homowo Festival, and Hogbetsotso Festival provide visitors with a fascinating glimpse into
Ghana's rich cultural tapestry.
The historical significance of Ghana, particularly its role in the transatlantic slave trade,
makes it a significant destination for heritage tourism. Sites such as Cape Coast Castle,
Elmina Castle, and the slave market in Salaga offer sobering insights into the country's
history and its connections to the global African diaspora.
Ghana's natural beauty also captivates tourists. The country boasts diverse landscapes,
including pristine beaches along the Atlantic coast, lush rainforests, picturesque waterfalls
like Wli Falls, and savannas teeming with wildlife in national parks like Mole National Park.
Eco-tourism is on the rise in Ghana, with travelers seeking sustainable and responsible travel
experiences. Community-based tourism initiatives offer tourists the opportunity to engage
with local communities, learn about their way of life, and contribute to their economic
development. Efforts to promote tourism include marketing campaigns, infrastructure
development, and improving tourist facilities and services. Collaboration between the
government, private sector, and local communities is key to ensuring the sustainable growth
of the tourism industry in Ghana.
41
Questions
1. What are some key attractions that make Ghana an appealing tourist destination?
2. Describe the significance of cultural festivals in attracting tourists to Ghana.
3. How does Ghana's history, particularly its connection to the transatlantic slave trade,
contribute to heritage tourism?
4. What natural landscapes and attractions in Ghana are mentioned in the passage, and
why are they appealing to tourists?
5. Explain the concept of eco-tourism and its growing importance in Ghana's tourism
sector.
into the passage:
i. visitors
ii. glimpse
iii. numerous
iv. pristine
v. facilities
42
TECHNOLOGY IN GHANA
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE AND DRIVING PROGRESS
Technology is a transformative force in Ghana, rapidly evolving to play a significant role in

various aspects of society, including education, healthcare, commerce, and communication.
Embracing technology is crucial for bridging the digital divide, fostering innovation, and
propelling the nation towards economic growth and development.
Access to the internet and digital devices is a primary focus in Ghana's tech landscape. The
government, in collaboration with private sector entities, is working to expand internet
infrastructure and connectivity, especially in rural and underserved areas. Initiatives such as
"e-Ghana Project" and "Ghana Investment Fund for Electronic Communication (GIFEC)"
aim to ensure more people have access to the internet and digital services.
E-government initiatives seek to enhance public service delivery through the integration of
technology. Online platforms for government services, digital identity systems, and mobile
applications streamline processes, reduce bureaucracy, and improve transparency and
efficiency in public administration.
The rise of FinTech (Financial Technology) in Ghana is reshaping the financial sector.
Mobile money platforms, digital banking services, and payment apps are making financial
transactions more accessible and convenient for the population, especially the unbanked and
underbanked segments. Incorporating technology in education is a priority to improve
learning outcomes. E-learning platforms, digital classrooms, and educational apps offer
innovative ways of learning and skill development, empowering the youth with digital
literacy and preparing them for the future workforce.
The tech ecosystem in Ghana is thriving, with a burgeoning community of startups,
innovators, and tech hubs. Incubators and accelerators support entrepreneurs, providing
mentorship, funding opportunities, and a conducive environment for tech-driven ideas to
flourish.
43
Questions
How is the Ghanaian government promoting internet accessibility, especially in rural
areas?
What role does e-government play in improving public service delivery in Ghana?
How is FinTech reshaping the financial sector in Ghana, and what are the key
advancements in this domain?
In what ways is technology integrated into education to enhance learning outcomes in
Ghana?
How are tech hubs and incubators contributing to the growth of the tech ecosystem in
Ghana?
into the passage:
i. rapidly
ii. embracing
iii. expand
iv. priority
v. burgeoning
44
SUB-STRAND 2: SUMMARY
Summarizing is the process of condensing a larger piece of text, such as an article, book,
or speech, into a concise and coherent form while retaining the main ideas, key points, and
essential details. It involves presenting the essential information in a clear and condensed
manner, making it easier for readers to grasp the main message without going through the
entire original text.
COMPONENTS OF A GOOD SUMMARY
A good summary typically includes the following components:
Main Idea or Thesis Statement: Clearly convey the primary point or argument of the
original text.
Key Points: Highlight the main supporting ideas, concepts, or arguments that reinforce the
main idea.
Conciseness: Express the content in a brief and clear manner, avoiding unnecessary details
or tangential information.
Clarity and Coherence: Ensure the summary is easy to understand and logically organized,
maintaining the flow of the original content.
No Personal Opinions or Interpretations: Stick to objective reporting of the author's ideas
without injecting personal opinions or interpretations.
Accurate Representation: Present an accurate reflection of the original text's content
without distorting the meaning or context.
Use of Own Words: Rewrite the information using your own words while maintaining the
integrity and intent of the original message.
Omission of Examples and Illustrations: Exclude specific examples, anecdotes, or
illustrative content unless they are crucial to understanding the main points.
Avoid Quotations: Do not use direct quotes from the original text in a summary; paraphrase
instead.
Appropriate Length: Keep the summary proportionate to the length and complexity of the
original text, typically much shorter.
Creating a summary that incorporates these elements allows for a clear, accurate, and
succinct representation of the original content. Examples of paragraphs that are summarized
using the elements of summary is presented below:
Paragraph 1
Chieftaincy conflicts arise due to disputes over traditional leadership and authority within a
community or region. These conflicts often stem from disagreements over succession,
boundaries, or land rights. The competition for power and influence among different
factions within the community can escalate tensions, leading to confrontations, legal battles,
and in some cases, violence. Chieftaincy conflicts can have significant social, cultural, and
economic impacts on the affected communities, disrupting harmony and impeding
development initiatives.
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Summary
Chieftaincy conflicts are disputes over traditional leadership and authority, often arising
from succession, land, or boundary disagreements within a community. These conflicts can
disrupt communities, leading to confrontations and hindering development.
Paragraph 2
Poor economic governance refers to a situation where the mechanisms and practices for
managing and regulating economic activities within a country are inefficient, corrupt, or
lacking in transparency. This can manifest in various ways, such as unequal distribution of
resources, lack of accountability, inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations, and
limited access to economic opportunities for certain groups. It hampers economic growth,
deters investment, and can perpetuate poverty and social inequalities, creating a challenging
environment for sustainable development.
Summary
Poor economic governance denotes inefficient, corrupt, or opaque mechanisms regulating
economic activities, resulting in unequal resource distribution, lack of accountability, and
limited opportunities. It impedes economic growth, investment, and perpetuates poverty and
social inequalities.
Paragraph 3
The pervasive use of social media has brought about detrimental effects on education.
Students often find themselves distracted by the constant notifications, messages, and
updates from various social platforms, diverting their focus from academic tasks. Excessive
use of social media can lead to decreased productivity, diminished attention spans, and
hindered critical thinking skills. Moreover, students may fall prey to misinformation or
inaccurate educational content on social media, undermining the quality and accuracy of
their learning experiences. The blurring of lines between social and educational time can
encroach upon study hours and adversely impact academic performance.
Summary
Social media's widespread usage negatively impacts education by causing distractions,
reducing productivity, diminishing attention spans, and potentially exposing students to
misinformation. The blurred boundaries between social and educational time can also lead
to a decline in academic performance.
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ASSESSMENT
SUMMARISE THE FOLLOWING PASSAGES
Passage 1
"Amidst a canvas of stars, the moon glows, illuminating the quiet night. Crickets chirp a
lullaby, and the world seems to rest under a peaceful blanket. A moment of tranquil beauty
in the vast cosmos."
Passage 2
"Inside a grand library, shelves tower with books, each a repository of knowledge and
imagination. The hushed whispers of readers and the occasional turning of pages create an
ambiance of intellectual exploration and discovery."
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STRAND 3: GRAMMAR USAGE
SUB-STRAND: GRAMMAR
UNDERSTANDING NOUNS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
COMMON NOUNS
Common nouns are general names for people, places, things, or ideas. They're not specific
to particular individuals or entities and aren't typically capitalized unless they begin a
sentence. For example, "dog" is a common noun, whereas "Fido" is a proper noun, as it
refers to a specific dog. Common nouns are essential for everyday communication and form
the foundation of language. Example of a paragraph using Common nouns:
Example 1: On a sunny day, the city park was filled with families enjoying the outdoors.
Children played on the swings, parents sat on benches chatting, and cyclists rode along the
winding paths. Birds chirped merrily, adding to the pleasant ambiance. The city had invested
in maintaining several parks like this one, providing spaces for relaxation and recreation.
PROPER NOUNS
Proper nouns are specific names for unique individuals, places, or things, always capitalized.
Examples include "John" (a person), "New York" (a place), and "Toyota" (a brand).
Example of a paragraph using Proper nouns:
Example 1: During her travels, Sarah visited Paris, the capital of France. She marveled at
the majestic Eiffel Tower, a symbol of the city. Sarah wandered through the Louvre
Museum, gazing at famous artworks like the Mona Lisa. In the evenings, she dined at
exquisite restaurants, savoring French cuisine. Paris left a lasting impression, and Sarah
cherished the memories she made in this beautiful city.
Example 2: Kwesi, an avid explorer, embarked on a fascinating journey along the coastal
regions of Ghana. His adventure began in the historic Cape Coast, where he toured the
haunting dungeons of the Cape Coast Castle, reflecting on Ghana's poignant past. He then
ventured to the lively fishing community of Elmina, captivated by the bustling activity at
the Elmina Castle and the vibrant fishing boats lining the coast. The journey continued to
Kakum National Park, where Kwesi braved the canopy walkway, offering breathtaking
views of the lush rainforest.
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns refer to items that can be counted as distinct units. They have both singular
and plural forms. For example, "dog" (singular) and "dogs" (plural). You can say "one dog"
or "five dogs."
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns denote things that can't be easily counted or separated into distinct units.
They usually represent substances, concepts, or abstract ideas. Examples include "water,"
"happiness," and "information." You can't say "one water" or "two information"; instead,
you might use words like "some" or "a lot of." Example of some paragraphs using Countable
and Uncountable nouns:
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Example 1: I bought two books at the bookstore yesterday. The knowledge contained in
those books fascinated me. Additionally, I picked up some information about local events.
It was exciting to find out about the upcoming concerts and exhibitions. Later, I met a friend
for coffee and we discussed our plans for the weekend. We sipped on some delicious coffee
while sharing a couple of stories.
Example 2: As a baker, I bake many loaves of bread daily. The aroma of freshly baked
bread fills the air, tempting customers passing by. They often buy a few slices to enjoy with
their meals. I also offer some advice on baking, sharing my passion for this craft. Flour, a
key ingredient, is carefully measured for each batch. The joy of creating tasty treats for my
customers is unparalleled.
Example 3: The sun slowly dipped below the horizon, painting the sky with vibrant hues of
orange and pink. A gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the towering oak trees, providing a
soothing soundtrack to the peaceful evening. Children laughed and played on the
playground, their giggles echoing through the park. Nearby, a couple sat on a weathered
bench, enjoying the serene beauty of the park as the river flowed by. A colorful kite soared
high in the air, tethered to a child's hand, dancing with the wind.
Example 4: In the bustling market, vendors displayed an array of fruits and vegetables on
wooden stalls. The scent of freshly baked bread wafted from a nearby bakery, tempting
passersby. Shoppers filled their baskets with ripe apples, juicy oranges, and crisp lettuce.
The sound of a ringing bell announced the arrival of the ice cream truck, attracting a line of
eager children. A street performer played a lively tune on his guitar, drawing a small crowd
with their eyes fixed on the rhythmic strumming.
CONCRETE NOUNS
Concrete nouns are tangible, physical entities that you can perceive through your senses—
things you can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste. Examples include "table," "tree," and "apple."
They contrast with abstract nouns, which represent concepts or ideas that can't be physically
sensed, like "love" or "freedom."
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

Plural forms of nouns indicate more than one of a particular entity. The way a noun forms
its plural depends on its ending, and there are several rules to follow:
Regular Plurals: For most nouns, simply add "s" to the singular form:
Singular: cat, dog, book
Plural: cats, dogs, books
Plurals Ending in S, X, Z, CH, SH: Add "es" to the singular form:

Singular: bus, box, quiz, church, dish
Plural: buses, boxes, quizzes, churches, dishes
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Plurals Ending in Y (after a vowel): Simply add "s":
Singular: toy, boy, day
Plural: toys, boys, days
IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

Irregular plural forms of nouns don't follow the typical rules for creating plurals in English
(like adding "s" or "es"). Instead, they have unique forms. Here are some examples of
irregular plural forms:
Singular: Child / Plural: Children
Singular: Foot / Plural: Feet
Singular: Tooth / Plural: Teeth
Singular: Mouse / Plural: Mice
Singular: Goose / Plural: Geese
Singular: Person / Plural: People
Singular: Leaf / Plural: Leaves
Singular: Fish / Plural: Fish (or fishes)
These irregular plural forms have historical or linguistic reasons for their unique changes.
It's important to remember these irregular forms to use correct pluralization in English. Let
me know if there's anything else you'd like to learn or explore!
DETERMINERS ATTACHED TO NOUNS

In English, nouns and determiners are typically not separated, and they are not usually
capitalized together. Determiners are words like "the," "a," "an," "this," "my," "her," etc.,
which come before a noun to specify or clarify it.
However, in some cases, proper nouns (which are always capitalized) may include
determiners as part of their formal name. For example: "The United States" is the proper
noun here, and it includes the determiner "the". In formal writing, both parts are capitalized
because "The United States" is a specific and unique entity.
Similar to the example above, "The Netherlands" is a proper noun where the determiner
"the" is part of the name and is capitalized accordingly.
These are cases where a determiner is an integral part of the proper noun, so both parts are
capitalized together. However, in general sentences, determiners and nouns are not
capitalized together unless they begin a sentence.
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ASSESSMENT
Proper Nouns Assessment
1. Provide three examples of proper nouns related to cities.
2. Write a proper noun related to a famous historical figure.
3. List two proper nouns associated with specific countries.
4. Offer an example of a proper noun that represents a well-known company or brand.
5. Mention a proper noun connected to a famous landmark or monument.
Common Nouns Identification Assessment

1. Identify the common noun in the sentence: "The dog chased the ball in the park."
2. Point out the common noun in this sentence: "Books are a great source of knowledge."
3. Find the common noun in the sentence: "She enjoys eating ice cream."
4. Name the common noun in this sentence: "Children play in the playground."
5. Identify the common noun in this sentence: "My brother likes to read books."
Countable Nouns True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Countable nouns can be expressed in plural forms.
2. True or False: Countable nouns can be preceded by "many."
3. True or False: Countable nouns are individual items that can be counted.
4. True or False: Countable nouns can use "fewer" to indicate a smaller quantity.
5. True or False: Countable nouns cannot be used with numbers.
Uncountable Nouns True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Uncountable nouns can be expressed in plural forms.
2. True or False: Uncountable nouns refer to things that can be counted individually.
3. True or False: Uncountable nouns are typically tangible and can be seen or touched.
4. True or False: Uncountable nouns cannot be used with numbers.
5. True or False: Uncountable nouns can use "many" to indicate a larger quantity.
Uncountable Nouns Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. Please pour _______ into the bowl for the recipe.
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2. He has a lot of _______ in his cup.
3. We need to buy more _______ for the event.
4. Can you pass me the _______?
5. She enjoys listening to _______.
PRONOUNS
UNDERSTANDING PRONOUNS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
Pronouns are words used to replace nouns or noun phrases, simplifying and enhancing the
clarity of sentences. They help in avoiding redundancy by referring to someone or
something previously mentioned without using the same specific noun repeatedly. Pronouns
can also refer to individuals or things not explicitly stated. Here are some common types of
pronouns:
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
These refer to specific people or things. Examples include "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we,"
and "they."
Paragraph: She went to the store, and she bought some groceries. Then, she went to visit
her friend. While at her friend's place, she realized that they had met before. It was a
pleasant surprise to see them again.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
These demonstrate ownership or possession. Examples include "mine," "yours," "his,"
"hers," "its," "ours," and "theirs."
Paragraph: The pen is mine, not yours. I found it, so it belongs to me. This is his book,
and that one is hers. It's important to respect other people's belongings, whether they are
ours, theirs, or someone else's.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
These introduce relative clauses and connect them to a noun. Examples include "who,"
"whom," "whose," "which," and "that."
Paragraph: The artist who painted that masterpiece is very talented. The brush that he used
is a family heirloom. Whose painting is this? Which of these paintings is your favorite?
The one that caught my eye is truly impressive.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
These refer back to the subject of a sentence and emphasize that person or thing. Examples
include "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and
"themselves."
Paragraph: I prepared the presentation myself. He fixed the car himself. She decorated the
room herself. We organized the event ourselves. They handled the situation themselves.
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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
These are used to ask questions. Examples include "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and
"what."
Paragraph: Who is coming to the party? To whom did you give the invitation? Whose idea
was it to have the gathering at this venue? What time is the event? Which snacks should
we order?
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
These point to specific persons or things. Examples include "this," "that," "these," and
"those."
Paragraph: I prefer this style, while that one is not to my liking. Can you hand me those
paints? These are the shades I need. Pay attention to this technique; it's essential for the
project.
Pronouns are essential for efficient and clear communication, reducing repetition and
maintaining fluidity in writing and speech.
ASSESSMENT
Pronouns Identification Assessment
1. Identify the pronoun in the sentence: "She is coming to the party."
2. In the sentence, "This is mine," identify the pronoun and its type.
3. Point out the pronoun in this sentence: "We will meet you there."
4. Name the pronoun in the sentence: "He likes ice cream."
5. Identify the pronoun in the sentence: "I saw her at the mall."
Pronouns Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. They __________ going to the beach.
2. The book is _______.
3. Please pass _______ the salt.
4. I enjoy reading, and _______ do my friends.
5. She gave _______ a gift.
Pronouns True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things.
2. True or False: Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession.
3. True or False: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things.
4. True or False: Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses.
5. True or False: Reflexive pronouns always end in "-self" or "-selves."
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ADJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING ADJECTIVES IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun by providing more
information about its characteristics, qualities, or attributes. Adjectives help to give a clearer
picture or add details to the noun they describe, enhancing the understanding of what is
being referred to. They can describe various aspects such as size, color, shape, condition,
origin, and more.
Adjectives play a crucial role in painting vivid images with words and are an essential part
of creating engaging and descriptive language. Adjectives help make our writing more
expressive and engaging, allowing readers to better visualize and understand the subject.
They are a fundamental part of language and play a crucial role in effective communication.
Here are a few examples of adjectives in sentences:
1. The blue sky is clear.
2. She has a beautiful voice.
3. He bought a large pizza.
In these examples, "blue," "beautiful," and "large" are adjectives describing the nouns "sky,"
"voice," and "pizza" respectively.
Adjectives that directly come before nouns, often known as attributive adjectives, provide
more information or details about the noun they modify. They help to create a vivid and
specific image of the noun they are describing. Here are examples using different topics in
short passages:
1. Technology: The sleek smartphone featured an impressive camera, capturing stunning
photographs. With its efficient processor, it ensured a seamless user experience.
2. Nature: The majestic mountain stood tall, its snowy peak touching the sky. A crystal-
clear stream flowed beside the lush green valley, creating a peaceful scene.
3. Cuisine: The aromatic spices filled the kitchen as the chef prepared a flavorful curry.
The dish was garnished with fresh herbs, adding a vibrant touch to the presentation.
4. Travel: The picturesque village was nestled in a serene valley, surrounded by towering
trees. It was a charming destination that offered a unique cultural experience.
5. Sports: The agile athlete showcased exceptional skills, maneuvering through the
energetic crowd. The team's solid defense ensured a victorious game.
In each example, the adjectives directly precede the nouns, providing additional information
and enhancing the description of the subject.
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM

