ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

- Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages.

- Communication is a two- way process which involves only the sender of the message.
- Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words.
- Communication is a two- way process which involves both the sender and the receiver of the message.
- The speaker encodes the idea or converts it to words or actions.
- The receiver gets the message and decodes or interprets it.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. REGULATION/CONTROL- function of communication focuses on controlling behavior
2. INFORMATION - function of communication focuses on conveying information
3. SOCIAL INTERACTION- function of communication focuses on allowing people to interact with others to
develop bonds or intimacy
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings such as love,
fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion.
5. MOTIVATION - Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion,
attitude, and behavior
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
- LINEAR/TRANSMSSION communication model believes that communication is linear; one direction
- ARISTOTLE’S MODEL - communication model under linear examines how to become a better and more
persuasive communicator
- SHANNON- WEAVER- communication model under linear is the first to introduce the role of noise in the
communication process
- TRANSACTIONAL MODEL – interpersonal communication. Sender and receiver change roles.
- DANCE’s HELIX - communication model under transactional builds on circular model and explains how we
improve our messages over time by using feedback •
- INTERACTIVE/CONVERGENCE - Sender, Message, Receiver, Feedback, and Field of experiences are the
main elements of this communication
Three Elements that IMPROVE COMMUNICATION
A. ETHOS
B. PATHOS
C. LOGOS
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
- This results when the intended message of the sender is not understood exactly by the receiver
PHYSICAL BARRIER - natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending
the message from sender to receiver.
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER - are called as mental barriers.
o refer to social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others
- CULTURAL BARRIER - pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic
values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others;
- LINGUISTIC BARRIER - pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings because words carry
denotative and connotative meanings
o DENOTATION – LITERAL meaning of a word
o CONNOTATION – FIGURATIVE meaning of a word

5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

1. Learn to listen.
2. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others.
3. Have clarity of thought before speaking
4. Take care of your body language and tone.
5. Communi-cate face to face on important issues.
SPEECH CONTEXT
- This pertains to the environment where the communication happens and how the message is relayed during
the process.
1. INTRAPERSONAL- This type of speech context happens when the speaker acts as the source and the
receiver of the message.
2. INTERPERSONAL- This type of speech context involves two or more people.
A. DYAD - An interpersonal communication which involves 2 people talking
B. SMALL GROUP - Three but not more than twelve people are part of the conversation. This type of
interpersonal communication is present during brainstorming or collaborating with other people
3. PUBLIC - This type of speech context happens requires you to deliver the message in front of the group
and the message can be driven by informational or persuasive purpose.
4. MASS - This type of speech context uses media to reach a larger audience
SPEECH ACT
- an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect
CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT
A. DECLARATION- a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Some
examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and
excommunicating.
B. COMMISSIVE - a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the
future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
C. EXPRESSIVE - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming
and deploring.
D. DIRECTIVE - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform
an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and
begging
E. ASSERTIVE - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting and concluding.
SPEECH STYLE
- This refers to the form of language that the speaker uses which is characterized by the degree of formality.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. INTIMATE - speech style is used for very close relationships
2. CASUAL - speech style is used for is an informal communication between groups and peers who have
something to share and have shared background information but do not have close relations
3. CONSULTATIVE - speech style is used for professional or mutually acceptable language
4. FORMAL - speech style is used for something that has been prepared beforehand
5. FROZEN – also known as FIXED speech
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. INFORMATIVE - type of speech is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new
piece of information on a particular topic
2. PERSUASIVE - type of speech is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with
the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic
3. ENTERTAINMENT - type of speech aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty
and humorous lines
4. DEMONSTRATIVE – teaches you to do or perform something
ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
1. IMPROMTU - type of speech according to delivery is the presentation of a short message
without advance preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the subject
2. EXTEMPORANEUOS - type of speech according to delivery is the presentation of a carefully
planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
3. MEMORIZED - type of speech according to delivery is the rote recitation of a written message
that the speaker has committed to memory
4. MANUSCRIPT - type of speech according to delivery is the word-for-word iteration of a written
message using visual aids.