giorgi gedeniZe

eTer lazaraSvili

fizika
XI klasi

moswavlis wigni

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros mier 2023 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2023
 giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

fizika XI

moswavlis wigni
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, 2023

pirveli gamocema

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

maia merabiSvili

wignis kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
[email protected] www.intelekti.ge

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2023

ISBN 978-9941-31-621-0 © giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, 2023

2
Sinaarsi

Sesavali.....................................................................................................................................6

I Tavi. eleqtromagnituri movlenebi.................................................................13

§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna......................................14
§ 1.2. magnituri veli. denis magnituri veli..........................................................20
§ 1.3. magnituri velis induqciis mimarTuleba....................................................27
§ 1.4. magnituri velis induqciis moduli. amperis Zala..................................32
§ 1.5. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav muxtze. lorencis Zala..............36
§ 1.6. nivTierebis magnituri Tvisebebi....................................................................39
§ 1.7. amocanebis amoxsnis nimuSi..................................................................................43
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.........................................................................................45
§ 1.8. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena. magnituri nakadi................49
§ 1.9. induqciuri denis mimarTuleba. lencis wesi.
grigaluri eleqtruli veli..........................................................................................55
§ 1.10. eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanoni..........................................................60
§ 1.11. TviTinduqcia............................................................................................................64
§ 1.12. induqciuroba. magnituri velis energia....................................................68
§ 1.13. amocanebis amoxsnis nimuSebi............................................................................71
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.........................................................................................73
§ 1.14. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.......................................................................................79

II Tavi. meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi...........................................................80

§ 2.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna......................................81
§ 2.2. maTematikuri qanqara..............................................................................................86
§ 2.3. rxeviTi moZraoba. zambariani qanqara..........................................................90
§ 2.4. harmoniuli rxeva.......................................................................................................94
§ 2.5. Tavisufali da iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi.........................................101
§ 2.6. meqanikuri talRebi..................................................................................................107
§ 2.7. bgeriTi talRa.............................................................................................................112
§ 2.8. dopleris efeqti........................................................................................................117
§ 2.9. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.......................................................................................120
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.........................................................................................122
§2.10. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna........................................................................................126

III Tavi. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.......................................127

§3.1. analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur movlenebs Soris..............128
§3.2. cvladi deni. cvladi denis generatori. denis Zalisa da Zabvis
efeqturi mniSvneloba......................................................................................................134
§3.3. eleqtruli energiis gadacema.............................................................................140
§3.4. transformatori.........................................................................................................144

3
 §3.5. eleqtromagnituri talRebi.................................................................................147
§3.6. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoyeneba. radiotalRebi...................153
§3.7. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoye­neba. optikuri diapazonis
eleqtromagnituri talRebi. rentgenis sxivebi................................................157
§3.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi........................................................................................162
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.........................................................................................163
§ 3.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.........................................................................................167

IV Tavi. geometriuli optika....................................................................................168

§ 4.1. sinaTlis wyaroebi....................................................................................................172
§ 4.2. sinaTlis gavrceleba...............................................................................................175
§ 4.3. sinaTlis arekvlis kanonebi. brtyeli sarke..............................................179
§ 4.4. CaatareT, gamoikvlieT, ivaraudeT, daadgineT.......................................183
§ 4.5. sinaTlis gardatexa. sruli Sinagani arekvla...........................................184
§ 4.6. amocanebis amoxsnis nimuSi..................................................................................189
§ 4.7. sinaTlis dispersia..................................................................................................191
§ 4.8. linza.................................................................................................................................195
§ 4.9. gamosaxulebis ageba linzaSi..............................................................................199
§ 4.10. optikuri xelsawyoebi. Tvali da mxedveloba..........................................203
§ 4.11. optikuri xelsawyoebi...........................................................................................207
§ 4.12. sinaTlis siCqare......................................................................................................210
§ 4.13. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.....................................................................................214
§ 4.14. isev sinaTlis movlenebis Sesaxeb..................................................................216
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.........................................................................................220
§ 4.15. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.......................................................................................225
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli amocanebisa da testebis pasuxebi..............226
saganTa saZiebeli................................................................................................................232

gamoyenebis
xSirad gamoyenebuli aRniSvna rogor ikiTxeba
magaliTi
(1); (2); (3) V=Sh (1) pirveli formula
formulis numeracia
da a.S. S=ab (2) meore formula
(*) S=ab (*) varsvklaviani formula
saboloo formulebi
(**) V=abhh (**) orvarsvklaviani formula

pirvelidan
gamomdinareobs ⇒ (1) ⇒
gamomdinareobs

da ∧ (2) ∧(4) meore da meoTxe

meore formula
CavsvaT (2) (3)
CavsvaT mesameSi
CavsvaT ricxviTi CavsvaT ricxviTi
(*)
mniSvnelobebi mniSvne­lobebi (*)
FF1 da F2 toli sidideebi
aRvniSnoT ≡ F1=F2 ≡ F
aRvniSnoT F F-iT

4
rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi

paragrafis
nomeri • denian gamtarze magnituri velis moqmedeba aris Tu ara gamtaris mimar­
Tulad moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze velis moqmedebis Sedegi? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?

paragrafis
§ 1.5. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav
saxelwodeba muxtze. lorencis Zala

individualuri

samuSao 1. CamoayalibeT lencis wesi.

mgrZnobiare daakvirdiT sur. 31.2-s.

dinamometri
CamrTvel-amomrTveli
ra aris gamosaxuli sur. 31.2-ze?
31-e gverdis
rogoria Tqveni varaudi: ra moxdeba,
me-2 suraTi Tu CamrTvels CavrTavT?
nalisebri
magniti

sur. 31.2 denis wyaro

wyvilebad

muSaoba
7. ras amCnevT? rogor icvleba induqciuri denis Zala gamtarisa
da magnitis erTmaneTis mimarT swrafad moZraobisas?
jgufebad 
muSaoba
14. Tqven rogor fiqrobT?

informacia
suraTis 4. daakvirdiT suraTs da isau­
b­
r eT, ra informacias iRebT
mixedviT suraTidan.

5. ori erTnairi liTonis damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze mux­

amocanebi tebi Tanabrad nawildeba.
logikuri
msjelobis
gamoyenebiT vici, rom:

sadac ki arsebobs eleqtruli deni, e.i. moZravi eleqtruli mux­

vici, rom tebi, iq arsebobs magnituri velic. eleqtruli deni da magnituri
veli erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia.
savarjiSo

problemu­ savarjiSo
ri SekiTxva, 1. aris Tu ara gansxvaveba erTsa da imave magnitur velSi SeWrili ionebis
dasafiqrebe­ moZraobebs Soris, Tu: a. ionebi sxvadasxva niSnisaa; b. gansxvavebulia maTi muxtis
li amocana, moduli; g. gansxvavebulia ionebis masa.
romelic
momdevno moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis
gakveTilis
ris meSveobiT aRiZvreba gamtarSi eleqtruli deni?
Temas Seexeba

cda, eqsperi­
menti kvle­
vis unarebis
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
Camosa­
yalibeblad, 107.2 suraTebis mixedviT kvlav CaatareT cdebi da gamoitaneT daskv-
msjelobisa na: moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebi – eleqtruli deni yovelTvis qmnis
da daskvnis
gamosatanad magnitur vels?

5
 Sesavali

maikl faradei

„rodesac misi aRmoCenebis masStabebsa da sidiades ganvixilavT, maT gav-

lenas mecnierebisa da mrewvelobis progresze, viazrebT, rom verasodes
mivagebT sakadris pativs faradeis, yvela drois erT-erT udides mkvlevar
mecniers“.

ernst rezerfordi, me-20 saukunis nobelianti fizikosi

„... WeSmaritebis aRmoCena misi erTaderTi mizani da interesia... rom SemZle-

boda, Tundac Seqspiri vyofiliyavi, vfiqrob, mainc faradeis avirCevdi...“

oldos haqsli, mwerali, dramaturgi, filosofosi,

me-20 saukunis inglisuri literaturis klasikosi

„misi naSromebis Rirebuleba birJaze arsebuli yvela aqciis kapitali­

zacias unda aRematebodes“.

margaret tetCeri, gaerTianebuli samefos premier-ministri

am wigns albaT eleqtroganaTebis Suqze kiTxulobT da, saerTod, eleqtrul

densac yoveldRiurobis aucilebel atributad aRviqvamT. is faqti, rom eleqtru-
li deni Tqvens saxlebSi yvela sayofacxovrebo mowyobilobas amuSavebs, imdenad
Cveulebriv ambad iqca, rom arc ki vfiqrobT, samecniero azris ganviTarebis ra
rTuli etapebi uZRoda win am yoveldRiur movlenas.
mokled giambobT im adamianis Rvawlze, visi ideebisa da „naSromebis Rirebuleba
birJaze arsebuli yvela aqciis kapitalizacias unda aRematebodes“. maikl faradeis
cxovreba, saqmianoba da miRwevebi araerTma avtorma aRwera. Cven mxolod ramden-
ime saintereso faqts gagacnobT, xolo samecniero miRwevebs da maT mniSvnelobas,
albaT, Tavad SeafasebT winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos damuSavebisas.

sur. 6.1. faradeis muzeumi, londonis samefo instituti

6
 1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi did qalaqebSi saSualo ojaxi erT RameSi, daax-
loebiT, erT sanTels iyenebda. aseTi ganaTebis Sesafaseblad, aRvniSnoT, rom erTi
sanTlis Suqi 100 vatiani naTuris gamosxivebuli sinaTlis 1/100-ia. garda amisa,
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sanTeli swrafad iwvis.
londonis maxloblad mdebare niuington-batsi, sadac maikl faradei 1791 wlis
22 seqtembers daibada, erT-erTi yvelaze WuWyiani qalaqi iyo. qalaqs industriuli
revoluciis Sedegad warmoqmnili manqanebis kvamli faravda. siduxWiris gamo,
soflis meurneebi qalaqebSi gadadiodnen, saaTobiT muSaobdnen da socialuri Tu
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis metad mcire SesaZlebloba hqondaT. faradeim moax-
erxa am jaWvis gawyveta da me-19 saukuneSi Tavisi moRvaweobiT samecniero karieris
brwyinvale magaliTi Seqmna.
14 wlis maikls gaumarTla da wignis amkinZavad daiwyo muSaoba. im epoqaSi
wignebis kiTxva Zalian ZviradRirebuli siamovneba iyo. samuSaos wyalobiT, faradeis
xeli miuwvdeboda yvela wignze, romelic akinZa da kiTxulobda iseTi gatacebiT,
rogorc iuveliri aTvalierebs Zvirfas qvas, - werda serjio para kastilio wignSi
„maRali Zabvis mecniereba. faradei. eleqtromagnituri induqcia“.
planetebis warmomqmnel elementTagan zogierTi liTonia, Camaluli samyaros
wiaRSi - gamdnari liTonis birTvSi. iTvleba, rom am cxelma liTonma Tavisi brun-
va-trialiT Cveni planeta gigantur magnitad aqcia. dedamiwaze yvelaferi garSe-
mortymulia uxilavi magnituri veliT, romelic warmoiqmneba Txevadi liTonis
uxilavi talRebis moZraobis Sedegad. zogierTma kulturam, magaliTad, Cinurma,
klasikur periodSi, SeZlo am uxilavi velis aRqma da misi zogierTi Tviseba navigaci-
isTvisac ki gamoiyena, magram misi buneba mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi saidumlod
darCa. maikl faradeim swored am uxilavi da gaugebari velis Sesaxeb codna Secvala
radikalurad. man ara mxolod gamoavlina eleqtruli efeqtebi, aramed aCvena maTi
ganuyofeli kavSiri magnetizmTan. faradei iyo pirveli, vinc daamtkica, rom mag-
nitur vels SeuZlia eleqtruli denis warmoqmna. man gamoigona eleqtroZrava da
dinamo, romelmac samudamod Secvala kacobriobis cxovreba. aseve daamtkica, rom
arsebobs kavSiri eleqtroenergiasa da qimiur urTierTqmedebas Soris. faradeim
Seiswavla magnetizmis gavlena sinaTleze. ainStaini (romelsac faradeis suraTi
Tavisi samuSao oTaxis kedelze ekida) miiCnevda, rom valSi varT faradeis winaSe
Tundac mxolod induqciis kanonis aRmoCenisTvis, romelic mis saxels atarebs.
maikl faradei ara mxolod didi eqsperimentatori, aramed ganmanaTlebelic
gaxldaT. igi miiCnevda, rom mecniereba ar unda gamoamwyvdion elitur dawese-
bulebebSi da is xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela dainteresebuli axalgazrdisTvis.
amitom didi britaneTis samefo institutSi, 1827 wlidan 19 wlis ganmavlobaSi
yovelwliurad atarebda saSobao leqciebs. am ideam da wamowyebam dasabami misca
saSobao leqciebis tradicias, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. masSi bevri mecnieri da
pedagogi monawileobs, rac sasaxelo da prestiJulia. es leqciebi araerTi axal-
gazrdis motivaciisa da STagonebis wyaro gamxdara. 1936 wlidan ki televiziiTac
gadaicema. erT-erT pirvel saSobao leqciaze faradeis uTqvams, rom sanTeli yvela
cnobil fizikur process asaxavs. axla SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom faradei gaxda sanTeli
mTeli samyarosTvis, romelmac maradiuli sinaTle moitana.
fotoebze 8.1-8.2 xedavT londonis samefo institutis faradeis saSobao le-
qciebis darbazs. faradei leqciebs qimiisa da fizikis garSemo atarebda. dRes
ki leqciebis Tematika mecnierebis araerT dargs faravs (meti informaciisTvis
mimarTeT bmuls: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures).

