jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Thiruvalluvar University
Master of science
Degree course

M.Sc Mathematics
Under CBCS
Regulations & Syllabus
For University Department
With effect from 2014-2015
 jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Thiruvalluvar University
Master of science Degree course

M.Sc Mathematics Under CBCS

Regulations CBSC pattern

With effect from 2014-2015

Definitions:

Programme: “programme “means a course of study leading to the award of a degree

in a discipline.

Course: “course” refers to a paper/ practical/ subject offierd under the degree
programme. Each course is to be designed various under lectures/
tutorials/laboratory or field work/ seminar /practical/ Assignments Term paper or
Report writing etc., to meet effective teaching and learning needs.

i. Core course:
“The Core course related to the programme concerned including practicals
offered in the programme”
ii. Elective Course:
“Elective Course”related to the core course of the programme concerned offered
in the programme.

A detailed explained of the above with relevant credit are given under “Scheme of
Examination along with Distribution of Marks and Credits.

Duration: this means the stipulated year of study to complete a programme as

prescribed by the University from tome to time. Currently for the Postgraduate
programme the duration of the study is Two Year. These regulations shall apply to
the regular course of study in approved institutions of the University.

Cerdits: the weightage given to each course of study (Subject) by the exparts of the
Board of Studies concerned. The trem ‘Credit’ refers to the weightage given to a
course, usually in relation to the instructional hours assigned to it. For instance, a
six hours course per week is assigned 6/5/4 credits, a five course per week is
assigned 5/4/3 credits and a four hour course per week is given 4/3/2 credits.
However, in no instance of a course can be greater than the hours allotted to it. The
total minimum credits, required for completing a PG program is 90.

Credit system: The course of study under this regulation, where weightage of credits
are spread over to different semesters during the period of study and the
cumulative Grade Point. Average shall be awarded based on the credits earned by
the students. A total of 90 credits are prescribed for the Postgraduate offered in two
year.

Choice Based: All Postgraduate Programme offered by nthe University shall be

under Choice Based Credit System.

Choice Based Credit system: (CBSC) this is enhance the quality and mobility of the
student within and between the Universities in the country and abroad.

1. Eligibility for admission to the course:

A candidate who have passed the B.Sc Degree Examination in Mathematics of

this University or an Examination oa any University with ,ore then one major with
mathematics accepted by the Syndicate as equivalent there to shall be permitted to
appear and quality for the Master of Science (M.SC) Degree Examintion of this
University after a Course of two academic years in this University Department /
Colleges affiliated to this University.

No student shall be eligible for admission to a Master’s degree programme in any of

the faculties unless he/she has successfully completed a three year undergraduate
degree or earned prescribed number of credits for an undergraduate degree through
the examination conducted by a University/ Autonomous institution or possesses
such qualification recognized by the Thiruvalluvar University as equivalent to an
undergraduate degree. Provided that candicate for admission into the specific main
subject of study shall also possess such other qualifying conditions as may be
prescribed by the University in the Regulations governing respective courses of
study.

2. Duration of the course:

The course shall extend over a period two years comprising of four semesters
with two semesters in one academic year. There shall not be less then 90 working
days for each semester. Examination shall be conducted at the each of every
semester for the respective subjects.

Each semester have 90 working days consists of 5 teaching hous per working
day. Thus each semester has 450 teaching hours and the whole programme has
1800 teaching hours.

The old semesters shall consist of the period from July to November and the
even semester from December to April.

3. Course of Study:

The course of study for Master Degree in Mathematics shall consist of core,
Elective subject and a compulsory subject (Human Right) and a project in the
fourth semester.
4. Distribution of credit point and Marks:

The minimum Credit requirement for a two year Master’s programme shall be
90 (ninty) Credits. The break-up of credits for the programme is as follows:

(a) Core Course : 63 Credits

(b) Elective Course : 20 Credits
(c) Compulsory Course : 2 Credits
(d) Project with Voce-Vice : 5 credits

5. Continuous Internal Assessment Test:

The following assessment procedure will be followed for awaiting the internal
marks in the evaluation of the students performance. The best 2 CIA tear marks out
of 3 CIA tests marks, will be taken for awarding the internal marks.

(a) CIA Test Marks : 15 marks

(b) Seminar : 5 marks
(c) Assignment : 5 marks
Total 25 Marks

6. requirement to appear for the examinations:

a) A candidate shall to appear for the university examination for any semester
(theory as well as practical) if

i. He/She secures not less than 75% of attendance in theory as well as

inpracticals (separate attendance registers shall maintance for theory and
practicals) in the number of working days during the semester.
ii. In the case of married women candidates the minimum attendance
requirement shall be not less than 55% of the total instructional days in
theory as well as in practicals.
iii. His/her conduct shall be satisfactory.

a) Provided that it shall be open to the Syndicate, or any authority delegated

with such powers by the Syndicate, to grant exemption to a candidate who
has failed to earn 75% of attendance in theory as well s in practicals ,
prescribed, for valid reasons, subject to usual conditions.
b) A candidate who has secured less than 75% but 65% and above attendance
in any semester separately for theory and practicals shall be permitted to take
the recommendations of the Head of the Department to condone the lack of
attendance on the payment of prescribed fees to the University, separately for
theory and practicals.
c) A candidate who has secured less than 65% but 55% and above attendance
in any semester in theory as well as in practicals, has ot compensate the
shortage in attendance in the subsequent semester (in the next year) besides
 earning the required percentage of attendance in that semester and appear
for the both semester paper together at the end practicals. However, shortage
of attendance in II semester shall be compensated while studying in III
semester, shaortage of attendance in III & IV semesters shall compensated
after rejoining the course in the 3rd Year. Also separate attendance registers
shall be maintained in theory as well as practicals, for compensating the
shortage of attendance. During the hours of compensation of attendance the
candidate shall not be given attendance for the regulars semester classes.
d) A candidate who has secured less then 55% of attendance in any semester for
theory and practiclas, shall not be permitted to appear for the regular
examination in that particulars semester or in subsequent semester. He /She
has to rejoin/ re do the semester in which the attendance is less than 55% on
the prescribed fees to the University, separately for theory and practicals,
after getting prior approval of the University.
e) A candidate who has secured less than 65% of attendance in the final
semester separately for theory and practicals, has to compensate his her
attendance shortage in a manner as decided by the concerned to rejoin in the
4th semester, after completing his/her regular 2 year course.

7. Guidelines for the project with Vive-voce:

(i) The topic of the project shall be assigned to the candidate at the end of the
third semester and a copy of the same should be communicated to the
University for approval.

(ii). The student should prepare three copies of the project and submit the
same for the evaluation by examiners. After evaluation one copy is to be retained
in the University Library, one in the Department Library and the one with the
student.

(iii). Format for the preparation of the project work.

(a) Tittle page.

(b) Bonafide certificate
(c) Acknowledgement
(d) Table of contents.

Chapter No Title Page No

1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Results
4. Summary
5. Referense
8. Scheme of Examination:

a. Any theory examination is conducted only for 3 hours irrespective of total marks
allotted for the examination.

b. There shall be theory examination at the end of each semester, for odd semesters
in the month of October / November for even semester in April/May. However, there
shall be practical examination at the end of even semesters in general. With
exceptions in a few courses as prescribed by the Boards of Studies Concerned.

c. All candidate admitted in first year should get registered for the first semester
examination, compulsorily. If registration is not possible owing to any reason
including shortage of attendance beyond condonation limit, belated joining or on
medical grounds, the candidates are permitted to rejoin the course in the next year.

d. In case of project work there will be a viva voce examination. Each candidate
shall be required to mappear for Viva-voce Examination.

9. Retrication to appear for the Examination:

Any candidate having arrear paper(s) shall have the option to appear in any
paper along with the regular semester papers, in theory as well as in practicals, as
long as the transitory provision is applicable.

10. Medium of instruction and Examination:

The medium of instruction for the course is English only.

11. Question paper pattern:

The Question paper pattern for the University theory examination is as

follows:

Time: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 75

Part – A(10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Answer ALL Questions

(Two Question from each unit with internal Choice [either or type]

Part –C (3x 10 = 30 marks)

Answer any three Question out of five Questions

(One Question from each unit)

12. Guidelines for evaluation of the project with Viva Voce:

(i). Thr project should be evaluation for 75 marks by an external examiner and 75
marks by the internal examiner and the viva voce should be conducted for 50
marks by the external examiner and the internal guide concerned.

(ii). The project report may consist of 30 to 50pages.

(iii). The candidate has to submit the project report 15 days before the
commencement of the IV Semester examination.

(iv). A Candidate who fails in the project may be resubmit the report (on the same
topic) with necessary modification / correction/ improvement in the subsequent
semester evaluation.

13. Passing Minimum:

a) A candidate shall be decleared to have passed the whole examination, if the

candidate passes in all the theory papers and practicals wherever prescribed as per
the scheme of examination by earning 90 credits in core and Elective courses,
including practicals.

b) A candidate should get not less than 50% in the University (External)
Examination compulsorily, in all papers, including practicals. Also the candidate
who secures not less than 50% marks in the external as well as internal (CIA)
examinations put together in any paper / practical shall be declared to have
successfully passed the examination in the subject in theory as well as practicals.
There shall be no passing minimum for the CIA. The candidate who absent himself
for CIA programmes, even after a repeated chance, will be awarded zero mark in the
concerned subject (Zero to 25 for the theory and zero to 40 practicals).