The order of adjectives refers to the specific sequence in which multiple adjectives are used
to describe a noun. When using multiple adjectives to modify a noun, native English
speakers tend to follow a conventional order that flows smoothly and sounds natural to the
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ear. This order is based on the type or category of the adjective and generally follows a
specific pattern. The typical order of adjectives is as follows:
1. Determiner/Quantifier: Words like "a," "an," "the," "several," "many," "some," etc.,
which provide information about quantity or possession.
2. Observation/Opinion: Adjectives expressing an opinion or observation, such as
"beautiful," "interesting," "delicious," etc.
3. Size: Adjectives describing the size of the noun, such as "small," "big," "tiny," etc.
4. Shape: Adjectives indicating the shape of the noun, like "round," "square," "circular,"
etc.
5. Age: Adjectives denoting the age of the noun, such as "old," "new," "ancient," etc.
6. Color: Adjectives describing the color of the noun, like "blue," "red," "green," etc.
7. Origin: Adjectives indicating the origin or source of the noun, such as "American,"
"Chinese," "French," etc.
8. Material: Adjectives identifying the material of which the noun is made, like "wooden,"
"metallic," "plastic," etc.
9. Qualifier: Other general-purpose adjectives that may provide additional information,
such as "hot," "cold," "fast," "slow," etc.
Remember, not every noun will have all these types of adjectives describing it, and some
adjectives may not fit neatly into these categories. However, following this order generally
produces natural-sounding and grammatically correct English.
To identify the order of adjectives, analyze the adjectives in a sentence describing a noun
and arrange them according to the order mentioned above. For instance, "a beautiful small
antique wooden table" follows the order: determiner (a), opinion (beautiful), size (small),
age (antique), material (wooden), describing a table.
The following are 3 examples of passages incorporating order of adjectives
Passage 1
As the sun dipped below the horizon, casting a warm glow across the bustling market in
Kumasi, vendors displayed their colorful wares. A group of elderly women sat under a
large, ancient baobab tree, offering fresh produce. Nearby, a skilled young craftsman
showcased intricately carved, small wooden sculptures. The air was filled with the
delicious aroma of spicy, sizzling kebabs. Amidst the lively atmosphere, children ran
around, playing with worn-out, handmade soccer balls, creating a lively and vibrant scene.
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Passage 2
During the vibrant Homowo festival in Accra, families gathered to celebrate. They wore
beautiful, colorful traditional attire, symbolizing unity and heritage. The air was filled with
the rhythmic beat of traditional, energetic drumming. Dancers gracefully moved in long,
synchronized rows, showcasing their unique cultural moves. The event was a harmonious
blend of old and new, traditional and modern, encapsulating the spirit of unity and
festivity.
Passage 3
In a serene, remote village nestled within the lush, green hills of the Eastern Region, the
community lived a simple, contented life. The children played with old, patched footballs
in the wide, open fields. The women skillfully wove intricate, beautiful Kente cloth using
vibrant, natural dyes. Elderly men sat under the shade of a large, centuries-old tree,
sharing stories of their past. The villagers cherished their close-knit, peaceful existence,
embodying the true essence of traditional Ghanaian culture.
Examples of passages that use order of adjectives wrongly and their corrected
forms
Passage 1
Wrong Order: In the bustling, Japanese Tokyo, a woman admired beautiful, cherry
blooming trees. She sipped hot, green traditional tea and observed serene, tranquil gardens.
A young, ambitious artist sketched a vibrant, colorful, Geisha performing.
Corrected Order: In bustling Tokyo, a Japanese woman admired beautiful cherry
blooming trees. She sipped traditional hot green tea and observed serene tranquil gardens.
A young ambitious artist sketched a colorful vibrant Geisha performing.
Passage 2
Wrong Order: During the lively, Ghanaian festival, people wore bright, traditional, Kente
clothing. The rhythmic, energetic, cultural drumming filled the festive, vibrant air. Dancers
moved in synchronized, long, rows.
Corrected Order: During the lively Ghanaian festival, people wore traditional bright Kente
clothing. The energetic rhythmic cultural drumming filled the vibrant festive air. Dancers
moved in long synchronized rows.
Passage 3
Wrong Order: In the serene, small, Ghanaian village, the friendly, old, local man shared
fascinating, historical stories. The delicious, local, spicy aroma filled the air of a busy, open,
local market.
Corrected Order: In the small serene Ghanaian village, the friendly local old man shared
fascinating historical stories. The local spicy delicious aroma filled the air of a busy open
local market.
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Adjectives ending in "ful," "ous," and "less"
Adjectives ending in "ful," "ous," and "less" are suffixes that modify nouns, conveying
specific qualities or characteristics.
"Ful" Adjectives (expressing full of or having a tendency)

Adjectives ending in "ful" denote being full of a particular quality or possessing a certain
tendency. For example, "graceful" means full of grace, "playful" means full of playfulness,
and "careful" means showing caution and attention.
Example of Adjectives ending in "ful"
1. Joyful: (full of joy) She wore a joyful expression after hearing the good news.
2. Beautiful: (full of beauty) The landscape was truly beautiful with its colorful flowers and
lush greenery.
3. Playful: (inclined to play or frolic) The children were feeling particularly playful on the
sunny afternoon.
4. Thoughtful: (showing consideration and care) He was always thoughtful, considering the
feelings of others.
"Ous" Adjectives (indicating possessing or resembling a quality)

Adjectives ending in "ous" signify possessing or resembling a particular quality. For
instance, "courageous" indicates possessing courage, "dangerous" describes something with
potential danger, and "delicious" means having a delightful taste.
Example of Adjectives ending in "ous"
1. Courageous: (possessing courage) Their bravery during the crisis was truly courageous.
2. Fabulous: (resembling fable; extraordinary) The masquerade featured fabulous costumes
and lively music.
3. Delicious: (having a delightful taste) The meal was absolutely delicious, satisfying
everyone's taste buds.
4. Nauseous: (causing a feeling of sickness or nausea) The smell from the kitchen became
quite nauseous after a while.
"Less" Adjectives (denoting absence or lacking a quality)

Adjectives ending in "less" convey a sense of absence or lacking a specific quality. For
example, "careless" indicates a lack of care or attention, "fearless" means lacking fear, and
"priceless" implies something of such value that it cannot be priced.
Examples of Adjectives ending in "less"
1. Careless: (lacking care or attention) His careless attitude often got him into trouble at
work.
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2. Fearless: (lacking fear) She fearlessly took on challenges, always proving to be fearless.
3. Priceless: (so valuable that its value cannot be determined) The antique was deemed
priceless due to its historical significance.
4. Limitless: (without limits or bounds) Their potential seemed limitless as they continued
to innovate and grow.
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "y," "al," and "ing"

Adjectives ending in "y"
Happy: feeling or showing joy or pleasure
Cloudy: characterized by clouds or overcast skies
Rainy: having or characterized by rain
Sleepy: feeling a need for sleep; drowsy
Adjectives ending in "al"

Cultural: relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society
Emotional: relating to or dealing with emotions
Environmental: relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its
condition
Personal: relating to a particular person; private or individual
Adjectives ending in "ing"

Exciting: causing excitement or stimulating interest
Surprising: causing someone to feel mild astonishment or shock
Soothing: having a calming or comforting effect
Entertaining: providing amusement or enjoyment
ASSESSMENT
Adjectives Identification Assessment
1. Identify the adjective in the sentence: "The blue sky looks beautiful today."
2. In the sentence, "He wore a red hat," name the adjective.
3. Point out the adjective in this sentence: "She has a fast car."
4. Name the adjective in the sentence: "The old book smells musty."
5. Identify the adjective in the sentence: "They live in a large house."
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Adjectives Fill in the Blanks Assessment
1. The __________ flowers bloomed in the garden.
2. She found a _______ kitten by the road.
3. The movie was _______ and exciting.
4. He was feeling _______ after the long walk.
5. The cake was _______ and delicious.
Adjectives True/False Assessment

True or False: Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.
True or False: Adjectives show action.
True or False: Adjectives answer the question "which one" or "what kind."
True or False: Adjectives are always placed after the noun they modify.
True or False: Adjectives can compare different things.
Order of Adjectives Identification Assessment

1. Identify the correct order of adjectives in this phrase: "a stunning Italian painting."
2. In the phrase, "a cozy, little, wooden cottage," name the correct order of adjectives.
3. Point out the proper order of adjectives in this phrase: "a historic, stone-built castle."
4. Name the correct order of adjectives in the phrase: "an elegant, long, silk gown."
5. Identify the correct order of adjectives in this phrase: "a complicated, ancient, Chinese
artifact."
Order of Adjectives True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Adjectives describing opinions usually come before adjectives describing
size.
2. True or False: Adjectives describing material typically come before adjectives describing
opinions.
3. True or False: Adjectives describing size usually come before adjectives describing age.
4. True or False: Adjectives describing age typically come before adjectives describing
color.
5. True or False: Adjectives describing color usually come before adjectives describing
origin.
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ADVERBS
UNDERSTANDING ADVERBS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
An adverb is a word that modifies or provides more information about a verb, adjective,
other adverbs, or an entire sentence. Adverbs often answer questions such as how, when,
where, why, or to what extent an action is performed. They add detail to verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs, enhancing the meaning of the sentence.
Here are the main types of adverbs along with brief explanations:
Adverbs of Manner: It describes how an action is done or the way in which something
happens. Example: She danced gracefully.
Adverbs of Time: it indicates when or how often an action occurs. Example: They arrived
early.
Adverbs of Place: it specifies the location or position of an action or event. Example: He
searched for his keys everywhere.
Adverbs of Frequency: it describes how often an action takes place. Example: They often
go jogging.
Adverbs of Degree/Intensity: it modifies adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs to indicate the
intensity or degree of an action or quality. Example: She is speaking very loudly.
Adverbs of Reason: it explains the cause or reason behind an action. Example: He studied
hard, therefore he passed the exam.
Interrogative Adverbs: It introduce questions and often seek information about the
manner, time, place, reason, or degree. Example: Why are you upset?
Relative Adverbs: it introduces relative clauses and describe a noun's location or time.
Example: I remember the day when we first met.
Conjunctive Adverbs: it connects clauses or ideas to show relationships such as contrast,
comparison, result, etc. Example: She worked hard; however, she didn't succeed.
Understanding these types of adverbs helps in using them effectively to provide more detail
and clarity in writing and speech.
Here are some examples of adverbs modifying phrases and sentences:
Phrases
Phrase 1: A beautiful painting
Adverb Modification: A stunningly beautiful painting
Example: He admired the stunningly beautiful painting in the gallery.
Phrase 2: The talented musician

Adverb Modification: The exceptionally talented musician
Example: The exceptionally talented musician played a captivating melody.
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Phrase 3: An interesting book
Adverb Modification: An incredibly interesting book
Example: She read an incredibly interesting book over the weekend.
Sentences
Sentence: She sings.
Adverb Modification: She sings beautifully.
Example: She sings beautifully in the choir.
Sentence: They speak.

Adverb Modification: They speak fluently.
Example: They speak fluently in multiple languages.
Sentence: They work.

Adverb Modification: They work diligently.
Example: They work diligently to meet the deadline.
In each example, adverbs modify phrases or sentences to add information about the manner,
emphasizing the description and providing a clearer picture of the action or subject.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs as explained earlier. Let’s take time to
explore some adverbs that modify these 3 categories and how they are used.
Here are examples of adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs:
Adverbs Modifying Verbs

Sentence 1: She speaks.
Adverb Modification: She speaks fluently.
Example: She speaks fluently in several languages.
Sentence 2: He runs.
Adverb Modification: He runs swiftly.
Example: He runs swiftly to catch the train.
Sentence 3: They laughed.

Adverb Modification: They laughed heartily.
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Example: They laughed heartily at the comedian's jokes.
Sentence 4: She writes.

Adverb Modification: She writes meticulously.
Example: She writes meticulously to ensure accuracy.
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

Sentence 1: The painting is beautiful.
Adverb Modification: The painting is exceptionally beautiful.
Example: The painting is exceptionally beautiful, capturing everyone's attention.
Sentence 2: The cake is delicious.

Adverb Modification: The cake is absolutely delicious.
Example: The cake is absolutely delicious; it's a crowd favorite.
Sentence 3: The movie was boring.

Adverb Modification: The movie was remarkably boring.
Example: The movie was remarkably boring, disappointing the audience.
Sentence 4: The play was captivating.

Adverb Modification: The play was utterly captivating.
Example: The play was utterly captivating, holding the audience spellbound.
Adverbs Modifying Adverbs

Sentence 1: She ran remarkably quickly.
Adverb Modification: She ran remarkably quickly.
Example: She ran remarkably quickly to catch the bus.
Sentence 2: They danced incredibly well.

Adverb Modification: They danced incredibly well.
Example: They danced incredibly well during the performance.
Sentence 3: She sings quite melodiously.
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Adverb Modification: She sings astoundingly melodiously.
Example: She sings astoundingly melodiously, captivating the audience.
Sentence 4: He reads extremely fast.
Adverb Modification: He reads unbelievably fast.
Example: He reads unbelievably fast, finishing the book in record time.
In each example, the adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing more
specific information about the action, quality, or degree, enhancing the overall meaning of
the sentences.
ASSESSMENT
Types of Adverbs Multiple Choice Assessment
1. What type of adverb answers the question "where"?
a) Manner adverb b) Place adverb c) Time adverb d) Frequency adverb
2. In the sentence, "She sings beautifully," what type of adverb is "beautifully"?
a) Time adverb b) Manner adverb c) Place adverb d) Frequency adverb
3. Choose the adverb that indicates the frequency: "He rarely visits."
a) rarely b) quickly c) here d) yesterday
4. Identify the adverb that indicates manner: "They danced gracefully."
a) gracefully b) now c) nearby d) often
5. What type of adverb answers the question "when"?
a) Time adverb b) Frequency adverb c) Place adverb d) Manner adverb
Types of Adverbs Identification Assessment

1. Identify the adverb in the sentence: "She speaks loudly."
2. In the sentence, "He arrived yesterday," name the adverb.
3. Point out the adverb in this sentence: "She works here."
4. Name the adverb in the sentence: "They walk slowly."
5. Identify the adverb in the sentence: "They will arrive soon."
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Types of Adverbs True/False Assessment
1. True or False: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
2. True or False: Adverbs always answer the question "how."
3. True or False: Time adverbs answer the question "where."
4. True or False: Manner adverbs answer the question "in what way."
CONJUNCTIONS
UNDERSTANDING CONJUNCTIONS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses within a
sentence. Conjunctions help to establish relationships between the connected elements,
such as showing contrast, similarity, cause and effect, or a sequence of events. In this
lesson, we are going to explore coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect elements of equal importance in a sentence.
1. “and” Example: he likes to read and she enjoys painting.
2. “but” Example:She wanted to go out, but it started raining.
3. “or” Example: You can have tea or coffee for breakfast.
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs and work together to connect elements.
1. “either...or” Example: You can choose either the red shirt or the blue one.
2. “both...and” Example: He is both intelligent and hardworking.
3. “neither...nor” Example: Neither the book nor the movie interested her.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions connect an independent clause (a complete sentence) with a
dependent clause (an incomplete thought that cannot stand alone).
1. “although” Example: Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
2. “because” Example: She stayed home because it was snowing heavily.
3. “if” Example: Call me if you need any help.
There are certain adverbs that function as conjunctions to join clauses or sentences,
providing a link between actions, events, or ideas. Here are five examples of sentences using
adverbs that function as conjunctions:
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1. Furthermore, the project was completed ahead of schedule.
In this sentence, "furthermore" functions as an adverb, connecting the completion of the
project to an additional point or circumstance.
2. However, she managed to finish the race.
Here, "however" acts as an adverb connecting the successful completion of the race despite
a potential obstacle.
3. Meanwhile, they prepared for the upcoming exam.
"Meanwhile" functions as an adverb linking the ongoing preparation for the exam with
another event.
4. Moreover, the team celebrated their victory.
In this sentence, "moreover" serves as an adverb linking the team's victory to an additional
point or action.
5. Nevertheless, he persisted in achieving his goals.
"Nevertheless" acts as an adverb linking the persistence in achieving goals despite potential
obstacles or challenges.
In each example, the adverb (e.g., furthermore, however, meanwhile, moreover,
nevertheless) functions as a conjunction, connecting different parts of the sentence and
helping to convey relationships between actions, events, or ideas.
ASSESSMENT
Conjunctions Multiple Choice Assessment
1. Which conjunction is used to indicate a choice or alternative?
a) and b) but c) or d) so
2. In the sentence, "He is tired, _______ he will finish the project," what conjunction fits in
the blank?
a) and b) or c) but d) so
3. Choose the correct conjunction: "She likes tea _______ coffee."
a) and b) but c) or d) because
4. Identify the conjunction in this sentence: "They can go hiking, _______ they need to
prepare."
a) so b) but c) or d) because
5. What conjunction is used to show a reason or cause?
a) but b) or c) so d) and
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Conjunctions Identification Assessment
1. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: "He worked hard, so he succeeded."
2. In the sentence, "She is sick, but she went to work," name the conjunction.
3. Point out the conjunction in this sentence: "He likes both tea and coffee."
4. Name the conjunction in the sentence: "I will go if you come."
5. Identify the conjunction in this sentence: "He is tall yet graceful."
Conjunctions True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
2. True or False: "And" is a conjunction used to show contrast.
3. True or False: "Or" is a conjunction used to indicate a choice.
PREPOSITIONS
UNDERSTANDING PREPOSITIONS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
A preposition is a part of speech that typically shows a relationship between a noun or
pronoun and other words in a sentence. Prepositions often indicate location, direction, time,
or manner. They are used to convey the position of something in relation to another element,
or to provide additional information about an action or event.
Here are examples demonstrating the use of prepositions in various contexts:
TV
1. "The characters in the TV series walked across the bridge."
2. "The superhero flew over the city to rescue people."
Radio
1. "Tune in to our station and listen to the program about technology."
2. "They will discuss the latest news on the radio show."
Social Media
1. "He posted a beautiful picture of the sunset on Instagram."
2. "She commented under the post to express her thoughts."
News
1. "The reporter interviewed the mayor at the city hall."
2. "The earthquake occurred in the northern region."
Home
1. "The keys are on the table."
2. "The cat jumped off the couch."
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Role Play
Student: "Can I borrow a pen for the exam?"
Teacher: "Sure, here's a pen for you."
In these examples, prepositions like "across," "on," "over," "at," "for," "off," "on," "under,"
and "in" indicate various relationships between the nouns or pronouns and other elements,
providing context and clarifying the action or situation.
Prepositions play a crucial role in everyday language, helping to convey precise meanings
and establish clear relationships between different parts of a sentence.
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
Complex prepositions, also known as compound prepositions, are prepositional phrases that
consist of more than one word. They often combine a preposition with another word or
words, usually an adverb, adjective, or noun, to convey a specific meaning or relationship.
Examples are: "in front of," "out of," "at noon," "far from," "about to," "on account of," "in
time of," etc.
Here are some complex prepositions expressed in place, time, reason and concession
Place
1. She found her lost ring hidden behind the old dresser.
2. The hiking trail leads up to a magnificent waterfall.
Time
1. The event is scheduled to start promptly at seven o'clock.
2. The package will be delivered by the end of the week.
Reason
1. She excelled in her exams due to her consistent hard work.
2. He cancelled the trip because of the sudden snowstorm.
Concession
1. Despite her fear of heights, she climbed the mountain for the sake of the breathtaking
view.
2. He joined the meeting in spite of feeling unwell.
In each example, the complex prepositions ("behind," "up to," "at," "by," "due to," "because
of," "for the sake of," "in spite of") help convey specific meanings related to place, time,
reason, or concession.
ASSESSMENT
Prepositions Multiple Choice Assessment
1. In the sentence, "The book is _______ the table," what is the correct preposition?
a) in b) on c) under d) beside
2. Identify the preposition in this sentence: "He walked down the street."
a) down b) walked c) street d) he
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3. Choose the appropriate preposition: "The cat jumped _______ the fence."
a) over b) to c) with d) at
4. In the sentence, "She arrived _______ time," what preposition completes the sentence?
a) at b) for c) in d) with
5. What is the correct preposition: "The bird flew _______ the sky."
a) across b) inside c) during d) under
Prepositions Identification Assessment

