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Petroleum
By Meg Leonard

Crude oil is another name for petroleum. Petroleum means "rock

oil." It is naturally made from the remains of sea plants and animals.
These plants and animals lived at the time of the dinosaurs. When the
plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Mud
covered them. Heat and pressure from the mud caused the decaying
plants and animals to turn into crude oil after millions of years. This is
the oil that comes straight out of the ground. It is smelly. It is yellow to
black in color. It is found in underground reservoirs. Workers drill into
the ground to bring the crude oil to the surface. The crude oil is taken
to a refinery where it is separated into parts. Different parts are used for
different products. Most parts are used to make electricity. Other parts
are used to make things like tar, crayons, or bubble gum. Oil is a
non-renewable resource. Drilling for oil can harm animal life. Oil spills
in the ocean can cause big problems. When petroleum products are burned, they make air pollution. Scientists are
working to find ways to make petroleum products safer for the environment.

Petroleum

Questions
1. Which of the following is another name for crude oil?
A. heat
B. petroleum
C. gas
D. coal

2. How long does it take to make petroleum?

A. 150 years
B. millions of years
C. 15,000 years
D. 15 years

3. Petroleum forms from the remains of ______.

A. mountain animals
B. animals and plants
C. river animals
D. desert animals

4. What is the name for petroleum when it comes out of the ground?
A. mentholateum
B. fresh oil
C. crude oil
D. new oil

5. According to the article, which of the following is NOT made from oil?
A. trees
B. bubble gum
C. crayons

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King Abdullah II's Birthday

By Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman

How old are you? You can probably answer that question without thinking. A
person's age can tell a lot. At your age, it can tell what school grade you're in. As
you get older, your age will mean other things. When you can drive a car, when
you can vote, and when you can get married all come with age.

Your age is just a measurement. Each birthday, you add one year. For many
people, birthdays are really important days. Is your birthday important to you? For
some people, their birthday decides something very important: whether or not they
will become a king!

Many countries have a king and a queen. Usually, a king is king until he dies.
When he dies, the job of king is usually given to his oldest son. Jordan is a country
that has a king and queen. Jordan is located in the Middle East, next to Israel, Syria,
Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. It has a very long history. Like many countries in the
Middle East, it has a history as old as humankind.

Today, Jordan is ruled by King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein (or just King Abdullah II for short). He and his wife,
Queen Rania, live in Amman, Jordan's capital city. King Abdullah II is the latest in a long line of Jordanian kings.
In fact, he is the 43rd direct descendent of the Prophet Muhammad. Muhammad is the founder of the religion of
Islam.

King Abdullah II was the oldest son of King Abdullah. He became king when his father died on February 7,
1999. Before becoming king, though, Abdullah II was many things. He was an army commander, a pilot, and a
student of politics. In fact, Abdullah II attended some of the best schools in Britain and the United States.

King Abdullah II was born on January 30, 1962. He is the oldest of four brothers and six sisters. Each year on
January 30th, people from all over Jordan, and Jordanians all over the world, celebrate their king's birthday. The
king and queen are well-liked in Jordan.

Jordan's king and queen have many children. They have two sons, Prince Hussein and Prince Hashem, and two
daughters, Princess Iman and Princess Salma. King Abdullah II will probably be king until he dies, when Prince
Hussein will become king. But until King Abdullah's oldest son takes the crown, the people of Jordan will
celebrate January 30th each year. Who knew a birthday could mean so much?

King Abdullah II's Birthday

Questions
1. Jordan is located where?
A. in the Middle East
B. in South America
C. in North America
D. in Asia

2. King Abdullah II has never traveled outside his home country.

A. False
B. True

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3. Which of the following isn't one of King Abdullah II's previous jobs?
A. pilot
B. military commander
C. professional musician
D. student

4. How many children do King Abdullah II and Queen Rania have?

A. 8
B. 4
C. 2
D. 6

5. What is the capital of Jordan?

A. Baghdad
B. Hashem
C. Amman
D. Nairobi

6. A king's son is known as a prince.

A. True
B. False

7. What is King Abdullah's birthday?

A. February 1
B. January 30
C. July 30
D. January 20

8. King Abdullah II is very unpopular in Jordan.

A. True
B. False

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Are You a Gorilla?