7
 sur. 8.1. londonis samefo institutis saleqcio darbazi.

sur. 8.2. maikl faradei saSobao leqcias kiTxulobs.

faradeis biografisa da megobris, mecnier jon tindalis (qvemoT mis damsaxure-

basac SevexebiT) informaciiT, 1839 wlidan faradei metad xelmokled cxovrobda,
misi Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaro pensia iyo. tindali ambobs, rom „is gardaicvala
siRaribeSi (1865, 27 agvisto), magram hqonda pativi, ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi Rir-
seulad SeenarCunebina inglisis samecniero dideba“.

magnituri veli

miuxedavad imisa, rom uxilavia, Cveni planetis magnituri veli (iseve, rogorc
eleqtruli) moqmedebs ZalebiT, romlebic Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas axdens.
evropis kosmosuri saagentos misia Swarm sami satelitisgan Sedgeba (sur. 9.1).
is dedamiwis zedapiridan 450-550 km simaRleze brunavs da dedamiwis magnitur vels
ikvlevs. igi zomavs dedamiwis birTvidan, qerqidan, okeaneebidan, ionosferodan,
magnitosferodan miRebul magnitur signalebs. 2013 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac
satelitebis es sameuli orbitaze gauSves, mecnierebi maT mier mowodebul mo-

8
nacemebs aanalizeben, raTa axleburad Sexedon dedamiwisTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr
bunebriv process (mzis aqtivobiT gamowveuli
kosmosuri amindi, an dedamiwis birTvis siRrme-
Si mimdinare procesebis dinamika).
dedamiwis magnituri veli CvenTvis erTgvari
damcavi faria. is Cven mzis qaris mavne nawilake-
bisagan gvicavs. am damcavi faris gareSe atmos-
fero amgvari saxiT ar iarsebebda da dedamiwaze
sicocxle praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
mzis qari aris mzis mier gamotyorcnili damux-
tuli nawilakebis – protonebis, eleqtronebi-
sa da plazmis didi siCqariT moZravi nakadi.
varaudoben, rom dedamiwis magnituri velis
arsebobas mis qerqSi mbrunavi gavarvarebuli
sur. 9.1. evropis kosmosuri
liTonis okeane ganapirobebs, romelic dedami- saagentos misia Swarm
wis siRrmeSi 3000 kilometrzea (SegaxsenebT,
dedamiwis radiusi daaxloebiT 6400 kilome-
tria). mis moqmedebas xSirad giganturi velosipedis dinamos muSaobas adareben.
magnituri velis sxva mizezebia mineralebi dedamiwis mantiasa da qerqSi, aseve ion-
osfero da magnitosfero. okeanis marilian, gamtar wyalsac garkveuli, Tumca ki
mcire, gavlena aqvs magnitur velze. dedamiwis magnituri velis simboluri suraTi
SegiZliaT am bmulze ixiloT: https://youtu.be/tQYUXRO2hYI

sur. 9.2. Swarm-is erT-erTi sateliti

evropis kosmosuri saagentos Swarm-is satelitebis informaciaze day­

r­dnobiT, mecnierebi ukeT swavloben de­damiwis qerqis struqturasa da
dedamiwis siTbur warsuls.

cota ram magnetizmis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis Sesaxeb

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi fizikosebi amCnevdnen, rom garkveuli metaluri niv-

Tierebebi ucnaur qcevas amJRavnebdnen eleqtruli winaRobis mxriv. rogorc wesi,
rac metia temperatura, miT metad intensiuria metalis kristaluri mesris siTburi

9
 sur. 10.1. magnituri velis moqmedeba
umniSvnelovanes gavlenas axdens
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. ve­
li SeiZleba warmovidginoT, ro­
gorc uzarmazari dinamikuri buS­ti,
romelic gvicavs kosmosuri ga­­ mos­
xivebisa da mzis qarebisgan.

rxevebic, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis nivTierebis winaRobas. klasikuri warmodgenis

Tanaxmad, metalebis eleqtruli winaRoba mcirdeba temperaturis SemcirebasTan
erTad.
magram zogjer temperaturis SemcirebiT SeimCneva winaaRmdegobis zrda. zo-
gierTi metalis (magaliTad, Pb, Nb) winaaRmdegoba, temperaturis Semcirebisas,
mcirdeba da Semdeg ecema nulamde, anu xdeba zegamtari, xolo bevri sufTa meta-
lis (magaliTad, Cu, Au, Al) winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba raRac narCen sididemde. magram
zogjer, zogierTi metaluri nivTierebis (Fe, Co, Ni) winaaRmdegoba Zalian mcire
temperaturaze kvlav zrdas iwyebs. es faqti didxans gamocanad rCeboda. es movlena
iaponelma mecnierma, jiun kondom, warmatebiT axsna da mas kondos efeqti (Kondo
effect) uwodes. kondos efeqti aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani faqtori myar sxeulSi ele-
qtronebis qcevis asaxsnelad. doqtor kondos Teoriuli axsnis siswore eqsperi-
mentulad daadastura miriam saraCikis kvlevebma niu jersis Bell Labs laborato-
riaSi. kerZod, miriamis kvlevebma aCvena, rom rkinis mcire nawilakebis minareviT
ganpirobebuli magnetizmi iwvevs winaRobis zrdas, rasac manamde mecnierebi ver
xsnidnen da rac Teoriulad ivarauda kondom.
miriam saraCiki Tavisi SeupovrobiTa da mondomebiT cnobili mecnieria. is bel-
giuri warmoSobis ebraelTa ojaxSi daibada da saswaulebrivad gadaurCa faSistebis
devnasa da sakoncentracio banakebs, ris Semdegac amerikaSi moxvda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kolumbiis universitetSi magistrisa da doqtoris xarisxebi moipova,
profesorebi mainc urCevdnen diasaxlisobas an naxevar ganakveTze maswavleblo-
bas, radgan im dros, 1960-ian wlebSi, qalebi naklebad iyvnen CarTulni samecniero
saqmianobaSi, miT ufro, eqsperimentul fizikaSi. Tumca arc bavSvobisdroindelma
travmebma, arc amgvarma damokidebulebam da arc didma ojaxurma tragediam Svilis
dakargvisa da daRupvis gamo, ver mospo misi interesi mecnierebisa da eqsperi-
mentebis mimarT. miriami Rrma moxucebulobamde aswavlida studentebs, momaval
mecnierebs. 2020 wels amerikis fizikis sazogadoebam miriam saraCiki daajildova
medliT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani miRwevebisaTvis – „myar sxeulebSi ele-
qtronuli transportis fizikasa da molekuluri magnetizmis kvlevaSi Setanili
fundamenturi wvlilisaTvis“.
kiTxvaze, Tu rogor miiRweva grZelvadiani warmateba, mxcovani mecnieri pa-
suxobda, rom `es moiTxovs Seupovrobas, gamZleobas, es moiTxovs did nebisyofas,
es moiTxovs, SeZlo, arasodes SeCerde~. fasdaudebelia miriamis wvlili qali

10
mecnierebis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. is mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ibrZoda imisaTvis,
rom samecniero wreebSi ar Selaxuliyo mecnier qalTa uflebebi.
wyaro: http://bit.ly/3XODziv

sur. 11.1. miriam saraCiki.

amerikeli mecnieri,
eqsperimentuli fizikis
profesori, eleqtrobisa da
magnetizmis mkvlevari

magnituri velebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, dRes wamyvani adgili uWiravs Zlieri

magnituri velebis erovnul laboratorias (HagLab). es gaxlavT floridis univer-
sitetisa da los-alamosis erovnuli laboratoria, romelic erTaderTia aSS-Si,
msoflioSi arsebul im TormetTagan, romelic magnitur velebs ikvlevs.

sur. 11.2. Zlieri magnituri

velebis erovnuli laboratoria
(MagLab), saTavo ofisi.

laboratoria msoflio rekordsmenia im mxriv, rom mas ekuTvnis msoflioSi

yvelaze Zlieri magniti birTvuli magnituri rezonansis speqtroskopiisaTvis.
30 tonamde masis hibridulma magnitma moxsna rekordi MagLab-is inJinrebisa da
mecnierebis mier Catarebuli testirebisas – 2016 wlis 15 noembers man Seqmna yvelaze
Zlieri – 36 tesla veli. Tumca e.w. hibriduli teqnologiis magnitis meSveobiT
laboratoriaSi SemdgomSi 45 tesla velic miiRes (tesla magnituri velis maxasiaT-

sur. 11.3. hibriduli magniti,

45 tesla: zegamtari magnitis
SigniT, romelic 11,5 tesla
vels uzrunvelyofs, 34 tesla
velis magnitia moTavsebuli.

11
 ebeli fizikuri sididis erTeulia, romelsac momdevno paragrafebSi SeviswavliT).
laboratoriis vebgverdze bevr saintereso informacias ipoviT:
https://nationalmaglab.org/.

me-11 klasis fizikis saxelmZRvaneloSi im cnebebsa da sakiTxebs gaecnobiT, rom-

lebic zemoT aRweril mecnierul aRmoCenebsa Tu teqnikur progress gagaxsenebT
da faqtebisa da movlenebis ukeT gaazrebaSi dagexmarebaT.

daicaviT usafrTxoeba!
saxelmZRvaneloSi zogan SexvdebiT wiTel Zaxilis niSans – igi aRniSnavs iseT
cdebsa da davalebebs, romelTa Sesrulebisas sifrTxilis dacvaa saWiro. me-11 klasSi
eleqtrobis Temas SeiswavliT. gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilis saWiroebas swored Tema
ganapirobebs - eleqtrul denTan siTamamem SeiZleba adamianis sicocxles safrTxe
Seuqmnas. gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime savaldebulo wesi:
- arasodes SeexoT SiSvel sadens xeliT;
- eleqtroxelsawyoebs da sadenebs nu SeexebiT sveli xeliT;
- daukvirdiT, sveli ar iyos magida, romelzec muSaobT. idealuri iqneba, Tu
rezinis safens daifenT;
- cdis Catarebisas an eleqtroxelsawyoebiT muSaobisas gamoiyeneT rezinis
xelTaTmanebi – is dagicavT eleqtruli denis safrTxisagan;
- sifrTxiliT moekideT denis Stefsels – nu mokidebT svel xels SemaerTebel
Cangals; nu gamoqaCavT sadens, aramed xeli mokideT SemaerTebel Cangals da
frTxilad gamoswieT;
- gaxsovdeT, metali dens atarebs – amitom ar SeaxoT metalis sagnebi (makrateli,
lursmani, kovzi an sxva) SiSvel sadens;
- eleqtroxelsawyos gamoyenebamde, yuradRebiT gaecaniT misi gamoyenebis
instruqcias da daicaviT misi muSaobis moTxovnili parametrebi;
- daakvirdiT saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanil cdebs, romlebsac usafrTxoebis
aRniSvna aqvs: umetesad, Tqveni davaleba gulisxmobs varauds, Teoriul msjelobas,
amocanis fiqriT gadaWras. daskvnebis Sesamowmeblad cda ki mxolod maswavleblis
TandaswrebiTa da zedamxedvelobiT unda SeasruloT. arasodes SeecadoT aseTi
cdebis damoukideblad Catarebas!