14Distribution of marks:

Table -1(A) : the following are the distribution of marks for external and
internal for University (external) examination and continuous internal assessment
and passing minimum marks for theory papers of PG programmes.

Uni. Exam Passing CIA total Passing Total Passing

Total (ESE) Minimum Minimum marks Minimum
for Uni for CIA Allotted (Uni.Exam+CIA)
Exam
75 38 25 0 100 50
15. Grading

Once the marks of the CIA and end –semester examination for each of the
course are available they shall be added. The mark thus be converted to the
relevant letter grade, grade point as per the details given below:

Conversion of Marks to Grade Points and Letter Grade (Performance in a

Course/paper)

RANGE of GRADE LETTER GRADE DESCRIPTION

MARKS POINTS
90-100 9.0-10.0 O Outstanding
80-89 8.0-8.9 D+ Distinction
75-79 7.5-7.9 D
70-74 7.0-7.9 A+ First Class
60-69 6.0-6.9 A
50-59 5.0-5.9 B Second Class
00-49 0.0 U Re-appear
Absent 0.0 AAA ABSENT

Ci= Credits earned for courser i in any semester

Gi= Grade Point obtained for course i in any semester

N= refers to the semester in which such course were credited

Grade point average (for a Semester):

Calculation of grade point average semester-wise and part-wise is as follows:

 GRADE POINT AVERAGE [GPA] = ΣiCiGi / ΣiCi

Sum of the multiplication of grade points by the credits of the courses offered
under each part
GPA = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sum of the credits of the courses under each part in a semester

Calculation of Grade Point Average (CGPA) (for the entire programme):

A candidate who has passed all the examinations prescribed is eligible for the
following partwise computed final grades based on the range of CGPA.

CUMULATIVE GRADE POINT AVERAGE [CGPA] = ΣnΣiCniGni / ΣnΣiCni

 Sum of the multiplication of grade points by the credits of the entire
programme under each part
CGPA = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sum of the credits of the courses of the entire programme under each part

CGPA GRADE
9.0 and above but O
below 10.0
8.0 and above but D+
below 9.0
7.5 and above but D
below 8.0
6.5 and above but A+
below 7.5
6.0 and above but A
below 6.5
5.0 and above but B
below 6.0
0.0 and above but U
below 5.0

16. Improvement of Marks in the subjects already passed:

Candidates desirous of improving the marks awarded in a passed subject in

their first attempt shall reappear once within a period of subsequent two semesters
by paying the fee prescribed from time to time. The improved marks shall be
considered for classification but not for ranking. When there is no improvement,
there shall not be any change in the original marks already awarded. If candidate
improves his marks, then his improved marks will be taken into consideration for
the award of Classification only. Such improved marks will not be counted for the
award of Prizes / Medals, Rank and Distinction. If the Candidate does not show
improvement in the marks, his previous marks will be taken into consideration.
No candidate will be allowed to improve marks in the Practicals, Project, Viva-voce
and Field work.

17. Classification of Successful candidates:

A candidate who passes all the examinations including practicals securing following
CGPA and Grades shall be declared as follows for Part I or Part II:

CGPA GRADE CLASSIFICATION OF

FINAL RESULT
9.0 and above but O First Class -
below 10.0 Outstanding
8.0 and above but D+ First Class with
below 9.0 Distinction
7.5 and above but D
below 8.0
 6.5 and above but A+ First Class
below 7.5
6.0 and above but A
below 6.5
5.0 and above but B Second Class
below 6.0

a. A candidate who has passed all the examination including practicalsin the
first appearance within the prescribed duration of the PG programme and
secured a CGPA of 9 to 10 and equivalent grade “O” in Core and Elective
subjects shall be placed in the category of “First Class – Outstanding”.
b. A candidate who has passed all the examination including practicalsin the
first appearance within the prescribed duration of the PG programmes and
secured a CGPA of 7.5 to 9 and equivalent grades “D” or “D+” in Core and
Elective shall be placed in the category of “First Class with Distinction”.

c. A candidate who has passed all the examination including practicalsof the PG
programme and secured a CGPA of 6 to 7.5 and equivalent grades “A” or “A+”
shall be declared to have passed that parts in “First Class”.

d. A candidate who has passed all the examination including practicalsof the PG
programmes and secured a CGPA of 5.5 to 6 and equivalent grade “B” shall
be declared to have passed those parts in “Second Class”.

18. Conferment of the Degree:

No candidate shall be eligible for conferment of the Degree unless the candidate;
i. has undergone the prescribed course of study for a period of not less than
four semesters in Thiruvalluvarthe University or has been exempted from in
the manner prescribed and has passed the examinations as have been
prescribed therefor.
ii. has completed all the components prescribed under core and elective
subjects in the CBCS pattern to earn 90 credits.

19. Ranking

o A candidate who qualifies for the PG degree course passing all the
examinations in the first attempt, within the minimum period prescribed for
the course of study from the date of admission to the course and secures I or
II class shall be eligible for ranking. In the case of candidates who pass all the
examinations prescribed for the course with a break in the first appearance
due to the reasons as furnished in the Regulations 6(a) (iii)
Supra are eligible for classification / Distinction.

The marks obtained in improvement examinations shall not be taken into consideration
for ranking.
20. Revision of Regulations and Curriculum

The above Regulation and Scheme of Examinations will be in vogue without any change
for a minimum period of three years from the date of approval of the Regulations. The
University may revise /amend/ change the Regulations and Scheme of Examinations, if
found necessary.
 jpUts;Stu; gy;fiyf;fofk;
THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEGREE COURSE
M.Sc., MATHEMATICS under CBCS
(with effect from 2014 - 2015)

The course of Study and the Scheme of Examinations:

Study Course Ins. Cre
Sl. No Component Title Hrs. / dit Title of the Paper Maximum Marks
Week s CIA UNI. TOTAL
EXAM
SEMESRTER - I
1 CORE PAPER 6 5 Algebra – I 25 75 100
–1
2 CORE PAPER 6 5 Real Analysis – I 25 75 100
–2
3 CORE PAPER 6 4 Ordinary 25 75 100
–3 Differential
Equations
4 CORE PAPER 6 4 Number of Theory 25 75 100
–4
5 ELECTIVE PAPER 6 4 Elective – I 25 75 100
–1 A)
Total 30 22 Total 125 375 500
SEMESRTER – II

1 CORE PAPER- 6 5 Algebra – II 25 75 100

5
2 CORE PAPER- 6 4 Real Analysis – II 25 75 100
6
3 CORE PAPER- 5 4 Partial Differential 25 75 100
7 Equations
4 CORE PAPER- 6 4 Machanics 25 75 100
8
5 ELECTIVE PAPER- 5 4 Elective 25 75 100
2
6 Compulsory Paper 2 2 Human Rights 25 75 100
 jpUts;Stu; gy;fiyf;fofk;
THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEGREE COURSE
M.Sc., MATHEMATICS under CBCS
(with effect from 2014 - 2015)

The course of Study and the Scheme of Examinations:

Study Course Ins. Cre
Sl. No Componen Title Hrs. / dit Title of the Paper Maximum Marks
t Week s CIA UNI. TOTAL
EXAM
SEMESTER – III
1 CORE PAPER-9 6 5 Topology 25 75 100
2 CORE PAPER-10 6 5 Complex Analysis 25 75 100
3 CORE PAPER-11 6 5 Mathematical 25 75 100
Statics
4 CORE PAPER-12 6 4 Measure Theory 25 75 100
5 ELECTIVE PAPER-3 6 4 Elective 25 75 100
Total 30 23 Total 125 375 500
SEMESTER – IV
1 CORE PAPER - 6 5 Functional 25 75 100
13 Analysis
2 CORE PAPER - 6 4 Numerical Analysis 25 75 100
14
3 ELECTIVE PAPER - 6 4 ELECTIVE 25 75 100
15
4 ELECTIVE PAPER - 6 4 ELECTIVE 25 75 100
16
5 PROJECT 6 5 50 150 100
Total 30 22 Total 150 450 600
List of Elective Courses
Sl.No Title
1 Discrete Mathematics
2 Differential Geometry
3 Stability Theory
4 Stochastic Differential Equations
5 Cryptography and Data Security
6 Applied Algebra
7 Algebraic Graph Theory
8 Fuzzy Mathematics
9 Difference Equations
10 Operations Research
11 Applied Statistical Methods
12 Mathematical Modelling
13 Financial Mathematics
14 Tensor Analysis and Relativity
Theory
15 Bio-mathematics
16 Special functions
17 Combinatorics
18 MatLab & LaTeX

Distribution of Core, Elective and Compulsory Subjects

Subject Papers Credits Total Marks Total Marks

Credits
Core 14 4-5 71 100 1600
Elective 5 4 17 100 400
Compulsory 1 2 2 100 100
Project 1 5 5 200 200
Total 21 - 90 - 2200
SEMESTER – I CORE PAPER 1

ALGEBRA – I

Unit I: Introduction to Groups

Dihedral groups – Homomorphisms and Isomorphisms - Group actions –
Subgroups - Definition and Examples – Centralizers and Normalizer, Stabilizers and
Kernels - Cyclic groups and Cyclic subgroups of a group – Subgroups generated by
subsets of a group.

