RICE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Developed by:

CELESTINO ‘Noli’ ANTOPINA CAMOCAMO

Rice Specialist
Agri-Crop Production NCIII

ATI-RTC IX
Introduction:
The staple food of the Filipino people is rice. Thus, food availability is not stable due to
the fact that volume of rice production in term of milled rice in the Philippines cannot
suffice the volume of demand. Due to high cost of rice production the prices of milled
rice in the market are likewise high that create agony toward the consumers.

In order to lower down the cost of rice production that aims to reciprocally lower down
the prices of milled rice in the market. Hence, this rice production technology aims to
cater the farmers’ ease and optimize profit in rice production.

Land Preparation and Water Management:

1. Plow the rice field in crisscross manner apply maximum of 250 bags at 50 kilos
per bag of fully rotten mixed organic matter (madre de cacao fresh leaves 50
bags + Acapulco (asunting) fresh leaves 25 bags + fully rotten corn cobs 75 bags
+ fully rotten rice hulls 50 bags + fully rotten coconut dust 50 bags) per hectare
and harrow thoroughly to incorporate into the soil or apply ½ or ¼ of the 250
bags organic matter if this only the available amount, but there is a need to add
subsequently until the 250 bags are sufficed. Leave the rice field stand for 5
days with no water to let the grass seeds germinate. At 7th (seventh) day, the germinated
seeds must be sown on the seeds’ beds in order to timely hit 14 th day of the seedlings after sowing to
pulling,
2. In the 6th day from 1st harrowing irrigate the rice field at 2-3cm level of water to
furtherly incorporate the organic matter into the soil and suppressed the
germinating weeds’ seeds, weed management per se. Leave rice field with no
water to let the other batch of weeds’ seeds to germinate,
3. In the 6th day from 2nd harrowing irrigate the rice field at 2-3cm level of water to
furtherly incorporate the organic matter into the soil and suppressed the
germinating weeds’ seeds, weed management per se. Leave rice field with no
water to let the other batch of weeds’ seeds to germinate. Prepare the rice field
to final leveling a day prior to transplanting. The rice field should be properly
levelled for maximum absorption of nutrients, economical in water utilization and
to prevent soil insects to cause root damage.
The 250 bags organic matter would increase the yield and profit of the farmer without the
application of inorganic fertilizer for ten (10) years onward.

Due to lack of organic matter sources apply the 100 bags of the above mentioned mixture
(15 bags of fresh madre de cacao’s leaves + 15 bags of fresh Acapulco’s (Asunting) leaves +
25 bags of fully rotten rice hulls +30 bags fully rotten corn cobs + 15 fully rotten coconut
husk).

There should be a need to apply the inorganic fertilizers (Nitrogen 90kg + Phosphorus
30kg + Potassium 30kg for the Inbreed per hectare, but for the Hybrid – Nitrogen 90kg
+ Phosphorus 40kg + Potassium 40kg) increase the Phosphorus and Potassium in
order to promote higher yield.

Computation:

Formula is Recommended Rate / Analysis of the Sources (RR/AS)

N - P - K kilos/ha. fertilizer sources(%)

90 - 30 - 30 - - -30/0.60=50kg - - - 0-0-60 - - - Muriate of Potash(MOP)

0 - 0 - 30 = applied 50kg/50kg per bag or 1bag MOP
90 - 30 - 0 - - - 30/0.46=65kg - - -18-46-0 - -Diammonium Phosphate(DAP)
12 - 30 - 0 = applied 65kg/50kg per bag or 1.3 bags DAP + N=65kg x 0.18=11.7 or 12
78 - 0 - 0 - - - 78/0.46=170kg - - -46-0-0 - - - Urea
78 - 0 - 0 - - - applied 170kg/50kg per bag or 3.4 bags Urea
0 - 0 - 0
The fertilizer sources with higher/highest nutrients analysis must be considered in order
to save and profit more in rice cultivation, such as;

Table 1: Number of Bags and Estimated Cost per Hectare (N-90kg/P-30kg/K-30kg)

Fertilizer sources Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium # bags/Price/bag Total

(K)
Urea 46 0 0 3.4 x 1,000.00 3,400.00
Diammonium P 18 46 0 1.3 x 1,400.00 1,820.00
Muriate of K 0 0 46 1.0 x 1,300.00 1,300.00
Total 5.7 6,520.00

Choose at least certified seed or hybrid seed that has higher yield and market
demanded. Do not establish the rice nursery when there is existing unharvested and
the presence of rice seedlings/plants in the threshing areas, remove them first.