1. Identify the preposition in the sentence: "The keys are on the table."
2. In the sentence, "He walked through the forest," name the preposition.
3. Point out the preposition in this sentence: "She is waiting for the bus."
4. Name the preposition in the sentence: "The book is between the shelves."
5. Identify the preposition in this sentence: "The pen is in the drawer."
Prepositions Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. The cat is _______ the couch.
2. She walked _______ the bridge.
3. The flowers are placed _______ the vase.
4. He jumped _______ the river.
5. The keys are _______ the bag.
Prepositions True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Prepositions show the relationship between a noun and another word in the
sentence.
2. True or False: "Above" is a preposition indicating a lower position.
3. True or False: Prepositions always come after verbs.
4. True or False: Prepositions are used to express location or direction.
5. True or False: "During" is a preposition used to indicate a specific time period.
DETERMINERS
UNDERSTANDING DETERMINERS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING
Determiners are words that come before nouns to provide context, specificity, and clarity to
the noun. They indicate whether we are referring to something specific or something more
general. Determiners help in identifying the noun's quantity, possession, definiteness, and
whether it is known or unknown.
We have many types of determiners but we will focus on just three in this level (articles,
possessives, demonstratives). Here are the types of determiners:
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Articles:
Definite Article: "the"
Indefinite Articles: "a" and "an"
Possessives: "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their," etc.
Demonstratives: "this," "that," "these," and "those"
Quantifiers: "all," "some," "many," "few," "several," "each," "every," "no," etc.
Numbers: "one," "two," "three," "first," "second," "last," etc.
Interrogatives: "which," "what," "whose"
Indefinite Pronouns: "another," "some," "any," "none," "neither," "all," "several," etc.
Distributives: "each," "either," "neither," "both"
Relative Determiners: "whose," "which," "what"
ARTICLES
Articles are a type of determiner that provide information about the noun that follows them.
There are two types of articles: definite and indefinite. The definite article "the" specifies a
particular noun that is known or previously mentioned. On the other hand, indefinite articles
"a" and "an" refer to a non-specific or general noun that is not known or mentioned before.
Articles are crucial for conveying whether we are referring to something specific or
something in a more general sense, helping to clarify and specify the context in which the
noun is used.
POSSESSIVES
Possessives are determiners that demonstrate ownership or possession of the noun they
precede. These determiners show to whom or to what something belongs. Common
possessive determiners include "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." They are
used to indicate the relationship or ownership between the noun and the possessor. For
example, "my book" indicates ownership of the book by the speaker. Possessive determiners
are fundamental in specifying possession and providing a clear understanding of
relationships in language.
DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstratives are determiners that point to specific nouns and indicate their relative
position or proximity in space or time. These include words like "this," "that," "these," and
"those." "This" and "these" refer to objects or people that are near or close, while "that" and
"those" refer to objects or people that are farther or more distant. Demonstratives help in
distinguishing and highlighting the objects or individuals being referred to, making
communication more precise and effective by indicating spatial or temporal relationships.
Understanding articles, possessives, and demonstratives is essential for mastering grammar
and effectively conveying ideas and relationships in sentences.
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ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE
In English grammar, a sentence is typically composed of several key elements, each serving
a specific function to convey a complete thought or idea. These elements work together to
structure a sentence effectively. Here are the main elements of a sentence:
SUBJECT
The subject is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or about which
something is being stated in the sentence. It usually answers the question "who" or "what"
is doing the action. Example: "The cat" in "The cat is sleeping."
COMPOSITION OF A SUBJECT
The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or
about which something is being stated. It indicates who or what the sentence is about. The
subject is typically composed of:
Noun: A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., "dog," "Mary," "book").
Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun (e.g., "he," "she," "it," "they").
Noun Phrase: A group of words centered around a noun that function together as the subject
(e.g., "The energetic dog," "My younger sister").
VERB
The verb is the action or state of being that the subject is performing in the sentence. It
conveys what the subject is doing. Example: "is sleeping" in "The cat is sleeping."
OBJECT
The object is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb. It
answers the question "whom" or "what" the action is directed towards. Example: "the
mouse" in "The cat is chasing the mouse."
COMPLEMENT
A complement provides additional information about the subject or object, completing the
meaning of the verb. There are two types of complements:
Subject Complement: Renames or describes the subject. Example: "a doctor" in "She is a
doctor."
Object Complement: Renames or describes the object. Example: "president" in "They
elected her president."
The subject and predicate are the two main components of a sentence, and they work
together to form a complete thought. Here's a breakdown of each:
COMPOSITION OF A PREDICATE
The predicate of a sentence provides information about the subject, describing what the
subject is doing or the state it is in. It usually includes the verb and may include other
elements that give more detail about the action or state. The predicate is typically composed
of:
Verb: The action or state of being performed by the subject (e.g., "run," "eat," "is,"
"became").
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Objects: The nouns or pronouns that receive the action of the verb (direct object) or provide
more information about the action (indirect object). Objects are part of the predicate (e.g.,
"the book" in "He read the book").
Complements: Words or phrases that complete the meaning of the verb and provide more
information about the subject or object (e.g., "a teacher" in "She is a teacher").
In summary, the subject is what or who the sentence is about and is typically composed of
a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. The predicate provides information about the subject,
including the action, and is typically composed of a verb, objects, and complements.
Understanding the composition of both the subject and predicate helps in constructing clear
and grammatically correct sentences.
COMPOUND SENTENCES
Here are some compound sentences where independent clauses are joined using
coordinating conjunctions:
1. Independent Clauses: "She likes to read mystery novels." & "He prefers science fiction."
Compound Sentence: She likes to read mystery novels, but he prefers science fiction.
2. Independent Clauses: "The sun was shining brightly." & "The children played outside."
Compound Sentence: The sun was shining brightly, and the children played outside.
3. Independent Clauses: "They studied hard for the exam." & "They aced it."
Compound Sentence: They studied hard for the exam, so they aced it.
4. Independent Clauses: "I enjoy hiking in the mountains." & "She loves exploring forests."
Compound Sentence: I enjoy hiking in the mountains, and she loves exploring forests.
5. Independent Clauses: "He cooked a delicious dinner." & "She baked a mouthwatering
dessert."
Compound Sentence: He cooked a delicious dinner, then she baked a mouthwatering
dessert.
Here are sentences combining dependent and independent clauses:
1. Dependent Clause: "Although it was raining heavily," Independent Clause: "we decided
to go for a walk."
Combined Sentence: Although it was raining heavily, we decided to go for a walk.
2. Dependent Clause: "When the movie ended," Independent Clause: "we all applauded."
Combined Sentence: When the movie ended, we all applauded.
3. Dependent Clause: "Because she had studied diligently," Independent Clause: "she passed
the exam with flying colors."
Combined Sentence: Because she had studied diligently, she passed the exam with flying
colors.
4. Dependent Clause: "After the storm passed," Independent Clause: "we went outside to
assess the damage."
Combined Sentence: After the storm passed, we went outside to assess the damage.
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5. Dependent Clause: "Since he was feeling unwell," Independent Clause: "he decided to
stay home."
Combined Sentence: Since he was feeling unwell, he decided to stay home.
Let's first construct some simple conditional sentences in future time indicating a possible
condition and its possible result:
Simple Conditional Sentences

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Now, let's proceed to construct complex sentences with conditional clauses and analyze
them:
Complex Conditional Sentence 1

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors because we don't want to get wet.
Main Clause: We will stay indoors.
Subordinate Clause (Conditional): If it rains tomorrow.
Subordinate Clause (Reason): Because we don't want to get wet.
Complex Conditional Sentence 2

If you study hard, you will pass the exam unless you don't focus enough.
Main Clause: You will pass the exam.
Subordinate Clause (Conditional): If you study hard.
Subordinate Clause (Exception): Unless you don't focus enough.
In these complex sentences, the main clauses express the result or action, and they are
accompanied by subordinate clauses that present the condition (conditional clause) and the
reason or exception (subordinate clause). The conjunctions "because" and "unless" add
depth and context to the sentences.
USING IF-CLAUSES IN COMMUNICATION

Here are examples of using if-clauses in varied possible conditions and their possible results,
followed by an analysis of the conditional sentences:
1. If you come to the party, we'll have a great time!
Main Clause: We'll have a great time.
Subordinate Clause (Conditional): If you come to the party.
2. If it's sunny tomorrow, we can go for a picnic.

Main Clause: We can go for a picnic.
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Subordinate Clause (Conditional): If it's sunny tomorrow.
In each example, the main clause presents a result, action, or possibility, and it is
accompanied by a subordinate clause (if-clause) that sets the condition for that result. The
if-clause introduces the condition that needs to be met for the main clause to come into
effect.
ASSESSMENT
Conditional Sentences Multiple Choice Assessment
1. In a zero conditional sentence, the structure is:
a) If + present simple, will + base form b) If + past simple, would + base form
c) If + present perfect, will + base form d) If + past continuous, would + base form
2. In a first conditional sentence, the structure is:

a) If + present simple, will + base form b) If + past simple, would + base form
c) If + present continuous, will + base form d) If + past continuous, would + base form
3. Identify the correct structure for a second conditional sentence:

a) If + past simple, would + base form b) If + present simple, will + base form
c) If + present perfect, would + base form d) If + past continuous, would + base form
4. In a third conditional sentence, the structure is:

a) If + past perfect, would have + past participle b) If + past simple, would have + past
participle
c) If + present simple, will have + past participle d) If + past continuous, would have +
past participle
5. Choose the correct structure for a mixed conditional sentence:

a) If + past perfect, would + base form b) If + past simple, would have + past
participle
c) If + present perfect, would have + past participle d) If + past continuous, would have +
past participle
Conditional Sentences Identification Assessment
1. Identify the type of conditional sentence: "If it rains, we won't go to the park."
2. In the sentence, "If she studies hard, she will pass the exam," name the type of conditional
sentence.
3. Point out the type of conditional sentence in this phrase: "If you had called me, I would
have come."
4. Name the type of conditional sentence: "If I see her, I will say hello."
5. Identify the type of conditional sentence: "If you come to the party, bring a gift."
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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES (SENTENCES)
Active and passive voice are two different ways of constructing sentences, each with its
own structure and implications for the focus and flow of the sentence.
Active Voice
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action.
The structure is typically subject + verb + object.
It emphasizes the doer of the action.
Example: "The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object)."
Passive Voice
In the passive voice, the subject receives the action rather than performing it.
The structure is typically formed by using a form of "to be" (e.g., is, was) + the past
participle of the main verb + by + the doer of the action (optional).
It emphasizes the action or what is being acted upon.
Example: "The mouse (subject) was chased (verb) by the cat (optional doer)."
In summary, the key differences are in the focus of the sentence—active voice emphasizes
the doer of the action, while passive voice emphasizes the action or what is being acted
upon. The choice between active and passive voice depends on the context, purpose, and
emphasis you want to convey in your writing. Active voice is often preferred for its
directness and clarity, but passive voice is used when the focus is on the recipient of the
action or when the doer is unknown or less important.
Here are examples of passive sentences for various functions:

Describing Processes: The cake was baked at 350°F for 30 minutes.
Talking/Writing about Past Actions (Unknown Doer): The valuable artifact was stolen from
the museum.
Talking/Writing about Past Actions (Known Doer): The building was designed by renowned
architects.
Writing Reports and Other Formal Texts: The research findings were thoroughly analyzed
and compiled into a comprehensive report.
In these examples, the passive voice is used to emphasize the action or the object of the
action rather than the doer. It is especially useful in formal contexts, describing processes,
talking about actions in the past (whether or not the doer is known), and writing reports
where a more formal tone is required.
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RECONSTRUCTING ACTIVE VOICES INTO PASSIVE VOICE
Let's start with sentences in the active voice and then reconstruct them into passive voice.
1. Active Voice: The chef prepared a delicious meal.
Passive Voice: A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.
2. Active Voice: She wrote an inspiring poem.

Passive Voice: An inspiring poem was written by her.
3. Active Voice: The gardener planted beautiful flowers in the garden.

Passive Voice: Beautiful flowers were planted in the garden by the gardener.
4. Active Voice: They are building a new school in the neighborhood.

Passive Voice: A new school is being built in the neighborhood by them.
5. Active Voice: The company released a new product last week.

Passive Voice: A new product was released by the company last week.
In each case, the sentence is transformed from active to passive voice by making the object
of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence and changing the verb accordingly.
If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask!
ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice
1. In the sentence "The book was read by Sarah," which voice is being used?
a) Active b) Passive
2. What is the correct transformation from active to passive voice for the sentence "She
baked a cake"?
a) A cake was baked by her b) A cake is baked by her
c) A cake has been baked by her d) A cake will be baked by her
3. In the sentence "The ball was kicked by the boy," which voice is being used?
a) Active b) Passive
4. Choose the sentence in active voice:

a) The window was broken by the storm. b) John painted the beautiful
landscape.
c) The cake was eaten by them. d) The song was sung by the choir.
5. What is the correct transformation from active to passive voice for the sentence "They
are building a new house"?
a) A new house is being built by them b) A new house will be built by them
c) A new house was built by them d) A new house is built by them
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Active and Passive Voice Identification Assessment
1. Identify the voice in the sentence: "The cake was baked by Mary."
2. In which sentence is the passive voice used?

a) "The cat chased the mouse."
b) "The mouse was chased by the cat."
3. Point out the sentence in active voice:

a) "The song was sung by the singer."
b) "The singer sang the song."
4. Name the voice used in the sentence: "The letter was written by Tom."
5. Identify the voice in the sentence: "The project will be completed by the team."
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way to report or convey what
someone else has said without quoting their exact words. In reported speech, you
summarize or paraphrase the original statement while adjusting elements like pronouns,
verb tenses, and time expressions to fit the context of your reporting. Here's a breakdown
of how reported speech typically works:
Change of pronouns and adverbs of time/place

The pronouns may change to reflect the perspective of the speaker reporting the speech,
and adverbs of time or place may also need adjustment.
Shift in verb tense

Depending on the tense of the original statement, the tense of the verbs may need to be
changed in reported speech.
Introduction of reporting verbs

Phrases like "said," "told," "asked," or similar verbs introduce the reported speech and
indicate who is speaking.
For example, if someone said, "I like ice cream," in reported speech it could be reported as
follows:
Direct speech: She said, "I like ice cream."
Reported speech: She said that she liked ice cream.
Reported speech allows for the integration of another person's speech into your own
writing while maintaining grammatical accuracy and appropriate context.
Let's take a look at sentences in direct speech and then changing them into reported speech.
After that, we'll look at news reports for business, sports, weather, and foreign news.
Direct Speech to Reported Speech

1. Direct Speech: "I will finish the project tomorrow," she said.
Reported Speech: She said that she would finish the project the next day.
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2. Direct Speech: "We are going to Paris for vacation," they announced.
Reported Speech: They announced that they were going to Paris for vacation.
3. Direct Speech: "I love studying languages," she mentioned.

Reported Speech: She mentioned that she loved studying languages.
BUSINESS NEWS
Headline: "Tech Giant XYZ Reports Record Profits"
Report: Tech company XYZ announced today that they have achieved record-breaking
profits this quarter, attributing their success to innovative product launches and a surge in
market demand.
SPORTS NEWS
Headline: "Team A Emerges Victorious in Championship Game"
Report: In a thrilling championship game held yesterday, Team A emerged victorious with
a final score of 3-2, showcasing exceptional teamwork and skill on the field.
WEATHER NEWS
Headline: "Sunny Skies Expected for the Week"
Report: The weather forecast predicts sunny skies and pleasant temperatures for the
upcoming week, making it an ideal time for outdoor activities and enjoying the great
outdoors.
FOREIGN NEWS
Headline: "Political Leaders Gather for Peace Summit"
Report: Leaders from various nations gathered at the international peace summit to discuss
diplomatic solutions and forge alliances aimed at promoting peace and stability in the
region.
In each news report, the headline provides a summary of the news topic, and the report
elaborates on the details in reported speech style.
ASSESSMENT
Reported Speech Multiple Choice Assessment
1. Which is the correct reported speech transformation for this direct speech: "She said, 'I
am reading a book.'"
a) She said that she is reading a book. b) She said that she was reading a
book.
c) She said that she has been reading a book. d) She said that she will read a book.
2. Choose the correct reported speech for this direct speech: "He said, 'I have a meeting at 2
PM.'"
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a) He said that he had a meeting at 2 PM. b) He said that he has a meeting at 2
PM.
c) He said that he has had a meeting at 2 PM. d) He said that he will have a meeting
at 2 PM.
3. Identify the correct reported speech transformation for: "They said, 'We will finish the
project tomorrow.'"
a) They said that they will finish the project the next day.
b) They said that they would finish the project the following day.
c) They said that they would finish the project tomorrow.
d) They said that they will finish the project tomorrow.
4. Choose the appropriate reported speech for this direct speech: "She said, 'I can swim.'"
a) She said that she can swim. b) She said that she could swim.
c) She said that she can swum. d) She said that she could swum.
5. What is the correct reported speech transformation for: "He said, 'I am going to the
market.'"
a) He said that he is going to the market. b) He said that he will go to the market.
c) He said that he was going to the market. d) He said that he goes to the market.
Reported Speech Identification Assessment

1. Identify the correct reported speech transformation for this direct speech: "He said, 'I will
come later.'"
2. In the sentence, "She said that she was tired," name the reported speech part.
3. Point out the correct reported speech transformation: "They said, 'We have done our
homework.'"
4. Name the reported speech in the sentence: "She mentioned that she is studying for exams."
5. Identify the reported speech transformation: "He said, 'I love pizza.'"+
QUESTION TAGS
Question tags, also known as tag questions, are short phrases added to the end of a statement
to turn it into a question. They are used to seek confirmation, clarification, or agreement
from the listener. Question tags are made by combining an auxiliary or modal verb with a
pronoun that matches the subject of the statement. Here are a few key points about question
tags:
Formation: Positive statement + Negative question tag and
Negative statement + Positive question tag
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Auxiliary or Modal Verb: The auxiliary or modal verb in the statement is usually the one
used in the question tag.
Pronoun: The pronoun in the question tag should match the subject of the statement. If the
subject is a noun, use the appropriate pronoun (e.g., he, she, it, they). Examples:
1. You're coming to the party, aren't you?
2. He doesn't like coffee, does he?
3. They can swim, can't they?
4. She's here, isn't she?
Question tags are a way to seek agreement or confirmation, or to invite a response from the
listener. The intonation used when saying question tags can also convey the speaker's
attitude or expectation. If you have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free
to ask!
Here are two dialogues using question tags:
Dialogue 1
Sarah: "You're coming to the party tonight, aren't you?"
Alex: "Yes, I'll be there!"
Dialogue 2
Mark: "He's a talented musician, isn't he?"
Rachel: "Absolutely, he's incredibly skilled!"
In each dialogue, the question tags ("aren't you?" and "isn't he?") are used to seek
confirmation or agreement on the statements made.
ASSESSMENT
Question Tags Multiple Choice Assessment
1. Which is the correct question tag for this statement: "You like pizza, _______?"
a) don't you b) do you c) aren't you d) isn't it
2. In the sentence, "He isn't coming, _______?"
a) does he b) isn't he c) does he not d) isn't it
3. Choose the appropriate question tag: "They have been to the new restaurant, _______?"
a) haven't they b) didn't they c) have they d) isn't it
4. Identify the correct question tag for this sentence: "She won't be late, _______?"
a) will she b) won't she c) will not she d) is she
5. What is the correct question tag for: "We're going there, _______?"
a) aren't we b) isn't we c) don't we d) is we
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Question Tags Identification Assessment
1. Identify the question tag in the sentence: "It's a beautiful day, isn't it?"
2. In the sentence, "You like ice cream, don't you?" name the question tag.
3. Point out the question tag in this sentence: "She can swim well, can't she?"
4. Name the question tag in the sentence: "We should leave now, shouldn't we?"
5. Identify the question tag in this sentence: "He has a dog, hasn't he?"
Question Tags Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. She is coming to the party, _______?
2. They didn't like the movie, _______?
3. He won't forget, _______?
4. We've met before, _______?
5. You have finished, _______?
Question Tags True/False Assessment

