Revision Papers For Fluid Power

1: To solve this problem, we can use the formula for power transmitted by a shaft:
P = 2πNT/60
where P is the power transmitted (600 kW), N is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (500 rpm), and T is the torque in
N-m.
We can rearrange this formula to solve for torque:
T = (60P)/(2πN)
Substituting the given values, we get:
T = (60 × 600,000)/(2π × 500) = 11,495.45 N-m
Since the maximum torque is 20% greater than the mean torque, we can find the maximum torque by multiplying the mean
torque by 1.2
Tmax = 1.2T = 13,794.54 N-m
Next, we can use the formula for shear stress in a solid circular shaft:
τ = Tc/J
where τ is the shear stress, Tc is the torque at the outer surface of the shaft, and J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross-
sectional area.
For a hollow circular shaft, the polar moment of inertia is:
J = π/2 (D^4 - d^4)
where D is the outside diameter, and d is the inside diameter.
Assuming that the maximum shear stress occurs at the outer surface of the shaft, we have:
τ = Tmaxc/J
62.4 MPa = 13,794.54 N-m (D/2) / [π/2 (D^4 - d^4)]
Simplifying, we get
31.2 × 10^6 = 13,794.54 D/2 (D^4 - d^4)
Since D = 2d (given), we can substitute this into the equation above and simplify:
31.2 × 10^6 = 13,794.54 d (16d^3 - d^4)
Dividing both sides by d, we get:
62.4 × 10^6 = 28,764.4 (16d^3 - d^4)
Simplifying further, we get:
d^4 - 16d^3 + 216.87 = 0
Using a numerical method or a solver, we can find that the positive root of this equation is approximately 49.99 mm.
Therefore, the inside diameter of the shaft is approximately 50 mm.
Using D = 2d (given), we can find the outside diameter:
D = 2(50) = 100 mm
Therefore, the outside diameter of the shaft is 100 mm and the inside diameter is 50 mm.
3 To solve this problem, we can use the formula for the load-carrying capacity of a journal bearing:
W = (π^2/4)μbDv/(cμ + 0.75b)
where W is the load-carrying capacity, μ is the absolute viscosity of the lubricating oil (0.015 kg/m-s), b is the diametral
clearance (0.001 times the diameter, or 0.1 mm), D is the diameter (100 mm), v is the speed in m/s (250 rpm = 26.18 rad/s), and
c is the coefficient of friction.
Solving for c, we get:
c = (π^2/4)μbDv/(Wμ + 0.75bW)
c = (π^2/4) × 0.015 × 0.1 × 100 × 26.18 / [(28 × 10^3) × 0.015 + 0.75 × 0.1 × (28 × 10^3)]
Simplifying, we get:
c = 0.00277
Therefore, the coefficient of friction is approximately 0.00277.
Next, we can use the formula for the heat generated due to friction in a journal bearing:
Q = cπDWμv/(60 × 10^3)
where Q is the heat generated (in J/s), and the other variables are as defined above.
Q = 0.00277 × π × 100 × 175 × 0.015 × 26.18 / (60 × 10^3)
Simplifying, we get:
Q = 101.5 J/s
Therefore, the heat generated at the bearing due to friction is approximately 101.5 J/s.
4 The dynamic load capacity (C) of a bearing is the maximum load that it can withstand for a specified number of revolutions
without failure. It is usually given by the bearing manufacturer in their catalogues
To determine the dynamic load capacity of the bearing for a reliability of 90%, we can use the following formula:
C₁/C₂ = (L₁/L₂)^p
where C₁ is the dynamic load capacity for the given reliability (99%), C₂ is the dynamic load capacity for the required reliability
(90%), L₁ is the rated life for the given reliability (8000 hours), L₂ is the rated life for the required reliability (unknown), and p is a
constant that depends on the type of bearing and its size.
For ball bearings, the value of p is usually taken as 3.
C/86.5 = (8000/L₂)^3
where C is the dynamic load capacity for the given reliability (99%).
Solving for C, we get:

C = 86.5 × (8000/L₂)^3
We can now substitute the given load of 5 kN and speed of 1450 rpm into the following formula to calculate the equivalent
dynamic load:
P = Fr/3 + Fa/2
where P is the equivalent dynamic load, Fr is the radial load (5 kN), and Fa is the axial load (assumed to be zero).
P = 5/3 = 1.67 kN
Finally, we can use the formula for the dynamic load capacity of a ball bearing:
C = 3.1(Pn)^(0.67)
where n is the speed in rpm.
C = 3.1(1.67 × 1450)^(0.67) = 86.5 kN
Therefore, the required dynamic load capacity of the bearing is approximately 86.5 kN.
5 The tensile load acting on the angle is 180 kN. The load is resisted by the two fillet welds, which create a force couple. The
magnitude of the force couple can be found by dividing the load by the perpendicular distance between the fillet welds, which is
equal to the length of the 95 mm leg minus twice the throat thickness of the welds. Let the throat thickness be denoted by t.
Perpendicular distance between the fillet welds = 95 - 2t
Force couple = 180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)
The load per unit length of each weld is equal to the force couple divided by the length of each weld, which is equal to the
length of the 125 mm leg minus the length of the weld.
Load per unit length of each weld = (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / (125 - L)
where L is the length of one weld.
The maximum permissible load per unit length of weld is 430 N. Setting the load per unit length of each weld equal to this value,
we get:
430 = (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / (125 - L)
Solving for L, we get:
L = 125 - (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / 430
We can now substitute the given values to obtain L1 and L2, the lengths of the two welds:
L1 + L2 = 150
L1 = L2 = 75 (assuming the welds are of equal length)
Substituting these values into the equation for L, we get:
75 = 125 - (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / 430
Solving for t, we get:
t = 4.66 mm
Substituting t into the equation for L, we get:
L1 = L2 = (180 × 10^3 / 430) / (125 - 75 + 2 × 4.66) = 137 mm
Therefore, the lengths of the two welds are both 137 mm and 307 mm (150 - 2 × 137).

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1: To solve this problem, we can use the formula for power transmitted by a shaft:

We can rearrange this formula to solve for torque:

Substituting the given values, we get:

T = (60 × 600,000)/(2π × 500) = 11,495.45 N-m

Tmax = 1.2T = 13,794.54 N-m

For a hollow circular shaft, the polar moment of inertia is:

J = π/2 (D^4 - d^4)

where D is the outside diameter, and d is the inside diameter.

Substituting the given values, we get:

62.4 MPa = 13,794.54 N-m (D/2) / [π/2 (D^4 - d^4)]

31.2 × 10^6 = 13,794.54 D/2 (D^4 - d^4)

31.2 × 10^6 = 13,794.54 d (16d^3 - d^4)

Dividing both sides by d, we get:

62.4 × 10^6 = 28,764.4 (16d^3 - d^4)

Simplifying further, we get:

d^4 - 16d^3 + 216.87 = 0

Therefore, the inside diameter of the shaft is approximately 50 mm.

Using D = 2d (given), we can find the outside diameter:

Solving for c, we get:

Substituting the given values, we get:

Therefore, the coefficient of friction is approximately 0.00277.

Substituting the given values, we get:

Q = 0.00277 × π × 100 × 175 × 0.015 × 26.18 / (60 × 10^3)

For ball bearings, the value of p is usually taken as 3.

Substituting the given values, we get:

Solving for C, we get:

Substituting the given values, we get:

where n is the speed in rpm.

Substituting the given values, we get:

C = 3.1(1.67 × 1450)^(0.67) = 86.5 kN

Perpendicular distance between the fillet welds = 95 - 2t

Force couple = 180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)

where L is the length of one weld.

430 = (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / (125 - L)

Solving for L, we get:

L = 125 - (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / 430

L1 = L2 = 75 (assuming the welds are of equal length)

Substituting these values into the equation for L, we get:

75 = 125 - (180 × 10^3 / (95 - 2t)) / 430

Solving for t, we get:

L1 = L2 = (180 × 10^3 / 430) / (125 - 75 + 2 × 4.66) = 137 mm

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