12
I Tavi
eleqtromagnituri movlenebi

am TavSi gaixsenebT da gaecnobiT:

 magnitur vels;
 deniani gamtarebis urTierT­qmedebas;
 magnituri velis induqcias;
 amperisa da lorencis Zalebs;
 magnitur nakads;
 nivTierebis magnitur Tvisebebs;
 eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenas da mis gamoyenebas;
 koWas induqciurobas;
 lencis wess da mis gamoyenebas;
 eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanons da mis gamoyenebas;
 magnituri velis energias;
 eleqtruli denis generatorsa da eleqtroZravas.

Fl B

13
 § 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

testi
1. dadebiTi ioni miiReba, Tu:
a. atomSi raime mizeziT protonebis raodenoba gaizrdeba;
b. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni;
g. atomSi raime mizeziT neitronebis raodenoba gaizrdeba;
d. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime protoni.

2. romeli mtkicebaa marTebuli:

a. sivrceSi yovelTvis arsebobs eleqtruli veli, miuxedavad imisa, masSi aris
damuxtuli nawilaki Tu ara;
b. damuxtuli sxeulebi vakuumSic urTierTqmedeben;
g. eleqtruli veli arsebobs mxolod dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeulebis irgvliv;
d. damuxtuli sxeulis maxloblad eleqtruli velis moqmedeba sustia, Sors
ki – Zlieri.

3. izolirebul sadgamze damagrebuli eleqtrulad

neitraluri liTonis ori sfero erTmaneTs exeba A B C
(sur. 14.1). sferoebs miuaxloes uaryofiTad damux­
tuli Rero da Semdeg sferoebi erTmaneTs daaSores,
ris Sedegadac:
a. orive sxeuli eleqtrulad neitraluri darCa;
b. orive sxeuli daimuxta dadebiTad;
g. orive sxeuli daimuxta uaryofiTad;
sur. 14.1
d. A sxeuli daimuxta dadebiTad, B – uaryofiTad;
e. A sxeuli daimuxta uaryofiTad, B – dadebiTad.

4. raRac manZiliT daSorebuli q da 5q muxtebis ori burTulis Sexebisas da

Semdeg imave manZiliT daSorebisas maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
a. 1,25-jer gaizarda; b. 1,25-jer Semcirda;
g. 1,8-jer gaizarda; d. 1,8-jer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

5. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli velis daZabulo­

bis moduli:
a. gare velis daZabulobis modulis tolia;
b. gare velis daZabulobis modulis naxevaria;
g. gare velis daZabulobis modulis meoTxedia;
d. nulia.

14
6. ori wertilovani muxtis vakuumidan navTSi (e=2) gadatanisas maTi urTierTq­
medebis Zalis moduli rom ar Seicvalos, saWiroa muxtebs Soris manZili:
a. 2-jer gavadidoT; b. 2-jer SevamciroT;
g. 2 -jer gavadidoT; d. ar Seicvalos; e. 2 -jer SevamciroT.

7. eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi q muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis po­

tenciuri energia 2q muxtis:
a. potenciur energiaze orjer metia;
b. potenciur energiaze oTxjer naklebia;
g. potenciuri energiis tolia;
d. potenciur energiaze orjer naklebia.

8. muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs eleqtruli veli erTi wertilidan meoreSi 0,9 k

muxtis gadasatanad, rodesac am wertilebs Soris Zabva 3v-ia:
a. 3,33 j-ia; b. 2,7 j-ia; g. 0,3 j-ia; d. 0,1 j-ia.

9. Tu R radiusiani sferos muxtia q da misi centridan 2R manZilze movaTavsebT

-2q wertilovan muxts, maSin sferos centris potenciali:
a. ar Seicvleba; b. orjer Semcirdeba; g. nuli gaxdeba;
d. samjer gaizrdeba; e. Seicvlis niSans.

10. Tu liTonis burTulebs, romelTa radiusebia R da 2R, muxtis zedapiruli

simkvrive erTnairi aqvT, maSin patara da didi burTulebis potencialebis Se­
fardeba aris:
a. 4; b. 2; g. 1; d. 1/2; e. 1/4.

11. erTnairi niSnis ori wertilovani muxtis daSorebisas maTi urTierTqmedebis

potenciuri energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer ar icvleba.

12. ganmxoloebuli gamtaris muxtis orjer gadidebiT misi eleqtrotevadoba:

a. orjer izrdeba; b. orjer mcirdeba;
g. ar icvleba; d. oTxjer izrdeba.

13. roca damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori wredidanaa gamorTuli, maSin Semon­

afenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris Zabva:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. SeiZleba gaizardos, SeiZleba Semcirdes.

15
 14. roca haeriani kondensatori mudmivi Zabvis wredSia CarTuli, maSin Semon­
afenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris muxti:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

15. Tu C tevadobis brtyeli haeriani kondensatori CarTulia mudmivi U Zabvis

denis wyarosTan, maSin firfitebs Soris sivrcis e dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis
dieleqtrikiT Sevsebisas denis wyaroSi gamavali muxtia:

a. eCU; b. CU; g. CU ; d. (e-1)CU; e. 0.

e

16. Tu brtyeli damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori gamorTulia denis wyarodan

da misi energiaa Eel, maSin firfitebs Soris manZilis n-jer gadidebisas Ses­
rulebuli muSaobaa:

Eel Eel(n–1)
a. nEel; b. ; g. ; d. Eel(n–1); e. 0.
n n

gaiRrmaveT codna qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT,

fiqriT da azrovnebiT gagiadvildebaT testebze swori pasuxebis gacema.

nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan – atomebisa da molekulebisagan.

molekula Sedgeba atomebisagan, atomi – atombirTvisa da eleqtronebisagan,
atombirTvi – protonebisa da neitronebisagan.

protons, neitrons da eleqtrons elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben.

protonisa da eleqtronis muxtis moduls ki – elementarul muxts.

protoni da eleqtroni erTmaneTs izidaven. protoni protons ganizidavs,

eleqtronic ganizideba eleqtronisagan. am saxis ur­TierTqmedebas eleqtruli
urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, xolo nawilakebs, romlebic aseT urTierTqmedebas
avlenen – damuxtuli nawilakebi. protoni da eleqtroni damuxtuli
nawilakebia. protoni damuxtulia dadebiTad, eleqtroni – uaryofiTad. maTi
muxtebi moduliT tolia da 1,6.10–19 k-ia. 1 kuloni (1 k) muxtis erTeulia
SI-Si. neitroni eleq­
trulad neitraluri nawilakia.

atomebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba protonebis, neitronebisa da eleq­

tronebis raodenobiT. atomi eleqtrulad neitraluria.

rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons, miiReba dadebiTi ioni, rodesac

miierTebs – uaryofiTi ioni.
eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidides eleqtruli
muxti uwodes, daeleqtroebul sxeulebs ki – damuxtuli.
da­eleq­troebuli sxe­ulis an nawi­lakis irgvliv sivrceSi ar­se­bobs eleqtruli
veli. damuxtuli nawila­ kebi da sxeulebi velis meSve­ obiT urTi­ erTqmedeben.
Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli ve­ li moqmedebs masSi Setanil eleq­
trul
muxtze, eleqtruli Zala ewo­deba.
eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT, nivTie­
rebebs yofen gamtarebad, naxevar-
gamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad (aragamtarebi, izola­torebi).

16
 Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis ne­
bismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sis­
temis
yvela nawilakis mux­
tis al­
gebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufal eleq­
tronebs uwodeben.
nivTierebaSi muxtis gada­
mtanebia Tavisufali damuxtuli nawi­
lakebi.
wertilovani muxti ewodeba nebismieri formis damuxtul sxe­uls, Tu misi
zoma mcirea im manZilTan SedarebiT, romelzec misi moqmedeba ganixileba.

kulonis kanoni Semdegnairad daiwereba:

|q |.|q |
F=k 1 2 2 , (1)
r
sadac k proporciulobis koeficientia. k ricxobrivad im Zalis modulis
tolia, romliTac urTierTqmedeben erTeulis toli muxtebi, roca maT Soris
manZili erTeulis tolia.

SI-Si k= 9 . 109 n m2 .
. 2

k
vakuumSi ori wertilovani uZravi damuxtuli sxeulis urTierT­qmedebis Za-
lis moduli pirdapirproporciulia mux­tebis modulTa namravlisa da ukupro­
porciulia maT Soris manZilis kvad­­
ratisa.
1 k2
eleqtruli mudmiva e0= =8,85.10–12 . 2 .
4pk nm
eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa, imoqmedos eleqtrul muxtebze ZaliT.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba fizikuri sididea, romelic tolia velis
mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalisa da am muxtis
Sefardebisa.

eleqtrostatikur velSi moTav­se­

bu­
li gamtaris SigniT jamuri eleqtruli
velis daZabuloba nulis tolia.

Warbi muxti nawil­deba damuxtuli gamtaris mxolod gare zedapirze. gam-

taris SigniT ar aris arc Warbi muxti da arc eleqtruli veli.

muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive aris gamtaris muxtis Sefardeba im zedapiris

farTobTan, romelzec muxtia ganawilebuli.
iseTi molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, ro­melSic dadebiTi da uary-
ofiTi muxtebis ganawilebaTa centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, polaruli
dieleqtriki ewodeba.
iseTi atomebisa da molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, romelSic
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva,
arapolaruli dieleqtriki ewodeba.
ori toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis erTobliobas, romelTa Soris
manZili gacilebiT naklebia im manZilTan SedarebiT, sadac mis moqmedebas
ganvixilavT, eleqtruli dipoli ewodeba.
dieleqtrikis bmuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis urTierTsapirispiro
mimarTulebiT wanacvlebas polarizacia ewodeba.
garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba aris fizikuri sidide, romelic
gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleqtruli velis daZabulobis moduli
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi imave Tavisufali muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis
0
daZabulobis modulze vakuumSi.

