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    Brief Summary Sheet - AP Chem

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    racheljchong
    A hydrate is no longer a hydrate when mass stops decreasing. Exceptions to the octet rule include Xe, H, B, and AlH3 which have fewer than 8 electrons in their valence shell. Sigma bonds count every single bond and one bond from a double or triple bond. Hydrogen bonds form between a lone pair and a bond. Kinetic molecular theory states that gases are made of particles in random motion where particle collisions are elastic and the particle volume is negligible compared to the total volume. Column chromatography uses silica gel to separate substances based on polarity, with less polar substances traveling farther up the column. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble in water except for AgI, Hg

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    Brief Summary Sheet - AP Chem

    Uploaded by

    racheljchong
    35 views5 pages
    A hydrate is no longer a hydrate when mass stops decreasing. Exceptions to the octet rule include Xe, H, B, and AlH3 which have fewer than 8 electrons in their valence shell. Sigma bonds count every single bond and one bond from a double or triple bond. Hydrogen bonds form between a lone pair and a bond. Kinetic molecular theory states that gases are made of particles in random motion where particle collisions are elastic and the particle volume is negligible compared to the total volume. Column chromatography uses silica gel to separate substances based on polarity, with less polar substances traveling farther up the column. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble in water except for AgI, Hg

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    Brief Summary Sheet _ AP Chem

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    A hydrate is no longer a hydrate when mass stops decreasing. Exceptions to the octet rule include Xe, H, B, and AlH3 which have fewer than 8 electrons in their valence shell. Sigma bonds count every single bond and one bond from a double or triple bond. Hydrogen bonds form between a lone pair and a bond. Kinetic molecular theory states that gases are made of particles in random motion where particle collisions are elastic and the particle volume is negligible compared to the total volume. Column chromatography uses silica gel to separate substances based on polarity, with less polar substances traveling farther up the column. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble in water except for AgI, Hg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views5 pages

    Brief Summary Sheet - AP Chem

    Uploaded by

    racheljchong
    A hydrate is no longer a hydrate when mass stops decreasing. Exceptions to the octet rule include Xe, H, B, and AlH3 which have fewer than 8 electrons in their valence shell. Sigma bonds count every single bond and one bond from a double or triple bond. Hydrogen bonds form between a lone pair and a bond. Kinetic molecular theory states that gases are made of particles in random motion where particle collisions are elastic and the particle volume is negligible compared to the total volume. Column chromatography uses silica gel to separate substances based on polarity, with less polar substances traveling farther up the column. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble in water except for AgI, Hg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    summary sheet

    A hydrate is no longera hydrate when mass stops decreasing

    Octet rate Exceptions


    AI Xe H B

    EX AlH3
    Negativeformal Charge on mostelectronegative

    Sigma o bonds counteverysinglebondandonefromdoubleortriplebond

    T1 bonds 1fromdouble2fromtriple

    steric number 0 bonds t lonepairs


    Stericnumbertellsushowmany orbitalsweneed
    IMF Tsurfacetensionf viscosityIn

    Hydrogenbonds

    Musthave a lonepairand Abond

    Kinetic molecular theory


    PVNRT
    Elasticcollisionwhenparticleshit wall
    V is conserved
    1Gashasparticlesinconstantrandommotion
    2Thevolumeofparticles isnegligiblecomparedtototalvolume
    3Particlesexert no forcesupononeanother
    4 Particlecollisionsareelastic
    5 KEared 1Kelvin
    Hightemplargevolume same volume
    Lowtemp Hightemp
    I small
    T volume
    a

    Closeto ideal condensationpoint


    attraction
    Pt than idealgaslaw PT thanideal
    Distillate lowerBP gaslaw
    Mustslowlyincreasetemp
    becauseamountofdistillate
    decreases

    Thin layer chromatography TLC

    silipfarousseland Retention factor


    polar disafeweadepf.lu
    solvent
    substance pastorigin
    I I Dip in lesspolarsolution
    If it is more mobilephase
    polar it won'ttravel Morepolarlower
    as far RF

    column chromatography

    LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE


    0

    Ut silicagel

    Solubility Attractionbetween soluteandsolvent


    Ions dissociate can'tdissolveHexane in H2O because Hzo moreattractedtoitself
    Spectrophotometry

    B immonen

    Mostchloridebromideandiodidesaltsare soluble in water


    EXCEPT AgtHgit Pb

    1st Order Half life


    ln AIt Kt ten ATo t tht
    k
    2ndorder reaction
    Kt t.to

    zero order reaction


    A t A o Kt

    Bondenergy 0 energywhenbond
    Bondenergy Lo energywhenbondbreaks

    DHrxn EBE ofbondsbroken EBE of bondsformed


    positive negative

    Reaction Rates
    Solidsand liquids are not inthereactionquotient
    ONLYGASESAND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

    K is so largethereactiongoesin forwarddirection goestocompletion

    If you reverse thereaction take theinverse of K All apply to Q


    Soluble salts Ksp 1
    Compare 5 NOT K to comparesolubility
    Greaters moresoluble
    Will a precipitate form
    Qsp from initialconcentration
    Qsp L Ksp NO PRECIPITATE
    Qsp Ksp PRECIPITATE
    COMMON Ion Effect
    In presence of commoniconsolubilitydecreases

    ionization4 as molarity Iv
    ionizationtellsyouwhat of ionreacted withH2O

    If youwant a biggerbufferhavehigherinitialconcentration
    Equivalence point molBase MolAcid
    AcidBase indicator rightafterequivalencepoint
    Useindicator withpKaclosetopH at equivalencepoint

    Half equivalencepoint All ofthe acid is equivalent to theconjugate base


    EquivalencepointAHacidconverted to theconjugatebase
    When buffering capacity is exceededrapidchange in pH
    Buffercapacity
    Increasingconcentration ofbuffercomponentsdoesn'tchange pH butit increases
    theamount the buffer neutralize aslongas ratio is constant
    pH of solutionis relative of molesof acidand conjugatebase
    Diluting a buffer will not changepH
    More conjugateacid thanbasegreatercapacity foraddedbasethanacid
    Moreconjugatebase than acid greatercapacityforaddedacidtha
    Applications of thermodynamics
    D8reaction ESO
    products Eso
    reactants

    GibbsFreeEnergy
    Describeswhether a reactionisfavorableor unfavorable

    SG LO thermodynamicallyfavorable DGoreaction EGO


    reactants EDGopro
    ducts

    DGoesHo Tss

    DHo Favorable
    SH0 Unfavorable
    DS is favorable SS Unfavorable

    SG n F EEell n number of molesof electrons

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