By Erin Horner

Do you have two arms and two legs? Then you might be a gorilla. Do you have
four fingers and a thumb on each hand, and fingernails rather than claws? Then you
might be a gorilla. Do you like to wrestle and have fun? Then you might be a gorilla.
Do you make silly faces to show how you are feeling? Then you might be a gorilla.
Do you walk around on your knuckles and eat 40 pounds of leaves each day? You
don't? Then I guess you are not a gorilla!

Gorillas are very large primates. They live in Africa. They are similar to humans
in many ways. But they are also very different. Like humans, gorillas have two arms
and two legs. A gorilla's arms, however, are much longer than their legs. The average
gorilla is six inches shorter than an adult man. But his arms are more than a foot
longer than an adult man's!

Gorillas also stand up like humans. But unlike us, they don't walk standing up.
They bend over and use their arms and legs. Gorillas "knuckle walk." They walk
using the back of their fingers or their knuckles. A gorilla's bone structure is also a
lot like ours.

Gorillas and people are a lot alike. In fact, gorilla means "hairy person." But thankfully, gorillas and people
have a lot of differences as well. I've never met a child who is covered with thick, black fur!

Are You a Gorilla?

Questions
1. Name two ways that gorillas and humans are similar.

2. What is this article mainly about?

A. How to identify gorillas
B. The similarities and differences between humans and gorillas
C. A gorilla's habitat
D. A gorilla's diet

3. In this passage the word rather means ______.

A. sometimes
B. More than
C. In addition to
D. Instead

4. How is this passage organized?

A. It makes a statement and then gives reason why it is true.
B. It states a cause and then gives effects.
C. It gives the steps in a process.
D. It tells how things are alike and different.

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Warpaint Emerald Dragonflies

By Mary Lynn Bushong

The long summer evening seemed shorter than usual because of the overcast sky. Even so, the ponds and pools
were full of activity. Mosquito larvae waited at the surface of the water until something disturbed it or a shadow
passed over. Then they would suddenly wriggle downwards.

It was over such a pool that a warpaint emerald dragonfly female hovered. The males love bright sunny days,
but the females prefer overcast skies.

She found a section of water that she liked for laying her eggs. Then she hovered and dipped her abdomen into
the water over and over but in a slightly different place each time.

The eggs settled into the sphagnum moss in the shallow water, hidden from predators until hatching time. The
summer ended, and winter came. The little eggs were encased in ice until the spring thaw released them once
more.

Life filled each egg. Soon one small dragonfly nymph hatched. She was a hunter from the first moment she
emerged. She also looked nothing like her future adult self.

She had a long body and six legs but no wings. Most of all, she was hungry. The nymph did not care what she
ate so long as she could eat.

Mosquito larvae were plentiful, and they made quick meals. She was also willing to eat any other insect larvae
including that of other dragonflies. If she could catch them, they were eaten. The warpaint nymph didn't stop with
other insects. She was also happy to eat tadpoles and small fish. The life of a dragonfly was to eat or be eaten.

The dragonfly nymph lived only in the water and breathed with the aid of gills. The world above the water was
of little concern to her.

Summer brought an abundance of food. The pool was like a banquet table all summer.

Fall slowed the nymph down with cooler water. Instinct told her to find a deep mossy place to pass the winter.
Soon winter descended over the pond, and ice locked her into its frozen embrace for a second time.

When spring came, the dragonfly nymph was released from the ice and began hunting right away. She ate and
she ate. Then, early in the summer she felt a strange urge.