17
 eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaad­
gilebisas Ses-
rulebuli muSaoba damokidebuli ar aris traeqtoriis formaze da ganisaz-
Rvreba A=qU formuliT.
vels, romelSic nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba nu-
lis tolia, konservatiuli veli ewodeba.
eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali ewodeba velSi moTavsebuli werti­
lovani muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis Sefardebas am
mux­tTan. sxva sityvebiT, potenciali ricxobrivad tolia erTeuli muxtis
ener­giisa velSi.
or wertils Soris Zabva tolia erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaadg-
ilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis fardobisa am muxtTan.
or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba (Zabva) tolia erTeulisa, Tu 1 k
muxtis gadatanisas erTi wertilidan meoreSi eleqtruli veli asrulebs 1 j
muSaobas. am erTe­
uls volti (1 v) ewodeba.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia potencialis Semcirebis mimar-
TulebiT.
energia, romelsac eleqtroni SeiZens eleqtrul velSi moZraobisas, rodesac
gadava erTi wertilidan meore – potencialiT 1v-iT ufro maRal wertilSi,
cnobilia 1 eleqtronvoltis (1ev) saxelwodebiT.
ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba
Qq
formuliT: Epot = k .
eR
R radiusis da Q muxtis gamtari sferos velis potenciali misi centridan
Q Q
r manZilze ganisazRvreba formuliT ϕ = k , sadac r≥R. Tu r≤R, maSin ϕ = k
er eR
– sferos zedapirs da mis SigniT mdebare yvela wertils aqvs erTi da igive
potenciali.
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, nebismier wertilSi velis potenciali
ganisazRvreba TiToeuli muxtis velis ϕ1, ϕ2, ..., ϕn potencialTa algebruli
jamiT: ϕ=ϕ1+ϕ2+ ... +ϕn.
daZabulobis wirebis marTobulad muxtis gadaad­gilebisas eleqtruli veli
muSaobas ar asrulebs.
daZabulobis wirebi ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis marTobia.
damuxtuli gamtaris yvela wertils erTi da igive potenciali aqvs.
ganmxoloebuli gamtaris q muxtis Sefardeba mis ϕ potencialTan mudmivi
sididea da mas gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba.
eleqtrotevadobis erTeulad miRebulia iseTi ganmxo­ loebuli gamtaris
eleqtrotevadoba, romlis potenciali icvleba erTi voltiT, misi muxtis erTi
kuloniT Secvlis Sedegad. am erTeuls 1 faradi (1 f) hqvia.
kondensatoris erT-erTi Semonafenis muxtis moduls konden­satoris mux­
ti ewodeba.
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba kondensatoris muxtis Sefar­
|q|
debas Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan: C = .
U
brtyeli kondensatoris eleq­ trotevadoba pirdapirpro­porciulia mi­si
firfitebis farTobis, dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis da ukuproporciulia
ee S
firfitebs Soris manZilisa. C = 0 .
d
18
 kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas batareis eleqtro­tevadoba calkeul
kondensatorTa tevadobebis jamis tolia.

mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas batareis tevadobis Sebrunebuli sidide tolia

calkeul kondensatorTa tevadobebis Sebrunebul sidideTa jamisa. Tu gvaqvs

n
1 1
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli n kondensatori, maSin = ∑
C i=1 Ci
.

damuxtuli kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia ganisazRvreba for-

mulebiT:
qU CU2 q2
W = ; W = ; W = .
2 2 2C
eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrive ganisazRvreba formuliT:
ee0E2
ωel= .
2
eleqtruli energia ganawilebulia velis mTel moculobaSi.

! moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

saSualo zomis lursmanze
erTi mimar­
Tu­lebiT, sul mcire,
or fenad daaxvieT spilenZis
izoli­rebuli mavTuli. mavTulis
boloebs moacileT izolacia.
lursmani rom miuaxlooT, Semdeg
SeaxoT foladis sagnebs, miekvre-
ba Tu ara sagnebi lursmans?
varaudi CawereT rveulSi.
sur. 19.1
ra moxdeba, Tu mSrali el-
ementis gamoyenebiT, mavTulSi
gaatarebT dens da lursmans kvlav miuaxloebT foladis sagnebs?

cdis CatarebaSi dagexmarebaT

Semdegi videorgolebi:
https://bit.ly/3WvfKeC
https://bit.ly/3iSCO9r

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
cdebiT SeamowmeT Tqveni varaudis marTebuloba.
gaatareT mavTulSi deni. lursmani miuaxloeT (SeaxeT) foladis sagnebs.
daakvirdiT. miizida lursmanma da foladis sagnebma erTmaneTi (sur. 19.1)P?
dafiqrdiT, ratom moxda ase?

19
 • lursmanze daxveul mavTulSi denis gatarebis Semdeg, miizida lurs­
manma da foladis sagnebma erTmaneTi? ratom moxda ase?

§ 1.2. magnituri veli. denis magnituri veli

dedamiwis wiaRSi zogierT adgilas aris rkinis madani (egreT wodebuli

mag­
nituri rkinaqva), romelsac aqvs zo­ gierTi sagnis mizidvis unari (sur.
20.1, a). aseTi mizidvis unaris mqone sxeulebi pirvelad aRmoaCines mcire
aziis Zvel berZnul qalaq magnesiaSi da maT magni­ tebi uwodes. mogvianebiT
adamianma Seqmna sxeulebi, romlebic didxans inarCuneben magnitur Tvisebebs.
amitom maT mudmivi magnitebi uwodes. 20.1, b suraTze gamosaxulia zolovani,
nalisebri da rgoluri magnitebi.

sur. 20.1

gavaanalizoT cdebSi SemCneuli movlenebi.


1. romeli nivTierebisagan damzadebul sagnebs izidavs magniti da
romlebs ara?
2. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, magnitis TiToeuli nawili erTnairad izidavs
rkinis sagnebs?

CavataroT cdebi. I cda: magidaze zolovani mag-

polusebi
nitis mTel sigrZeze davyaroT rkinis patara sagne-
bi, Wikartebi, lursmnebi. maTze sibrtyiT davdoT
zolovani magniti, avwioT da davakvirdeT (sur. 20.2).
magnitis boloebs, sadac magnituri moqmedeba
yvelaze Zlieria, magnitis polusebi ewodeba. magni-
tis Sua nawilSi magnituri moqmedeba ar mJRavndeba.
sur. 20.2
II cda: zolovani magnitis erTi bolo movuaxlooT,
SevaxoT da davaSoroT meore zolovani magnitis jer erT, Semdeg ki meore
bolos da davakvirdeT.

20
 
3. ras amCnevT? pirveli magniti meore magnitis orive bolos izidavs?

N
magnitis erT bolos uwodeben CrdiloeT poluss – N,
meore bolos ki – samxreT poluss – S.
erTsaxeliani magnituri polusebi erTmaneTs ganizidaven, S
sxvadasxvasaxelianebi ki miizidaven.
kompasis isari magnituri isaria, romelsac SeuZlia Tavi-
sufali brunva Sveuli RerZis garSemo (sur. 21.1).
III cda: ramdenjerme SevucvaloT magnitur isars mde­
bareoba. gavaTavisufloT da davakvirdeT, rogor mdeba­reobaSi
Cerdeba igi.
sur. 21.1

Tu magnituri isari ar gaqvT, SegiZliaT Tavadac daamzadoT:

https://bit.ly/3ZOcBcL

magnituri isris erTi bolo miaxloebiT gviCvenebs CrdiloeTis mimar-

Tulebas, meore – samxreTisas. swored aqedan warmodgeba magnitis polusebis
saxelwodeba.
magnituri isris polusebis SemaerTebel wrfes magnituri isris RerZi
ewodeba.
IV cda. SevamowmoT, izidavs Tu ara saxraxnisis wveri lursmnebs. ramden-
jerme nel-nela gavusvaT magniti saxraxnisis Reros, bolodan wverisaken da
SevamowmoT, SeiZina Tu ara saxraxnisis wverma lursmnebis mizidvis unari.

naxeT videoc: https://bit.ly/3ZRjxGc

magnitebis urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba aixsnas maT irgvliv magnituri velis

arsebobiT. erTi magnitis magnituri veli moqmedebs meore magnitze da piriqiT,
meore magnitis magnituri veli moqmedebs pirvelze.

videorgolSi naxeT, rogor orientirdeba magnituri isrebi

zolovani da nalisebri magnitis magnitur velSi:
https://bit.ly/3XNxlj9

gamoiyeneT simulaciuri laboratoriac da daakvirdiT, rogor

orientirdeba magnituri isrebi zolovani magnitis magnitur velSi:
http://bit.ly/3iUtAcO

simulaciur laboratoriaSi aseve daakvirdebiT magnitebis

urTierTqmedebas magnituri velis meSveobiT, magnituri velis
Zalwirebs. http://bit.ly/3iT1Zc2

21
 kvlav CavataroT cda da gavaanalizoT kvleva-ZiebiT SemCneuli movlenebi.


4. izidaven Tu ara erTmaneTs lursmani, masze daxveuli mavTuliT da
foladis sagnebi: Wikarti, samagri da patara lursmnebi?
5. miizida Tu ara lursmanma da rkinis sagnebma erTmaneTi lursmanze
daxveul mavTulSi denis gatarebis Semdeg (sur. 19.1)?
6. Catarebuli cdebiT, SeiZleba Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom deniani gamtari
qmnis magnitur vels?

cdebidan Cans, lursmani mxolod maSin izidavs foladis sagnebs, rodesac

masze daxveul mavTulSi deni gadis.

TvalsaCinoebisTvis ixileT rkinisa da aluminis sxeulebis gan-

calkeveba videoSi: http://bit.ly/3QQHLfy

aseTi cdac CavataroT: ma­gni­turi isris RerZis pa­ra­lelurad

movaTavsoT spilenZis an aluminis mavTuli (sur. 22.1) da davakvirdeT isars.
aseve SegviZlia mivmarToT virtualuLUr laboratorias da davakvirdeT erste-
dis eqsperiments:
https://bit.ly/3OXbodf

sur. 22.1


7. magniturma isarma Seicvala orientacia?

CavrToT CamrTveli da kvlav da­

vak­
virdeT isars. gavagrZeloT dakvirveba.
ramdenjerme amovrToT da CavrToT CamrTvel-amomrTveli.


8. ras amCnevT wredis CarTvisas? amorTvisas?
9. urTierTqmedeben Tu ara spilenZis mavTuli da magnituri isari?
10. urTierTqmedeben Tu ara spilenZis deniani mavTuli da magnituri
isari? ris meSveobiT?

Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze, SegviZlia davaskvnaT:

22
 magnituri veli arsebobs yo­ veli deniani gamtaris, e.i. moZ­ravi muxtis
gar­Semo.
maSasadame, uZravi mux­
tis gar­Semo arsebobs mxo­ lod eleq­ truli veli.
moZravi muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise magni­ turi
veli.
gamtaris garSemo magnituri veli iqmneba maSin, roca masSi deni gadis,
amitom deni unda ganvixi­ loT, rogorc magnituri velis erT-erTi wyaro.
swored es igulisxmeba gamoT­qmebSi: `denis magnituri veli~ an `deniT warmo-
qmnili magnituri veli~.

denis magnitur moqmedebas daakvirdebiT bmulze:

https://bit.ly/401u3e2
https://bit.ly/3wftpMj

CavataroT aseTi cdac: erTi mxridan Ria muyaos yuTs

gavukeToT Wrilebi da masSi erTmaneTis paralelurad Ca-
vamagroT aluminis folgis zolebi, erTmaneTisagan 2-3 sm
manZilze (sur. 23.1); maT boloebs mivuerToT denis wya­ ro
(SeiZleba mSrali elementis gamoyeneba) ise, rom denma gaiaros
jer erT gamtarSi, Semdeg, oriveSi, erTi mimarTulebiT da
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.

sur. 23.1

am videorgolSi naxavT, rogor SeiZleba davamzadoT paraleluri

deniani gamtarebi folgisa da muyaos yuTisagan:
https://bit.ly/3Xs2rwN

elementi rom ar gafuWdes, TiToeuli cdis

dros wredi mxolod ramdenime wams CarTeT.
cda gviCvenebs, rom rodesac gamtarebSi deni
ar gadis (sur. 23.2,a) an mxolod erT gamtarSi
gadis (sur. 23.2,b), maSin maTi urTierTqmedeba
ar SeimCneva. oriveSi denis gatarebisas ki isini
izidaven an ganizidaven erTmaneTs (sur. 23.2,
a b g d
g, d). kerZod, Tu deni erTnairi mimarTulebiT
gadis, maSin zolebi erTmaneTs izidaven, xolo sur. 23.2