Chapter 1: 1.2, 1.6 & 1.7 and Chapter 2: 2.1 - 2.4. (18 Hours)

Unit II: Quotient Groups and Homomorphisms

Definitions and Examples – More on cosets and Lagrange’s Theorem – The
isomorphism theorems - Composition series and the Holder program –
Transpositions and the Alternating group.

Chapter 3: (18 Hours)

Unit III: Group Actions

Group actions and permutation representations – Groups acting on
themselves by left multiplication - Cayley’s theorem – Groups acting on themselves
by conjugation – The class equation – Automorphisms – The Sylow theorems – The
simplicity of An – Direct and semi-direct products and abelian groups - Direct
Products – The fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups.

Chapter 4 & Chapter 5: 5.1 - 5.2 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Introduction to Rings

Basic definitions and examples – Examples - Polynomial rings - Matrix rings
and group rings - Ring Homomorphisms and quotient rings – Properties of Ideals -
Rings of fractions – The Chinese remainder theorem.

Chapter 7: (18 Hours)

Unit V: Euclidean domains, principal ideal domains and unique factorization

domains
Principal ideal domains – Unique factorization domains – Polynomial rings -
Definitions and basic properties – Polynomial rings over fields - Polynomial rings
that are unique factorization domains – Irreducibility criteria – Polynomial ring over
fields.
Chapter 8 & Chapter 9: (18 Hours)

Text Book:

David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (Second Edition),

Wiley, 2003.
References:
1. Serge Lang, Algebra, Springer, 2002.
2. I.N. Herstein. Topics in Algebra (II Edition) Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi,
1975.
3. M. Artin, Algebra, Prentice Hall of India, 1991.
4. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vol. I & II, published by Hindustan Publishing
Company, New Delhi, 1980.
5. I.S. Luther and I.B.S. Passi, Algebra, Vol. I - Groups (1996); Vol. II Rings,
Narosa Publishing House , New Delhi, 1999
Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Brooks/Cole Pub
Co.,2012

SEMESTER I CORE PAPER – 2

REAL ANALYSIS – I

Unit 1: The algebraic order properties of R- Absolute value and the real line- the
completeness property of R- Applications of the supremum of R- intervals.
(18 Hours)

Chapter 2 of R.G Bartle and D.R. Sherbert, Introducation to Real Analysis, 4th Edition,
John-Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2011

Unit II: Basic topology, Metric Spaces-Finite and infinite Sets- Countable sets-Cantor’s
theorem*Mertic spaces-open ans closed sets of metric spaces-Compact sets-Perfect sets-
connected sets. (18 Hours)

Chapter 2 of Wakter Rudin, Principals Mathematical Analysis (Third Edition), Mc Graw

Hill, Inc, 1964.

Unit III: Continuity: Limits of function Limit Theorems- Continuous functions- Continuity
and compactness - Continuity and connectedness –Discontinuities – Monotonic functions-
infinite limits ad limits at infinity.

Chapter 4 of Walter Rudin, Principal of Mathematics Analysis (Third Edition), Mc Grew

Hills, Inc, 1964.

Unit IV: Differentiation: The Derivative of a real function – Mean value Theoreme – The
Cotinuity of derivatives – L’ Hospital’s rule – Derivative of Higher Order- Taylor’s theorem-
Differentiation of Vector valued functions.

Chapter 5 of Walter Rudin, Principal of Mathematical Analysis (Third Edition), Mc Grew

Hills, Inc, 1964.

Unit V: The Riemann – Stielitjes integral: Definition and existence of the integral –
Properties of Integral- Integration and Differentiation – Integration of vector functions-
Rectifiable Curves.

Chapter 6 of Walter Rudin, Principal of Mathematical Analysis (Third Edition), Mc Grew

Hills, Inc, 1964.
References :

1. Tom M. Apostal, “Mathematical Analysis”, Addison - Wesley Publishing

Company, 1974.
2. Anthony W. Knapp, “Basic Real Analysis”, Birkhauser, 2005.
3. Wilder, R. L., “The Foundations of Mathematics”, second Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1965.
4. Kenneth A. Ross, “Elementary Analysis: Theory of Calculus”, Second
edition Springer, 2013.

Semester I – Core Paper 3

Ordinary Differential Equations

Unit I: Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order

Introduction - Higher Order Equations - A Modeling Problem - Linear
Independence - Equations with Constant Coefficients - Equations with Variable
Coefficients – Wronskian -Variation of Parameters - Some Standard Methods -
Method of Laplace Transforms.
Chapter -2. (18 Hours)
Unit II: Systems of Linear Differential Equations
Introduction - Systems of First Order Equations - Model for arms Competition
between two Nations - Existence and Uniqueness Theorem - Fundamental Matrix -
Non-homogeneous Linear Systems - Linear Systems with Constant Coefficients -
Linear Systems with Periodic Coefficients.
Chapter 4: (18 Hours)
Unit III: Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
Introduction – Preliminaries - Successive Approximations - Picard’s Theorem -
Some Examples - Continuation and Dependence on Initial Conditions – Fixed point
methods.
Chapter 5: 5.1 - 5.6 (18 Hours)
Unit IV: Boundary Value Problems
Introduction - Strum-Liouville Problem - Green’s Function - Application of
Boundary Value Problems (BVP) - Picard’s Theorem.
Chapter 7: 7.1 – 7.5 (18 Hours)
Unit V: Stability of Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Introduction - Elementary Critical Points - System of Equations with Constant
Coefficients - Linear Equation with Constant Coefficients - Lyapunov Stability.
Chapter 9: 9.1 - 9.5 (18 Hours)
Text Book S.G. Deo, V. Lakshmikantham and V. Raghavendra, “Ordinary
Differential Equations”, Second Edition, Tata Mc Graw-Hill publishing company
Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.
References :
1. Earl. A. Coddington, “An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations”,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
2. G.F. Simmons, S.G. Krantz, “Differential Equations: Theory, Technique
and Practice” Tata Mc - Graw Hill Book Company, New Delhi, India, 2007.
3. Clive R. Chester “Techniques in partial Differential Equations”, Mc Grew-
Hills 1970

Semester I – Core Paper 3

Number Theory
Unit I: Divisibility - Primes- The Binomial Theorem – Congruences – solutions of
congruence the Chinese Remainder Theorems.
Chapter1 : 1.1-1.4 & Chapter 2: 2.1-2.3 ( 18 Hours)
Unit II : Prime power Moduli – Prime Modulus – Primitive Roots and Power
Residues- Congruences of degree tow prime modulus – Number Theory form
Algebraic View Point- Groud, Ring and Fields.
Chapter 2: 2.6-2.11 (18 Hours)
Unit III : Quadratic residues – quadratic reciprocity- the Jacobi symbol- binary
quqdratic froms – Equivalence and reduction of Binary quadratic forms- sum of two
squares- positive definite Binary Quadratic forms.
Chapter 3 ( 18 Hours)
Unit IV: Greatest integer Function – Arthmetic Functions – The Mobious inverse
function- Recurrence Functions- Combinatorial Number Theory.
Chapter4: (18 Hours)
Unit V: The Equation ax + by =c- Simultaneous Linear Equations – Pythagorean
Triangle – Assorted Examples.
Chapter 5: 5.1 – 5.4 (18 Hours)
Text book : I. Niven, H.S. Zuckerman and H.L. Montagomery, An Introduction to
the Theory of Numbers, 5 Edition, John Wiley & sons, inc, 1991.
Reference :
1. Gareth A. Jones and J. Mary Jones, Elementary Number Theory,
Springer Verlag, Indian Reprint, 2005.
2. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, McGraw Hill,
2007
3. Geogre Andrews, Theory of Numbers , Saunders, 1971.
4. J. William , Fundamentals of Number Theory, Leveque, Addision Wesley
publishing Company , Phillipines, 1977.

SEMESTER – II - CORE PAPER – 5

ALGEBRA – II

Unit I: Vector Spaces

Definitions and basic theory – The Matrix of a linear transformation – Dual vector
spaces – Determinants. (18 Hours)

Chapter 11: 11.1 - 11.4

Unit II: Module over Principal Ideal Domain

Basic definitions and examples – The Basic Theory –The Rational Canonical Form –
The Jordan Canonical Form. (18 Hours)

Chapter 10: 10.1 & Chapter 12 : 12.1 - 12.3

Unit III: Field theory

Basic Theory of field extensions – Algebraic Extensions. (18 Hours)

Chapter 13: 13.1 - 13.2

Unit IV: Field Theory (Cont…)

Splitting fields and Algebraic closures – Separable and inseparable extensions -
Cyclotomic polynomials and extensions.

Chapter 13: 13.4 - 13.6 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Galois Theory
Basic definitions – The fundamental theorem of Galois theory – Finite Fields.
Chapter 14: 14.1 - 14.3 (18 Hours)

Text Book : David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (Second
Edition), Wiley, 2003.