Follow the steps below:

1. Weigh a ten (10) kilos of the dry desired seed for cultivation per hectare,
*Computation:
250,000 hills/ha.(maximum)
40,000 dried grains/kilo(ave.) x 10 kilos = 400,000 grains

 400,000 grains
-
250,000 hills/ha.(max)
-
150,000 seedlings (excess seedlings out of 10 kilos grains)
 2. From the ten(10)kilos dried seeds of rice , weigh separately packs of seeds in net
bags based on the dimensions of each of the prepared seedbeds at the rate of
50grams of seeds per square meter of the seedbed,
3. Soak the packs of the seeds at 36-42 hours in clean water and replace the water
every 6 hours to avoid spoilage of seeds,
4. Incubate the seeds after soaking at 36 hours,
5. When the seeds start to germinate, sow the seeds right away or when white
radicles are observed,
6. Prepare the seedbeds with the soil incorporated with fully rotten rice hulls to
ready for sowing,
7. Incorporate the 1.25 kilos per square meter of the fully rotten rice hulls into the
soil at 1-2 inches from top of the seedbed and level again, no application of
inorganic fertilizer,
8. Irrigate the seedbeds’ area at 0.5 inch. below the seedbeds’ top portion in just to
moisten only to avoid the rotting of the pre-germinated rice seeds,
9. To sow the seeds as soon as the sign of initial germination shows, seed must be
sown starting around from the top side of the seedbed going inward to the center
portion,
10. After sowing, water must be at 0.5 inch. below the bed’s top portion,
11. Increase the level of the water at the level of the bed’s top portion after 12 days
from sowing,
12. At 13th day after sowing raise the level of water to 1 inch. from the top of the
beds,
13. Pulling of the seedlings must be done at 14th day after sowing and
14. Transplanting should be done right away after pulling at 1 seedling per hill.

Seedlings should be transplanted at 14th day after sowing to insure more productive
tillers. At this age of 14 days, the seedling’s height is 20cm., sturdy, color green,
healthy and has 2 tillers.

Nutrient Applications
The fertilizers applications or manuring must be in timing and religiously followed the
appropriate rate to insure the maximum yield performance of the selected seeds for
cultivation. Such as;

1. The BASAL application (90kg Nitrogen – 30kg Phosphorus – 30kg Potassium/ha.).

Apply ½ Nitrogen (45kg) and all the P (30kg) & K (30kg) in mixture of these 3
fertilizer sources before application to minimize cost of application and apply after
leveling prior to transplanting to have an ease in applying. Apply this mixture of
fertilizers in a supersaturated point of the soil and in the afternoon maybe at
 2:00pm to minimize the volatilization and loss of Nitrogen into the air due to high
temperature from sunlight. Therefore, apply the mixture of 72kg or 1.44 bags
Urea + 65kg or 1.3 bags Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) + 50kg or 1 bag
Potassium (K).
The significances of the BASAL application are: the Nitrogen promotes
chlorophyll production for plant growth and maximum tillers production;
Phosphorus for faster root development, faster recovery of the pulled seedlings
and for maximum production of productive tillers; Potassium prevents the plants
from fungal infection, stunted growth, promotes translocation of sugar for plump
grains production and manages water stress, since Potassium regulates the
closing and opening of the stomata that minimizes the loss of water through
evapo-transpration,
2. The second application of the ½ Nitrogen(45kg) must be at 7-5 Days Before
Panicle Initiation (DBPI). How to timing the application to this 7-5 DBPI?

Example:

Maturity days of the seed is 110

-
35 days Reproductive Phase
75 days Fertilization Stage (milking stage)
-
30 days Ripening Phase
45 days Panicle Initiation
-
05 days before panicle initiation (DBPI)
40 days counting from sowing on seedbed is
the timing of ½ Nitrogen(45kg) second
application

The second application of the 45kg Nitrogen at 5 DBPI promotes longer panicles,
higher number of spikelets and higher percentage of filled grains since the rice
responses in 3 days upon application. Apply this at supersaturation point of the
soil. In the sense that Nitrogen is the food for the decomposing bacteria, hence,
emission of Methane gas would be maximized due to the activity of bacteria to
decompose the organic matter in the soil.

This emission of Methane gas would result to sterility of the flowers at most in the
axle of the panicle leading to the unfilled spikelets, since Methane gas is a hot
 gas. Irrigate the rice field a day after the second application of the ½ Nitrogen at
2-3 cm to cool the rice field and hold the Methane gas emission be trapped by
the water to avoid direct contact to the flowers. Raise the water to 5-8cm 3 days
after the second application of the ½ Nitrogen and drain the water 2 weeks
before harvest. This process insures 100% filled grains in rice production.

3. Application of Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate at 80grams + 5ml of APSA-80 (sticker,

spreader and surfactant) dissolve with 16 liters of water serve as foliar fertilizer in
2 days after the second application of ½ Nitrogen. This should be sprayed
beneath the leaves to get contact with the stomata for maximum absorption into
the plant. Zinc is one of the essential micro elements that rice is responsive with
its presence in cultivation. The most effective way of Zinc application is through
foliar because in soil application there are limiting factors that may hinder its
availability to the plants, such as; Phosphorus is antagonist to Zinc availability
and water would likely leach down the Zinc away from the root zone. Zinc
Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H20) is very soluble to water, can be sprayed
also 2-3 weeks after transplanting when visual deficiency symptom shows, like
the erectness of leaves and by touching to crash the corrugated leaves if
produces brittle sound,

4. In the swampy area foliar application of Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate at 100grams

+ 5ml APSA-80 in 16 liters of water is necessary to optimize the yield potential of
the rice under this condition. Application of Zinc frequencies are; a.) spray at
seedling stage 7- 8 days from sowing by reducing the Zinc to 80 grams 5ml
Apsa-80 per 16 liters of water, b.) spray at 1 month after transplanting and c.)
spray at maximum tillering. Spray beneath the leaves to ensure maximum
absorption.