Tu sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, maSin ganizidaven.

meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis ixileT sade-

monstracio cda:
https://bit.ly/3R0Ze56
aseve videorgolebi deniani gamtarebis
urTierTqmedebaze. deni gamtarebSi gadis:
a) erTnairi mimarTulebiT https://bit.ly/3GXWz7l
b) sapirispiro mimarTulebiT https://bit.ly/3XMDP1u

23
 Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gamtarSi gamavali
deni Tavis gar­Semo qmnis magnitur vels, romelic moqmedebs meore denian
gamtarze. meore deniani gamtariT Seqmnili magnituri veli ki moqmedebs
pirvel denian gamtarze.
aRweril cdaSi gamtari ar asrulebs arsebiT rols. magnituri veli moq-
medebs gamtarSi moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze. moqmedebis Sedegi vlindeba
gamtaris deformaciiT.
koWas, masSi moTavsebul foladis gularTan erTad, eleqtromagniti
ewodeba.
gulari aZlierebs deniani koWas magnitur vels. eleqtromagnitis damzadeba
ojaxur pirobebSic SesaZlebelia (Tqven es ukve gaakeTeT (sur. 19.1).

gaecaniT, rogor muSaobs eleqtromagniti: https://bit.ly/3WotVCk

eleqtromagniti nebismieri avtomobilis,

telefonis, televizoris, TviTmfrinavis, kos-
mosuri xomaldis da sxva mravali mowyobilobis
aucilebeli nawilia.
24.1 suraTze gamosaxulia didi amwevi Zalis
eleqtromagniti, romelsac iyeneben qarxnebSi
foladis an Tujis nakeTobebis, maTi burbuSelisa
da zodebis gadasatanad.
eleqtromagniti imiT aris mo­saxerxebeli, rom
koWaSi gamavali denis regulirebiT adviladaa
SesaZle­beli misi magnituri moqmedebis cvli­leba
sur. 24.1
(gaZ­
liereba an Sesusteba) farTo saz­ RvrebSi.

vici, rom:

magnituri isris polusebis SemaerTebel wrfes magnituri isris Re­

rZi ewodeba.

magnituri veli arsebobs yo­

veli deniani gamtaris, e.i. moZ­
ravi mux­
tis gar­Semo.

uZravi mux­tis gar­

Semo arsebobs mxo­
lod eleq­
truli veli. moZravi
muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise – magni­
turi veli.

deni unda ganvixi­

loT, rogorc magnituri velis erT-erTi wyaro.
gamtarSi gamavali deni Tavis gar­Semo qmnis magnitur vels, romelic
moqmedebs meore denian gamtarze. meore deniani gamtariT Seqmnili mag­
nituri veli ki moqmedebs pirvel denian gamtarze.

koWas, masSi moTavsebul foladis gularTan erTad, eleqtromagniti

ewodeba.

24
 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

msubuqi aluminis sxeulis moqmedebiT foladis zambara gaWimulia (ix.

sur. 25.1). sxeulze gamobmuli mavTulis bolo marilian wyalSi odnav aris
CaSvebuli. aRwereT, ra moxdeba CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg?
amoxsna
CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg wredSi deni gaivlis, zambaris
xviebi erTmaneTis paraleluria, mezobel xviebSi gamavali
deni erTi da imave mimarTulebisaa. paraleluri deniani
gamtarebi, rodesac maTSi erTi da imave mimarTulebis deni
gadis, urTierTmiizideba. zambara SeikumSeba. sxeulze mib-
muli mavTuli zeviT aiwevs da wyals moscildeba, wredi
gawydeba, sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT sx-
euli qveviT daiwevs, wredi kvlav Seikvreba da es procesi
gameordeba.
sxeuli daiwyebs moZraobas – zeviT, qveviT.
sur. 25.1

savarjiSo

1. ratom amzadeben kompasis budes spilenZis, aluminis an plas­

tmasisagan
da ara foladi­sagan?
2. gvaqvs foladis ori Rero, da­magnitebuli da daumagni­tebeli. sxva sagnis
gamouyeneblad, rogor gamovarkvioT, rome­ lia damag­
nite­
buli?
3. aris Tu ara magnituri kompasis Cveneba saimedo maSin, rodesac igi fo-
ladis sagnebTan axlosaa? axseniT, ratom?
4. kolofSi areulia spilenZis xraxnebi da rkinis patar-patara sagnebi.
rogor ganvacalkevoT isini yvelaze martivad?
5. rogor SeiZleba magnituri isris meSveobiT ganisazRvros, damagnitebulia
Tu ara foladis Rero?
6. 25.2 suraTze gamosaxuli foladis burTula haerSi wonas-
worobaSia. axseniT, ratom? mdgradia Tu aramdgradi burTulas
wonasworoba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. gluv horizontalur zedapirze dadebuli magniti damagrebu-
lia. rkinis sxeuli – ara (sur. 25.3).
a. daiwyebs Tu ara sxeuli moZraobas? axseniT, ratom?
b. Tu imoZravebs, rogor? Tanabrad, TanabaraCqarebulad Tu
zrdadi aCqarebiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
sur. 25.2

zolovani magniti rkinis sxeuli

sur. 25.3

25
 moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

rogoria Tqveni azri: am ori lursm-

nidan romeli `aswevs~ meti masis rkinis
naWrebs (sur. 26.1), Tu marcxena lurs-
manze daxveuli xviebis raodenoba metia
da mavTulebSi gaivlis:
a. erTi da igive sididis deni?
b. meoreSi gaivlis meti deni? axseniT,
ratom?
sur. 26.1
g. meoreSi gaivlis naklebi deni?

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

hipoTezis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

26
 • romelma lursmanma `aswia~ meti masis tvirTi?

§ 1.3. magnituri velis induqciis mimarTuleba

1821 wels maikl faradeim moaxerxa eleqtruli denis energiis meqanikur ener-
giad gardaqmna. man Seqmna mowyobiloba, romelic ar gamoiyeneboda konkretuli
daniSnulebiT, magram idea, romelsac is eyrdnoba, didi naxtomia kacobriobis
teqnikuri progresis istoriaSi: am ideazea damyarebuli Tanamedrove eleqtroZ-
ravebis muSaoba.

sur. 27.1. faradeis istoriuli cdis 1822 wliT

daTariRebuli mowyobiloba. amJamad gamofenilia
londonis samefo institutis qveda sarTulze,
faradeis magnitur laboratoriaSi.

faradeis Zrava warmoadgenda liTonis mavTuls, romelic zeda boloTi img-

varad iyo damagrebuli, rom Tavisuflad brunva SeeZlo, misi qveda bolo ki ver-
cxliswylian WiqaSi iyo CaSvebuli (marjvena WurWeli surTze). marjvena WurWlis
qveda, viwro cilindrul nawilSi moTavsebuli iyo mudmivi magniti. es magniti
uZravi iyo, vercxliswyalSi Cakidul mavTuls ki Tavisuflad SeeZlo brunva.
marcxena WurWelSi piriqiT, magniti WurWlis fskerze ZafiT imgvarad iyo
mibmuli, rom mas Tavisuflad SeeZlo emoZrava, xolo WiqaSi CaSvebuli liTonis
mavTuli uZravi iyo.

brunvis
uZravi centri
mavTuli moZravi
mavTuli
uZravi
moZravi magniti
magniti

vercxliswyali

brunvis
centri
xis sadgami

sadenebi
batarea

sur. 27.2. faradeis cdis sqema.

wredSi gamavali deni mavTulis garSemo magnitur vels qmnida. meore mxriv,
WurWelSi Cadgmuli uZravi magnitic qmnida magnitur vels, romelic denian, ver-
cxliswyalSi CaSvebul gamtarze moqmedebda. Sedegad, suraTze marjvena WurWelSi
vercxliswyalSi Cakiduli mavTuli brunvas iwyebda (sur. 27.2).
marcxena WurWelSi ki fskerTan ZafiT mibmuli magniti brunavda vercxliswy-
alSi CaSvebuli uZravi mavTulis irgvliv.
arsebobs versia, rom vercxliswyalTan muSaobam faradeis janmrTeloba

27
 daaziana. Tumca dRes nebismier dainteresebul
msurvels SeuZlia Tavad gaimeoros msgavsi
cda vercxliswylis gareSe, sruliad uvnebeli
mariliani wyliT. naxeT videorgoli da Tavad
mixvdebiT, rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba:

faradeis Zrava sur. 28.1. marjvena WurWlis

https://youtu.be/r967ko07qg8 gamartivebuli sqema.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sxeulis amoZraveba – misi
siCqaris Secvla – mxolod Zalas SeuZlia. ra Zala amoZravebs denian gamtars?
momdevno paragrafebSi gaecnobiT amperis Zalas. swored amperis Zalis moq-
medebazea damyarebuli eleqtroZravis muSaoba – mowyobilobis, romelic ele-
qtrul energias meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis.

wina paragrafSi Catarebuli cdebidan da msjelobidan viciT, rom magnituri

velis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia:
magnitur vels qmnis eleqtruli deni (moZravi muxtebi).
magnituri veli mJRavndeba denze (moZrav muxtebze) moqmedebiT.
magnituri velis dasaxasiaTeblad SemoRebulia fizikuri sidide – magnituri
velis induqcia. igi veqtoruli sididea. aRvniSnoT B -Ti.
magnituri induqciis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoviyenoT magnitur
isarze magnituri velis maorientirebeli moqmedeba.
magnituri induqciis mimarTulebad miRebulia magnitur velSi Tavi­
suflad mbrunavi, ukve orientirebuli, magnituri isris mimarTuleba S
samxreTi polusidan N CrdiloeTis polusisken.
magnitur vels verc vxedavT da verc SevigrZnobT, amitom saWiroa SevimuSaoT
iseTi meTodi, rom saTanado pirobiTi niSnebiT da SeTanxmebiT davxatoT konk-
retuli velis suraTi. miRebuli suraTis meSveobiT unda SeiZlebodes Tqma,
sad aris veli Zlieri da sad – susti. agreTve, velis mocemul wertilSi saiT
aris mimarTuli moZrav muxtze moqmedi Zala.
sivrceSi magnituri velis TvalsaCinod gamosaxva mosaxerxebelia e.w. magni-
turi induqciis wirebiT.
magnituri induqciis wiri ewodeba iseT wirs,
S N
romlis mxebis gaswvriv mimarTulia magnituri ve­
B
lis induqcia.
swored am wiris gaswvriv ganlagdeba magnitur velSi
sur. 28.2
patara magnituri isrebis RerZebi (sur. 28.2).

vnaxoT videorgoli, Tu rogor davxazoT magnituri velis Zal-

wirebi:
https://bit.ly/3Hk9WAs

davakvirdeT magnitur vels sxvadasxva formis deniani gamtaris SemTxvevaSi.

sur. 29.1-ze gamosaxulia wrfivi deniani gamtarisa da deniani koWas (solenoidis)
mier Seqmnili magnituri velis suraTebi. aseT suraTebs miviRebT, Tu wrfiv

28
gamtars gavatarebT muyaoSi, romelzec Txel fenad davyriT rkinis naqlibs,
Semdeg gamtarSi gavatarebT dens da muyaos odnav SevarxevT, vnaxavT, rom denis
gavlis Semdeg rkinis naqlibis nawilakebi garkveuli wesrigiT ganlagdeba. es
nawilakebi patara magnituri isrebis msgavsad iqcevian. b suraTze gamosaxulia
magnituri isrebis ganlageba wrfivi deniani gamtaris irgvliv. gamtari suraTis
sibrtyis marTobulia. d suraTze gamtarSi deni mimarTulia suraTidan Cvenken
da pirobiTad aRniSnulia wertiliani wriT. e-ze deni mimarTulia Cvengan su-
raTis sibrtyisaken da pirobiTad aRniSnulia jvriani wriT. am cdis Catarebas
advilad SeZlebT da naxavT, rom gamtarSi denis mimarTulebis Secvla iwvevs
magnituri velis mimarTulebis sapirispiroTi Secvlas.

analogiur movlenas daakvirdebiT bmulze:

https://bit.ly/40366Dd

videorgolSi naCvenebia sxvadasxva formis deniani gamtaris mag-

nituri veli. daakvirdiT, denis gatarebis Semdeg, ra mosdis rkinis naqlibis
mcire nawilakebs, romlebic Setivtivebulia plastmasis gamWvirvale brtyel
firfitebSi Casxmul blant siTxeSi.

g
b
a

d. wertiliani e. jvriani v z T
rgoli rgoli
sur. 29.1

wrfivi deniani gamtaris mier Seqmnili magnituri velis induqciis mimar-

Tuleba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT marjvena xelis pirveli wesiT (sur. 29.1, v).
marjvena xelis ceri daviWiroT ise, rom igi gviCvenebdes gamtarSi denis
mimarTulebas, maSin moxrili oTxi TiTi, romelTa Sorisac gamtaria moq­
ceuli, gviCvenebs denis magnituri velis induqciis mimarTulebas.