1. True or False: Question tags usually have the opposite auxiliary verb to the main verb.
2. True or False: In question tags, "do" and "does" are used for affirmative sentences.
3. True or False: Question tags are used to confirm information or seek agreement.
4. True or False: Double negatives are used in question tags.
5. True or False: Question tags are only used in spoken English and informal writing.
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SUB STRAND 2: PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALISATION
PUNCTUATION MARKS
A punctuation mark is a symbol used in writing to convey meaning, indicate pauses,
clarify structure, or separate different elements within a sentence. Common examples
include periods (.), commas (,), exclamation marks (!), question marks (?), and quotation
marks ("). Each punctuation mark has its own specific purpose and usage rules in written
language.
Question Mark (?): The question mark is used at the end of a sentence to indicate a direct
question. It is used to seek information, clarification, or to prompt a response.
Exclamation Mark (!): The exclamation mark is used to show strong emotion, excitement,
surprise, or emphasis. It is placed at the end of a sentence to convey heightened feelings.
Full-Stop (Period) (.): The full-stop (or period in American English) is used to indicate the
end of a sentence. It is also used in abbreviations.
Comma (,): The comma is a versatile punctuation mark used to separate elements within a
sentence. It is used to indicate a pause or separation of ideas, items in a list, introductory
phrases, and more.
The correct use of punctuations in grammar helps in effective reading and comprehension
of texts. When punctuations are not used properly, it distorts reading rendering it ineffective.
Here are 2 examples of paragraphs using punctuations wrongly and its correction.
Incorrect Paragraph 1
"My goodness what a beautiful day!" I exclaimed. The sun is shining so brightly I feel so
alive. We should go for a picnic and enjoy this lovely weather.
Corrected Paragraph 1
"My goodness, what a beautiful day!" I exclaimed. The sun is shining so brightly. I feel so
alive. We should go for a picnic and enjoy this lovely weather.
Incorrect Paragraph 2
"I can't believe you said that!" It's completely outrageous. How could you. This is
unacceptable.
Corrected Paragraph 2
"I can't believe you said that!" It's completely outrageous. How could you? This is
unacceptable.
In each corrected paragraph, the appropriate punctuation marks have been used to convey
the intended meaning and structure of the sentences.
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ASSESSMENT
Punctuation Marks Multiple Choice Assessment
1. Which punctuation mark is used to indicate a strong or surprised statement?
a) Question mark b) Comma c) Exclamation mark d)
Period
2. In the sentence, "What time is it, _______?" what is the correct punctuation mark to
complete the sentence?
a) ! b) ? c) , d) .
3. Choose the correct punctuation: "How was your day _______"
a) ? b) ! c) , d) .
4. Identify the punctuation mark used for separating items in a list.
a) Comma b) Exclamation mark c) Question mark d) Semicolon
5. What punctuation mark is used to end a direct question?
a) ! b) ? c) , d) .
Punctuation Marks Identification Assessment

1. Identify the punctuation mark: "Stop shouting!"
2. In the sentence, "Please, come here," name the punctuation mark.
3. Point out the punctuation mark in this sentence: "Did you finish your homework?"
4. Name the punctuation mark: "He said, 'Hello!'"
5. Identify the punctuation mark: "Wow, that's amazing!"
Punctuation Marks Fill in the Blanks Assessment

1. "I can't believe it _______"
2. "She is coming over later, _______"
3. "Where did you find that _______"
4. "What a beautiful _______"
5. "Look out _______"
Punctuation Marks True/False Assessment

True or False: The question mark is used to express excitement or strong emotion.
True or False: A comma is used to separate elements in a list.
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SUB-STRAND 3: VOCABULARY
PROVERBS
Proverbs are concise and traditional sayings that convey a piece of wisdom, common truth,
cultural beliefs, or moral lesson. They often stem from experiences, observations, and
reflections of different societies over generations. Proverbs are typically metaphorical and
aim to offer advice, warn, or share accumulated knowledge in a succinct and memorable
manner.
Using Proverbs to Enrich Communication

Proverbs are a powerful tool to enhance communication by adding depth, vivid imagery,
and cultural context. They can help clarify a point, emphasize a message, or illustrate a
situation effectively. Employing proverbs in communication not only makes the
conversation engaging but also enriches it with the collective wisdom of a culture. Here is
an example of a paragraph that employs proverbs:
Proverbial Paragraph
"In life, we often encounter challenges, and as the saying goes, 'Where there's a will, there's
a way.' Determination and perseverance are key, just like the proverb 'Slow and steady wins
the race.' However, it's crucial to strike a balance; 'Too many cooks spoil the broth.' As we
pursue our goals, it's essential to stay humble, for 'Pride comes before a fall.' Finally, we
should remember that 'Actions speak louder than words' and let our deeds define us."
Some Twi proverbs and their English translations

Ghanaians use a lot of sayings and expressions in daily life which offer advice and even
sometimes have hidden meanings.
The list features a range of Ghana proverbs in Twi with an English translation.
1. Ba nyansafoɔ yebu no bɛ, yɛnnka no asɛm – The wise child is spoken to in proverb, not
in mere words.
2. Tikoro nkɔ agyina – One head does not go into council or ‘two heads are better than one’.
3. Nsateaa nyinaa nnyɛ pɛ – All fingers are not the same.
4. Ɛpare wo a, wosua nyansa – One should learn from a near miss.
5. Yɛsoma onyansafoɔ, ɛnyɛ anamɔntenten – We send a wise person, not one with long legs.
6. Adeε nyinaa dan osuahunu – Experience is the best teacher.
7. Berε annuru annuru a, εtra – Procrastination is the thief of time.
8. Honam panin ne etire – The head is the crown of the human body.
9. Akɔdaa bɔ εnwa na ɔmmɔ akyekyedeε – The child breaks the shell of a snail but not that
of a tortoise.
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10. Aboa aserewa hwε ne kεseε ho na wanyono ne buo – The silverbird weaves its nest
according to its size.
11. Anoɔ da hɔ kwa a εkeka nsεm – An idle mouth gossips.
12. Deε odi bɔne no, ewie no bɔne – If you think evil, you will always attract evil.
13. Wusie enni ahoɔden wɔnframa kuro mu – The power of the smoke is at the mercy of the
wind.
14. Ahoɔfε nntua ka – Your beauty doesn’t pay your debt.
15. Abosomakotrε se ntεm yε, brεbrε nso yε – The chameleon claims that, to be fast is good
and to be slow is also good.
Proverbs showcase the universality of human wisdom, each culture encapsulating valuable
insights in their own unique sayings. If you have any more questions or need further
assistance, feel free to ask!
ASSESSMENT
1. Compose a paragraph with any five (5) English proverbs of your choice.
2. Research on ten (10) English proverbs and give their corresponding Twi proverbs.
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STRAND 4: WRITING
SUB-STRAND 1: PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WRITING
Using demonstrative pronouns as logical connectors
Mining
"They explored the depths of the earth, delving into the secrets it held. They discovered
precious minerals and metals, extracting them with precision. They faced challenges, but
their determination drove them to overcome obstacles. They persisted, knowing the value
these resources could bring to society."
Technology
"It revolutionized the way we live and communicate. It connected us across vast distances,
making the world feel smaller. It continues to evolve, shaping our future. It has become an
integral part of our daily lives, and we rely on it for various tasks."
Using object pronouns as logical connectors

AI
"AI has shown us its potential, surprising us with its capabilities. We have integrated it into
various industries, allowing it to assist us. We trust it to process vast amounts of data and
provide insights. It continues to evolve, and we eagerly anticipate its future advancements."
Travel
"People have always been fascinated by exploring new places, seeking to broaden their
horizons. They carry a sense of adventure within them, pushing them to step out of their
comfort zones. They immerse themselves in different cultures, learning from them and
enriching their lives."
CREATING COHERENT PARAGRAPHS USING APPROPRIATE TEXT TYPES

Narrative Paragraphs
"In a quaint, quiet village nestled between lush hills, a young boy named Tim embarked on
a grand adventure. One sunny morning, he received a mysterious map from his late
grandfather, setting the stage for an unforgettable journey. Eager and full of curiosity, Tim
packed his backpack with essentials and set out to uncover the hidden treasures marked on
the map. As he ventured deeper into the forest, he encountered magical creatures and
encountered challenges that tested his courage. With every step, the excitement of the
unknown propelled him forward, making this expedition a cherished memory in the tapestry
of his life."
This paragraph follows the narrative text type by creating a storyline, incorporating
characters, setting the scene, and building anticipation for what lies ahead in the adventure.
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Descriptive Paragraphs
"The sun began its descent, painting the sky with a mesmerizing palette of hues. Shades of
pink and orange intermingled, casting a warm glow over the tranquil lake. The water, a
mirror reflecting the heavens above, seemed to embrace the colors, creating an ethereal
scene. Tall trees stood like sentinels, their leaves gently rustling in the breeze, adding a
soothing melody to the ambiance. The air carried a faint scent of blooming flowers, infusing
the atmosphere with a delicate perfume. As the sun sank further, the stars gradually made
their appearance, adorning the sky like a scattering of diamonds. It was a moment of
profound serenity and beauty, a glimpse into nature's artistry at its finest."
This paragraph adopts a descriptive text type by vividly illustrating a scene, capturing
sensory details, and painting a vivid picture for the reader.
Instructional (Directions) Paragraph
"To assemble the model airplane, start by carefully unpacking all the components from the
kit. Lay out the parts on a clean, flat surface to ensure nothing is missing. Take the fuselage
and attach the wings securely using the provided screws and a screwdriver. Next, affix the
tail assembly to the rear of the fuselage, aligning it precisely with the guidelines provided
in the instruction manual. Proceed to attach the landing gear to the designated slots, ensuring
a snug fit. Then, carefully install the propeller by aligning it with the motor shaft and
securing it in place. Lastly, review the instructions to confirm that all steps have been
completed accurately. Your model airplane is now ready for testing and fine-tuning for
optimal performance."
This paragraph is structured according to the instruction (directions) text type, providing a
step-by-step guide to assemble a model airplane, using clear and specific directives.
Persuasive Paragraphs
"Choosing renewable energy is not just a responsible decision; it's a crucial step towards a
sustainable future. Renewable sources like solar and wind power offer a clean and abundant
alternative to fossil fuels, significantly reducing our carbon footprint. By embracing
renewable energy, we not only contribute to a healthier environment but also create new job
opportunities and drive innovation in technology. Imagine a world where our energy needs
are met without harming the planet, where the air we breathe is clean, and where future
generations can thrive. It's within our reach to make this vision a reality. Let us join hands
and advocate for a shift towards renewable energy, paving the way for a brighter and more
sustainable tomorrow."
This paragraph follows the persuasive text type, presenting a compelling argument to
convince the reader to support the use of renewable energy for the greater good,
emphasizing its environmental, economic, and societal benefits.
Explanatory (Notice) Paragraph

"This is a notice to inform all residents of the upcoming maintenance schedule for the
community playground. To ensure the safety and functionality of the play area, necessary
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maintenance activities will take place on October 15th from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM. During
this period, the playground will be closed to the public. The maintenance includes repairs to
the swings, inspections of play structures, and installation of new safety features. We kindly
request your cooperation and understanding during this temporary closure. The improved
playground will provide a safer and more enjoyable environment for everyone. We
apologize for any inconvenience this may cause and appreciate your patience as we work to
enhance the community's recreational facilities."
This paragraph conforms to the explanation (notice) text type, delivering important
information regarding the maintenance schedule for a community playground, specifying
the date, time, reason for closure, and the anticipated benefits after the maintenance is
completed.
INFORMAL LETTERS
An informal letter, also known as a personal letter, is a written communication between two
individuals who have a close or familiar relationship. The tone and language used in an
informal letter are casual, friendly, and conversational, resembling the way people talk in
everyday situations. These letters are typically exchanged between family members, friends,
or acquaintances, and can cover various topics, share news, express emotions, or maintain
social connections.
Components of an Informal Letter

Heading: The sender's address, usually placed at the top right corner of the letter.
Date: The date the letter is written, placed below the sender's address or to the right.
Salutation: A greeting or acknowledgment of the recipient, using phrases like "Dear
[Recipient's Name],"
Introduction: A warm and friendly opening, typically inquiring about the recipient's well-
being or expressing gratitude.
Body: The main content of the letter, where the sender shares updates, news, thoughts, or
feelings in a conversational manner.
Closing: A friendly closing phrase or expression, such as "Love," "Best wishes," etc.
Informal letters allow for a more personal and expressive style of writing, enabling the
sender to communicate thoughts and emotions in a relaxed and genuine manner. The
structure is flexible and may vary based on the sender's preferences and the nature of the
relationship with the recipient.
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Example of an Informal Letter (format)
Royal Stars International School,
P. O. Box 285,
Nsawam.
th
12 October, 2023
Dear Sarah,
I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. It has been a while since we last
caught up, and I thought it was high time we exchanged some news and updates.
I've been keeping busy with my new job at the local bookstore, and I absolutely love it! The
team is fantastic, and I'm learning so much about books and customer interactions. How has
your job been treating you? I remember you mentioned a potential promotion last time we
spoke. I'm eager to hear how things have progressed on that front.
In other news, our family is planning a small get-together next month to celebrate Mom's
birthday. It would mean a lot to all of us if you could make it. We've missed having you at
our gatherings.
Looking forward to hearing from you soon. Give my regards to your family. Take care!
Warm wishes,
[Your Name]
In this example, the letter follows the informal style with a conversational tone, friendly
salutation, and a warm closing, allowing the sender to express updates and emotions in a
relaxed manner.
SAMPLE 1
P. O. Box 285,
Nsawam.
th
16 April, 2023.
Dear Naa,
I trust this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. It has been quite a while since we
last got together. I'm writing to invite you to our village's annual festival, the Homowo
Festival. The Homowo Festival is a colorful celebration of our Ga culture and heritage. It's
a time when we remember our ancestors and give thanks for the abundance of food after a
period of famine. The festival involves traditional dances, music, feasting, and sharing of
stories.
This year, the festival falls on the 25th of November. We have planned various events and
activities that I'm sure you'll enjoy. It would mean a lot to me if you could join us for this
joyous occasion. We can catch up, reminisce about old times, and immerse ourselves in our
beautiful culture.
Looking forward to your presence at the festival. Please let me know if you'll be able to
make it. I'm eagerly awaiting your response.
Your friend,
Kwame
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SAMPLE 2
P. O. Box 285,
Nsawam.
th
7 February, 2023.
Dear Esi,
I hope this letter finds you and your family in good health and happiness. It's been far too
long since we last connected, and I miss our childhood days spent playing by the Volta
River. Life has been keeping me occupied here in Tema. I recently started working at a local
fishery, just like my father. The sea breeze and the sounds of waves bring back memories
of our carefree days.
How have you been doing? I heard you started your own bakery in Accra. That's fantastic!
I would love to visit your bakery sometime and taste your delicious creations. Remember
how we used to experiment with baking back in the day?
Let's plan a reunion soon. It would be wonderful to catch up and relive those childhood
memories. Looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,
Kofi
FORMAL WRITING (APPLICATION LETTERS)

An application letter, often referred to as a cover letter, is a formal letter that accompanies
a resume or curriculum vitae (CV) when applying for a job or internship. It provides an
opportunity for the applicant to introduce themselves, express interest in a specific position
or opportunity, and elaborate on their qualifications, skills, and experiences relevant to the
job. The letter aims to persuade the employer to consider the applicant for the role.
COMPONENTS OF AN APPLICATION LETTER

Contact Information
Include your full name, address, phone number, and email address at the beginning of the
letter.
Salutation
Address the letter to the appropriate person, use a general salutation like "Dear Hiring
Manager."
Introduction
Start by stating the specific job you're applying for and how you learned about the position.
Express your enthusiasm and interest in the role.
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Body
Highlight relevant skills, qualifications, and experiences that make you a suitable candidate
for the position. Connect your experiences to the requirements of the job. Showcase how
your skills align with the company's goals and values.
Closing
Express gratitude for the opportunity to apply and for the reader's time and consideration.
Mention your availability for an interview and provide your contact details once again. Use
a formal closing, such as "Sincerely" or "Best regards," followed by your signature and
typed name.
Example Application Letter 1: Applying for a Marketing Position

[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[Date]
[Hiring Manager's Name]
[Company Name]
[Company Address]
Dear Hiring Manager,
I am writing to express my interest in the Marketing Specialist position at [Company Name],
as advertised on your company's website. With a Bachelor's degree in Marketing and three
years of experience in digital marketing at [Previous Company], I am confident in my ability
to contribute to your team.
In my previous role, I successfully executed comprehensive marketing strategies, including
social media campaigns, SEO optimization, and email marketing, resulting in a 25%
increase in online engagement. My passion for creating impactful marketing campaigns and
my ability to analyze market trends make me an ideal candidate for this position.
I am impressed by [Company Name]'s innovative approach to marketing and the value
placed on creativity and collaboration. I am eager to contribute my expertise to drive
marketing initiatives and achieve your company's objectives.
Thank you for considering my application. I would welcome the opportunity to further
discuss my qualifications and how I can contribute to your team in an interview.
Yours Sincerely,
[Signature]
[Your Name]
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Example Application Letter 2: Applying for an Administrative Assistant Position
[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[Date]
[Hiring Manager's Name]
[Company Name]
[Company Address]
Dear Hiring Manager,

I am writing to express my interest in the Administrative Assistant position at [Company
Name], which I saw advertised on [Job Board/Company Website]. I am highly organized,
detail-oriented, and possess strong administrative skills developed through my experience
at [Previous Company] as an Administrative Assistant.
During my tenure at [Previous Company], I efficiently managed calendars, scheduled
meetings, coordinated travel arrangements, and handled confidential information with
professionalism and discretion. My ability to prioritize tasks, excellent communication
skills, and proficiency in office software make me a strong fit for this role.
I am drawn to [Company Name] because of its commitment to excellence and dedication to
providing exceptional administrative support. I am eager to contribute my administrative
expertise to support your team and contribute to the company's success.
Thank you for considering my application. I am available for an interview at your earliest
convenience. I look forward to discussing my qualifications further and how I can be an
asset to your organization.
Yours Sincerely,
[Signature]
[Your Name]
WRITING INVITATION LETTERS

An invitation is a formal or informal written or verbal request inviting someone to
participate in an event, occasion, gathering, or celebration. Invitations are typically sent to
guests to inform them about the details of the event, such as date, time, location, purpose,
and any other relevant information. It sets the tone and provides essential details for the
invitee to make arrangements accordingly.
COMPONENTS OF AN INVITATION LETTER

Header: Host's name or organization's name. Event title or occasion.
Body: Date and time of the event. Location or venue. Purpose or reason for the event. Any
special instructions or additional information.
RSVP Details: RSVP deadline (if applicable). RSVP contact information (phone number,
email, etc.).
Closing: A courteous closing, inviting the recipient to the event.
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Example Invitation 1: Birthday Party
"Join us for a Birthday Celebration!"
You are cordially invited to a birthday party in honor of [Nana Yaa]'s [15th] birthday. Please
come and celebrate this special day with us.
Date: [16th August, 2024]
Time: [4:00PM]
Location: [Achimota Mall], [Mile 7]
Kindly RSVP by [10th August, 2024] to [+233 245 877 930]
We look forward to your presence at the celebration!
Example Invitation 2: Wedding

"You're Invited to Our Wedding!"
We are delighted to invite you to the wedding of [Chelsea Akosua Boadi] and [Manel Komla
Atitso]. Your presence on this joyous occasion would mean the world to us.
Date and Time:
Date: [14th February, 2026]
Time: [8:00 AM]
Location: [Gospel Preachers Tabernacle Church], [Manet Court], [Spintex]
Please RSVP by [6th February, 2026] to [+233 202 554 968]
We eagerly await your presence on our special day!
WRITING EMAILS
An email is a digital message sent electronically through the internet, allowing users to
communicate with others globally. It can be used for various purposes, including
professional communication, personal correspondence, sharing information, or sending
attachments.
COMPONENTS OF AN EMAIL
Sender's Information: Name, Email address
Recipient's Information: Name, Email address
Subject Line: A brief description summarizing the email's content.
Salutation: A greeting or acknowledgment to address the recipient.
Body: The main content of the email, conveying the message or information.
Closing: A courteous closing, such as "Sincerely," "Best regards," etc.
Signature: The sender's name, title, company, and any additional contact details.
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EXAMPLE EMAIL 1: PROFESSIONAL INQUIRY
Sender's Information: John Smith, [email protected]
Recipient's Information: Marketing Team, [email protected]
Subject Line: Inquiry Regarding Marketing Campaign
Salutation: Dear Marketing Team,
Body: I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the upcoming
marketing campaign and would appreciate any information regarding the target audience,
strategy, and expected outcomes. Additionally, if there are any opportunities for
collaboration or assistance needed, I am more than willing to contribute to the success of
this campaign.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Closing: Best regards,
Signature:
John Smith
Marketing Executive
XYZ Company
Contact: +233 123 456 890
EXAMPLE EMAIL 2: PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE

Sender's Information: Emily Davis, [email protected]
Recipient's Information: Sarah Johnson, [email protected]
Subject Line: Birthday Celebration Plans
Salutation: Dear Sarah,
Body: I trust you're doing well. I wanted to discuss plans for the upcoming birthday
celebration. How about we organize a small gathering at my place? We can have some close
friends over for a cozy evening with dinner and games. Let me know if this sounds good,
and we can further coordinate the details.
Looking forward to celebrating with you!
Closing: Warm regards,
Signature:
Emily Davis
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WRITING A MEDIA TEXT
A media text is any form of communication that uses various mediums to convey
information, ideas, or messages to a targeted audience. It encompasses a wide range of
formats, including but not limited to written articles, advertisements, television shows,
movies, social media posts, video games, radio programs, and more. Media texts are created
for different purposes, such as to entertain, inform, persuade, or educate.
COMPONENTS OF A MEDIA TEXT

