Math Tutorial2
Math Tutorial2
Math Tutorial2
Department of Mathematics
MATH1010D&E (2016/17 Term 1)
University Mathematics
Tutorial 2
• converge if there exists real number L s.t. for any ε > 0, there exists N ∈ N s.t. for
any n > N , |an − L| < ε. In this cases, we write limn→∞ an = L.
• diverge if it does not converge.
• tend to +∞ (−∞) if for any real number M , there exists N ∈ N s.t. for any n > N ,
an > M (an < M ). In this case, we write limn→∞ an = +∞ (limn→∞ an = −∞).
• be monotonic increasing (decreasing) if for any m < n, am ≤ an (am ≥ an ).
• be strictly increasing (decreasing) if for any m < n, am < an (am > an ).
• be bounded above (below ) if there exists real number M s.t. for any n ∈ N, an ≤ M
(an ≥ M ).
• be bounded if there exists real number M s.t. for any n ∈ N, |an | ≤ M .
Theorems From now onwards, by a sequence we mean an infinite sequence of real numbers.
Let {an }, {bn }, {cn } be sequences.
• If {|an |} converges with limn→∞ |an | = 0, then {an } converges and limn→∞ an = 0.
1
• If limn→∞ |an | = +∞, then {1/an } converges and limn→∞ an = 0.
• (Sandwich Theorem) if an ≤ bn ≤ cn for any n ∈ N and {an } and {cn } converge
with limn→∞ an = limn→∞ cn = L, then {bn } converges and limn→∞ bn = L.
• If an ≤ bn for any n ∈ N and limn→∞ an = +∞, then limn→∞ bn = +∞.
• If an ≥ bn for any n ∈ N and limn→∞ an = −∞, then limn→∞ bn = −∞.
• If {an } converges with limn→∞ an = 0 and {bn } is bounded, then {an bn } converges
and limn→∞ an bn = 0.
1
• If limn→∞ an = L (L can be any real number, +∞ or −∞), then for any subsequence
{ank } of {an }, limk→∞ ank = L.
• If limn→∞ a2n−1 = limn→∞ a2n = L (L can be any real number, +∞ or −∞), then
limn→∞ an = L.
• Suppose a ≥ 0. Then
+∞, if a > 1;
n
lim a = 1, if a = 1;
n→∞
0, if 0 ≤ a < 1.
• Let P (x) and Q(x) be polynomial functions with leading coefficients a and b respec-
tively. Suppose Q(x) 6≡ 0. Then
+∞, if deg P > deg Q and ab > 0;
P (n) −∞, if deg P > deg Q and ab < 0;
lim = a
n→∞ Q(n)
b, if deg P = deg Q;
0, if deg P < deg Q.