Insect Pests Management

The most common insect pests in rice production are:

Prevention of entry into the rice field the following must be done:

1. Construct perimeter canals per plot of rice at 20cm width x 20cm depth and
maintain the water to avoid the worms to cruise into the rice plots,
2. Construct a perimeter twine to hold the leaning rice plant or leaves into the dike
that might serves as bridge of the worms into rice plots. To construct, put up the
sticks at the height of 1 meter in 3 meters distance and tie around the plastic
twine or ropes to surround the rice plot.
The management for the rice leaffolders is to avoid excessive application
of Nitrogen. In brown planthoppers construct the dike at the height 20cm
and irrigate up to 15cm to drive them to go up the rice leaves to have an
ease in crop protection application.

Spray insecticide to reduce the population of the green leafhoppers to avoid the
spread and transmission of tungro virus inoculum. Raise the water up to 20cm in order
to drive the rice black bugs to the upper portion of the rice to ease the application of
the management.
There should a need to put up insect attractants around the rice field, such
as, concoction of the mixture of 1kg ‘mascubado’ + 1 liter with 4 liter of
unchlorinated water.
Major Rice Diseases and Management
Select a variety or line that is not preference by the green leafhoppers,
such as Matatag lines that has highest yield. Matatag lines are resistant to
tungro virus infection.

The insect pests and diseases managements need the essentiality of

monitoring, evaluation and sanitation of every rice field and crop for our
farming endeavor.

Weeds Management:

If weeds persist apply pre-emergence herbicide 3 days after transplanting

and spray early post-emergence herbicide 8 days after transplanting.

Rat Baiting:

Prepare the following (good for 700 hectares);

1. 18 kilos the smallest corn grits (“benlod”)

2. 3 kilos Racumin
3. 3 kilos dried fish
4. 0.5 liter of edible oil
5. 2 kilos vanilla
 Note:

The ratio and proportion of rat-baiting must be maintained to insure

effectiveness.

1st step;

Fry the dried fish just enough not overcook and set aside to cool. Roast
the corn grits just enough to little bit brown color, smell aromatic and set
aside to cool. Chop the dried fish to smallest pieces and mix thoroughly
with the corn grits pour the ½ of the liter oil (0.5 liter) and pour also the 2
kilos vanilla, bend thoroughly. Keep in an airtight container to avoid
spoilage.

2nd step;

Get prepared with the transparent ice candy wrappers (1 inch

circumference x 8 inches), panel and teaspoon. Do scope 1 teaspoon per
wrap that looks like candy without Racumin for pre-baiting. Wrap 20 pieces
per pre-baiting once every two weeks for two rounds only. Monitor the
eaten candies every pre-baiting session. Place the pre-baiting candies
around grassy perimeter of the rice fields

3rd step;

Mix thoroughly the 3 kilos Racumin with the prepared mixture of corn grits,
dried fish, edible oil and vanilla. Wear mask, eyes protectors, hand gloves
and a long sleeves shirt (PPE).

4th step;

Wrap to make candies and place them in same manner as in pre-baiting.

Rat baits must be given all at one time. Rats would likely bring candies to
their nest holes for their young to eat. Therefore, the number of young rats
would be reduced to cause damage on rice plants.

This rat baiting must be done every three months because rats could
migrate from adjacent places. They have colonial instinct.
Golden Snails Management: (kuhol)

Spread 4-5 bags of fresh rice hulls in the water in small canals around rice
plots to minimize the snails’ activity, likewise reduces the presence of snails
in the rice fields.

Harvesting:

Harvest when 80% of grains in the panicle is ripe in order to avoid loss from
shattering. Do not put the harvested panicles under the heat of the sun for
a long time to avoid uneven dryness of grains and high broken grains
would result after milling. Thresh immediately.

The combine harvester is more advantageous if available for faster

harvesting operation and lesser grain loss. Protect the bags of grains from
the rain. Dry immediately for a quality of milled rice to profit.

Storage:

Store the dry grains at 14% moisture content in clean and keep away the
storage pests. To have a better flow of bags, the First In First Out (FIFO)
should be followed in storing to avoid spoilage.

Marketing:

Farmers/producers should process their own products for value-adding and

profit more than selling the un-milled rice (palay) to traders.
May God Bless The Farmers For The Lives Of The Populace!!!

Thank You