Title or Headline: A phrase or statement that captures the essence or focus of the media
text.
Visual Elements: Images, videos, graphics, or other visual components that accompany
the text.
Textual Content: The written or spoken content that conveys the main message, story, or
information.
Tone and Style: The overall mood, attitude, or approach adopted to communicate with the
audience.
Target Audience: The specific group or demographic for whom the media text is
intended.
Purpose: The reason or objective behind creating the media text, whether to inform,
entertain, persuade, etc.
EXAMPLE MEDIA TEXT 1: NEWS ARTICLE

Title: "COVID-19 Vaccination Rollout: Progress and Challenges"
Visual Elements: Relevant infographics displaying vaccination statistics.
Images of healthcare workers administering vaccines.
Textual Content: The article discusses the current state of the COVID-19 vaccination
rollout, highlighting progress, challenges, and strategies to reach herd immunity. It provides
statistical data, expert opinions, and information on vaccine distribution.
Tone and Style: Informative, objective, and analytical, presenting facts and analysis to
inform the reader.
Target Audience: Adults interested in staying informed about the COVID-19 pandemic and
vaccination efforts.
Purpose: To inform the audience about the progress of the vaccination campaign and
educate them about its importance in combating the pandemic.
EXAMPLE MEDIA TEXT 2: ADVERTISEMENT

Title: "Experience the Ultimate Adventure: XYZ Outdoor Gear"
Visual Elements: High-quality images showcasing outdoor adventure gear.
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Captivating video clips of individuals using the gear during outdoor activities.
Textual Content: The advertisement emphasizes the durability, versatility, and quality of
XYZ Outdoor Gear, encouraging adventure enthusiasts to enhance their outdoor
experiences with the product.
Tone and Style: Exciting, persuasive, and energetic, aimed at igniting the audience's desire
for adventure and exploration.
Target Audience: Outdoor enthusiasts, adventurers, and individuals interested in outdoor
activities.
Purpose: To persuade potential customers to purchase XYZ Outdoor Gear and enhance their
outdoor adventures.
WRITING AN ARTICLE
An article is a written piece of text that conveys information, ideas, opinions, or analysis on
a particular subject or topic. Articles are typically found in newspapers, magazines, journals,
blogs, and other forms of publications. They serve various purposes, including informing
readers about current events, providing educational content, offering insights on specific
issues, or showcasing an author's perspective.
COMPONENTS OF AN ARTICLE
Title: A concise and engaging phrase that summarizes the main focus of the article.
Introduction: The opening section that grabs the reader's attention and provides a brief
overview of what the article will cover.
Body: The main content of the article, organized into paragraphs and sections, presenting
detailed information, arguments, or analysis related to the topic.
Conclusion: The closing section that summarizes the key points discussed in the article
and often offers a conclusion or final thoughts.
Subheadings: Headings within the body that organize the content into distinct sections,
making it easier for readers to follow the structure and find relevant information.
References or Citations: Any sources cited or referenced within the article to support
claims or provide additional information.
Author Information: Details about the author, including their name, credentials,
affiliation, or a brief biography, depending on the publication's guidelines.
Articles can take on various formats, including news articles, feature articles, opinion
pieces, research articles, review articles, and more. They are a primary medium for sharing
knowledge, expressing ideas, and engaging readers in a wide array of subjects and
disciplines.
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AN ARTICLE TO BE PUBLISHED IN A SCHOOL MAGAZINE
Title: Unlocking the Creative Potential: The Journey of Art Education
Introduction: Art education is a dynamic and essential aspect of a well-rounded academic
curriculum. It goes beyond mere brushstrokes and color palettes, delving into the realm of
imagination, self-expression, and critical thinking. In today's modern world, where
creativity and innovation are highly valued, nurturing artistic skills from an early age is
crucial. This article explores the journey of art education, its significance in shaping young
minds, and the impact it has on the holistic development of students.
The Artistic Exploration: Art education serves as a platform for students to explore and
experiment with various art forms, such as drawing, painting, sculpture, and more. These
creative activities not only allow them to harness their artistic skills but also foster patience,
discipline, and attention to detail. The process of creating art helps students develop
problem-solving abilities and enhances their ability to think critically and outside the box.
Expression of Emotions and Ideas: Art provides a unique channel for students to express
their emotions, thoughts, and ideas visually. It allows them to communicate what words
may sometimes fail to convey. Through art, students can tell stories, evoke emotions, and
share their perspectives on various societal and personal issues. This form of self-expression
fosters empathy, understanding, and appreciation for diverse viewpoints.
Enhancing Cognitive Development: Studies have shown that art education contributes to
the overall cognitive development of students. Engaging in creative endeavors stimulates
brain activity, improves memory retention, and enhances focus and concentration. It
encourages students to observe, analyze, and interpret their surroundings, promoting critical
thinking and analytical skills that are transferable to other academic subjects.
Promoting Cultural Awareness: Art education offers a window into different cultures,
traditions, and histories. By studying art from various regions and time periods, students
gain a broader understanding of the world and the diversity of human experiences. This
exposure nurtures respect and appreciation for cultural differences, fostering a more
inclusive and accepting society.
Conclusion: Art education is a fundamental pillar of a well-rounded education. Its
significance in fostering creativity, expression, cognitive development, and cultural
understanding cannot be overstated. Encouraging students to engage with art from an early
age sets the stage for a lifetime of creativity, innovative thinking, and a deeper appreciation
for the beauty that surrounds us. As schools continue to embrace the value of art education,
we can look forward to a future where creativity and imagination thrive in every classroom.
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STRAND: LITERATURE
SUB-STRAND: NARATIVE, DRAMA, POETRY
Literature refers to written or spoken works that express ideas, emotions, and stories using
language. It encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and forms, including novels,
poems, plays, essays, and more. Literature often explores human experiences, societal
themes, and the complexities of life, providing insights and entertainment while reflecting
cultural and historical contexts.
Literature is a multifaceted realm of human expression, where ideas, emotions, and
experiences are conveyed through written or spoken words. It serves as a medium to explore
the human condition, society, culture, and various facets of life. Literary works are often
categorized into genres such as fiction, poetry, drama, and non-fiction, each with its unique
characteristics and purposes.
Literature has several fundamental purposes and impacts:
Entertainment: Literature captivates readers and provides an escape into imaginative
worlds or a deeper understanding of reality.
Reflection and Understanding: It allows readers to reflect on the human condition, societal
issues, and diverse perspectives, enhancing empathy and understanding.
Preservation of Culture and History: Literature preserves cultural heritage, traditions, and
historical events, passing them down through generations.
Expression of Creativity: Authors use literature as a canvas to showcase their creativity,
experimenting with language, style, and form to convey their ideas.
Social Commentary: Many works of literature offer commentary on societal norms,
inequalities, and political or philosophical ideologies, inspiring critical thinking and social
change.
In essence, literature is a vital part of human culture, providing a window into the depths of
the human psyche and the world we inhabit. It allows for the exploration of diverse
experiences, broadening our horizons and enriching our lives.
FATHER OF LITERATURE
The term "father of literature" is subjective and depends on the context and criteria used to
define it. In Western literature, often credited as the "father of Western literature," is Homer,
an ancient Greek epic poet traditionally attributed to the authorship of the epic poems, the
Iliad and the Odyssey. However, it's important to note that literature has evolved across
different cultures and time periods, and many ancient civilizations have their own
foundational literary figures and works. Ultimately, attributing the title of "father of
literature" is a matter of interpretation and cultural perspective.
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Father of African literature
The title "father of African literature" is often attributed to Chinua
Achebe, a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. His novel
"Things Fall Apart," published in 1958, is considered a pioneering
work in African literature and a seminal text in the postcolonial
literary canon. Achebe's writing shed light on African culture,
history, and the impact of colonization.
However, it's essential to recognize that African literature is a rich tapestry with many
influential figures. Other prominent authors like Wole Soyinka, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, and
Ayi Kwei Armah have also made significant contributions to African literature, each adding
their unique perspectives and narratives to the literary landscape. The label "father of
African literature" acknowledges Achebe's seminal role in bringing African stories and
voices to the forefront of global literary discourse.
Father of Ghanaian literature

The title "father of Ghanaian literature" is often attributed to Ayi
Kwei Armah, a prominent Ghanaian novelist and essayist. He is
renowned for his powerful and critically acclaimed works that
delve into the postcolonial struggles and societal issues in
Ghana and Africa as a whole.
Ayi Kwei Armah's debut novel, "The Beautyful Ones Are Not
Yet Born," published in 1968, is considered a seminal work in
Ghanaian and African literature. The novel portrays the moral
and political decay in postcolonial Ghana and symbolizes the
disillusionment felt by many during that period.
It's important to note that attributing the title of "father of Ghanaian literature" is a matter of
interpretation and varies based on criteria and perspective. Ghana has a rich literary tradition
with several notable authors, each contributing uniquely to the nation's literary heritage.
ORAL AND WRITTEN LITERATURE

Oral and written literature represent two distinct forms of transmitting stories, knowledge,
and cultural heritage through language, each with its unique characteristics and historical
significance.
Oral Literature
Transmission and Performance: Oral literature involves storytelling, songs, poems,
folklore, and other forms of expression that are passed down through generations orally.
These are often performed in communal settings, fostering a sense of collective experience.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Oral traditions allow for spontaneous variations and
adaptations, shaping the narrative based on the audience, context, or the storyteller's
creativity. Each performance can have slight differences, adding to the richness and
diversity of the story.
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Cultural Preservation: In many societies, oral literature is a crucial means of preserving
cultural traditions, history, values, and moral teachings. It helps in maintaining the identity
and cohesion of a community.
Memorization and Orality: Oral literature relies on memory and oral skills, where
storytellers memorize narratives and pass them down verbally. It's an integral part of many
ancient cultures, including epic poems like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
Written Literature
Permanence and Reproduction: Written literature involves recorded texts, allowing for
preservation and widespread distribution. It provides a sense of permanence and enables
information to reach a broader audience over time and space.
Standardization and Editing: Written works undergo editing and standardization, leading
to a more consistent and fixed version of the text. This can help in preserving the original
intent and structure of the author.
Literary Evolution and Innovation: With the advent of writing, literature has evolved and
diversified, leading to various literary genres, styles, and forms. Authors can experiment
and innovate with written language in ways that might not be possible in oral traditions.
Global Reach and Translation: Written literature allows for translation into different
languages, enabling cross-cultural understanding and the dissemination of ideas on a global
scale.
Both oral and written literature contribute to the richness of human storytelling and
expression. While written literature offers permanence and widespread dissemination, oral
literature fosters communal engagement and adaptability. The coexistence of both forms
demonstrates the resilience and versatility of human creativity and communication
throughout history.
PROSE
Prose is a form of written or spoken language that follows natural speech patterns and
grammatical structure. It is one of the fundamental literary forms, alongside poetry and
drama. Unlike poetry, which often involves rhythmic and metaphorical language, prose is
characterized by its ordinary, straightforward use of language to convey ideas, tell stories,
provide information, or express thoughts.
Key Characteristics of Prose

Natural Language: Prose uses the everyday language that people speak and write, making
it accessible and easily understandable to a wide range of readers.
Sentence and Paragraph Structure: Prose typically follows conventional sentence and
paragraph structures, organizing ideas logically and sequentially.
Narrative Style: Prose is often used for storytelling, whether in the form of novels, short
stories, or essays, allowing for the development of characters, plot, and settings.
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Descriptive and Expository: Prose can be descriptive, painting vivid pictures with words,
or expository, presenting facts, arguments, or explanations in a clear and direct manner.
Versatility: Prose is highly versatile, allowing for a wide range of literary works, including
fiction (e.g., novels, short stories), non-fiction (e.g., essays, biographies), and other forms
such as memoirs, speeches, and more.
Narrative Perspective: Prose can be written from various perspectives, such as first person,
third person limited, or omniscient, influencing the reader's engagement with the story.
Punctuation and Grammar: Proper use of punctuation and grammar in prose is crucial for
clarity, coherence, and effective communication.
TYPES OF PROSE
Fictional Prose
Includes novels, short stories, and novellas, creating imaginary characters and plots. It
allows for artistic and creative expression.
Non-Fiction Prose
Involves factual and informative writing, covering a wide range of subjects like history,
science, philosophy, and more. This includes essays, biographies, memoirs, and journalistic
pieces.
Creative Non-Fiction
A genre that blends factual information with creative elements, often seen in personal
essays, travel writing, and literary journalism.
Dramatic Prose
Written in prose form but intended for performance as drama, such as dialogues in plays.
Prose is an essential and diverse form of literary expression, allowing writers to convey
ideas, emotions, and stories in a clear and accessible manner. Its flexibility and adaptability
have made it a vital medium for communication and artistic creativity throughout history
and across cultures.
DRAMA
Drama is a form of literary composition that is meant to be performed by actors on a stage
before an audience. It is a dynamic and collaborative art form that combines elements of
literature, acting, and visual spectacle to tell a story or convey emotions, ideas, and conflicts.
Key Elements of Drama

Characters: Central to any drama, characters are the individuals or entities within the story
who drive the plot and interact with one another. Their motives, conflicts, and development
are essential aspects of the narrative.
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Plot: The storyline or sequence of events that unfold in the drama. It includes the exposition
(background information), rising action, climax (peak of conflict), falling action, and
resolution.
Dialogue: The spoken words of the characters, which convey the story and emotions.
Dialogue is a fundamental tool for character development and advancing the plot.
Setting: The time and place in which the drama occurs. The setting helps create the
atmosphere and context for the story.
Conflict: Drama often involves conflict, which can be internal (within a character) or
external (between characters or forces). Conflict drives the story and generates tension.
Theme: The central idea or message that the drama conveys. Themes can range from love,
power, justice, to societal issues and human experiences.
Stage Directions: Instructions within the text that guide actors regarding movement,
gestures, expressions, and positioning on the stage.
TYPES OF DRAMA
Tragedy: A serious and often somber drama that portrays a protagonist's downfall due to a
tragic flaw or fate. Classic tragedies include works by Shakespeare like "Hamlet" and
"Othello."
Comedy: A lighthearted and humorous drama characterized by witty dialogue, amusing
situations, and a happy resolution. It often satirizes societal norms and human behavior.
Drama of the Absurd: A genre that explores the meaninglessness and irrationality of
human existence. Playwrights like Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco are known for this
genre.
Historical Drama: Drama set in a specific historical period, aiming to capture the spirit and
events of that time. It often combines real historical figures with fictional elements.
Musical Drama: Incorporates musical elements, including songs and dances, to enhance
the storytelling. Musicals are a popular subcategory of this type.
Drama offers a powerful means of exploring human emotions, conflicts, and societal
themes. It engages the audience through a unique blend of spoken words, visuals, and live
performances, making it a compelling and enduring form of artistic expression.
POETRY
Poetry is a form of literary expression characterized by a heightened use of language,
rhythm, meter, and imagery to convey emotions, ideas, and experiences. It is a versatile art
form that allows for creative exploration of themes, often invoking strong emotions and
prompting deep reflection in readers.
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KEY ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Language and Diction: Poets carefully select and use language to create evocative and
meaningful expressions. Precise word choice and the arrangement of words play a crucial
role in conveying the intended message and tone.
Imagery: Poetry often employs vivid and sensory language to create mental images,
appealing to the senses of the reader. These images help in intensifying the emotional impact
and enriching the reading experience.
Rhythm and Meter: Poetry often follows a specific rhythmic pattern, enhancing its
musicality. Meter refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line,
contributing to the overall rhythm of the poem.
Rhyme and Sound: Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds at the end of lines or within
a poem. It adds musicality and structure to the poem. Alliteration, assonance, and
consonance are other sound devices used in poetry.
Stanza and Structure: Poems are often organized into stanzas, which are groups of lines
with a specific structure. The structure can vary, influencing the flow and presentation of
the poem.
Figures of Speech: Poets frequently use literary devices such as similes, metaphors,
personification, and hyperbole to create depth and layers of meaning in their poems.
Themes: Poetry can explore a wide range of themes, from love and nature to social issues,
identity, and existential questions. The themes provide the substance and context for the
poetic narrative.
TYPES OF POETRY
Sonnet: A 14-line poem often dealing with themes of love and beauty, typically following
specific rhyme schemes and structures.
Haiku: A Japanese poetic form consisting of three lines and usually centered around nature
and seasons.
Limerick: A five-line poem with a specific rhythm and often humorous or whimsical
content.
Free Verse: Poetry without a specific rhyme scheme, meter, or structure, allowing for more
natural language and individual expression.
Epic: A long narrative poem that tells the story of heroic deeds and adventures.
Poetry has been a vital form of artistic expression throughout history and across cultures. It
offers a way to capture the essence of life, emotions, and the human experience in a
condensed and often emotionally resonant manner. Each poem is a unique creation, inviting
readers to interpret and appreciate its beauty and meaning.
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NARRATIVE
Folktales
A folktale is a fictional story that has been orally passed down over hundreds, sometimes
thousands, of years. The word folk comes from the German word volk, which
means people. Folktales are thus stories for people (all people). They are usually simple,
easily-understood stories told in straightforward language. They often teach a lesson or
explain why things (such as the sun, moon, and stars) exist as they do. Many folktales have
animals as characters and have magical elements. Every country in the world has a version
of folktales, and folktales have existed as long as humans have.
Folktales are virtually universal. The personages consist of humans, animals, gods, and,
more rarely, inventions such as giants and monsters, who interact with one another by
speech and by other means. The vast number of folktales are intended for children.
While their relationships to culture are very particular, the stories told within folktales also
persist over long periods of time and have no very close relationship to a particular culture
at a particular time; examples from English-speaking societies include children’s rhymes
and songs such as “Ring a Ring of Roses” and “Three Blind Mice” and the story “Jack and
the Beanstalk or the story of Cinderella, they cross socio political and linguistic boundaries
rather freely and are adapted by individual storytellers.
Characteristics
First and foremost, folktales seek to entertain. While we now tend to think of them as stories
for children, they were intended for an audience of adults and children. Some stories have
gruesome murders and torture. Folktales are often magical, with humans and animals who
have special powers. Many folktales also teach a lesson.
Characters
Characters in folktales can be human, animal, or imaginary.
 In the fairy tale ''Cinderella'', there are both human and magical characters. Cinderella, her
stepsisters, and stepmother are all human,
but a magical fairy godmother transforms
pumpkins and mice, and Cinderella
herself, so that she can go to a ball.
 Animal characters often have magical

powers. In ''Puss in Boots'', originally a
French folktale, a cat cleverly creates a
Puss in Boots series of events that lead his humble
master to marry a princess. The cat speaks
and wears boots, hence the title of the
story.
Puss in boots
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 In ''Jack the Giant Killer'', imaginary
creatures are characters. There are a series of
giants whom Jack must trick and kill to stay
alive. There are also griffins, which are
magical beings that are half lion and half
eagle.
Griffin
Settings
Folktales were originally part of an oral tradition and were
told by and for people who were often illiterate. They are
often set in villages or the countryside, where less
educated and less sophisticated people live. Depending on
a country's geography, a folktale might be set in a forest
or jungle. Folktales are rarely set in cities. In addition,
folktales are often set in families that are struggling to
make ends meet, which is frequently the impetus for the
folktale itself.
In the Japanese folktale ''The Sagacious Monkey and the
Boar'', a poor family lives in the countryside near a forest.
Rapunzel The man has decided that he must sell the monkey he uses to
make money to the butcher because the monkey has gotten too old to be useful anymore. In
this story, poverty and a forest are crucial to the plot.
The German fairy tale, ''Rapunzel'' is completely dependent on its setting. The entire story
begins with a poor woman's longing for a forbidden vegetable in a witch's garden. Then, the
main action of the story is centered around a young woman who is trapped in a tower, in
the middle of a greatwood, and the tower had neither stairs nor doors, only high up at the
very top, a small window.
Plot
The plots of folktales, fairy tales, and fables frequently have magical elements. They also
often have characters, both human and imaginary, who are good and must overcome some
form of evil. In addition, fables usually teach a lesson. Folktales can also explain why
elements of the world are as they are.
 ''Cinderella'' tells a story of a good young woman overcoming an evil

stepmother and stepsisters. She does this with the help of magic.
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 Aesop's fable ''The Lion and the Mouse'', teaches a lesson, which is that when
you are kind to someone, you will reap a reward. In this case, the tiny mouse
that was almost eaten by a lion later saves the life of the lion.
 The Indian folktale ''How Sun, Moon, and Wind Went Out to Dinner'',
teaches why the sun is so hot and why the moon's light is so soft, and cool and
beautiful even to this day.
Theme and Conflict