Instead of staying in the water and hunting, the nymph climbed onto the sphagnum moss and pulled herself out
of the water. She shuddered as she took a breath of air for the first time.

Locking her nymph legs into position, her hard outer skeleton began to split down her back. When the split
was wide enough, the new dragonfly stepped out, leaving the empty shell of the nymph behind.

The young warpaint emerald dragonfly sat in the sun and pumped up her wings until they were flat and stiff.
Then, helped by a light breeze, she was aloft.

Now instead of hunting under the water, she hunts in the air. Her legs, covered in small spikes, help her to hold
her prey when caught. Her wings allow her to hover and suddenly accelerate as she catches flies and mosquitoes.

While one of the larger-sized dragonflies, she is not the largest and must watch out for birds and bigger
dragonflies that would make a meal of her while she flies. Her life as an adult dragonfly will be short - only about
five weeks.

In the waning days of summer, she will wait for a cloudy day. Then she will lay her eggs in the water and plant
the seeds of a new generation. Then, by summer's end she will die, having fulfilled her purpose in life.

Different kinds of dragonflies live all over the world. Many of them are endangered, as is the warpaint emerald
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dragonfly. One thing they need is clean water. While these dragonflies use the shallow water in some lakes, they
prefer wetlands, especially ones with sphagnum moss. Moss harvesting and possible contamination of wetlands
with pesticides in their limited range make life difficult for these small soldiers against pests.

Warpaint Emerald Dragonflies

Questions
1. This story is about a:
A. mosquito
B. mayfly
C. dragonfly
D. damselfly

2. The immature dragonfly nymph lives in dry moss.

A. true
B. false

3. The nymph mainly eats algae.

A. true
B. false

4. The warpaint emerald dragonfly is an endangered species.

A. false
B. true

5. Which of these is something the dragonfly nymph does NOT eat?

A. fish
B. mosquito larvae
C. tadpoles
D. turtles

6. The dragonfly nymphs breathe with gills.

A. true
B. false

7. How long does this dragonfly live from the time its egg is laid until it dies as an adult?
A. five years
B. five months
C. two years
D. five weeks

8. This species of dragonfly has no enemies.

A. false
B. true

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Smokeless Tobacco
By Jennifer Kenny

Smokeless tobacco is any tobacco that is not smoked. The term smokeless tobacco usually refers to chewing
tobacco, dipping tobacco, and snuff. Snuff is a tobacco that users sniff or inhale up their nose. They may also hold
it in their mouths. Chewing tobacco is a tobacco that users chew. Dipping tobacco is placed between the cheek
and gums.

Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, just like cigarettes do. The nicotine is absorbed into the blood. It is
addictive. It causes the person to crave more, just as a person would crave another cigarette. Some people think
using smokeless tobacco is safer than smoking cigarettes. Ironically, though, more nicotine gets into your body
using smokeless tobacco than smoking cigarettes. Besides nicotine, smokeless tobacco contains nearly thirty other
ingredients known to cause cancer!

The image of baseball players using smokeless tobacco doesn't help promote the idea that it is dangerous.
Instead, this can make it appealing to those who don't know the facts. The facts are that about 70% of those using
smokeless tobacco have sores in their mouths. Using smokeless tobacco can destroy taste buds. Mouth cancer is a
real possibility to users.

Smokeless tobacco will also cause yellow-brown stains and wear down the user's teeth. It causes cavities and
gum disease. It causes bad breath. It raises blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Therefore, it increases the
chance that the user will have a heart attack.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, thirteen percent of high school boys and two
percent of high school girls use smokeless tobacco. Around ten million Americans of all ages are users of
smokeless tobacco. Most started before they were 13 years old! Many started because they saw sports idols use it,
because of peer pressure, or the hope of looking macho.

