LAKSHMI SAHITHI PATHI

Experiment No: 7 Date: 01-11-2021

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CONDENSER

AIM:
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient in a vertical and horizontal condenser.

APPARATUS:

The design of condenser is similar to a typical shell and tube exchangers. A condenser
must have a vent for removal of non-condensable gas. The non-condensable gas
decreases the heat transfer rate. Condenser usually use a wider bare spacing of B-D (ID of
shell) as the allowable pressure drop in shell side vapor is usually less. Vertical cut-
segmental baffles are generally used in condensers for side-to-side vapor now and not for
top to bottom. An opening at the bottom of the battle is provided to allow draining of
condensate.

THEORY:
The change from liquid phase to vapor phase is called vaporization and the reverse phase
transfer is condensation. The change from liquid to vapor or vapor to liquid occurs at one
temperature (called saturation or equilibrium temperature) for a pure fluid compound at
a given pressure. The industrial practice of vaporization and condensation occurs at
almost constant pressure; therefore, the phase change occurs isothermally.
There two general types of condensers:

1. Vertical condenser
Down flow vertical condenser: The vapor enters at the top of condenser and slows down
inside tubes. The condensate drains from the tubes by gravity and vapor induced shear

Up flow vertical condenser: In case of up flow condenser, the vapor enters the bottom
and
 flows upward inside the tubes. The condensate drains down the tube by gravity only

2. Horizontal condenser
The condensation may occur inside or outside the horizontal tubes Condensation in the
side common in air-cooled condensers. The main disadvantage of this type of condensers
that the liquid tends to build up in the tube. Therefore, the effective heat transfer
efficiency is reduced significantly.

PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure:
1. Fill the generator with the water up to the mark
2. Set the steam generator temperature to 1200C
3. Close the steam generator valve.
4. Connect continuous cold-water supply to the condenser
5. When steam is formed, start the cold-water supply at any flow rate
6. Open the steam generator Valve condenser & also start stopwatch
7. Start collecting the condensate and measure the quantity
8. Note down the inlet and the temperature of steam & cold water
9. Note down also the condensate temperature.
10. Repeat the above experiment for the pressure

Closing Procedure
1. Switch off bunters and main supply.
2. Open the vent provided on the steam generator to remove the pressure in the
container.
3. Stop cold water flow.
4. As well vapour is condensed, drain condenser & steam generator.
OBSERVATIONS:

Vertical

S No P (kg/m3) M (LPH) T1 T2 T3 T4 V (ml) T (min)

1 1.25 1.25 113.6 28.9 28.5 35.5 880 32.51
2 1.25 3 110.7 28.1 28.4 31.4 880 26.36

Horizontal

S No P (kg/m3) M (LPH) T1 T2 T3 T4 V (ml) T (min)

1 1.25 1.25 120.3 38.7 28.7 38.8 900 12.39
2 1.25 3 112.7 35 28.7 44.6 900 10.27

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Vertical Condenser (S. No. 1)

−3
1.25 x 10
Fw = 1.25 LPH = = 3.472 x 10-7 m3/s
3600

A = 0.151 m2

Steam, T1 = 113.6 oC

λ = 2219.8 KJ/kg

Pw = 1.25 kg/m3

V = 880 ml = 880 x 10-6 = 8.8 x 10-4 m3

t = 32.51 * 60 = 1950.6 sec

−4
V 8.8 x 10
Ms = x Pw = x 1.25 = 5.639 x 10-7 kg/s
t 1950.6

Qs = Ms x λ = 5.639 x 10-7 x 2219.8 = 1.2518 W

 28.5+35.5
Mean Temperature, Tm = = 32 0C
2

Properties at Tm:

ρw = 995.05 Kg/m3 Cpw = 4177.9 J/KgK

μ = 0.765 × 10-3 Kg/ms K= 0.6222 W/mK

Mw = Fw x ρw = 3.472 x 10-7 x 995.05 = 3.46 x 10-4 kg/s

Qw = Mw x Cpw x (T4 – T3) = 3.46 x 10-4 x 4177.9 x (35.5 – 28.5) =10.104 W

Qs +Q w 1.2518+10.104
Qavg = = = 5.678 W
2 2

∆T1 = Thi – Tco =T1 – T4 = 113.6 – 35.5 = 78.1 0C

∆T2 = Tho – Tci =T2 – T3 = 28.9 – 28.5 = 0.4 0C

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 78.1−0.4
∆Tm = ∆T 1 = 78.1 = 14.7319 0C
ln ln
∆T 2 0.4

Qavg 5.678
U= = = 2.5525 W/m2K
A x ∆ Tm 0.151 x 14.7319

Horizontal Condenser (S. No. 1)

−3
1.25 x 10
Fw = 1.25 LPH = = 3.472 x 10-7 m3/s
3600

A = 0.151 m2

Steam, T1 = 120.3 oC

λ = 2201.3 KJ/kg
Pw = 1.25 kg/m3

V = 900 ml = 900 x 10-6 = 9 x 10-4 m3

t = 12.39 * 60 = 743.4 sec

−4
V 9 x 10
Ms = x Pw = x 1.25 = 1.5133 x 10-6 kg/s
t 743.4

Qs = Ms x λ = 1.5133 x 10-6 x 2201.3 = 3.3313 W

28.7+38.8
Mean Temperature, Tm = = 33.75 0C
2

Properties at Tm:

ρw = 994.49 Kg/m3 Cpw = 4178.8 J/KgK

μ = 0.697 × 10-3 Kg/ms K= 0.6245 W/mK

Mw = Fw x ρw = 3.472 x 10-7 x 994.49 = 3.45 x 10-4 kg/s

Qw = Mw x Cpw x (T4 – T3) = 3.45 x 10-4 x 4178.8 x (38.8 – 28.7) = 14.574 W

Qs +Qw 3.3313+14.574
Qavg = = = 8.9527 W
2 2

∆T1 = Thi – Tco =T1 – T4 = 120.3 – 38.8 = 81.5 0C

∆T2 = Tho – Tci =T2 – T3 = 35 – 28.7 = 10 0C

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 81.5−10
∆Tm = ∆T 1 = 81.5 = 34.0798 0C
ln ln
∆T 2 10

Qavg 8.9527
U= = = 1.7397 W/m2K
A x ∆ Tm 0.151 x 34.0798

RESULTS:
Vertical

S. No. Fw (LPH) Mw x 10-4 (kg/s) Ms x 10-7 (kg/s) U (W/m2K)

 1 1.25 3.46 5.639 2.5525
2 3 8.3 6.955 2.7936

Horizontal

S. No. Fw (LPH) Mw x 10-4 (kg/s) Ms x 10-6 (kg/s) U (W/m2K)

1 1.25 3.45 1.5133 1.7397
2 3 8.28 1.8257 7.5336

INFERENCES:
 The overall heat transfer coefficient, or U-value, refers to how well heat is conducted
through over a series of resistant mediums. Higher the coefficient higher the heat
transfer.
 From above experiment we found that overall heat transfer coefficient is higher for
vertical condenser (considering S.No 1 values). This indicates that the heat transfer is
higher in vertical condenser than the horizontal condenser. This may be due to in
vertical condenser the film formed in interface of heat exchange due to
condensation displaces downward due to gravity.
 So that there is less resistance to heat transfer in vertical condenser compared to
horizontal condenser in which the film is not easily displaced.