References:
1. Serge Lang, Algebra, Springer, 2002.
2. I.N. Herstein. Topics in Algebra (II Edition) Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi,
1975.
3. M.Artin, Algebra, Prentice Hall of India, 1991.
4. N.Jacobson, Basic Algebra, Vol. I & II W.H.Freeman; also published by
Hindustan Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1980.
5. I.S.Luther and I.B.S.Passi, Algebra, Vol. I - Groups (1996); Vol. II Rings,
Narosa Publishing House , New Delhi, 1999.
Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Brooks / Cole Pub Co., 2012.

Semester II – Core Paper 6

Real Analysis II

Unit I: Sequences and series of functions: Discussion of Main Problem- Uniform

Convergence- Uniform convergence and continuity – Uniform convergence and
Integration. (18 Hours)
Chapter 7: 7.1 -7.4

Unit II : Uniform convergence and differentiation- Equi – continuous families of

functions – The stone –Weierstrass theorem. (18 Hours)
Chapter 7 : 7.5-7.7

Unit III : Functions of Several Variables: Linear transformations- Differentiation –

The contraction Principal- The Inverse function theorem – The Implicit function
Theorem. (18 Hours)
Chapter 9 : 9.1 – 9.5

Unit IV: Determinants - Derivatives of higher order- Differentiation of Integrals –

Integration of Differential forms: Integration- Primitive Mappings- Partitions of Unity
–Change of Variables.
Chapter 9: 9.7-9.9 & Chapter 10: 10.1-10.4 ( 18 Hours)

Unit V: Differential forms – Simplexes and chains – Stokes’Theorem- Closed forms

and exact forms- Vector Analysis. (18 Hours)
Chapter 10: 10.5- 10.9

Text Book: Walter Rudin, Principals of Mathematical Analysis, Mc Grew Hill Inc.
1964.
Reference:

1. Tom M. Apostal, “Mathematical Analysis”, Addison - Wesley Publishing

Company, 1974.
2. Anthony W. Knapp, “Basic Real Analysis”, Birkhauser, 2005.
3. Dieudonne, J. Foundations of Modern Analysis, Academic press, Inc, New
York 1960.
4. N.L. Carothers, Real Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 2000.

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(CORE PAPER – 7)

UNIT - I: Nonlinear Partial differential Equations of the first order - Cauchy’s method of
Characteristics system First order equations- Charpit’s method – Specials types First order
equations – Jacobi’s method.

Chapter 2: 2.7 – 2.11 & 2.13 (18 Hours)

UNIT - II: Partial differential Equations of the second order – The origin of second order
equations – Linear partial differential equations with constant co efficient – Equations with
variable co efficient- Characteristics curves of second- order equations – Characteristics of
equations in three variables.

Chapter 3: 3.4-3.7 (18 Hours)

UNIT - III: The solution of Linear Hyperbolic Equations of Variables – The method of
Intergral Transforms - Nonlinear Equations of the second order.
Chapter 3: 3.8-3.11 (18 Hours)

UNIT - IV: Laplace equation – The occurrence of laplace’s equation in physics –Elementary
solution of Laplace’ Equations – Families of Equipotential surface Boundary value problem-
Separation of variables – problems with axial symmetry.
Chapter 3: 3.1 to 3.7 and 3.9. (omit 3.8) (18 Hours)

Recommended Text: K. Sankar Rao, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, 2nd

Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 2005

Reference Books:
1. R.C.McOwen, Partial Differential Equations, 2nd Edn. Pearson Eduction, New Delhi,
2005.
2. I.N.Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.
3. R. Dennemeyer, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, McGraw Hill, New York, 1968.
4. M.D.Raisinghania, Advanced Differential Equations, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi, 2001.
 MECHANICS

CORE PAPER – 4

Unit - I: Mechanical system

The Mechanical system - Generalized coordinates - Holonomic and non-
holonomic systems - constraints – Virtual work – D’ Alembert’s principle – Energy
and Momentum.
(18 Hours)

Unit - II: Lagrange’s Equations

Derivation of Lagrange’s equations – Examples – integrals of motion - cyclic or
ignorable coordinates.
(18 Hours)

Unit - III: Hamilton’s Equations

Hamilton’s principle - Hamilton’s equations - other variational principle -
Principle of Least action.
(18 Hours)

Unit - IV: Hamilton – Jacobi Theory

Hamilton principle function - Hamilton–Jacobi equation - Separability. (18
Hours)

Unit - V: Canonical Transformation

Differential forms and generating functions – Special Transformations –
Lagrange and Poisson brackets.
(18 Hours)
Text Book: D. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
1985.

References:

1. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics (Second Edition), Narosa Publishing House,

India, New Delhi.
2. N.C.Rane and P.S.C. Joag, Classical Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1991.
3. J.L. Synge and B.A. Griffth, Principles of Mechanics (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill
Book Co. New York, 1970.
 SEMESTER III – CORE PAPER 9

TOPOLOGY

Unit I: Topological Spaces

Topological Spaces - xamples Basis for a topology – Sub-basis closed sets
–interior – closure - boundary – Limitpoints Hausdorff spaces Subspace
topology – The product topology on X - Projections.
(18 Hours)

Unit II: Continuous Functions

Continuous functions Examples Homeomorphisms topological property
pasting lemma – Box topology - Comparison of the
product topology and the box topology – the metric topology – Sequence
Lemma – Uniform Limit theorem. (18 Hours)

Unit III: Connected Spaces

Connected Spaces– connected subspace of the real line – Linear continuum
–Intermediate Theorem – components and Local connectedness – Totally
disconnected spaces. (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Compact Spaces

Compact Spaces - Compact subspace of the real line – The Lebesque number
lemma – Uniform continuity theorem – Limit point compactness – Local
compactness – one point compactification.
(18 Hours)

Unit V: Countability and Separation Axioms

First countable and second countable spaces – separation axioms – regular and
completely regular spaces– ormal and completely Normal spaces – Urysohn’s
lemma – Urysohn’s metrization theorem – Tietze Extension theorem. (18 Hours)

Text Book: James R. Munkres, “Topology”, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt.Ltd., (Third Indian Reprint).

References :

1. J.Dugundji, Topology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1975.

2. George F.Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw
Hill International Edition, New York, 1963.
3. J.L.Kelly, General Topology, Van Nostrand , Reinhold co., New York.
4. K.D.Joshi, Introduction to General Topology ,Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1983.
 5. C.Wayne Patty, Foundations of Topology, (Student Edition), Jones &
Bartlett India Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Colin Adams, Robert Franzosa, Introduction to Topology Pure and Applied,
Pearson Education, Indian Edition, 2009.

SEMESTER III – CORE PAPER 10

COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Unit I: Complex Functions

Spherical representation of complex numbers - Analytic functions - Limits and
continuity - Analytic Functions - Polynomials - Rational functions - Elementary
Theory of Power series - Sequences - Series - Uniform Convergence - Power series -
Abel’s limit functions - Exponential and Trigonometric functions - Periodicity - The
Logarithm.
Chapter 1: 1.2 & 1.4 and Chapter 2: 2.1 – 2.3 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Analytical functions as mappings

Conformality - Arcs and closed curves - Analytic functions in Regions - Conformal
mapping - Length and area - Linear transformations - Linear group - Cross ratio -
symmetry - Oriented Circles - Families of circles - Elementary conformal mappings -
Use of level curves - Survey of Elementary mappings - Elementary Riemann
surfaces.
Chapter 3: 3.2 – 3.4 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Complex Integration

Fundamental Theorems - Line Integrals – Rectifiable Arcs- Line Integrals as Arcs-
Cauchy’s Theorem for a rectangle and in a disk- Cauchy’s Integral Formula – Index
of point with respect to a closed curve – The Integral formula – Higher order
derivatives – Local properties of analytic functions – Taylor’s Theorem – Zeros and
Poles – Local mapping – Maximum Principle.
Chapter 4: 4.1 – 4.3 (18 Hours)
Unit IV: Complex Integration (Contd…)
The General form of Cauchy’s Theorem - Chains and Cycles – Simple connectivity –
Homology – General statement of Cauchy’s theorem – Proof of Cauchy’s theorem –
Locally exact differentials - Multiply connected regions – Calculus of residues –
Residue Theorem – Argument Principle – Evaluation of definite Integrals.
Chapter 4: 4.4 – 4.5 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Harmonic functions and Power Series expansions

Harmonic Functions – Definition and basic properties – Mean-value Property –
Poisson’s formula – Schwarz’s Theorem – Reflection Principle – Weierstrass’s
theorem – Taylor’s series- Laurent series.
Chapter 4: 4.6 and Chapter 5: 5.1 (18 Hours)

Text Book: “Complex Analysis” by L.V. Ahlfors, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New
York, 1979.
References:
1. J.B. Conway, Functions of One Complex Variable, Narosa
Publication House, New Delhi, 1980.
2. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Complex Analysis, Narosa
Publication House, New Delhi 2004.
3. S. Lang, Complex Analysis, Addison - Wesley Mass, 1977.

SEMESTER III – CORE PAPER 11

MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS

Unit I: Randon events and Randon Variables: Random events – Probability axioms
combinational formulae – conditional probability – bayes theorem – Independent
events Random variables – Distribution Functions – Joint Distribution - Marginal
Distribution – Marginal Distribution – Conditional Distribution- Independent
random variables – Functional of Random Variables.