Some baseball legends are pulling together to convince players, fans, and young people that chewing and
dipping are addictive and unsafe. Bill Tuttle, formerly of the Detroit Tigers, lost most of his face to cancer caused
by his habit. He died at the age of 69. Joe Garagiola, Curt Schilling, and Hank Aaron have spoken out about the
dangers of smokeless tobacco. Von Gruen is another athlete who spoke to Congress about the dangers of using
smokeless tobacco and his mouth cancer.

When people are trying to quit using smokeless tobacco, they should get help! When they are craving, they
should talk to a supportive person. They could go for a walk. They should get their teeth cleaned so they won't
want their teeth to stain anymore from smokeless tobacco. They could use a nicotine patch or gum if the doctor
recommends it. They can substitute sunflower seeds, hard candy, fruit, or sugarless gum when they feel a need to
have something in their mouth. They should breathe deeply or take a shower to relax. Smokeless tobacco users
who quit can enjoy some obvious health benefits as well as the cash they can save by not purchasing smokeless
tobacco anymore!

Smokeless Tobacco

Questions
1. The term smokeless tobacco refers to:
A. snuff, cigars
B. cigarettes, cigars
C. cigarettes, chewing tobacco
D. chewing and dipping tobacco and snuff

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2. Does more nicotine get into a person's body when he smokes a cigarette or uses smokeless tobacco?
A. uses smokeless tobacco
B. smokes a cigarette

3. Which smokeless tobacco is placed between the cheek and gum?

A. dipping tobacco
B. snuff

4. Smokeless tobacco contains how many ingredients that are known to cause cancer?

5. Why do you think the image of baseball players using chewing tobacco promotes the idea to use the
product?

6. Most people who use smokeless tobacco started before the age of ______.

7. Give one tip to a user of smokeless tobacco who would like to quit.

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That Takes A Lot of Nerve!

By Erin Horner

Your body is made up of several amazing parts. One such part is a bundle of long, thin
threads called nerves. You have nerves all over your body. Your nerves help all of the systems
in your body communicate with each other. Some nerves are called motor nerves. They help
your body and muscles move. Others are called sensory nerves. They help you feel things.
They also help your body respond to all that it feels. Imagine that one night at dinner, you
reached up and grabbed a bowl of really hot soup. Once your fingers touched the scalding broth,
you immediately pulled your hands away from the bowl. Your nerves helped you do this. The
nerves in your skin sensed the heat from the bowl. These nerves then sent a message through
your spinal cord to your brain. Your brain then sent a return message to your hand. This
message told your muscles to jerk back because your nerves were sensing something painful.
All of this communication happened faster than you could say "ouch!" Nerves are complex and
coordinated communicators. They are also really cool (or hot, depending on what they sense)!

That Takes A Lot of Nerve!

Questions
1. What are nerves?

2. In this passage the word jerk means:

A. a fun dance from the 1960s
B. to pull someone
C. a quick, sudden movement
D. a person who is not very nice

3. Which of the following statements about nerves are true?

A. Nerves help all of the body systems communicate with one another.
B. There are sensory and motor nerves.
C. Nerves are long, thin threads.
D. All of the above

4. How is this passage organized?

A. It tells how things are alike and different.
B. It states a cause and then gives effects.
C. It gives a series of steps in a process.
D. It makes a statement and then gives reasons that it is true.

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Qing Ming Festival

By Vickie Chao

Every year in early April (usually on the 5th, but sometimes on the 4th or 6th), the Chinese people will visit
their ancestors' graves, tidy up the sites, and serve offerings. They call that designated day the Qing Ming
Festival or Grave Sweeping Day.

Nobody knows for sure how the custom first started. Among the various accounts, one popular version goes
like this.

A long time ago, there was a ruthless emperor who proclaimed himself as Shih Huangdi ("First Emperor" in
Chinese) when he established the Qin dynasty (221 B.C. - 207 B.C.). Shih Huangdi ruled China with an iron fist.
His fans say that he unified the writing system. He completed the construction of the Great Wall of China. And
he fended off the advances of the Xiongnu, a northern nomadic tribe. His critics, however, say that he killed
scholars, banned their thoughts, and burned their books. He forced people to build him extravagant palaces and a
lavish tomb (complete with a terracotta army).