29
 wrfivi gamtaris magnitur vels daakvirdebiT virtualur la-
boratoriaSi. aqve TvalsaCinod naxavT, rogor moqmedebs marjvena
xelis wesi am SemTxvevaSi, bmulze:
http://bit.ly/3J2LDIp


1. ra formisaa wrfivi deniani gamtaris mier Seqmnili magnituri velis
induqciis wirebi.

29.1 z suraTze gamosaxulia deniani koWas magnituri induqciis wirebi, xolo

T suraTze – mudmivi magnitis.
deniani koWas mier Seqmnili magnituri velis induqciis mimarTuleba ase
ganisazRvreba:
Tu marjvena xelis moxrili oTxi TiTis mimarTulebas davamTxvevT koW­
aSi denis mimarTulebas, maSin gaSlili ceri gviCvenebs koWaSi magnituri
velis induqciis mimarTulebas.
igive wesi gamodgeba rgolis centrSi magnituri velis induqciis mimar-
Tulebis dasadgenad.
virtualur laboratoriaSi davakvirdeT wriuli da zolovani magnitis mag-
nitur velebs, aseve, koWas magnitur velsa da marjvena xelis wesis gamoyenebas
magnituri velis induqciis mimarTulebis gansasazRvrad:

wriuli gamtaris magnituri veli:

http://bit.ly/3GX1q8S
zolovani magnitis magnituri veli:
https://bit.ly/3iUtAcO
http://bit.ly/3QQtK1v
koWas magnituri veli:
http://bit.ly/3Xxghyc
marjvena xelis gamoyenebis wess TvalsaCinod gaec-
nobiT am videoSic: https://bit.ly/3WoWXBx

magnituri induqciis wirebi yovelTvis Sekrulia. maT ara aqvT arc da-
sawyisi da arc dasasruli. vels, romelic Sekruli ZalwirebiT xasiaTdeba,
grigaluri veli ewodeba. magnituri veli grigaluria.


2. grigaluria Tu ara eleqtrostatikuri veli? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT
ase?

magnituri velis induqciis wirebis Caketiloba magni- fundamenturi

turi velis fundamenturi Tvisebaa. es gamoxatulebaa (laTinuri) – Zir­
imisa, rom magnitur vels ara aqvs wyaro. eleqtruli iTadi, mTavari
muxtis msgavsi magnituri muxti bunebaSi ar arsebobs.
SeTanxmdnen, magnituri induqciis wirebi ise gaavlon, rom mocemul wer-
tilSi magnituri induqciis veqtorisadmi marTobulad moTavsebuli farTobis
erTeulze gadiodes imdeni Zalwiri, rasac udris am wertilSi velis induqcia.

30
 
3. Tqveni varaudiT, SeiZleba Tu ara Zalwirebis sixSiris mixedviT Sefasdes
magnituri velis induqciis moduli? rogor?

zogierT, SedarebiT mcire ubanze magnituri velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTis

paraleluria da erTmaneTisgan toli manZilebiTaa daSorebuli. aseT ubanze
magnituri velis induqcia yvela wertilSi erTnairia da magnituri veli
erTgvarovan velad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
31.1. suraTze gamosaxulia helmholcis rgolebi,
romelTa meSveobiT Seqmnili magnituri velis Zal-
wirebi, rgolebs Soris areSi, am rgolebis saerTo
RerZis TiTqmis paraleluria, Tan, toli manZilebiT
aris daSorebuli. sivrcis am nawilSi am ori deniani
rgolis mier Seqmnili magnituri veli SegviZlia
erTgvarovnad CavTvaloT. es mowyobiloba gamoiyene-
ba moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebis - eleqtronebis
traeqtoriis gamrudebaze dakvirvebisaTvis.

vici, rom: sur. 31.1

gamtarSi gamavali deni Tavis gar­

Semo qmnis magnitur vels, romelic
moqmedebs meore denian gamtarze.
uZravi muxtis garSemo arsebobs mxolod eleqtruli veli. moZravi
muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise magnituri veli.
deni unda ganvixiloT, rogorc magnituri velis wyaro.
magnitur vels qmnis eleqtruli deni (moZravi muxtebi).
vels, romelic Sekruli ZalwirebiT xasiaTdeba, grigaluri veli ewo­
deba.
magnituri veli mJRavndeba denze (moZrav muxtebze) moqmedebiT.
magnituri induqciis mimarTulebad miRebulia magnitur velSi Tavi­
suflad mbrunavi, ukve orientirebuli, magnituri isris mimarTuleba S
samxreTi polusidan N CrdiloeTis polusisken.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

daakvirdiT sur. 31.2-s.

ra aris gamosaxuli sur.
mgrZnobiare
31.2-ze?
dinamometri
rogoria Tqveni varaudi: CamrTvel-amomrTveli

ra moxdeba, Tu CamrTvels
CavrTavT?

nalisebri
magniti

denis wyaro
sur. 31.2

31
 • ra moxdeba Tu gamtarSi dens gavatarebT? (sur. 32.1)?

§ 1.4. magnituri velis induqciis moduli. amperis

Zala
CavataroT cda: nali­s ebri magnitis
magnitur velSi Zalwirebis marTobulad
mova­Tav­soT moqnil sadenebze dakidebu-
li mcire zomis gamtari da CamovkidoT
mgrZnobiare dina­ mometrze (sur. 32.1).
gamtarSi gavataroT deni. davi­ naxavT,
gamtari amoZ­ r avdeba (Sei­z ideba an ga-
nizideba) magnitisagan. Sesabamisad, dina-
mometris Cveneba gaizrdeba an Semcirdeba.
maSasadame, magnituri veli moqmedebs masSi
sur. 32.1
moTavsebul denian gamtarze. gamtarSi
denis mimarTulebis Secvla iwvevs masze
moqmedi Zalis mimarTu­ lebis sapirispiroTi Secvlas. gamtaris sigrZis Seucv-
lelad Sev­ cvaloT gamtarSi gamavali deni. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gavzomoT
deni da gamtarze moqmedi Zalis moduli. gazomvis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom:
a. mocemuli sigrZis gamtarze moqmedi Zalis moduli pirdapir­proporciulia
gamtarSi gamavali denis F~I. (1)
Tu ucvleli denisas, magnitur velSi moTav­se­buli deniani gamtaris sigrZ-
es ramdenjerme SevcvliT, TiTo­ eul SemTxvevaSi gavzomavT gamtarze moqmedi
Zalis moduls, maSin gazomvis Sedegebis analiziT davad­ genT:
b. ucvleli denisas gam­tarze moqmedi Zalis moduli pirdapirpro­por­ciulia
magnitur velSi moTav­ sebuli gamtaris sigrZis F~L. (2)
(1)∧(2) ⇒ F~IL. (3)
(3) ⇒ proporciulobidan tolobaze rom gadavideT, aucile­belia, davwe­roT
proporciulobis koeficienti. aRvniSnoT igi B-Ti, maSin:
F
(3) ⇒ F=BIL. (4) (4) ⇒ B = . (5)
IL
Sefardeba F ar aris da­mo­kidebuli magnitur velSi moTavse­buli gamtaris
IL
arc sigrZeze da arc denze. igi damokidebulia im magnituri velis Tvisebebze,
romelSic gamta­ ria moTavsebuli. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: proporciulobis koe-
ficienti axasi­aTebs magnitur vels im adgilas, sadac gamtaria moTavsebuli.

B = F sidide warmoadgens magnituri induqciis moduls.

IL
magnituri velis induqciis mo­duli tolia wiladis mniSvnelobisa, romlis
mric­xvelia magnituri velis induqciis wirebis marTobulad moTavsebul
denian gamtarze moqmedi Zalis mo­ duli, mniSvneli ki – denis Zalisa da
magnitur velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris sigrZis namravli.
davuSvaT, F=1 n, I=1 a, L=1 m, maSin (5) ⇒ B aris magnituri induqciis 1
erTeuli. mas serbi-amerikeli eleqtroinJinris nikola teslas pativsacemad
tesla (tl) ewodeba.
nikola teslas 300-mde dapatentebul gamogonebas Sorisaa cvladi denis
Zrava, maRali Zabvis eleqtrogeneratori da radiokavSiri.

32
 (5) ⇒ 1 tl = 1 n. .
am
1 tesla iseTi erTgvarovani magnituri velis induq­ ciaa, rome­
lic in­
duqciis wirebis marTobu­ lad moTavsebul 1 m sigrZis gam­
tar­ze, romelSic
gadis 1 a deni, moqmedebs 1 n ZaliT.
(5) ⇒ B induqciis magnitur velSi mis marTobulad moTavsebul L sigrZis
gam­tarze moqmedi Zalis moduli, rodesac masSi gamavali denia I, ganisazRvreba
formuliT: F=BIL. (6)
cdebiT mtkicdeba, rom, rodesac magnituri
velis induqciis veqtorsa da masSi moTavsebul
gamtarSi denis mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe aris
a, maSin gamtarze moqmedi Zalis moduli ganisaz-
Rvreba formuliT F=BILsina (7). am Zalas xSirad
amperis Zalas uwodeben.
magnitur velSi moTavsebul wrfiv denian gam-
tarze moqmedi Zalis mimar­Tuleba ganisazRvreba
marcxena xe­lis wesiT: marcxena xeli magni­ tur
velSi ise mova­TavsoT, rom magni­turi induqciis
sur. 33.1
wi­rebi mimarTuli iyos xe­lisguli­saken, gaSli­
li oTxi TiTi gviC­venebdes gam­tarSi denis mimar­Tulebas, maSin 900-iani kuT­
xiT gaS­lili ceri gviC­venebs gam­tarze moq­medi Za­lis mimarTu­lebas (sur. 33.1).
amperis Zalis moqmedebazea damyarebuli eleqt­ ro­Zravis muSaoba. mowyobi­
lobisa, romelic eleq­ trul energias gardaqmnis meqanikur energiad.
33.2 suraTze gamosaxuli
CarCo
mowyobilobis CarCo Sedgeba
B
izolirebuli mavTulis ram- C
denime aTeuli xviisagan. CarCo
Camocmulia vertikalur RerZ-
ze. imave RerZze, CarCos qveS, A D
damagrebulia liTonis ori musa
rgoli, romlebic erTmaneTis-
liTonis
agan izolirebulni arian. erT
rgoli
rgolTan SeerTebulia CarCos
gragnilis erTi bolo, meor- sur. 33.2
esTan – meore. rgolebTan deni
midis Txeli liTonis firfitebis – musebis – meSveobiT. CarCos CD ubanze
imoqmedebs amperis Zala suraTis sibrtyidan Cvenken, xolo AB ubanze – Cvengan
suraTis sibrtyisken. CarCo Semobrundeba 900-ianze odnav meti kuTxiT, dabrun-
deba cota ukan da ramdenime rxevis Semdeg gaCerdeba iseT mdebareobaSi, rom
misi sibrtye Zalwirebis marTobi iqneba. amis Semdeg amperis Zalebi Wimaven
CarCos. CavTvaloT CarCos aseTi mdebareoba wonasworobis mdebareobad.
Tu SevZlebT imis miRwevas, rom am mdebareobaSi CarCo ar gaCerdes da
gaagrZelos brunva, maSin igi gaxdeba eleqtroZrava – mowyobiloba, romelic
eleqtrul energias gardaqmnis meqanikur energiad.


1. dafiqrdiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes amisaTvis?

33
 eleqtroZravis muSaobis princips gaecnobiT bmulze:
https://bit.ly/3D68hf9


2. gansazRvreT magnitur velSi moTavsebul denian gamtarze moqmedi Zala,
rodesac kuTxe magnituri velis induqciasa da denis mimarTulebas Soris nulia.

umartivesi eleqtroZravis mo­ de­li gamo­saxulia 34.1 suraTze.

imisaTvis rom CarCo ar gaCerdes
da brunva ganagrZos, aseTi ram
moifiqres: gaTiSon denis wyaro im
momentSi, rodesac CarCo wonas-
worobis mdebareobas uaxlovdeba.
CarCo inertulobis gamo ar Sewyvets
moZraobas da gaivlis wonasworobis musa
mdebareobas da am momentSi isev
gaataron deni CarCoSi, oRond sa- rgoli musa
pirispiro mimarTulebiT. CarCoze
moqmedi amperis Zalebi sapirispiro-
sur. 34.1
Ti Seicvlis mimarTulebas da CarCo
gaagrZelebs brunvas 34.1 suraTze gamosaxuli mimarTulebiT. CarCom brunva
rom ganagrZos, saWiroa, 1800-iani kuTxiT Semobrunebis Semdeg isev Seicvalos
denis mimarTuleba. maSasadame, Tu CarCos yoveli 1800-iT Semobrunebis Semdeg
masSi SevcvliT denis mimarTulebas, is ganuwyvetliv ibrunebs magnitur velSi.
denis mimarTulebis avtomaturi SecvlisaTvis iyeneben koleqtors. umartive-
si koleqtori Sedgeba ori erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli naxevarrgolisagan.
naxevarrgolebi Camoecmeva CarCos RerZze da brunavs masTan erTad. TiToeul
naxevarrgols uerTdeba CarCos gragnilebis erT-erTi bolo. naxevarrgolebTan
deni midis musebiT (sur. 34.1). swored am detaliT gansxvavdeba 34.1 suraTze
gamosaxuli mowyobiloba 33.2 suraTze gamosaxuli mowyobilobisgan.
34.2 suraTze gamosaxulia mud­ mivi denis erT-erTi Zravis gare xedi.
eleqtroZravis muSaobas daakvirdiT simulaciur
laboratoriaSi:
http://bit.ly/3J2U9ab
http://bit.ly/3XIhRNk

eleqtroZravis didi upiratesoba aqvs imave sim-

Zlavris TboZravasTan SedarebiT: igi ufro mcire
zomisaa, ar abin­Zurebs haers, ar sWirdeba saw­va­
visa
da wylis maragi. SeiZleba damzaddes nebismieri
simZlavris eleqtroZrava: rogorc ramdenime vatis
(magali­Tad, eleqtrosapar­ si­
s Zrava), aseve asobiT
da aTasobiT kilo­ vatis (aseTi Zravebi gamo­iyeneba
eqskavatorze, xo­ maldze da a. S.).
mZlavri eleqtroZravis mq koefi­ cienti 98%-s
aRwevs. aseTi maRali mq koeficienti ara aqvs arcerT
sur. 34.2
sxva Zravas.

34
 
3. isaubreT, rogor warmogidgeniaT Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba eleq­
troZravis gareSe?

denian CarCoze magnituri velis mab­rune­beli moq­medeba gamoiyeneba magnito­

eleqtruli sistemis eleq­trogamzom xelsawyoebSi, ampermetrsa da voltmetrSi.
magnitoeleqtruli sistemis xelsawyoebis moqme­debis principi damyarebulia
mudmivi magnitis magnituri velisa da deniani koWas magnituri velis urT-
ierTqmedebaze.

vici, rom:

magnituri velis induqciis mo­duli aris wiladi, romlis mric­xvelia

magnituri velis induqciis wirebis marTobulad moTavsebul denian
gamtarze moqmedi Zalis mo­duli, mniSvneli ki denis Zalisa da magnitur
velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris sigrZis namravli.
1 tesla iseTi erTgvarovani magnituri velis induq­ciaa, rome­lic in­
duqciis wirebis marTobu­lad moTavsebul 1 m sigrZis gam­tar­ze, romelSic
gadis 1 a deni, moqmedebs 1 n ZaliT.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

2 tl induqciis magnitur velSi Zal­

denis simkvrive ewodeba gam­
wirebis marTobulad Seitanes spilenZis
tarSi gamavali denis da misi
mavTuli. gansazRvreT mavTulis aCqareba,
ganivkveTis farTobis Sefar­
Tu masSi gamavali denis simkvrive 1 a/sm2-ia.
spilenZis simkvrivea 8900 kg/m3. debas j = I .
S

amoxsna
? a niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad:
moc.: B = 2 tl
a = F , (1) sadac F=BIL (2) gamtarze moqmedi am-
j = 1 a 2 =104 a2 m
sm
kg
m peris Zalaa, I=jS (3) – gamtarSi gamavali deni, m=ρV
ρ = 8900 3 (4) – gamtaris masa, V=LS (5) – gamtaris moculoba, S
m
– gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi.
BjSL Bj
(2), (3), (4)∧(5) (1) ⇒ a = ⇒ a = . (*)
ρLS ρ
m
(*): a =2,2 .
wm2

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

rodis da rogor moqmedebs magnituri veli masSi moTavsebul spilenZis
(aluminis) gamtarze?
rogoria Tqveni varaudi: denian gamtarze magnituri velis moqmedeba aris
Tu ara velis moqmedebis Sedegi gamtarSi mimarTulad moZrav damuxtul naw-
ilakebze? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

35
 • denian gamtarze magnituri velis moqmedeba aris Tu ara gamtarSi
mimarTulad moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze velis moqmedebis Sedegi?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 1.5. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav muxtze.

lorencis Zala
daakvirdiT 36.1 suraTs. moqnili CA da DB toli sigrZis gamtarebi, rom-
lebzec AB gamtaria dakidebuli, Sveul mdebareobaSia.


1. gadaixreba Tu ara CA da DB gamtarebi
Sveuli mdebareobidan, Tu CamrTvels Cavr- D
TavT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? C
2. ra SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs magnituri veli
masSi moTavsebul gamtarze?
3. Tqveni varaudiT, magnituri velis denian
gamtarze moqmedeba aris Tu ara gamtarSi
mimarTulad moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze mo-
sur. 36.1
qmedebis Sedegi? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

Zalas, romliTac magnituri veli moqmedebs moZrav damuxtul nawilakze,

lorencis Zala ewodeba.

naxeT videorgoli lorencis Zalisa da misi mimarTulebis Ses-

axeb („axali skolis modelis“ resursebidan):
http://bit.ly/3XIifeK

ganvsazRvroT lorencis Zala. viciT, B induqciis magnitur vel­Si moTavse-

bul ∆L sigrZis gamtarze magnituri veli moqme­ debs ZaliT, romlis moduli
ganisazRvreba amperis kanoniT:
F=B|I|∆Lsinα, (1)
sadac F aris ∆L sigrZis ubanSi mowesrigebulad moZrav yvela damuxtul
nawilakze moqmedi Zalis moduli, I – gamtarSi gamavali deni, α – kuTxe B
magnituri velis induqciasa da denis mimarTulebas Soris.
viciT, gamtarSi gamavali deni I=q0nvs, (2) sadac I aris denis Zala, q0 – na­
wilakis muxti, n – moculobis erTeulSi mimarTulad moZravi nawilakebis
raodenoba, S – gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobi, v – nawilakis mowesrigebuli
moZraobis siCqaris moduli.
(2) (1) ⇒ F=|q0|nV∆LsBsinα. (3)
N
n= (4), sadac V gansaxilveli moculobaa, xolo N – masSi mowesrigebulad
V
moZravi damuxtuli nawilakebis raodenoba.
N
V=SDL (5). (5) (4) ⇒ n = ⇒ N=nSDL. (6)
SDL
(6) (3) ⇒ F=|q0|VNBsinα. (7)

4. rogor ganvsazRvroT mowesrigebulad moZrav erT damuxtul nawilakze
moqmedi Zalis moduli?

36
 F
(7) ⇒ Fl= N = |q0|VBsinα. (8)
Fl B
sadac F l aris magnitur velSi moZrav
damuxtul nawilakze moqmedi Zalis moduli –
q
lorencis Zala, α – kuTxea muxtis siCqaresa
da magnitur induqcias Soris.
lorencis Zala marTobia B da veqtorebis
da misi mimarTuleba ganisaz­
Rvreba marcxena sur. 37.1
xelis wesiT:
Tu marcxena xels ise movaTavsebT, rom B veqtoris muxtis siCqarisadmi
marTobi mdgeneli xelis gulSi Sediodes, xolo oTxi TiTi mimarTuli
iyos dadebiTi muxtis moZraobis mimarTulebiT, maSin 900-iT gaSlili ceri
gviCvenebs muxtze moqmedi Fl lorencis Zalis mimarTulebas (sur. 37.1).


5. asrulebs Tu ara lorencis Zala muSaobas?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
6. icvleba Tu ara lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT damuxtuli nawilakis
kinetikuri energia? siCqaris moduli?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
7. icvleba Tu ara lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT damuxtuli nawilakis
siCqare? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

lorencis Zalis moqmedebis Sedegis aRqmaSi dagexmarebaT es

videorgoli, sadac naCvenebia moZrav damuxtul nawilakebze moqmedi
magnituri Zala: http://bit.ly/3QTmuBL

moZrav muxtebze magnituri velis moqmedeba aqtiurad gamoiyeneba teqnikasa

da yofa-cxovrebaSi. swored amas efuZneboda pirveli televizorebis muSaoba.
televizori aRWurvili iyo kineskopiT – eleqtronul-sxivuri milakiT, romelic
eleqtronul signals gardaqmnida videogamosaxulebad. kineskopSi ekranisaken
moZravi eleqtronebi imarTeba gansakuTrebul koWebSi aRZruli magnituri velis
moqmedebiT.
lorencis Zalis moqmedebis principiT Seiqmna xelsawyo ciklotroni, romlis
meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda damuxtuli nawilakebis aCqareba SedarebiT susti
eleqtruli veliT da maTTvis sakmaod didi energiis miniWeba. SemdgomSi gacilebiT
mZlavri amaCqareblebic Seiqmna.
ciklotronis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb naxeT videorgoli:
http://bit.ly/3E8v8Hp
ciklotronis agebulebasa da moqmedebis princips ki am
bmulze gaecnobiT: http://bit.ly/3jZt2mu

vici, rom:

Zalas, romliTac magnituri veli moqmedebs moZrav damuxtul nawi­

lakze, lorencis Zala ewodeba.
lorencis Zalis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba marcxena xelis wesiT.
lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba magnitur velSi moZravi nawilakis
siCqaris mimarTuleba, nawilakis siCqaris moduli ar icvleba.