Chapter 1: 1.1-1.7 & Chapter 2: 2.1- 2.9 of M. Fisz, Probability theory and
Mathematical statistic, John Willey and sons , NewYork, 1963.
(18 Hours)
Unit II: Characteristic Functions: Propertics of characteristic functions-
Characteristic functions and moments- Semi invariants- Characteristic function of
the sum of independent random variable – Determination of distribution function
by the characteristic function – Characteristic function of multi-dimensional
random vectors- probability generating function.

Chapter 4 : 4.1-4.7 of M. Fisz, Probability theory and Mathematical statistic, John

Willey and Sons, NewYork. 1963.

Unit III : Some Probability Distribution : Probability of Distribution - Binomial,

poisson Multinomial, Geometric, Normal, Exponential, Beta and Gamma
Distribution – Bivariate Normal Distribution * Conditional and Marginal
Distribution – Correlations and Regressions.

Chapter 4 : & Chapter 5: of M. Fisz, Probability theory and Mathematical statistic,

John Willey and Sons, NewYork. 1963.

Unit IV : Some Probability Distribution (Cont...) The Distribution of the statistics

(X,S) – Student’s – Distribution – Fisher’s Distribution – distribution – Concept
of statistical test – Parametric tests for small – samples and large samples - -
test.
Chapter 10 : 10.10 -10.11

Unit V : Analysis of Variance : one way classification and two –way classification –
Hypotheses Testing : Poser Functions – OC Function – Most Powerful test –
Uniformly most powerful test- Unbiased test.

Chapter 15 : 15.1 – 15.2 (Expect 15.3 ) & Chapter 16: 16.1 – 16.5 ( Expect
16.6)

Text Book 2: Kapoor & Gupta (1995, Sulton Chand, Delhi.

 SEMESTER III – CORE PAPER 12

MEASURE THEORY

Unit I: Measure on the Real Line: Lebesgue Measure, Measurable set, Regularity-
Measurable Functions- Boral and Lebesgue Measurability
(18 Hours)

Chapter 2: 2.1 – 2.5

Unit II: Integration of functions of a Real Line- Integration of Non- Negative

functions – Lebesgue integral – Fatou’s Lemma- Lebesgue’s Monotone Convergence
theorem – The General Integral – Lebesgue’s Dominated Convergence Theorem –
Integration of Series- Reimann and Lebesgue Integrals.
(18 Hours) Chapter 3

Unit III: Abstract Measure Spaces- Measure and Outer Measures – Extension of a
Measure- Uniqueness of the extension- Completion of a Measure spaces –
Integration with respect to a Measure.

Chapter 5. (18 Hours)

Unit IV : Inequalities and the LP spaces – Convex function – Jensen’s inequality-

Inequalities of Holder and Minikowski Completeness of LP spaces.

Chapter 6. (18 Hours)

UnitV: Singed Measure and the Hahn Decomposition – The Jordan Decomposition –
The Tadon – Nikodym Theorem- Measurability on a product space – The product
Measure and Fubini’s Theorem.

Chapter 8 : 8.1- 8.3 & Chapter 10: 10.1 – 10.2 (18 Hours)

Text Book: G. De Barra, Measure Theory and Integration , New International (p)
Ltd, 1981.

Reference :

1. H.L. Royden, Real Analysis, Third Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
2001.
2. Rudin W. Real and complex analysis, Mc Graw – Hill, 1970.
3. Anthony W. Knapp, Basic Real Analysis, Birkhauser, 2005.
4. Elisa M. Stein & Rami Shakarchi, Real Analysis, Princedon University Press,
2005
5. I.K. Rana, An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Second Edition,
American Mathematical Society, 2002.
 SEMESTER IV CORE PAPER 13
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Unit I : Normal Spaces – Examples – Bounded operators - Banach Spaces –

Linear Functional and Hahn Banach Theorem Its Consequences.
Chapter 2 & Chapter 3. (18 Hours)

Unit II : Finite dimensional Normal spaces- Uniform Boundedness principal: The

Theorem and its consequences – Closed Graph Theorem - Boynded inverse
Theoram – Open Mapping theorem.
Chapter 4 & Chapter 5. (18 Hours)

Unit III: Stone- Weiersttrass Theorem – Contraction Mapping Theorem and its
applications- weak topologies and duality.
Chapter 6-8. (18 Hours)

Unit V : Adjoint operators – Algebra of Bounded Linear Operators.

Chapters : 11 & 12. (18 Hours)

Text Book: Bela Bollobas, Linear Analysis an Introductory course, Cambridge

Mathematical Text Books, Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Reference :

1. G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, MC Graw-

Hill, 1963
2. B.V Limaye, Functional Analysis, Wiley Eastern Limited, Bombay, Second
Print, 1985.
3. M. Thamban Nair, Functional Analysis: A frist course, Prentice Hall of India,
2002.
4. K. Yoside, Functional Analysis, Springer- Verlag, 1974
5. E. Kreysizig, Introductory Functional Analysis with application John Wiley,
1978.
 SEMESTER IV CORE PAPER 14

NUMBERICAL ANALYSIS

UNIT I : Solving sets of Equations: The Elimination Method, The Gaussian

Elimination and Gauss- Jordan Method, Iterative Methods, The Relaxation
Method.

Text Book 1 : Chapter 2 : 2.3-2.4 & 2.10-2.11 (18 Hours)

Unit 2: Interpolation and curve Fitting: Lagrangian Polynomials Divided

Differences, Interpolation with Cubic Spline, Least-Square Approximation,
Approximation of Functions: Chebyshev Polnomials.

Text Book 1: Chapter 3:3.2-3.4 & 3.7 & Chapter 4: 4.1 (18 Hours)

Unit 3: Numerical Differentiation and Numerical Integration: Derivatives form

Difference tables, Extrapolation Techniques, The Trapezoidal Rule –A Composite
formula, Simpson’s rules.

Text Book 1: Chapter 5: 5.2, 5.4 & 5.6-5.7 (18 Hours)

Unit 4: Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: The Taylor – Series

method, Euler and Modified Euler methods, Runge- Kutta Methods, Milne’s
Method, The Adams- Moulton method.

Text Book 1: Chapter 6: 6.2- 6.4 & 6.6 – 6.7 (18 Hours)

Unit5: Numerical Solution of Pratical Differential Equations: Introduction,

Difference Quotients, Geometrical representation of partial differential quotients,
Classification of partial differential equations, Elliptic equations, Solution to
Laplace’s Equation by Liebmann’s Iteration process, Poission’s Equations and its
solutions, Parabolic equations- Crank- Nicholson method Hyperbolic equations.

Text Book 1: Chapter 12: 12.1-12.7, 12.8.2 & 12.9 (18 Hours)

Text Books:

1. Curtis .F. Gerald, Patrick O. Wheatley, “Applied Numerical Analysis”, 5th

Edition Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2005.
2. V.N. Vadamurthy, N. Ch.S.N. Lyengar, Numerical Methods”, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2000.

Reference :

1. R.L. Burden, J. Dougles Faires, “Numerical Analysis”, Thompson Books, USA,

2005.
 2. S.S Sastry, “Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis “, Prentice- Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.
3. M.K.Jain , S.R.K. Lyengar, R.K. Jain “Numerical Methods for scientific and
Engineering Computation”, 3rd Edition., Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1993.

COMPULSORY PAPER
HUMAN RIGHTS

Unit I:
Definition of Human Rights – Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority –
Theories on Human Rights – Historical Development of Human Rights.

Unit II:
International Human Rights – Prescription and Enforcement upto World War
II – Human Rights and the U.N.O. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights –
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol.

Unit III:
Human Rights Declarations – U.N. Human Rights Declarations – U.N. Human
Commissioner.

Unit IV:
Amnesty International – Human Rights and Helsinki Process – Reginal
Developments – European Human Rights System – African Human Rights System –
International Human Rights in Domestic Courts.

Unit V:
Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights – Women’s – Dalit’s
Rights – Bonded Labour and Wages – Refugees – Capital Punishment -
Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy –
Fundamental Duties – National Human Rights Commission.
References :

1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988.

2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982.
3. Mausice Cranston – What is Human Rights.
4. Desai, A.R. - Violation of Democratic Rights in India.
5. Pandey - Constitutional Law.
6. Timm. R.W. - Working for Justice and Human Rights.
7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS.
 8. J.C.Johari - Human Rights and New World Order.
9. G.S. Bajwa - Human Rights in India.
10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India.
11. P.C.Sinha&K.Cheous [Ed] - International Encyclopedia of Peace,
Security Social Justice and Human Rights [Vols 1-7].
12. Devasia, V.V. - Human Rights and Victimology.

Magazines :

1. The Lawyer, Bombay.

2. Human Rights Today, Columbia University.
3. International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication.
4. Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U.S.A.

ELECTIVE
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Unit I:

The Foundations: Logic, Sets and Functions: Logic – Propositional -

Equivalences – Predicates and Quantifiers - Sets – Set Operations – Functions –
Sequences and Summations – The Growth of Functions.

Chapter 1: (18 Hours)

Unit II:

The Fundamentals: Algorithms, the Integers, and Matrices Algorithms -

Complexity of Algorithms - Integers and Algorithms - Applications of Number
Theory - Matrices.

Chapter 2: (18 Hours)

Unit III:

Mathematical Reasoning: Methods of Proof - Mathematical Induction –

Recursive Definitions – Recursive Algorithms -Program Correctness.