Folktales, fairy tales, and fables have entertainment as their main theme. Often, the
conflict is good versus evil. They also amaze and teach, often in brutal ways.
 ''Hansel and Gretzel'' is a fairy tale about good overcoming evil. Two
children, the victims of a scheming stepmother, out trick and kill a witch and
bring home jewels for their father, whose evil wife has died in their absence.
Style
Because folktales come from the oral tradition, they often have familiar, repeated
elements.
MYTHS
The word myth comes from the Greek word 'mythos' meaning the story of the people,
fiction, utterance, tale, and/or legend. The traditional definition of myth is a widely held
idea or belief that is false or incorrect, but the myth definition in literature is vastly different.
In literature, the word myth is used to describe a traditional story that typically aims to
explain a natural or social phenomenon. In literary myths, the use of supernatural beings is
common and the time period usually dates back to a period of early history of the beginning
of various civilizations.
While these definitions begin to shape the picture of the concept of myth, it begs several
questions about mythology in literature. What is myth in literature, and what is mythology,
as such? Read on to learn more about mythology through various examples.
Mythology
When academics attempt to define mythology, they are looking at a collection of myths that
typically belong to a specific cultural tradition, religion, or tribe/clan. From indigenous
tribes in the Americas and Australia to Celtic clans and the early Egyptians, various
civilizations have a wealth of mythology to each specific cultural group. Most know the
famous myths from the Greeks, such as Pandora's box, Icarus flying too close to the sun,
and many more. While these stories may seem far-fetched or supernatural by nature, a large
part of differing mythologies is to not only preserve culture and origin stories, but to teach
lessons to the youth about their culture. These ancient stories that exist on all inhabitable
continents are passed down through time to help people understand themselves, their past,
and even their future.
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Characteristics of Myths
A myth, at its most basic level, is a story that aims to explain a specific culture's beliefs,
origin, or purpose. While the content of myths will vary from culture to culture, there are
some defining characteristics common to all myths. Most myths contain some or all of the
following characteristics:
Deities: In almost every culture/religion, there is some type of ruling force or group of
forces that are in control of everything from human behaviour to the weather. These deities
could be gods, goddesses, or supernatural animals. For example, in Egyptian, Greek, and
Roman mythology, there was a pantheon, or family of gods, that ruled over specific areas
and people. Sometimes the deities were helpful, and other times, they caused significant
mischief and hardship. Similar divine families exist in Native American, Japanese, Irish,
and other cultures' myths, as well.
Heroes: There are various tales that centre around a hero, who is lower in status than a
god but sometimes has supernatural powers. They could be a relative to a god, like in the
case of Percy Jackson or Odysseus, blessed with a divine skill, or simply a superhuman trait
of some kind. In most cases, a hero must embark on a quest to obtain an object, or get to an
important location to prove themselves worthy to the gods.
Explanations of natural phenomena: Many myths aim to explain natural

occurrences, such as the colour of the sky, weather patterns, and agriculture; also, the
Chinese myths about Ba, the drought goddess, were used to help people pray for rain, and
many more. The explanations can also extend to societal norms and values.
Oral tradition: Since ancient myths were created during a time when language was
limited and there were little to no writing systems, most myths were passed down through
spoken word. These stories became a rite of passage for many young folks, learning
everything from their religious beliefs and correct worship practices, to historical
information regarding their land, their people, and the world around them.
Types of Myths
Myths are generally classified by cultural origin, and together those myths comprise a
culture’s mythology. The most important mythologies in western culture are those
of Rome and Greece, as mentioned above, which are generally collectively known as
Classical Mythology. It is believed that both were developed from the beliefs of popular life
at the time they were created. There are various types of myths that exist today, surviving
the test of time and place.
There are several noteworthy myths whose themes have been retold in varied ways across
many cultures, predominantly the “creation myth” and the “flood myth,” which are
popularly retold within the context of religion. A creation myth explains the creation of man,
the universe, or some other element of life. A flood myth usually depicts a great flood sent
by the gods to essentially destroy mankind, often as a form of punishment for forgetting the
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power and importance of divine rule. For example, the biblical story of Noah’s ark is a
representation of the flood myth in Christianity. Most religions have a form of creation myth
to explain the existence the universe and mankind.
Creation Myths
A creation myth, also known as an origin story, attempts to
convey how a people, a culture, a civilization, or a place
came to be. In Egyptian culture, the ancients believed that
Atum rose up from nun, or nothingness, and created the
world with the help of his children Shu and Tefnut. In the
Christian tradition, followers believe God created the
heavens and the Earth, along with a race of angels. He then
created Adam, the first man, and then Eve, the first woman,
from a rib in Adam's chest. The African Bushmen say that
humans and animals crawled up out of the centre of the Earth and lived in peace around an
enormous tree until one man disobeyed the Great Creator. While all origin stories are vastly
different, they all aim to explain how humans came to be, along with their morals and
beliefs.
The Greek Myths

The Greek myths are a collection of myths developed by the
ancient Greeks. They were developed long before the
Roman, with evidence of their existence dating back as far
as 2000BC. The myths concern topics such as the origins of
human practices and rituals, the laws of nature, gods and
heroes, and so on. Many myths explain the origin of the
universe and the creation of man. The Greek myths also
have a pantheon of gods and goddesses who rule and order
the universe, the most notable being the Olympians, the gods and goddesses who reside
under Zeus on Mount Olympus. The most widely used elements of myth in fiction are from
Greek mythology, particularly its gods and goddesses.
The Roman Myths

The Roman myths are a collection of myths about the origins and development of ancient
Rome; of which the stories primarily pertain to order of Roman society, rather than the order
of the universe. It is believed the Romans thought of them as true historical accounts, despite
the fact that they included supernatural and mystical elements. They are also religious in
nature, and use divine law to explain issues of politics and morality. Like the Greek myths,
they have pantheon of gods and goddesses, most of which are named from the stars and
planets. However, the gods have a much smaller role in Roman mythology and religion than
in the Greek. Unlike the Greek myths, the Roman myths do not have a creation story about
the origin of the universe.
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Importance of Myth
The importance of myth is immeasurable in literature, philosophy, history and many other
parts of human life. They have been a huge part of oral, written, and visual story telling for
literally thousands of years; in fact, they have been a part of mankind’s entire history.
Humans have always used myths to explain natural phenomena and life’s mysteries; for
instance, Greek and Roman mythology served as both science and religion in both cultures
for centuries.
LEGEND
A legend (/ˈlejənd/) is a story about human events or actions that has not been proved nor
documented in real history. Legends are retold as if they are real events and were believed
to be historical accounts. They usually tell stories about things that could be possible, so
both the storyteller and the audience may believe they are true. Its meaning stems from the
Medieval Latin term legenda, meaning “things to be read.” and from the Latin legendus.
The details in legends are altered and adapted over time so that they stay interesting for
audiences for instance, the legend of the Philosopher’s Stone (a magical stone that can make
a person immortal and turn metals into gold) can be found in literature in the Middle Ages
to the modern-day Harry Potter series. Legends don’t claim to be exact retellings of events,
so they are neither wholly believed nor wholly doubted by the audience or the author.
Sometimes, it’s hard to say whether a legend is fiction or nonfiction the truth behind it can
be unclear. For example, the legends of the Lochness Monster and Bigfoot are based on
real sightings, but their existence remains unproved today. Conversely, an urban legend is
a fictional story in popular culture that is known to be false, for example; a rumour passed
on year after year to each new group of freshmen about an old janitor who used to murder
students at the local high school.
Though this article focuses on the literary definition, it is important to note that nowadays,
we also use the term “legend” when we want to emphasize something’s fame or importance.
We often describe things as “legendary” for example, we would say that Michael Jordan is
a legend of basketball and Diego Maradona is a football legend.
Importance of Legends
1. They are an intriguing form of storytelling because we want to believe that they are
true.
2. They are an essential part of oral and written folklore; they are found
in folktales from all cultures.
3. It is part of our nature to share interesting and significant tales with friends and future
generations so that they can be recorded and remembered.
4. As much as people like to tell stories, they like to exaggerate even more, which is
why legends are so timeless their facts have been embellished and changed so many
times that the truth becomes a mystery that still might need to be solved, and that
makes them particularly intriguing.
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So long as we continue to pass down interesting stories, legends will continue to exist and
flourish.
Examples of Legend in Literature

1. King Arthur
2. Queen Guinevere
3. Lancelot
4. The wizard Merlin
5. the Knights of the Round Table etc.
While it is generally believed that King Arthur was a real historical figure, the particulars
of his life and rule are uncertain, unreliable, and unclear thus, all of the stories about King
Arthur are legends.
The legend of the vampire Count Dracula has been inspiring vampire stories and culture
for two centuries. Bram Stoker unveiled this character in the iconic
1897 horror novel Dracula. Stoker did not create the legend that vampires exist, but he
created our idea of vampires. The character Dracula represents our modern perception of
vampires in every way. Visualize a “classic” vampire you probably see an ancient man with
pale white skin, sharp fangs dripping red, a cape shaped like a bat’s wings, and a sinister
desire for human blood. Furthermore, you imagine that he can only come out at night, and
sleeps in a coffin during the day, and is cold to the touch, like a corpse.
GHANAIAN MYTHS AND LEGENDS

Ghana is a country that has one of the richest cultural heritages in Africa. Being home to
roughly 100 linguistic and cultural groups, it comes as no surprise that it has a wide variety
of beliefs and myths. These myths have been passed on from one generation to the next and
have become an integral part of Ghanaian society.
Myths in Ghana mainly serve to explain the origin of some of the most important artifacts,
symbols, and resources that the country possesses. This adds an element of mystery and
fascination to them and increases their value. They are also used to teach positive moral
values, such as hard work, perseverance, and obedience to the young in society. Below are
six Ghanaian myths and legends that are integral to Ghanaian culture.
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The Golden Stool from the Sky
Legend has it that the golden stool descended from the sky. This 18-inches-high, 24-inches-
long, and 12-inches-wide stool made of pure gold is so
sacred that it is never allowed to come in contact with
the ground, and no one has ever sat on it. It is the royal
and divine throne of the Ashanti people and is believed
to house the spirit of the Asante nation. All chiefs have
a symbolic replica of the stool, and not many have seen
the original. Only the king and trusted advisers know
of its hiding place.
Legend has it that the golden stool descended from the

sky through the chants of one of their greatest traditional priests by the name of Okomfo
Anokye. It landed on the lap of the first Asante King, Osei Tutu, which he used to unify the
people in the 17th century.
Weaving of Kente Cloth Taught by a Spider

In the past, kente was reserved only for the Asante royals and aristocrats and limited to
special social and sacred functions. Kente cloth is
a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven
cloth strips and is native to the Akan ethnic group.
It is a royal and sacred cloth and was worn only by
kings during special occasions and festivities. This
cloth used to be woven by only men as it was
believed that a woman's menstrual cycle could
interfere with its production.
The cloth's legend dates back 375 years in a small

city called Bonwire in the Ashanti Kingdom. Two brothers, Kurugu and Ameyaw, went
hunting one afternoon and found a spider weaving an amazing web. They observed the
details and mechanics of the web weaving and returned home to implement it. They
successfully made their first cloth using black and white fibres from a raffia tree.
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The Friendly Crocodiles of Paga
Most people would think twice before stepping
close to a 12-foot crocodile and justifiably so.
However, this is not the case for the residents of
Paga, a village in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
Here, there has been a mutual coexistence between
the indigents of Paga and their friendly crocodiles
throughout history. These crocodiles are
considered very sacred, and it is taboo to hurt or kill
them. They are believed to house the souls of the
Paga people. Mysteriously, the death of some of the
biggest crocodiles always coincides with the death
of most of the important personalities within the village.
The reason for this bond goes far back to the founder of Paga, called Nave. Nave was said
to be on the brink of death from thirst after he left his home in Leo, in present-day Burkina
Faso. He chanced upon a crocodile which guided him to a water hole now called Katogo
and saved his life. He therefore decreed that none of his descendants should ever kill or
harm any crocodile.
The Giant of Asebu

Asebu was a giant with an unusual physical appearance and possessed spiritual powers.
The Asebu/Abura/Kwamankese District might
seem like an ordinary district in the Central Region
of Ghana. However, this district is far from the
ordinary. The ancient Asebu Kingdom, which was
the first Fante chiefdom to sign a treaty with the
Dutch Republic in 1612, was situated in this
district. This treaty allowed the Dutch to establish
Fort Nassau at Moree, a village in the Asebu
Kingdom.
The Asebu Kingdom was believed to have been

founded by a giant called Asebu Amenfi after he
fled Egypt. It was said that this giant led an army
that chased the children of Israel during the Exodus. When his men drowned, he could not
return to the Pharaoh, so Asebu Amenfi fled with his family across Lake Chad. They then
went further down to Benin City in Nigeria and finally settled around the coastal region of
Southern Ghana.
Once he arrived in Southern Ghana, he joined forces with a prolific hunter called Nana
Adzekase, who became the first chief of Moree. Asebu Amenfi's brother, Farnyi Kwegya,
took advantage of the incredible abundance of fish in the waters in the region and became
the first chief fisherman.
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Being a man of incredible stature, it was no surprise that Asebu Amenfi had a voracious
appetite. It was said that he could consume a mind-blowing amount of corn in a single day.
His sister, Amenfima or Amenfiwaa, ensured his appetite and well-being were met by
constantly cooking corn for him.
The Giant of Asebu was believed to have incredible strength and power and left his
handprints on rocks that he barely touched. These prints still exist today and serve as a
sacred heritage site. His staff, which he used for his various conquests, also exists today and
serves as a heritage object that accounts for his might.
Adze, Firefly Vampire of the Ewes

The Ewe people located in the Volta Region of
Ghana believe in a vampire who can take the form
of a firefly.
Every society has its myth and legend about
vampires, and Ghana is no exception. The Ewe
people, located in the Volta Region of Ghana,
believe in a vampire who can take the form of a
firefly they call Adze. Adze craves the blood of
the innocent and hence mostly feeds on children.
Their alternate source of food is palm oil and
coconut water, and they often raid a village's
entire supply of these. However, the diet of palm oil and coconut water does not provide
them with the same needed nourishment that the blood of infants does. If deterred from
feeding on blood for a long period of time, it would go on a crazy frenzy for blood.
The Adze also has the power to possess a human. Human sorcerers sometimes willingly
allow Adze to possess them so that they can utilize Adze's powers and abilities. Once Adze
has inhabited them, these sorcerers are able to take the form of any object they desire.
The Ewes believe that there is no way to protect against an Adze. The only measure against
them is to capture them by luring them with coconut water and palm oil. Once captured in
their firefly form, they would be forced to take their human form. It's only when they are in
their human form can these vampires be finally destroyed.
The Mystic Stone at Larabanga

The mystic stone at Larabanga is mostly noted for its ability to return to its original position
when it is moved. This sacred stone holds incredible power and is located in Larabanga, a
village in the Northern Region of Ghana. This stone is located within a few minutes' walking
distance from the Larabanga mosque, which is touted as one of the oldest mosques in West
Africa and the oldest in Ghana.
The Larabanga people tell the legend of how the founder of the town was passing through
the area and decided to pass the night. Men of that era were spiritually strong and would not
do anything without consulting any deity that they believed in. His deity ordered him to
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throw his spear and use the landing place as his resting ground. It is believed that the position
of the stone is where he stood to throw his spear.
The stone is mostly noted for its ability to return

to its original position when it is moved. It
allegedly returned to its original position twice
after it was moved to make space for road
construction. Finally, the road had to be diverted
to go around it. It is also believed to have the
power to heal and to curse. Even though some of
these myths may sound farfetched, they are still
held in very high regard in most Ghanaian
communities today and continue to be a big part
of their culture and heritage.
Myths played a very crucial role in the upbringing of children and maintaining an orderly
society during ancient times, but over time, they began to lose relevance as evolution has
blown the cover of most of them.
They were fabricated stories that were used to deter people, especially the youth from going
wayward, and a lot of successes were attained with that. For fear of suffering some
unpleasant consequences as a result of doing certain things or failing to do them, people
complied with those myths.
EATING WITH HANDS ON THE FLOOR

For instance, there was an interesting myth that
you would never get satisfied when you placed
your left hand on the floor while eating with the
right one. Kids were made to believe was that,
with one hand on the floor, the food was going
into the ground, instead of your stomach.
In fact, this particular story was just to ensure that
we keep our hands clean, especially when during
the past, parents would put fish or meat in the left
hand of th.eir kids, while they eat with the right.
Aside that, it was to ensure that children sat upright while eating.
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SWEEPING AT NIGHT
Another one that put so much fear in the children was
the claim that sweeping at night meant sweeping your
fortunes away. Clearly, sweeping at night could result
in sweeping certain valuable things away, since you
cannot see properly unlike during the day.
However, if this was told children without adding an
element of fear, they might take it for granted, for
which reason this myth was fabricated, and it did so
well in deterring people from sweeping at night, a
myth that is believed by most people till date.
WASHING OF HANDS
As if those mentioned above were not enough,
kids were also told not to wash our hands beneath
those of another person who’s equally washing
his/hers. The reason assigned to this story was
that doing so means you are taking the other
person’s fortunes, and leaving him poor.
It is at this point that you would realise that myths
are not necessarily bad. Parents may not have had
high formal educational qualifications, but they
were cautious of sanitation and hygiene. You
know how curious children can get and want to
try things they are warned against, right? Instead of telling us that it is unhygienic to do so,
they thought it wise to scare us with dreadful consequences.
Washing your hands with dirty water dripping from the hands of someone washing his/hers
does not make sense hygienically. If their hands were neat, they wouldn’t wash them in the
first place.
WHISTLING AT NIGHT
People were also warned to not whistle at night
because they might be inviting dwarfs and
snakes into the house. Knowing very well that
dwarfs and snakes are things children fear a lot,
parents used them to scare the youngsters from
whistling at night, disturbing other people who
needed peace of mind to rest after a stressful day.
In fact, if any of the numerous myths has

achieved its objective, it is the one against
whistling at night. That is why irrespective of
where you find yourself in Ghana today, you
will hardly hear anyone conveniently whistling at night. They can sing alright, but that
particular piercing sound, you would not hear.
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SINGING WHILST BATHING
Last but not least, Ghanaians were told that

singing while bathing will result in the death
of your relatives, mostly mother or father. Of
the 24 hours at your disposal to sing, why can
you not sacrifice just some few minutes to
finish bathing, and then continue singing out
of the bathroom? With the use of soap to
wash down dirt from your body all the way
from the head to the toes, opening your
mouth to sing could lead to the soap’s lather
and other dirt ending up in your mouth, and that has its consequences.
It is undoubtedly for this reason parents fabricated this story to put fear in their children, as
they will never want to lose their parents through any action of theirs.
ORAL POETRY/SONGS
An oral poem or a song is a composition in verse form expressing ideas and thoughts
verbally. An oral poem can be sung, recited or chanted. When a poem is sung or chanted, it
is said to be a song. when it is recited without the musical aspect it is said to be an oral poem
TYPES OF SONGS/ORAL POEMS

LULLABY
Songs sung to comfort a baby to sleep. They are sang by caregivers like nannies, aunts or
the baby's siblings They praise the baby telling its admirable features They have simple and
repetitive words, and are sung softly and slowly and they have a rocking rhythm.
The deep connection between parent and baby when singing a lullaby is a beautiful thing.
Singing babies to sleep is an age-old tradition that spans generations and crosses cultures.
Lullabies offer an innately powerful way for a parent or carer to express their emotions,
offer comfort, and to provide a sense of security for their child. While many parents sing
lullabies passed down from generation to generation, anyone can write their own special
song.
While there are definite traits that are common to many traditional lullabies, the most
important element is you! That’s right, YOU are the key to creating a meaningful lullaby.
By bringing your voice, your ideas, your heart and your expression, you have the ingredients
you need to create the most heartfelt lullaby for your baby.
Finding your inspiration

For many, the best place to begin is by simply brainstorming words about your baby. Jot
down everything and anything that comes to mind and never rub anything out — you never
know what great inspiration may come from a particular word or phrase!
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Note down
Particular words that describe your baby.
Nicknames that you associate with your child.
Sentiments that you’d like to say to your baby.
Your dreams for your child’s future.
Things your baby likes or does.
Experiment with various ideas as you shape the words to form your lyrics. As a general
rule, don’t try and fit in too many words. Simple is best. The use of rhyme can be very
effective in creating a sense of rhythm and structure, but it is not essential. Simple, short
and repeated phrases can form the perfect basis for a very catchy chorus.
Developing your style