After Shih Huangdi died unexpectedly in 210 B.C., his second son forged a royal decree to kill the crowned
prince so he himself could become the new emperor. Unfortunately for the Qin dynasty, the new emperor was
not nearly as competent as his father. In no time, people from all corners started to revolt. Three years later, the
Qin dynasty was over, and China fell into turmoil.

Among all the insurgents, two leaders -- Liu Bang and Xiang Yu -- stood out and began to wage wars against
each other. They fought for five years. Eventually, Liu Bang eradicated Xiang Yu and emerged as the victor. He
established the Western Han dynasty in 202 B.C.

Following the defeat of Xiang Yu, Liu Bang went back to his hometown. He wanted to visit his parents'
graves and pay them respect. When he got there, he was stunned! The area, after years of on-going conflict,
looked horrible. Tombstones were either broken or missing. Weeds were everywhere. Liu Bang searched the
area thoroughly, but he just couldn't locate his parents' graves. As the daylight started to fade away, Liu Bang felt
crushed. Refusing to give up, he took out a piece of paper and tore it into small pieces. He cupped the pieces
tightly between his palms and prayed. He whispered, "Dear parents, I am here to see you, but I can't find your
graves. I am going to throw pieces of paper up to the sky. Please give me signs."

Liu Bang threw the pieces of paper up to the sky and waited. As strong winds blew the pieces in all directions,
there was one that landed firmly on the top of a tombstone not so far away. Liu Bang went to have a look. He
read the inscriptions on the tombstone carefully and instantly recognized his parents' names! He was so happy!
Right away, he ordered his soldiers to clear out the field, fix up the tombstone, and lay out offerings. Before he
left, Liu Bang used a small rock to affix that miraculous piece of paper to his parents' new tombstone as a marker.
He returned loyally year after year to pay them tribute.

Seeing him do that, other people quickly began to follow suit. Every year in early April, they visited their
ancestors' graves and swept the area clean. They used small rocks to affix pieces of paper to the tombstones to
show that these graves were being looked after!

The Chinese are very serious about the Qing Ming Festival because it is the day that they bestow respect upon
their ancestors. Aside from marking the graves with pieces of paper, they light incense sticks and burn fake paper
money, paper clothes, and other paper accessories. The Chinese believe that the world for the deceased is very
much like the world for the living. Hence, they must provide their ancestors with all the necessities they need so
they can live comfortably in their after-life.

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Qing Ming Festival

Questions
1. According to this myth, who started the Qing Ming Festival?
A. Jie Zitui
B. Xiang Yu
C. Shih Huangdi
D. Liu Bang

2. What dynasty did Liu Bang establish?

A. Tang
B. Western Zhou
C. Western Han
D. Qin

3. What do the Chinese do to show that they look after their ancestors' graves?
A. They cover their ancestors' graves with rose petals.
B. They use small stones to affix pieces of paper to their ancestors' tombstones.
C. They advertise it in the newspaper.
D. They hang a sign on their ancestors' tombstones.

4. What day does the Qing Ming Festival usually fall on?
A. April 15th
B. April 5th
C. April 8th
D. April 3rd

5. Why do the Chinese burn fake paper money on the Qing Ming Festival?
A. because they believe that their ancestors need it
B. because they believe that burning fake money will bring in real money
C. because they believe that burning fake money will fend off the evil
D. because they want to cover a crime

6. Who unified the writing system in China?

A. Meng Tien
B. Xiang Yu
C. Liu Bang
D. Shih Huangdi

7. The Qing Ming Festival and Grave Sweeping Day are two separate Chinese holidays.
A. true
B. false

8. How long did the Qin dynasty last?

A. 10 years
B. 14 years
C. 19 years
D. 18 years

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