Chapter 3 (18 Hours)

Unit IV:

Relations: Relations and Their Properties – n-array Relations and Their

Applications – Representing Relations – Closures of Relations – Equivalence
Relations – Partial Orderings.

Chapter 6 (18 Hours)

Unit V:

Trees: Introduction of Trees – Applications of Tress – Tree Traversal – Trees

and Sorting – Spanning Tress – Minimum Spanning Trees.

Chapter 8 (18 Hours)

Text Book:

Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, McGraw – Hill

Publications, 1999.

Reference Books:

1. S. Lipschutz, M. Lipson, “Discrete Mathematics”, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2006.
2. J. Truss, “Discrete Mathematics for Computer Scientists”, Pearson
Education Limited, England, 1999.
3. J. P. Trembley and R. Manohar, “Discrete Mathematical Structures
with Applications to Computer Sciences”, Tata McGraw Hill,
Singapore, 1987.
 ELECTIVE
DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY
Unit I : Graphs and Level sets - Vector fields - Tangent space.
(18 Hours)

Chapters 1 - 3.

Unit II: Surfaces - Vector fields on surfaces. (18

Hours)

Chapter 4 & Chapter 5.

Unit III : Gauss map – geodesics. (18

Hours)

Chapter 6 & Chapter 7.

Unit IV : Parallel Transport - Weingarten map. (18

Hours)

Chapter 8 & Chapter 9.

Unit V

Curvature of plane curves - arc length and Line integrals - Curvature of surfaces.

Chapter 10 -12. (18 Hours)

Text Book:

 J.A.Thorpe, Elementary topics in Differential geometry, Undergraduate texts

in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag,1979.

References :

1. Struik, D.T. Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry, Addison -

Wesley, Mass. 1950.
2. Kobayashi S. and Nomizu. K. Foundations of Differential Geometry,
Interscience Publishers, 1963.
3. Wihelm Klingenberg: A course in Differential Geometry, Graduate
Texts in Mathematics, Springer Verlag, 1978.
4. T.J. Willmore, An Introduction to Differential Geometry, Oxford
University Press,(17th Impression) New Delhi 2002. (Indian Print).
 ELECTIVE
CONTROL THEORY
Unit I: Observability:
Linear Systems – Observability Grammian – Constant coefficient systems –
Reconstruction kernel – Nonlinear Systems.

Chapter 2 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Controllability:

Linear systems – Controllability Grammian – Adjoint systems – Constant coefficient

systems – Steering function – Nonlinear systems.

Chapter 3: Sections 3.1-3.3 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Stability:

Stability – Uniform stability – Asymptotic stability of linear systems - Linear time

varying systems – Perturbed linear systems – Nonlinear systems.

Chapter 4 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Stabilizability:

Stabilization via linear feedback control – Bass method – Controllable subspace –

Stabilization with restricted feedback.

Chapter 5 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Optimal Control:

Linear time varying systems with quadratic performance criteria – Matrix Riccati
equation – Linear time invariant systems – Nonlinear Systems.

Chapter 6 (18 Hours)

Text Book: K.Balachandran and J.P.Dauer, Elements of Control Theory, Narosa,

New Delhi, 1999.
Reference:

1. R.Conti, Linear Differential Equations and Control, Academic Press,

London, 1976.
2. R.F.Curtain and A.J.Pritchard, Functional Analysis and Modern Applied
Mathematics, Academic Press, New York, 1977.
3. J.Klamka, Controllability of Dynamical Systems, Kluwer Academic
Publisher, Dordrecht, 1991.
4. J.Klamka, Controllability of Dynamical Systems, Kluwer Academic
Publisher, Dordrecht, 1991.
 ELECTIVE
STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Unit I: Mathematical Preliminaries and Itô Integrals

Probability Spaces – Random variables and Stochastic Processes – An Important
Example: Brownian motion – Construction of the Itô Integral – Some Properties of
the Itô Integral – Extensions of the Itô Integral.

Chapter 2: 2.1 - 2.2 and Chapter 3: 3.1 - 3.3 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Itô Formula and Martingale Representation Theorem
The 1 - dimensional Itô Formula - The Multi-dimensional Itô Formula – The
Martingale Representation Theorem.
Chapter 4: 4.1 - 4.3 (18 Hours)
Unit III: Stochastic Differential Equations
Examples and Some Solution Methods – An Existence and Uniqueness Result –
Weak and Strong Solutions.
Chapter 5: 5.1 - 5.3 (18 Hours)
Unit IV: The Filtering Problem
Introduction – The 1-Dimensional Linear Filtering Problem – The Multidimensional
Linear Filtering Problem.
Chapter 6: 6.1 - 6.3 (18 Hours)
Unit V: Diffusions: Basic Properties
The Markov Property – The Strong Markov Property – The Generator of an Itô
Diffusion – The Dynkin Formula – The Characteristic Operator.

Chapter 7: 7.1 - 7.5 (18 Hours)

Text Book : B. Oksendal, Stochastic Differential Equations: An Introduction with
Applications, Sixth Edition, Springer - Verlag, Heidelberg, 2003.
References:
1. Avner Friedman, Stochastic Differential Equations and Application, Dover
Publications, 2006.
2. Ludwig Arnold, Stochastic Differential Equations: Theory and Applications,
Dover Publications, 2011.
3. Hui-Hsiung Kuo, Introduction to Stochastic Integration, Springer-Verlag,
2006
4. Douglas Henderson and Peter Plaschko, Stochastic Differential Equations
in Science and Engineering, World Scientific, 2006.
 ELECTIVE

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND DATA SECURITY

Unit I: Time estimates for doing arithmetic – Divisibility and the Euclidean
algorithm – Congruences.

Chapter 1: Sections 1,2 and 3 (18 Hours)

Unit II:

Some applications to factoring – Quadratic residues and reciprocity.

Chapter 1: Section 4 and Chapter 2: Section 2 (18 Hours)

Unit III:

Some simple Cryptosystems – Enciphering matrices.

Chapter 3 (18 Hours)

Unit IV:

The idea of public key cryptography – RSA – Discrete log – Knapsack – Zero-
Knowledge protocols and oblivious transfer.

Chapter 4 (except section 5) (18 Hours)

Unit V:

Pseudo primes – The rho method – Fermat factorization and factor bases – The
continued fraction method – The quadratic sieve method.

Chapter 5 (18 Hours)

Text Book: Neal Koblitz, “A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography”- Second
Edition, Springer Publishers.

References:

1. A.Menezes, P. van Oorschot and S. Vanstone, “Handbook of Applied

Cryptography”, CRC press, 1996.
2. Douglas R. Stinson “Cryptography theory and practice” Second Edition,
Chapman and Hall / CRC.
3. Tom. M. Apostol, “Introduction to Analytic Number Theory”, Springer, New
Delhi, 1993.
 ELECTIVE

ALGEBRAIC GRAPH THEORY

Unit I: Graphs and Groups

Graphs – Subgraphs – Automorhisms – Homomorphism - Circulant graphs -

Johnson graphs - Line graph - Planar graphs. Groups: Permutation groups -
Counting, Asymmetric graphs - Orbits on pairs.

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2: 2.1 - 2.4 (18

Hours)

Unit II: Transitive Graphs

Vertex Transitive Graphs - Edge Transitive Graphs - Edge connectivity - Vertex

Connectivity.

Chapter 3: 3.1 - 3.4 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Transitive Graphs (Contd…)

Matchings - Hamiltonian path and Cycles - Cayley graphs – Directed Cayley graphs
with No Hamiltonian Cycles.

Chapter 3: 3.5 - 3.8 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Homomorphism

The Basics – Products - The Map Graph - Counting Homomorphism - Products and
Colourings – Uniquely Colorable Graphs - Foldings and Covers.

Chapter 6: 6.1 & 6.3 - 6.8 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Matrix Theory

The Adjacency Matrix - The Incident Matrix – The Incident Matrix Oriented Graph –
Symmetric Matrices – Eigen Vectors.

Chapter 8: 8.1 - 8.5 (18 Hours)

Text Book: Chris Godsil and Gordon Royle, Algebraic Graph Theory, Springer,
2001.

References:

1. Norman Biggs, Algebraic Graph Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

2. Lowell W. Beineke, Robin J. Wilson, Peter J. Cameron, Topics in Algebraic
Graph theory(Edited Volume), University of London
 ELECTIVE
FUZZY MATHEMATICS
Unit I: Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy sets – Basic types – basic concepts – Characteristics – Significance of the
paradigm shift – Additional properties of α–cuts.
Chapter 1: 1.3 - 1.5 and Chapter 2: 2.1 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Fuzzy sets versus CRISP sets

Representation of fuzzy sets – Extension principle of fuzzy sets – Operation on fuzzy
sets – Types of operation – Fuzzy Complements.
Chapter 2: 2.2 - 2.3 and Chapter 3: 3.1 - 3.2 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Operations on Fuzzy sets

Fuzzy intersection – t-norms, fuzzy unions – t-conorms – Combinations of
operations – Aggregation operations.
Chapter 3: 3.3 - 3.6 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Fuzzy Arithmetic

Fuzzy numbers – Linguistic variables – Arithmetic operation on intervals – Lattice of
fuzzy numbers.
Chapter 4: 4.1 - 4.4 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Constructing Fuzzy Sets

Methods of construction on overview – direct methods with one expert – direct
method with multiple experts – indirect method with multiple experts and one
expert – Construction from sample data.
Chapter 10: 10.1 - 10.7 (18 Hours)

Text Book:
 G.J Kilr and Bo Yuan, Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Applications,
Prentice Hall of India Ltd, New Delhi, 2005.