While a lullaby is traditionally a song to soothe a child or lull them to sleep, they can
essentially be written in any style at all. Creating your personalised song is about bringing
in your own ideas and style. You want to ensure that you reflect your personal tastes, culture
and musical preference.
Think about
What style of style music do you enjoy singing/listening to?
Does your baby respond more to certain types of music?
Do you want your song to soothe and calm your baby to sleep?
Is your song something you will dance/sway/bounce/rock to?
Are you hoping for a humorous and light-hearted feel, or a more reflective and emotive
mood?
Rhythm
When helping a baby to sleep, an effective rhythm is typically one that creates a soothing
effect. Often, that rhythm might have a lilting feel, to emulate the swaying or rocking of the
parent and/or crib. For some babies, a more upbeat rhythm might be most appropriate, to
reflect a more energetic bouncing motion required to help that child to sleep. Experiment
with different songs to find out what is most suitable for you and your child. Go with what
works (especially if it is sleep that we are aiming for!)
Melody
The best songs for young children involve melodies that are simple, memorable, easy to
sing, and contain repetition. Whilst tiny babies may not yet understand the words of a
lullaby, they will start to recognise and remember the shape and pattern of a tune.
When experimenting with different melodies for your lullaby:

1.Keep it simple, step wise motion or small melodic skips will help the song to flow and
make it easier to sing (try to avoid lots of large leaps in the melody.)
2. Stay within a vocal range that is comfortable for you.
3. Don’t be afraid to repeat the same musical ideas repetition is essential for young babies
as they learn and discover the world around them.
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4. Use a slightly higher pitched and lighter singing voice which emulates the "motherese"
style of speaking that baby respond to so well.
5. If you find the task of writing a melody to be daunting at first, start by taking a song that
you already know, and adding your own new words to the existing tune.
Importantly, be confident and take your time. Writing a song provides a wonderful and
unique opportunity to reflect upon, dream about and connect with your baby. And what
could be a more beautiful way to show your love than through a dedicated song, written
from the heart?
Through lullabies, music and singing, we build. We build hope. We build connections across
families and communities. We build understanding between cultures and beliefs. We build
memories that will last a lifetime. Songs to build a better world for all.
Example of English Lullaby

Mother's Lullaby
The baby's crying resounds,
announcing his birth to the whole world.
He is the gift from heaven
among numerous lives.
The newborn baby whom God adores
doesn't have a warm bed or shelter to sleep at night.
In exchange for the sin of the Earth,
God gave men his child.
Go to sleep, go to sleep
the voice of mother, entrusted to the lullaby.
Close your eyes, close your eyes,
as for the gift from God, go to sleep.
Example of Lullabies in Some Indigenous Ghanaian Languages

Lullaby in Ewe Language
Mekafe dedevie lo toboli
meka gble nye dzi toboli
meka fa avi le’zame n’am oo
n’ade na ho gbe l’ase wo n’am lo
Devi nye lo Toboli
Lullaby in Sisala Language

Don don don
Don ma ne kane
Akanee kape
Kokoo kusaperi
Pan biridi emi- ana pan biridi
Don don don, don kusaperii…..
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Lullaby in Chamba Language
Baba issah
Walaa iwee
Owe naa
Muko mboo yee …….
Beteewo kokoo
Keteewu debee
Kakee, kawen ngyee ……….
DIRGES/FUNERAL SONGS
These are songs sung during funerals or memorial ceremonies usually accompanied, in some
communities, with loud wailings and sobs. They are sung to mourn the dead, share grief
with the bereaved and console the relatives of the dead. Dirges are sometimes sung to
satirize the benefactors of the deceased’s wealth.
COME AWAY Dirge by William Shakespeare

Come away, come away, death,
And in sad cypres let me be laid;
Fly away, fly away, breath;
I am slain by a fair cruel maid.
My shroud of white, stuck all with yew,
O prepare it!
My part of death, no one so true
Did share it.

Not a flower, not a flower sweet,
On my black coffin let there be strown;
Not a friend, not a friend greet
My poor corse, where my bones shall be thrown:
A thousand thousand sighs to save,
Lay me, O, where
Sad true lover never find my grave
To weep there!
FROM SUMMER DYING A Dirge by Christina Rossetti

Why were you born when the snow was falling?
You should have come to the cuckoo’s calling,
Or when grapes are green in the cluster,
Or, at least, when lithe swallows muster
For their far-off flying
From summer dying.
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Why did you die when the lambs were cropping?
You should have died at the apples’ dropping,
When the grasshopper comes to trouble,
And the wheat-fields are sodden stubble,
And all winds go sighing
For sweet things dying.
Commentary
In the first stanza of the poem, the speaker addresses a recently deceased person and asks
them why they were born when they were born. They should’ve come into the world in the
midst of life and warmth. Perhaps, in the middle of spring or summer when birds and plants
were at their height.
In the second stanza, they take a new approach to what they are saying and ask this person
why they died when they did. They should’ve died in winter when the world was dark and
gloomy. This would match up with the emotions that the speaker is experiencing.
Structure and Form

‘A Dirge’ by Christina Rossetti is a two-stanza poem that is divided into sets of six lines,
known as sestets. These stanzas follow a simple rhyme scheme of AABBCC, changing end
sounds in the second stanza, but, only in the second pair of couplets. The words “trouble”
and “stubble” change the pattern.
Literary Devices
Throughout this piece, Rossetti makes use of several literary devices. These include but are
not limited to:
1. Imagery: can be seen when the poet uses particularly interesting descriptions. These
should trigger the reader’s senses. For example, “And the wheat-fields are sodden
stubble.”
2. Personification: occurs when the poet imbues some thing nonhuman with human
characteristics. For example, “And all winds go sighing.”
3. Alliteration: occurs when the poet repeats the same consonant sound at the
beginning of multiple lines. For example, “cuckoo’s calling” and “grapes are green.”
DETAILED ANALYSIS
Stanza One
Why were you born when the snow was falling?
You should have come to the cuckoo’s calling,
Or when grapes are green in the cluster,
Or, at least, when lithe swallows muster
For their far-off flying
In the first stanza of the poem, the poet begins by asking a rhetorical question. She does not
expect to receive an answer. She asks someone, a recently deceased loved one, why they
were born when the snow was falling. They were more suited to being born when the cuckoo
was calling. This is a reference to a specific type of bird known for its unusual call. In the
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same way, the poet says that this person should’ve been born when “grapes or green in the
cluster” or when the “live swallows muster.”
This suggests that the person the speaker is thinking about should’ve been born in spring or
summer rather than in winter. Their personality and acts during life were more suited to
warmer, happier seasons.
The title of the poem reveals that this piece is a dirge. This means that it was written after
someone’s death with the intention of honouring that person. So, it’s safe to assume that
Rossetti is using an apostrophe throughout the stanzas. This means that she is talking to
someone who cannot hear nor can respond to her. In this case, a deceased person.
The fourth line of the stanza runs into the fifth and the sixth. It creates a beautiful image that
is evocative of life and death. The speaker says that the deceased intended listener should’ve
been born when the swallows were mustering for their “flying / From summer dying.” This
suggests that the person the speaker is thinking about lived such a full life that they should
always be associated with the liveliest months of the year.
Stanza Two
Why did you die when the lambs were cropping?
You should have died at the apples’ dropping,
When the grasshopper comes to trouble,
And the wheat-fields are sodden stubble,
And all winds go sighing
For sweet things dying.

The second stanza uses many of the same techniques seen in the first stanza. But it speaks
on the timing of the intended listener’s death. This time, the speaker is asking the deceased
person why they died when they did. They should not have died “when the lambs were
cropping.” Meaning they should not have died in spring when the world was filled with life.
It would’ve suited their life more to pass away in winter when things were darkest and the
emotions of the loss made sense.
Often, dirges were set to music. It is perhaps for this reason that Rossetti uses so many
examples of perfect rhymes, some of which are repeated in both stanzas and alliteration.
Sibilance is another literary device seen in these last lines. Take a look at how many
examples of words that include the “s” sound appears in the last three lines.
WAR AND PRAISE SONGS

WAR SONGS
These are songs sung or performed during war. They are meant to inspire warriors to fight
bravery. They are also sung to honour heroes and glorify the achievement of war.
It is possible to classify these songs by historical conflict: "First World War songs", "Second
World War songs", and so on. There is also a miscellaneous category of recruiting songs,
anti-pacifist songs, complaints about mess rations, excessive drilling and so on. Many
national anthems are either a call to arms, or a celebration of military victories and past
glories.
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In Ghana, the most famous of all war songs is the one composed about the three (3) Fante
gods (Obrumankoma, Odapagyan and Osun). The various tribes in the country have their
songs which inspires and encourages the warriors in times of war.
Example of a Ghanaian War Song

Obrumankoma, Obrumankoma, Obrumankoma eeii
Obrumankoma eeii Obrumankoma eeii
Obrumankoma Odapagyan eeii
Obrumankoma Odapagyan eeii
Osun, Osun akyi nni aboa
PRAISE SONGS
Praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa; a series of laudatory
epithets applied to gods, men, animals, plants, and towns that capture the essence of the
object being praised. Professional bards, who may be both praise singers to a chief and court
historians of their tribe, chant praise songs such as these of the great Zulu chieftain Shaka:
He is Shaka the unshakeable,

Thunderer-while-sitting, son of Menzi.
He is the bird that preys on other birds,
The battle-axe that excels over other battle-axes.
He is the long-strided pursuer, son of Ndaba,
Who pursued the sun and the moon?
He is the great hubbub like the rocks of Nkandla
Where elephants take shelter
When the heavens frown…
(trans. by Ezekiel Mphahlele)
Although he is expected to know all of the traditional phrases handed down by word of
mouth in his tribe, the bard is also free to make additions to existing poems. Thus, the praise
songs of Shango, the Yoruba god of thunder and lightning, might contain a modern
comparison of the god to the power and noise of a railway.
Among some Bantu-speaking peoples, the praise song is an important form of oral literature.
The Sotho of Lesotho required all boys undergoing initiation to compose praises for
themselves that set forth the ideals of action or manhood. Sotho bards also composed
traditional praises of chiefs and warriors, and even a very young man was allowed to create
praises of himself if he had performed feats of great courage.
These praise songs were recited as follows: the reciter stood in an open space, visible to all
assembled. He then began reciting in a high voice, punctuating his victories in war by
stabbing the ground with his spear, until he had set forth not only his lineage and the battles
in which he had fought but his entire life history. Sotho praises are telegraphic, leaving much
to the listener’s imagination; their language is poetic, and the sequence of events not
necessarily logical. Metaphor is a key device for suggesting worth (a reciter might call
himself a ferocious animal), and poetic license is granted for coining new words.
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To the subjects used by the Sotho, the Tswana of Botswana add women, tribal groups,
domestic (especially cattle) and wild animals, trees, crops, various features of the landscape,
and divining bones. Their praise songs consist of a succession of loose stanzas with an
irregular number of lines and a balanced metrical form. Experiences such as going abroad
to work for Europeans have become a subject of recent praise poems, and recitation has
been extended from tribal meetings and ritual occasions such as weddings to the beer hall
and labour camp.
In western Africa, also, praise songs have been adapted to the times, and a modern praise
singer often serves as an entertainer hired to flatter the rich and socially prominent or to act
as a master of ceremonies for paramount chiefs at state functions e.g., among the Hausa and
Manding peoples. Thus praise-song poems, though still embodying and preserving a tribe’s
history, have also been adapted to an increasingly urbanized and Westernized African
society.
IMPORTANCE OF POETRY
Communicating Feelings and Thoughts
Poetry has the power to touch our hearts and minds. Poetry can help us express ourselves in
a healthy and cathartic way. It can be a great outlet for our emotions and help us
communicate our feelings in a safe and non-judgmental way.
Increase Understanding of Yourself and the World Around You

Poetry can help us see the world in new and unexpected ways. It can help us express what
we may not be able to put into words, and it can also give us a new perspective on the world
around us.
Exploring Imagination and Creativity

Many people think of poetry as a stuffy, old-fashioned art form. However, poetry can be a
great way to channel your creativity and explore your imagination.
Developing Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills

We live in a fast-paced world where we’re constantly bombarded with information. It can
be difficult to slow down and process what we’re taking in. However, poetry can help
develop our critical thinking and analytical skills. If we take the time to carefully read and
analyse a poem, we can learn to pay closer attention to details and see the world in a new
light.
Improve Communication Skills

Poetry can improve your communication skills by teaching you how to express yourself
more clearly and effectively. One of the advantages of poetry is that it teaches you how to
use words sparingly. In order to create a beautiful poem, you need to be able to express what
you want to say in as few words as possible.
In addition, poetry can also help improve one’s understanding of language and literature.
By analysing the techniques of other poets, one can develop a greater appreciation for the
art of communication.
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Improve Empathy and Understanding of Others
Many people enjoy reading poetry, but they may not realize that poetry can also help
increase empathy and understanding of others. When we read poems about other people’s
experiences, or poems about love, loss, and joy, we can gain a greater insight into their lives
and how they see the world. This, in turn, can help us be more compassionate and
understanding toward them.
A Form of Relaxation and Helps Reduce Stress and Anxiety

Writing poetry can be a form of self-care. When you write poetry, you can let go of your
worries and concerns and focus on the moment. You can also explore your inner thoughts
and feelings without judgment or criticism.
Whether you read poetry by your favourite poets or write your own, poetry can be a helpful
tool for managing stress and anxiety.
Improve Mental Well-Being and Boost Your Mood

Poetry can help to reduce stress, improve mood, and even boost cognitive function. And you
don’t have to be a literary expert to enjoy the benefits of poetry therapy. Just reading or
listening to poems can be helpful.
A simple way to tell a story.

Regardless of its purpose, poetry has the ability to inspire. Whenever you need a pick-me-
up or some motivation, you can turn to your trusty poetry books. There’s something about
the beauty of words and the power of storytelling that just always seems to speak.
Connect with Other People and Cultures

In our fast-paced world, it can be easy to feel disconnected from the people around us. Poetry
can help bridge that gap by giving us a common language to share our thoughts and feelings.
An Important Part of Heritage and Helps You Appreciate the Beauty of

Language
Poetry has been a part of our heritage for centuries. It’s an important part of our cultural
identity. Poetry can also be used as a tool for teaching about history, culture, and the human
experience, to connect us to our ancestors, and to connect us to our community.
Developing Your Writing Skills

The concise nature of poetry encourages you to be creative with your word choices, and the
strict rhyme and meter requirements force you to think carefully about how each word will
sound.
DRAMA
In literature, the word drama defines a genre, or style of writing. Drama is a play that can
be performed for theatre, radio, or even television. These plays are usually written out as
a script, or a written version of a play that is read by the actors but not the audience. This is
where theatre comes in. Drama, as in a play, is meant to be performed on a stage in front of
an audience at the theatre. So, drama refers to the script, while the word theatre is the
performance of the script.
123
History of Drama
Drama has changed over time. The word itself comes from the Greek word meaning 'action,'
and it's with the Greeks and Romans that we start to define classical drama. In fact, classical
drama was more than just acting out a story. These plays were highly symbolic and
included music, dance, poetry, and audience participation. While performances on stage
exist throughout history all over the world, for this lesson, we will focus on European
historical influence. As Christianity spread, theatre took a religious turn, which opened the
door to the morality plays of the Medieval Period. In Europe, during the 15th and 16th
centuries, morality plays, which featured a hero who must overcome evil, were allegorical
in nature.
An allegory is a literary device where characters or events represent or symbolize other

ideas and concepts. In the case of the morality plays, the hero represented mankind. The
other characters served as personifications of many things, including the seven deadly sins,
death, virtues, and even angels and demons - anything that wanted to take over mankind's
soul. In fact, this theme has transcended through many dramatic periods. Also, the fact that
these plays were performed by professional actors makes them a transition between classical
drama and the plays we see today.
Of course, today we have drama popping up all over the place. There is drama for what we
call the theatre, both the stage and at the movies. Staged theatre is acted out live in front of
an audience. The movie theatre is a different story. This is drama that has been acted out to
perfection and is presented as a recording to a live audience. The same goes for television,
but on a smaller screen. Radio is a bit different, however. Most of us don't listen to many
radio dramas, but if we did, we would know the actors are using their voices and probably
some sound effects. Sometimes we see these elements within audiobooks. In the case of the
Harry Potter series, the narrator, Jim Dale, goes to great lengths to create different voices
for each of the characters, as if there were many actors playing the different parts. While we
might not actually see the actors acting, we do see them in our mind's eye, and we use our
imagination to play out the story that we hear.
MARRIAGE AS DRAMA
INTRODUCTION
Customary marriage is one of the three types of valid marriages recognised by the laws of
Ghana. The other two (2) types of marriages are Marriage by Ordinance (being the type of
marriage celebrated by Christians) and Mohammedans Marriage (which is celebrated by
Muslims). Customary marriage is, however, the type of marriage that is celebrated in
accordance with the customs and traditions peculiar to the marrying couple and their
families. The most common essentials synonymous with customary marriage celebrations
in Ghana involve consent by the man and woman to be married; consent by the man’s family
as well as the woman’s family; presentation and exchange of gifts between the families of
the couples; and the celebration of a marriage ceremony. It is thus at the celebration stage
that various elements of art in the forms of clothing, gifts, consumables, regalia, as well as
the ornaments used in celebrating the marriage are showcased. Each of these art symbols is
said to have a specific relevance.
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KASSENA MARRIAGE
In the Ghanaian society, marriage is seen as a means of bringing families together to
continue the process of procreation and enlarging one’s ethnic group. Marriage is a
communal responsibility and he who does not support the marriage of proposed couples
brings curses to himself. It is the duty of the whole community in the marriage process.
Marriage in Ghanaian society is to bring people together, to increase them, multiply them
and keep them alive. Marriage as a ritual is a means of connecting with the dead, saying that
through marriage the dead can be reincarnated through birth.
Paga is a relatively small community in the Upper East region of Ghana with a population
of about 11, 000. The community boasts of rich historical background; believed to have
been founded by Naveh a wandering hunter. It has recently been named the capital of the
West Kassena Nankana District which was created by the Ghana government not long ago.
The indigenes of Paga are called Kassena with Kassem as their local language. They are
mainly peasant farmers who are into crop and animal production. The farmers rear farm
animals like cattle, guinea fowl, goats, and sheep. Some of the food crops cultivated in the
area are millet sorghum, maize, ground nut and yam. Some of the famous landmarks in the
community are the Slave Camp in Kajelo where slaves were kept during the era of slave
trade. There are also some marble stones believed to have served as musical instruments for
the slaves. The chief’s palace is also a remarkable landmark not because of its size but its
historical significance. The most celebrated landmark is the famous Sacred Crocodile Pond
which attracts people far and near to the Paga community. The crocodiles in this pond are
human-friendly. It is said to be one of the few places in the world where one can sit on
crocodiles, touch them and take pictures without any bit of fear. It is further believed that
crocodiles in the pond are indeed the souls and spirits of departed generations of Paga
people and so are not to be harmed. The Kassena are seen as traditionalists who still hold
on to historical and cultural values.
Marriage Rite Among the Kassena of Paga

The marriage ritual among the Kassena people of Paga is divided into about four main stages
with each having players who perform the various activities and rituals in each stage. A lady
who attains the marriageable stage is referred to as Katogo in the Kassim language, which
literally means ready to get married. After marriage, she is referred to as Katoro meaning
engaged. The bachelor who is about to get married is also referred to as Nenan meaning a
gentleman.
When a Nenan is interested in a Katogo and wants to marry her, he, first of all, sends guinea
fowls, cola nuts, tobacco, pito (local drink) and salt to her family to show his intentions.
This then allows the lady’s family to investigate the man's family to see if there are any
abnormalities such as issues of madness, chronic disease, theft, murder, etc. When they are
satisfied with their findings, the lady is then consulted to find out if she wants to marry the
man. When the lady approves, the man continues to present guinea fowls to the potential
wife’s family until the family says it is enough.
125
When it is clear that the lady’s family has agreed, she is then invited by an elderly person in
the man’s family. When the lady goes to the man’s family she is abducted and not allowed
to go home that night. In the evening, the elderly woman in the house will perform woli, thus
announcing to the whole community that the man is about to get married. The place for this
announcement is a special place on the roof of the man’s father’s house.
This announcement is made so that if there are other women this same man has promised to
marry, they will come out and say it so that the current arrangement can be cancelled. The
next day, the man’s family sends a guinea fowl to the lady’s house to inform them that their
daughter is not missing but with them. The lady s family begs them to return their daughter.
She is not taken back until after several days (at least four days).
When she is finally sent back to her parent's home, she is asked by her father if she likes
where she had been for the past four days and how well she had been treated. If she answers
in the affirmative, her family prepares her formally with the required items to conclude the
marriage rite. Items sent include but not limited to calabash, broom, dawadawa, and guinea
fowls. The lady together with the items is sent back to the man s house. After a couple of
days, the lady s brothers go to the man s house demanding their sister from the man.
They always insist their sister goes back with them; this is where the man tries to appease
them by killing a dog or goat to prepare food for them as compensation for taking their
sister. After this gesture, the man donates either cattle or sheep according to his strength to
the lady's family. It is after this donation that the marriage is considered fully done. Each
stage of the marriage rite is accompanied by music and dance. For instance, when the lady
is being sent finally to her husband in view s house, she is accompanied by all her friends
who carry her items and parade through the entire community amidst music and pageantry.
The women perform the goon dance whiles they accompany their friend to her husband s
home. The elderly men in the community too sit and have drinks and the supposed groom
is introduced to the elders as a fully matured man who can now partake in the decision-
making of the community. Each stage also involves different rituals, prayers, and
incantations by the elderly men and women in the families of both parties. In the absence of
an elderly person in both families, they are allowed to move into other families and borrow
one.
Elements of Theatre in the Kassena Marriage Rite