37
 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

davadginoT, rogor imoZravebs q0 muxtis nawilaki,

B
rodesac igi siCqariT SeiWreba B induqciis erTgvarovan q0
magnitur velSi induqciis wirebis marTobulad (sur. 38.1).
sur. 38.1
amoxsna

magnituri veli nawilakze moqmedebs F l=|q 0|vBsina (1)

lorencis ZaliT. lorencis Zala marTobia da B veqtorebisa, amitom igi ar
cvlis siCqaris moduls. e. i. (1) ⇒ ucvleli rCeba lorencis Zalis modulic.
Zala, romlis moduli ar icvleba da siCqaris marTobulad moqmedebs,
v2
nawilaks aniWebs moduliT mudmiv centriskenul a = (2) aCqarebas. es ki
R
imas niSnavs, rom nawilaki moduliT mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs R radiusian
wrewirze. niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad, Fl=ma. (3)

mv2 mv |q0| v
(1)∧(2) (3) ⇒ |q0|vB= ⇒ R= . (4) (4) ⇒ = . (5)
R |q0|B m RB
nawilakis muxtis Sefardebas mis masasTan nawilakis kuTri muxti ewodeba.
igi eqsperimentiT ganisazRvreba.

savarjiSo
1. aris Tu ara gansxvaveba erTsa da imave magnitur velSi SeWrili ionebis
moZraobebs Soris, Tu: a. ionebi sxvadasxva niSnisaa; b. gansxvavebulia maTi
muxtis moduli; g. gansxvavebulia ionebis masa.

2. gansazRvreT 38.2 suraTze gamosaxuli uaryofiTad B

damuxtul nawilakze moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba.

3. erTgvarovan magnitur velSi magnituri velis induqciis

marTobulad SeiWra erTi da imave siCqaris protoni da sur. 38.2
eleqtroni. SeadareT maTi simrudis radiusebi erTmaneTs.
protonis masa 1,67.10-27 kg-ia, eleqtronis – 9,1.10-31 kg.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

qaRaldis
• ZafiT rom CamovkidoT rkinis qaRaldis samagri
samagri (sur 38.3), rogor mdebareobas
daikavebs Zafi? koWa
• Zafze dakidebul rkinis samagrs gamtari
koWa rom mivuaxlooT, Seicvleba Tu Zafi
ara Zafis mdebareoba?
• koWaSi denis gatarebis Semdeg?
sur. 38.3

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

cdebiT SeamowmeT gamoTqmuli hipoTezebis marTebuloba.

38
 • Seicvala Zafis mdebareoba rkinis samagrTan koWas miaxloebisas?
• koWaSi denis gatarebis Semdeg? ratom moxda ase?

§ 1.6. nivTierebis magnituri Tvisebebi

denis magnituri moqmedebis gareSe ver Seiqmneboda udidesi nawili xel-

sawyoebisa, romelTa gareSec Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba warmoudgenelia
(magaliTad, telefoni, musikaluri centri, televizori, kompiuteri da sxva).
Tanamedrove mecnierebam sakmaod Rrmad Seiswavla magnituri movlenebis arsi da
axsna maTi ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebi. Sedegad, nivTierebaTa magnituri Tvisebebi
ufro da ufro farTo samecniero da teqnikur gamoyenebas hpovebs. dRes ar
arsebobs teqnikis dargi, sadac ar iyenebdnen miniaturul magnitur gulareb-
sa da sistemebs, mudmiv magnitebsa da magnitur lentebs. calke mimarTulebaa
magnetizmis informaciuli aspeqtis gamoyeneba, roca magnituri Tvisebebis
SeswavliT, SesaZlebeli xdeba nivTierebaTa fizikuri Tvisebebisa da qimiuri
Semadgenlobis Seswavla. nivTierebis magnituri Tvisebebis Seswavlis meTodTa
gamoyeneba daedo aseve safuZvlad magnitur defeqtoskopias – meTods, romel-
sac iyeneben liTonis nawarmSi defeqtebis aRmosaCenad.

CavataroT cda: ZafiT CamovkidoT

rkinis mavTuli da mivuaxlooT koWa
(sur. 39.1).


1. SeimCneva koWasa da mavTulis
urTierTqmedeba?

ramdenjerme CavrToT (sur. 39.2) da

amovrToT CamrTvel-amomrTveli da
davakvirdeT.

sur. 39.1

2. ras amCnevT? axseniT, ratom
gadaixara Zafi marjvniv?

deniani koWa davaSoroT mavTuls is-

eTi manZiliT, rom Zafis gadaxra odnav
SesamCnevi iyos (sur. 40.1).


3. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT
SeamowmeT, ra moxdeba, Tu koWaSi dens
gaadidebT. varaudi CawereT rveulSi. sur. 39.2

39
 SevamCnevT, koWaSi denis gadidebiT
Zafis gadaxris kuTxe gaizrdeba, rac
mavTulze moqmedi Zalis gadidebis
maCvenebelia, es ki koWas magnituri
velis gaZlierebaze miuTiTebs. cda
aCvenebs, ucvleli denisas koWas mag-
nituri velis gaZliereba SeiZleba
koWas xviaTa raodenobis gadidebiTac.
dagegmeT cda, romliTac am faqtis
Semowmebas SeZlebT.
kvlav davaSoroT koWa mavTuls ise-
Ti manZiliT, rom Zafis gadaxra odnav
SesamCnevi iyos. koWaSi SevitanoT sur. 40.1

rkinis gulari (sur. 40.2). SevamCnevT:

mavTulze moqmedi Zala gaizrdeba. e.i.
koWaSi rkinis gularis SetaniT koWas
magnituri velis induqcia izrdeba.
amgvarad, koWaSi moTavsebuli
rkinis gulari iseTive magnitur
moqmedebas axdens, rogorsac denis
gadideba koWaSi an masSi xveulebis
raodenobis gadideba, anda erTdrou­
lad gadideba erTisa da meorisac.
amperobiT gamosaxuli denisa da
koWaSi xveulTa raodenobis namravls
amper-xveulebis raodenoba ewodeba. sur. 40.2


4. Tqveni azriT, koWas SigniT rkinis gularis Setana niSnavs Tu ara am-
per-xveulebis raodenobis gazrdas? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

rogor avxsnaT magnituri velis induqciis modulis gadideba denian koWaSi

rkinis gularis SetaniT?
vinaidan rkinis gulari zrdis koWas amper-xveulebis raodenobas, rodesac
arc deni, arc xveulebis raodenoba ar icvleba, unda vivaraudoT, rom TviT
rkinaSi iwyebs cirkulirebas iseTive mimarTulebis eleqtrodeni, rogoric aqvs
koWaSi gamaval eleqtrodens. es denebi cirkulirebs rkinis yoveli molekulis
SigniT. aseTi hipoTeziT axsna sakiTxi frangma mecnierma andre mari amperma.
ra xdeba daumagnitebel rkinaSi?
daumagnitebel rkinaSi wriuli `molekuluri denebi~ cirkuli­ rebs uwes-
rigod orientirebul sxva­ dasxva sibrtyeSi (sur. 40.3,a). am denebis mier Seqm-
nili magnituri velis induq-
cia saSualod nulis tolia.
B
rkinis gularis denian koWaSi B=0
moTavsebisas molekuluri wri-
uli denebis sibrtyeebi koWas
xveulebis paralelurad gan- a
sur. 40.3 b

40
lagdeba. molekuluri wriuli denebis magnituri veli aZlierebs deniani koWas
magnitur vels (sur. 40.3, b).
rkinis molekulebis siTburi moZraoba nawilobriv arRvevs molekuluri den-
ebis sibrtyeTa orientacias; magram, rac ufro Zlieria koWas magnituri veli,
molekuluri denebis miT ufro meti raodenoba ganlagdeba koWas xveulebis
paralelurad.
vTqvaT, koWaSi denis gadidebiT mis mier Seqmnili magnituri veli ganu-
wyvetliv izrdeba.


5. Tqveni azriT, ganuwyvetliv gaizrdeba rkinis im molekuluri denebis
raodenoba, romlebic koWas sibrtyis paralelurad ganlagdeba? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?

im momentidan, rodesac rkinis `yvela~ molekulis deni orientirdeba koWas

sibrtyis paralelurad, koWas denis Semdgomi gadidebiT rkinis mier Seqmnili
magnituri veli aRar izrdeba. rkinis am mdgomareobas najerobis mdgomareoba
ewodeba.
Tu analogiur cdebs CavatarebT sxvadasxva nivTierebasa da maTi Senadnobebi-
sagan damzadebul sxeulebze, davadgenT: gare magnitur velSi Setanisas yvela
sxeuli magnitdeba. amis gamo erTgvarovan garemoSi magnituri induqciis B
veqtori gansxvavdeba sivrcis imave wertilis B 0 veqtorisagan vakuumSi.
B
=m fardobas, romelic garemos magnitur Tvisebebs axasiaTebs, garemos
B0
magnituri SeRwevadoba ewodeba, sadac m mocemuli garemos magnituri SeRw-

evadobaa.
nivTierebebs, romelTa m>1, paramagnituri nivTierebebi ewodeba. aseTebia:
haeri, alumini, volframi, platina da sxva. am nivTierebebis magnituri SeRwev-
adoba umniSvnelod aRemateba erTs.

paramagnituri nivTierebis damagnitebas davakvirdeT simulaciur

laboratoriaSi:
http://bit.ly/3wk5sDm

nivTierebebi, romelTa m<1, diamagnituri nivTierebebia.

aseTebia: wyali, oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, tyvia da sxva. am nivTierebebis
magnituri SeRwevadoba umniSvnelod naklebia erTze.
didi magnituri SeRwevadobis m>>1 nivTierebebs feromagnituri ewodebaT.
aseTebia: rkina, kobalti, nikeli, Tuji da mravali Senadnobi. zogierTis maqsi-
maluri magnituri SeRwevadoba 250 000-s aRwevs. satransformatoro foladis
magnituri SeRwevadoba m≈8000. feromagnitebs udidesi praqtikuli gamoyeneba
aqvT, radgan maTi meSveobiT, energiis daxarjvis gareSe, magnituri velis in-
duqcia ramdenime aseuljer izrdeba. feromagnitebis magnituri SeRwevadoba
mudmivi ar aris. igi damokidebulia magnituri velis induqciaze. feromagnitebs,
romlebic gare magnituri velis mospobis Semdeg damagnitebuli rCeba, iyeneben
mudmivi magnitebis dasamzadeblad.

41
 mudmivi magniti farTodaa gamoyenebuli xmis Camwer aparatSi, xmamaRlamo-
laparakesa da telefonSi, eleqtrogamzom xelsawyoebSi da a.S.
mudmivi magnitebi dRes sasargeblod gamoiyeneba Cveni cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi. is gvxvdeba nebismier sayofacxovrebo teqnikaSi iqneba es mobiluri
telefoni, dinamiki, mikrotalRuri Rumeli, macivari Tu sxva. mudmivi magnitebi
gamoiyeneba samedicino teqnikasa da sazom aparatebSi, saavtomobilo warmoebasa
da mudmivi Zabvis ZravebSi, akustikur sistemasa da tele-radio teqnikaSi.
feromagnitebs, romlebSic narCeni magnituri Tvisebebi umniSvneloa, iyeneben
transformatorebis, generatorebis, eleqtroZravebisa da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad.
feromagnitebisgan amzadeben magnitur lentebsa da Txel magnitur firebs.
feromagnitebis gamoyenebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom temperaturis ga-
didebisas maTi feromagnituri Tvisebebi uaresdeba. yoveli feromagnetebisT-
vis arsebobs temperaturis garkveuli mniSvneloba, romlis zemoT is kargavs
feromagnitur Tvisebebs. am temperaturas kiuris temperatura hqvia, movlenis
aRmomCeni frangi mecnieris pativsacemad.


6. damagnitebuli foladis lursmani gaaxures kiuris temperaturamde.
miizidavs Tu ara igi rkinis sagnebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

rkinisaTvis kiuris temperaturaa 7530C, nikelisaTvis – 3650C, kobaltisaTvis

– 10000C. arsebobs iseTi Senadnobebi, romelTa kiuris temperatura 1000C-ze
naklebia.

42