References:
1. H.J Zimmemann, Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications, Allied Publishers,
Chennai, 1996.
2. A.Kaufman, Introduction to the Theory of fuzzy subsets, Academic press, New
York, 1975.
3. V.Novak, Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1969.
 ELECTIVE
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Objectives : To Introduce the process of discretization, Discrete version in

Differential Equations, Discrete oscillation and the asymptotoic behaviour of
solutions of certain class of Difference Equations for linear cases only. Solution of
Difference Equations using z-transforms is stressed.

UNIT I: LINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

Difference Calculus – General Theory – of Linear Difference Equations –
Linear Homogeneous Equations with constant coefficients – Linear non-
homogeneous Equations – Method of undetermined coefficients, the method of
variation of constants – Limiting behavior of solutions.

Chapter 2: Sec 2.1 – 2.5 (18 Hours)

UNIT II: SYSTEM OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Autonomous system – The basic theory – The Jordan form – Linear periodic
system.
Chapter 3: Sec 3.1 – 3.4 (18 Hours)

UNIT III: THE Z - TRANSFORM METHOD

Definition, Example and properties of Z-transform – The inverse Z-transform
and solution of Difference Equations: Power series method, partial fraction method,
the inverse integral method – Volterra Difference Equations of Convolution types –
Volterra systems.
Chapter 5: Sec 5.1 – 5.5 (Except 5.4) (18 Hours)

UNIT IV: ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Tools and Approximations – Poincare’s Theorem – Second order Difference
Equations – Asymptotic diagonal systems – Higher order Difference Equations.
Chapter 8: Sec 8.2 – 8.5 (18 Hours)

UNIT V: OSCILLATION THEORY

Three-term Difference Equations – Non-linear Difference Equations – Self-
Adjoint second order Equations.
Chapter 7: Sec 7.1 – 7.3 (18 Hours)

Text Books: Saber N.Elaydi, An Introduction to Difference Equations, Springer

Verlag, New York, 1996.

Reference:
1. R.P. Agarwal., Difference Equations and Inequalities, Marcel Dekker, 1999.
2. S.Goldberg, Introduction to Difference Equations, Dover Publications, 1986.
3. V.Lakshmi Kantham and Trigiante, Theory of Difference Equations, Academic
Press, New York, 1988.
4. Peterson, A Difference Equations, An Introduction with Applications,
Academic Press, New York, 1991.
 ELECTIVE
OPERATIONS RESEARCH

Objectives: This Course aims to introduce decision theory, PERT, CPM,

deterministic and Probabilistic inventory systems, queues, replacement and
maintenance problem.
UNIT I: Decision Theory : Steps in Decision theory, approach- Types of Decision
Making Environments – Decision Making under Uncertainty Decision Making
under Risk – Posterior Probabilities and Bayesian Analysis – Decision Tree Analysis
– Decision Making with Utilities.
Chapter 11: 11.1 – 11.8. (18 Hours)

UNIT II: PROJECT NETWORK SCHEDULING BY (PERT AND CPM) : Basic

differences between PERT and CPM - Steps in PERT / CPM Techniques - PERT /
CPM Network components and Precedence Relationships - Critical Path Analysis -
Probability in PERT Analysis - Project Time - Cost Trade Off - Updating the Project.
Chapter 13: 13.1 – 13.7. (18 Hours)
UNIT III: DETERMINISTIC INVENTORY CONTROL MODELS : Meaning of
Inventory Control - Functional classification - Advantage of Carrying Inventory -
Features of Inventory System - Inventory Model building - Deterministic Inventory
Models with or without shortage - Probabilistic Inventory models with or without
shortage.
Chapter 14: 14.1 – 14.8 ( 18 Hours)
UNIT IV: QUEUEING THEORY : Essential features of Queueing System - Operating
Characteristic of Queueing System - Probabilistic Distribution in Queueing Systems
- Classification of Queueing Models - Solution of Queueing Models - Probability
Distribution of Arrivals and Departures.
Chapter 16: 16.1 – 14.8 ; Appendix 16.A (PP774- 781) ( 18 Hours)
UNIT V: REPLACEMENT AND MAINTENANCE MODELS : Failure Mechanism of
Item - Replacement models of Items that deteriorate with time – Replacement of
item that fail completely – Other Replacement Problem..
Chapter 17: 17.1 – 17.5 ( 18 Hours)
Text Books : J.K.Sharma, Operations Research Theory and Applications, 3rd
Edition (2007), Macmillan India Ltd.
Reference:
1. F.S. Hiller and J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research (8th
Edition, Tata McGrew Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2006.
2. Beightlet. C. D. Philips, B. Wilde, Foundations of Optimization (2nd Edition),
Prentice Hall Pvt. Ltd., New York, 1979.
3. Bazaraa, M.S; J.J. Jarvis, H.D. Sharall, Linear Programming and Network
Flow, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998
4. Gross, D and C.M.Harris, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, (3rd Edition),
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998.
5. Hamdy A.Taha, Operations Research (6th Edition), Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi.
 ELECTIVE

BIO-MATHEMATICS

Unit I: Single species Non-age structured population Models: Single. Logistic

Models- Logistic Models with Time-Delay effects- Discrete-Time. Discrete-Age-scale
population models- Continuous-Time Discrete. Age scale population
Models.Chapter: 3.1 - 3.2 & 4.1 - 4.2 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Epidemic models: Deterministic models without removal, general

deterministic model with removal, general deterministic model with removal and
immigration, control of an epidemic.
Chapter: 8.1 - 8.4 (18 Hours)
Unit III: Mathematical models in Pharmacokinematics: Basic equations and
their solution, solutions for special cases, determination of transfer co efficient and
compartment volumes, mathematical techniques used in compartment analysis,
stochastic compartment models. (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Models for Blood Flow: Some basic concepts for fluid dynamics, basic
concepts about blood, cardiovascular system and blood flows, steady non-
Newtonian fluid flow in circular tubes, Newtonian pulsatile flows in rigid and elastic
tubes, blood flow through artery with mild stonesis Peristaltic flow in tubes and
channels, models for air flow in lungs, diffusion and Diffusion – reaction modles,
the diffusion equations , oxygen diffusion living tissues. (18 hours)

Unit V: Optimization Models in Biology and Medicine – Some simple

Optimization Models- Optimization for Blood Testing and patient care- Models for
optimal of Water Pollution.

Chapter : 14.1 – 14.3 (18 Hours)

Text Book: Mathematical Modelling in Biology Medicine: J.N. Kapoor

References:

(1) Mathematical Modelling: J.N. Kapoor.

(2) Mathematical Biology: J.D. Murty.

(3) Ecology and Resource Management: K.E.F. Watt.

 ELECTIVE

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Unit I: Mathematical modeling through system of ordinary differential equations of

the first order: Mathematical modeling in population dynamics, Mathematical
modeling of epidemics through system of ordinary differential equations of first
order- Mathematical modeling in dynamics through systems of ordinary differential
equations of first order. (18 Hours)

Chapter 3: 3.1 - 3.2 & 3.5 - 3.6 of J.N. Kapoor, Mathematical Modelling, Wiley
Eastern Limited, Reprint- 2000.

Unit II: Mathematical Models for Blood flows: Some basic concepts of Fluid
Dynamics- Basic concepts about blood, cardiovascular system and Blood flows-
Steady Non-Newtonian fluid flows in circular tubes- Newtonian pulsatile flows in
rigid and elastic tubes- Blood flow through Artery with mild Stenosis. (18 Hours)

Chapter 11: 11.1 - 11.5 of J.N. Kapoor, Mathematical Models in Biology and
Medicine, Affiliated East – West Press Private limited, Reprint – 2010.
Unit III: Mathematical Models of flows for other Bio-fluids: Peristaltic flows in tubes
and channels- Models for gas exchange and airflow in lungs – Two-dimensional flow
in renal tube – Lubrication of Human joints. (18 Hours)

Chapter 12: 12.1 - 12.4 of J.N. Kapoor, Mathematical Models in Biology and
Medicine, Affiliated East – West Press Private limited, Reprint – 2010.
Unit IV: Diffusion and Diffusion – Reaction Models: The Diffusion equation –
Diffusion in Artificial Kidney (Hemodialyser) – Oxygen diffusion through living
tissues – Absorption and Diffusion of Gamma- Globulin by living tissues.(18 Hours)

Chapter 13: 13.1 - 13.4 of J.N. Kapoor, Mathematical Models in Biology and
Medicine, Affiliated East – West Press Private limited, Reprint – 2010.
Unit V: Mathematical Modelling through Calculus of Variations and Dynamic
Programming: Optimization principles and techniques – Mathematical modeling
through calculus of variations – Mathematical Modelling through dynamic
programming. (18 Hours)