Theatre is an adaptation, recreation, and reflection of reality on stage. It is a story enacted
on stage for a live audience. It is seen as putting a slice of life on stage. The drama deals
with everyday aspects of life. When men put themselves in positions that imitate that of
others with the intention of enactment, the result is what we call drama. It is the most active
of all the genres of literature because of the immediate impact it has on the audience. It is
used to inform, educate, entertain, and in some cases mobilizing the audience for communal
action. When discussing the elements which make up the best drama, we can only fall on
the six basic elements of drama as given by Aristotle in his Poetics.
126
In Aristotle’s Poetics translated by Halliwell, (1987) the six elements are given as Plot,
Characters, Theme, Dialogue, Spectacle, and Music/Rhythm. Ideas have changed slightly
about the various elements as espoused by Aristotle but these elements have stood the test
of time. A modern element that will be added to the already stated ones will be the element
of the audience.
The Element of Enactment

The Kassena marriage ceremony as has been narrated above involves a series of enactments.
These are laid down processes that have been carried on from generation to generation.
There are a lot of imitations and situations to which the various characters in the ceremony
must adjust themselves. According to Aristotle, imitation (mimesis) entails some copying
of actions but not copying verbatim. If drama is a re-enactment of life activities to a group
of people called the audience, then the Kassena marriage rite could be described as one too.
A typical point of enactment in this marriage process is when the brothers of the lady go
into the house of their brother-in-law demanding that their sister is allowed to go home with
them. This issue is only resolved after the man has slaughtered a dog for them to eat.
DIALOGUE
The entire story is told through dialogue or what the characters say to each other, to
themselves, and in some cases, directly to the audience. Dialogue in this ceremony comes
under the element of enactment. During the second stage of the ceremony when the two
families sit to agree on the terms of the marriage, the language used is loftier and more
dramatic. Representatives of the two families act as if they are having a bargain in the
market. They talk in turns with a lot of poetic verses. There are a lot of repartee and other
non-verbal gestures.
PLOT
Plot refers to the way events are causally and logically connected in the storyline. The plot
in this ceremony is that of a simple plot that follows cause and effect. The classical theory
of drama states that a play should have a beginning, middle, and end within the plot
structure. This structure is clear in the Kassena marriage rite. When the man makes his
intentions known. By presenting the guinea fowl, he is accepted only after the investigations
into his family have been confirmed as positive. The various stages of the ceremony can be
likened to a simple plot of a dramatic piece. When the man sees the lady and makes his
intentions known, through to the stage the lady is finally presented to him in his house. In
between the main plot, there are subplots, where the lady meets with her friends and the
man also meets with the elders of the community. The event of the ceremony could be a
narration of a full dramatic piece.
CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATION

Characters are the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the actors in the play.
It is the characters who move the action, or plot, of the play forward. People's interactions
and actions are the basis of drama. This interaction moves the plot of the play. The
interaction happens among the characters, and the same is seen in the marriage ritual. There
are both major and minor characters in this marriage rite.
127
In each of the stages, there are roles played by selected figures in the community. Major
characters include the groom, the bride, the elderly woman who performs the woli, the
parents of both parties, and the brothers of the bride. Other characters may include the
elderly men and women who perform the various rituals and incantations, friends of the
bride, and other family members. Actions in the marriage are representational and have been
performed over years so the people performing could be described as mere actors. There is
the presence of artificiality in the whole marriage process.
SPECTACLE
Spectacle refers to the visual elements of a play. This may comprise sets, costume, make-
up, props, and other special effects which draws the audience closer to the action. Anything
worn onstage is a costume, whether it be layers of clothing or nothing at all. During the
marriage rites especially the final stage, there is the use of colourful and elaborate costumes
by the two families and close associates. The friends of the bride most often wear the same
kind of cloth (costume) for the occasion. The father of the bride is also presented with a
special fugu (smock) which he wears for the ceremony. Most often the women dress so
lavishly during the final stage of the marriage ceremony. Make-up The bride has to be
different from all her friends and so there is a special make-up for her which will make her
stand out from her peers. Her hands and feet are smeared with red lele (a local herb). Her
friends who will accompany her must not have the same make-up effect as that of the bride.
PROPS
All the tangible items presented to the family of the bride qualify to be props in this dramatic
piece. The guinea fowls, salt, cola nuts, calabash, fugu, etc are all items that are used by the
characters to move the plot of the ceremony. There are also other ceremonial objects without
which the process cannot be complete. Stage props contribute to the "mise-en-scene" (the
idea that everything within a scene has a meaning).
They may also allude to the narrative and give the audience a greater understanding of a
character or their motives. Stage props help create an alternate reality of the production and
may even be used to convey meaning to the audience. Therefore, the various items which
make the people who have gathered under the process can also be classified as props.
STAGING
All performances cannot come on without a performance space. Most African theatrical
performance is an outdoor event and requires a degree of audience participation Mostly, the
space for the performance of the final marriage rite is an open space, with a horse-shoe
seating arrangement like an arena theatre. The arrangement of the community elders, the
audience, and the participating families is remarkable. The seating arrangement reproduces
a kind of scene where a director places his actors on a stage. The seating arrangement makes
the event more dramatical. The rooftop where the old woman stands to announce the
intended union of the two families is also a staging area that needs to be noticed. On normal
days, this old lady will not climb up there for any reason, but for this performance, she goes
up there to perform the needed ritual.
128
MUSIC/RHYTHM
Almost all ethnic groups in Africa have drum and drumming patterns peculiar to their style
of dance. There are chants and processions all with musical accompaniment during the
marriage ceremony. Drumming and singing are integral parts of the ritual performed by the
elder of the community. As part of the ceremony, the bride and her friends are required to
perform a choreographed dance piece which is often termed the last game as friends. It is
the belief that, once she enters her husband's, home her friends may not have access to her
again. When the bride is finally led to her husband's home, there is merry-making with music
and dance as an integral part. Some of the dances include the Lenle, nagila, navolo, and
goon.
AUDIENCE
Every theatrical moment needs a live and lively audience who can constructively criticize
performances and generously appreciate quality work. The theatre is not complete without
the audience. The audience is what makes the theatre experience complete. The audience in
the Kassena marriage rite is the active and participatory type. The rite is communal which
involves the direct or indirect participation of all community members. Like the theatre, the
audience, adds colour and motivates the performers (the bride/groom) to carry on through
the final stage of the play. They also serve as witnesses to the union of the two families.
There are two types of audiences witnessed during the ceremony. They are the purposive
audience, people who were invited by the families, and the incidental audience, those who
were not invited but came around to partake in the ceremony.
CONCLUSION
This book brings to the fore the various aspect of the Kasena marriage ritual in the light of
theatre. All six classical elements of theatre as outlined by Aristotle in his Poetics have been
appropriately dealt with. These elements of theatre/drama outlined in this traditional
marriage have unearthed the ancient theatrical practices of the Africans. The rich cultural
practice of the Kassena people has been brought to the limelight which will add to its already
famous feat due to the presence of the Crocodile Pond.
IMPORTANCE OF MARRIAGE CEREMONY

Preservation of culture
Marriage ceremonies are mostly conducted based on the blueprint that has been used over
the years. Sometimes, there are variations that have found their way into the practice but the
mainframe remains. The marriage ceremonies help to preserve the culture of the people.
Transmission of culture
The marriage ceremonies include activities like the consultation of families, presentation of
bride wealth by the groom’s family, and the acceptance of the same by the bride’s family.
It also involves the presentation of the woman to the family of the groom. These activities
are transmitted from generation to generation. Therefore, traditional marriage ceremonies
are transmitted across generation.
129
Honour and respect
The marriage ceremony serves as an honour and dignity to the couple and their families. In
the eyes of the people, the couple is responsible. They are ready to take up responsibilities
in marriage, this gives them social recognition and dignity in society.
Promotes moral uprightness

It allows for legitimate sex. It is expected of the couple to have sex only with each other and
not with any other. This is especially expected of the wife. This is a traditional way of
controlling illicit sex and adultery of both the man and woman.
Legitimizes children born to the family

Marriage ceremony legitimizes children that are born into society. Marriage gives the
children a sense of belonging to a clan and gives them the right to inherit their parent’s
property.
Companionship
Marriage ceremonies give a legitimate means by which people get companionship. It also
helps to provide moral and financial support to the couple. The individual gets the
opportunity to legitimately have sex with the opposite sex. The couple shares both moments
of sorrow and joy together.
Unity
Marriage is not only between the couple but rather between the two families. The ceremony
together unites the families of the couple. They share every moment of joy and get to know
each other. In recent times, there are marriages across tribes and regions so the ceremony
brings tribes and ethnic groups together and promotes peace and unity between the two
tribes which inures to the nation at large.
FESTIVAL AS A DRAMA
Festival celebrations in the Eastern Region of Ghana are occasions where people make
merry and also exhibit their cultural values. These values are mostly seen through the
performing art forms that go on during the celebrations.
The results showed that performing art forms provide essential knowledge to visitors and
community members who attend traditional festivals celebrated in the Eastern Region of
Ghana.
Drama which is a facet of performing art plays a major role in our day-to-day activities.
These dramatic and creative acts are performed to fulfill the aesthetic cravings of the
audiences during festival celebrations. When it comes to festivals celebrated in Ghana,
drama runs through all the activities and this makes it beautiful and attractive. Drama is the
way actors replicate an action at certain places for audiences to observe and comment about
it.
130
The drama seen in these festivals do not isolate itself but rather serves as a relevant input to
its success. It was discovered that all the activities that go on in the course of the festivals
studied were dramatic and follow systematic trend which was splendid.
For instance, activities such as ritual performance at river Suhyenso, the procession of
chiefs, queen mothers and elders to the festival grounds, a special rite performed at
Obourtabiri and newly enstooled chiefs and queen mothers who are taught the traditions,
customs, songs and how to put on their regalia are all in a form of drama.
These dramatic scenes which are found in the festivals were not rehearsed as it is in drama
groups. The actions just come out in a natural flair and this makes onlookers feel either
excited or perplexed. Some of the dramatic scenes are not opened to the public. For instance,
offering of libation at the Obourtabiri shrine, incantations which are made to enable a cock
to enter the small hole and the special meal prepared at the shrine are all dramatic.
Another finding was that the way drums were played and how chiefs are carried in their
palanquins are all dramatic and educate the people in the various communities.
131
LINKS TO VIDEOS
CONVERSATION
1. Conversation link
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=what+is+conversation+and+everyday+discourse&
docid=603483892001285900&mid=50EAA5CFAD593A223F5650EAA5CFAD593A223
F56&view=detail&FORM=VIRE&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&darkschemeovr=1&safesear
ch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
2. Conversation share
docid=603489806171851613&mid=D4554A8AE31961709A61D4554A8AE31961709A6
1&view=detail&FORM=VIRE&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&darkschemeovr=1&safesearch
=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
3. Everyday Conversation in multiple places

darkschemeovr=1&view=detail&mid=9D4B76F360E20C5370759D4B76F360E20C5370
75&&FORM=VDRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&c
c=XL
4. Basic English conversation for beginners

darkschemeovr=1&view=detail&mid=EBFDF08AA536051C385AEBFDF08AA536051C
385A&&FORM=VDRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en
&cc=XL
COMPREHENSION
1. Oil drilling
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ6Ya-URu5E
2. Oil discovery
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=oil+drilling+in+Ghana+&darkschemeovr=1&vie
w=detail&mid=7BAB1B2F4FF35B1EB3D37BAB1B2F4FF35B1EB3D3&&FORM=VR
DGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
3. Homowo
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=homowo&darkschemeovr=1&view=detail&mid=
C0E2D9C9A48896A8AEBEC0E2D9C9A48896A8AEBE&&FORM=VRDGAR&PC=S
AADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
4. Gold mining
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gol+mining+in+Ghana+&mobile=1&darkscheme
ovr=1&view=detail&mid=04D0465819745DB95D7904D0465819745DB95D79&&FOR
M=VRDGAR&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL&PC=SAADAND
132
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gol+mining+in+Ghana+&darkschemeovr=1&vie
w=detail&mid=B34AB9AD196170E3E3F2B34AB9AD196170E3E3F2&&FORM=VRD
GAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
5. Environmental degradation
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=environmental+degradation+in+ghana&darksche
meovr=1&view=detail&mid=CD1A1C89686E8D38E535CD1A1C89686E8D38E535&&
FORM=VRDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
6. Industrialization in Ghana
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=industrialization+in+ghana&darkschemeovr=1&v
iew=detail&mid=7FC424A603808536C0297FC424A603808536C029&&FORM=VRDG
AR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
7. Energy conservation
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=energy+conservation+in+ghana&darkschemeovr=
1&view=detail&mid=044E03873F424FC0DDE2044E03873F424FC0DDE2&&FORM=
VRDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
8. STI's
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=59OFqdahBsk
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=STI%27s+in+ghana&darkschemeovr=1&view=de
tail&mid=9E0CAD96465706C1896B9E0CAD96465706C1896B&&FORM=VRDGAR&
PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
9. Destruction of water bodies
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=destruction+of+water+bodies+in+ghana&darksch
emeovr=1&view=detail&mid=AA9DE6F069584AB7C70AAA9DE6F069584AB7C70A
&&FORM=VRDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=
XL
emeovr=1&view=detail&mid=F4F6F78CDB09C45FA2D8F4F6F78CDB09C45FA2D8&
&FORM=VDRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=X
L
emeovr=1&view=detail&mid=3CF644C718D5C3559AD03CF644C718D5C3559AD0&
&FORM=VDRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=X
L
133
10. Adolescent reproductive health
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=adolescent+reproductive+health+in+ghana&darks
chemeovr=1&view=detail&mid=A664E8857357BEA4904DA664E8857357BEA4904D&
&FORM=VRDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=X
L
11. Entrepreneurship
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=entrepreneurship+in+ghana&darkschemeovr=1&
view=detail&mid=B882A1C33722F240F129B882A1C33722F240F129&&FORM=VRD
GAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
view=detail&mid=F9CCE581024FB4DE7932F9CCE581024FB4DE7932&&FORM=VD
RVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
view=detail&mid=A9E9369B5CD20793E0ECA9E9369B5CD20793E0EC&&FORM=V
DRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
view=detail&mid=D580718AF66501691706D580718AF66501691706&&FORM=VDR
VSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
12. Exercise and Diet

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=exercise+and+diet&darkschemeovr=1&view=det
ail&mid=A446BE00061E54CE655DA446BE00061E54CE655D&&FORM=VRDGAR&
PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
13. Tourism in Ghana
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=tourism+in+Ghana+&darkschemeovr=1&view=d
etail&mid=614034371480470B7165614034371480470B7165&&FORM=VRDGAR&PC
=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
14. Technology
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=technology+in+Ghana+&darkschemeovr=1&view
=detail&mid=6D44F3E2D61BCF7841A46D44F3E2D61BCF7841A4&&FORM=VRDG
AR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
=detail&mid=A6DB2FDDE8DB2D89A8AAA6DB2FDDE8DB2D89A8AA&&FORM=V
RDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
134
=detail&mid=7CB1207281318460B41F7CB1207281318460B41F&&FORM=VDRVSR
&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=afia+kobi+ampem+girls+plane&darkschemeovr=
1&view=detail&mid=64E2E9FDB1F09DC0422A64E2E9FDB1F09DC0422A&&FORM
=VRDGAR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=afia+kobi+ampem+girls+plane&darkschemeovr=
1&view=detail&mid=5793D0D8C6D4DEC698505793D0D8C6D4DEC69850&&FORM
=VDRVSR&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
PROVERBS
https://www.lingalot.com/twi-quotes/
EMAIL
1. Email video
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=how+to+send+an+email+&darkschemeovr=1&vi
ew=detail&mid=56DF29612BF61F2AE40856DF29612BF61F2AE408&rvsmid=F181C5
7FFFD42794D0E2F181C57FFFD42794D0E2&FORM=VDRVRV&PC=SAADAND&ss
p=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=en&cc=XL
DRAMA
1. Aladdin musical drama
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Aladdin+musical+drama&docid=6035249905472
26149&mid=768C312BB06EB7A9C5C1768C312BB06EB7A9C5C1&view=detail&FOR
M=VIRE&PC=SAADAND&ssp=1&darkschemeovr=1&safesearch=moderate&setlang=e
n&cc=XL
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Basic 7 (Edited) Final

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Basic 7 (Edited) Final

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STRAND 1: ORAL LANGUAGE (LISTENING AND SPEAKING)

SUB-STRAND 1: CONVERSATION/ EVERYDAY DISCOURSE

UNDERSTANDING AND USING THE APPROPRITE REGISTERS IN

A CONVERSATION AT THE MUNICIPAL OFFICE USING THE APPROPRIATE

A CONVERSATION USING THE APPROPRIATE REGISTER IN A

A CONVERSATION AMONG FRIENDS USING THE APPROPRIATE

A CONVERSATION AMONG FAMILY USING THE APPROPRIATE REGISTER

A CONVERSATION AMONG A STRANGER GIVING DIRECTIONS TO

A CONVERSATION AMONG A STRANGER GIVING DIRECTIONS TO

Register Type Fill in the Blanks Assessment

Register Type Identification Assessment

THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN INSTALLING AN APPLICATION ON A

UNVEILING THE EARTH'S FURY: UNDERSTANDING VOLCANIC

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS

Mining plays a crucial role in Ghana's economy, contributing significantly to revenue

Energy conservation is a critical initiative in Ghana aimed at reducing energy consumption

The destruction of water bodies is a pressing environmental issue in Ghana, significantly

Adolescent reproductive health is a critical aspect of public health in Ghana, aiming to

Entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic growth and development in Ghana, playing a

Education is a fundamental pillar for national development and individual empowerment in

Tourism is a burgeoning industry in Ghana, offering a rich tapestry of cultural heritage,

Technology is a transformative force in Ghana, rapidly evolving to play a significant role in

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

Plurals Ending in S, X, Z, CH, SH: Add "es" to the singular form:

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

DETERMINERS ATTACHED TO NOUNS

Common Nouns Identification Assessment

Countable Nouns True/False Assessment

Uncountable Nouns True/False Assessment

Uncountable Nouns Fill in the Blanks Assessment

Pronouns Fill in the Blanks Assessment

Pronouns True/False Assessment

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM

"Ful" Adjectives (expressing full of or having a tendency)

"Ous" Adjectives (indicating possessing or resembling a quality)

"Less" Adjectives (denoting absence or lacking a quality)

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "y," "al," and "ing"

Adjectives ending in "al"

Adjectives ending in "ing"

Adjectives True/False Assessment

Order of Adjectives Identification Assessment

Order of Adjectives True/False Assessment

Phrase 2: The talented musician

Sentence: They speak.

Sentence: They work.

Adverbs Modifying Verbs

Sentence 3: They laughed.

Sentence 4: She writes.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

Sentence 2: The cake is delicious.

Sentence 3: The movie was boring.

Sentence 4: The play was captivating.

Adverbs Modifying Adverbs

Sentence 2: They danced incredibly well.

Sentence 3: She sings quite melodiously.

Types of Adverbs Identification Assessment

Conjunctions True/False Assessment

Prepositions Identification Assessment

Prepositions Fill in the Blanks Assessment