Chapter 9: 9.1 - 9.3 of J.N. Kapoor, Mathematical Modelling, Wiley Eastern

Limited, Reprint- 2000.
Reference :
1. D.J.G. James, and J.J. Macdonald, Case studies in Mathematical
Modelling, Stainly Thames, Cheltonham
2. J.N. Kapur, Mathematical Entropy Models.
3. M. Crossand A.O. Moscrcadini, The art of Mathematical Modelling, Ellis
Harwood and John Eilley.
4. C. Dyson, Elvery, Priniciples of Mathematical Modelling, Academic
Press, New York.
5. D.N. Burghes, Modelling with Difference Equations, Ellis Harwood and
John Wiley.
 ELECTIVE

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

Unit I: Generalized Cash Flow model for financial transaction, making allowance for
the probability of payment, Time value of money using concepts of compound
interest and discounting, Interest rates or discount rates in terms of different time
periods. (18 Hours)

Unit II: Calculation of the present value and the accumulated value of a stream of
equal or unequal payments using specified rates of interest and the net present
value at a real rate of interest, assuming a constant rate of inflation.
(18 Hours)

Unit III: Use of compound interest function, Equation of value, Repayment by

regular installments of interest and capital, discounted cash flow techniques.
(18 Hours)

Unit IV: The investments and risk characteristics of the following types: Simple
compound interest problems. The delivery price and the value of the forward
contract using arbitrage free pricing methods.
(18 Hours)

Unit V: Basics of Reliability theory – Life time distributions – Hazard rate survival
function – Exponential, Wei-bull-Gamma, Life Time Distributions.
(18 Hours)

Text Book: S.K. Sinha (1979), Reliability and Life – Testing, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. (for
unit-5).
 ELECTIVE

TENSOR ANALYSIS AND RELATIVITY THEORY

Objectives: The Course aims to introduce vector algebra and vector calculus and
specials relativity and relativistic kinematics, dynamics and accelerated systems.

Unit I: Tensor Algebra : Systems of different orders – Summation convention –

Kronecker symbols – Transformation of coordinates in Sn. Invariants – Covariant
and Contravariant vectors – Tensors of second order – Mixed tensors – Zero tensors
– Tensor field – Algebra of tensors – Equality of tensors – Symmetric and Skew -
Symmetric tensors – Outer multiplication, Contraction and Inner multiplication –
Quotient Law of tensors – Reciprocal tensor of tensor – Relative tensor – Cross
product of vectors.

Chapter 1: 1.1 – 1.3, 1.7 & 1.8 and Chapter 2 : 2.1 – 2.9 of U.C. De, Absos Ali
Shaikh & Joydeep Sengupta, Tensor Calculus, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, 2004. (18 Hours)

Unit II: Tensor Calculus: Riemannian space – Christoffel symbols and their
properties.

Chapter 3: 3.1 – 3.2 of U.C. De, Absos Ali Shaikh & Joydeep Sengupta, Tensor
Calculus, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2004.
(18 Hours)

Unit III: Tensor Calculus (Contd …) : Covariant differentiation of tensors –

Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor – Intrinsic differentiation.

Chapter 3: 3.3 – 3.5 of U.C. De, Absos Ali Shaikh & Joydeep Sengupta, Tensor
Calculus, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2004.
(18 Hours)

Unit IV: Special Theory of Relativity : Galilean transformation – Maxwell’s

equations – The Ether theory – The principle of Relativity.

Relativistic Kinematics: Laurent’s transformation equations – Events and

simultaneity – Example – Einstein train – Time dilation – Longitudinal contraction –
Invariant interval – Proper time and proper distance – World line – Example – Twin
paradox – Addition of velocities – Relativistic Doppler effect.

Chapter 7: 7.1 – 7.2 of D. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi, 1985. (18 Hours)
Unit V: Relativistic Dynamics : Momentum – Energy – Momentum-Energy four
vector – Force – Conservation of energy – Mass and energy – Example – Inelastic
collision – Principle of equivalence – Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations.

Accelerated Systems: Rocket with constant acceleration – Example – Rocket with

constant thrust. (18 Hours)

Chapter 7: 7.3 – 7.4 of D. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi, 1985.

References:

1. J.L.Synge & A.Schild, Tensor Calculus, Toronto, 1949.

2. A.S.Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, Cambridge University
Press, 1930.
3. P.G.Bergman, An Introduction to Theory of Relativity, New York, 1942.
4. C.E.Weatherburn, Riemannian geometry and The Tensor Calculus,
Cambridge, 1938.
 Elective
Fluid Dynamic

Objectives: this course aims to kinematics of fluids in motion, equations of motion

of fluid, three dimensional flows and viscous flows.

Unit I: Kinematics of fluids in motion: real fluids and ideals fluids- velocity of a
point- Stream lines and path lines – steady and unsteady flow – the velocity
potential – the vorticity vector – local and particle rates of changes – the equation of
continuity – worked examples.

Chapter 2: 2.1-2.8 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Equation of motion of fluid : Pressure at a point in fluid at rest – Pressure
at a point in a moving fluid – conditions at a boundary of two inviscid immiscible
fluid – Euler’s equation of motion – Bernoulli’s equation – worked examples.
Chapter 3: 3.1-3.6 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Some three dimensional flows: introduction – Sources – sinks and doublets
– Axis symmetric flow - Stokes stream function.
Chapter 4: 4.1-4.2 & 4.5 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Some two dimensional flows: Meaning of two dimensional flows – use of
cylindrical polar co coordinates – the stream function – the potential for two
dimensional – irrotational – incompressible flows- complex velocity potential for
standard two dimensional flows.
Chapter 5: 5.1-5.6 (18 Hours)
Viscous flows: Stress components in real fluids – relation between Cartesian
components of stress – translation motion of a fluid element – the rate of stain
quadric and principal stresses - some further properties of the rate of stain quadric
stress analysis in fluid motion – relation between stress and rate of stain - the
coefficient of viscosity and laminar flow - the Navier – Stokes equation of motion of a
viscous fluid.
Chapter 8: 8.1-8.7 & 8.9 (18 Hours)

Text Book:
F. Cholton, Text of Fluid Dynamics, CBS Publication, New Delhi, 1985.
Reference:
1. G.B. Batchelor, An Introduction of Fluid Mechanics, Foundation Books, New
Delhi 1993
2. A.R. Peterson, A first Course in Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University
Press, New York, 1987
3. R.K. Rathy, An Introduction to fluid Dynamics, IBHPublishing Company,
New Delhi, 1976.
4. R. Von Mises, O. Friedrichs, Fluid Dunamics, Springer International Student
Edition Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. S.W. Yuan, Foundation of Fluid Mechanics, Prentics, Prentics Hall Private
Ltd, New Delhi, 1976.
 ELECTIVE
CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Unit I : Variational problems with fixed boundaries:

The concept of variation and its properties – Euler’s equation – Variational

problems for Functions – Functional dependent on higher order derivatives –
Functions of several independent variables - Some applications to problems of
Mechanics.
Chapter 1: 1.1- 1.7 (18 Hours)

Unit II: Variational problems with moving boundaries:

Movable boundary for a functional dependent on two functions – one –sided

variations- Reflection and Refraction of extremals - Diffraction of light rays.
Chapter 2: 2.1-2.5 (18 Hours)

Unit III: Integral Equation:

Introduction – Tyoes of Kernals- Eign value and Egien functions – connection

with differential equations – Solution of an integral equation - Initial value
problems – Boundary value problems.
Chapter1: 1.1 – 1.3 & 1.5- 1.8 (18 Hours)

Unit IV: Solution of Fredholm Intergral equation:

Second kind with separable kernel – Orthogonality and reality eigen function
– Fredholm Integral equation with separable kernel – Solution of Fredholm Integral
Equation by successive substitution – successive approximation – Volterra integral
equation – Solution by successive substitution.
Chapter 2 : 2.1-2.3 & Chapter 4: 4.1 – 4.5 (18 Hours)

Unit V: Hilbert – Schmidt Theory :

Complex Hilbert space – Orthogonal system of function – Gram –
Schmitorthognalization process – Hilbert – Schmidt theorems – Solutions of
Fredholm of Integral equation of first kind.
Chapter 3: 3.1 – 3.4 & 3.8 – 3.9 (18 Hours)

Text Book:

1. A.S. Gupta, Calculus of Variations with Application, Prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi, 2005.
2. Sudir k. Pundir and Rimple Pundir, Integral Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, Pragati Prakasam, Meerut, 2005.
 ELECTIVE

COMBINATORICS

Unit I: Permutations and Combinations-Generating functions. (18 Hours)

Chapter 1 & Chapter 2 of C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968.

Unit II: Recurrence relations. (18 Hours)

Chapter 3 of C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics, McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 1968.

Unit III: The principle of inclusion and exclusion. (18 Hours)

Chapter 4 of C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics, McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 1968.

Unit IV: Polya’s theory of counting. (18 Hours)

Chapter 5 of C.L. Liu, Introduction to Combinatorial Mathematics, McGraw-Hill

Book Company, 1968.

Unit V: Lattices and Boolean algebra. (18 Hours)

Chapter 6 of Brikhoff and Bartee, Modern Applied Algebra, McGraw Hill Inc., 1970.

References:

J. H. Van Lint , R. M. Wilson, A Course in Combinatorics, Cambridge University

Press, 2001.

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