Shivanshu's Physics Investigatory Project

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
“FINDING OUT THE EFFECTIVE

LENGTH OF A SIMPLE
PENDULUM”
Name: Shivanshu Nath

Class: 12-A
Board Roll No.:
Year: 2024-2025
School: St. Paul’s School
St. PAUL’S SCHOOL
C-3, SDA, HAUZ KHAS
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ……………..……………… of
class XII A , Board Roll No:………………………….
has successfully completed his/her investigatory
project entitled TOPIC “FINDING OUT THE
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM”
under the guidance of Mr. Janeesh K. J during the
year 2023 -24 in partial fulfillment of the AISSCE
physics practical examination as set by Central Board
of Secondary Education, New Delhi. This project is
absolutely genuine and does not indulge any kind of
plagiarism.
Internal Examiner External Examiner Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my physics teacher,
MR.Janeesh KJ who give me a golden
opportunity to create this project. The
research in creating this project
provided me with a lot of information
and new things.
INDEX
S.NO. TOPICS
1 CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 INTRODUCTION
4 AIM
5 MATERIALS REQUIRED
6 THEORY
7 PROCEDURE
8 OBSERVATIONS
9 L ‘VS’ T2 GRAPH
10 PRECAUTIONS
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A simple pendulum is a classic example of a mechanical system that
exhibits periodic motion. It consists of a mass (known as the
pendulum bob) attached to a string or rod of fixed length. When
displaced from its equilibrium position and released, the pendulum
undergoes regular oscillations, swinging back and forth.
The motion of a simple pendulum is governed by the force of gravity

acting on the mass, which creates a restoring force that seeks to
bring the pendulum back to its equilibrium position. The key factors
influencing the motion of a simple pendulum include the length of
the string or rod, the mass of the bob, and the initial displacement.
The period of a simple pendulum, which is the time it takes to

complete one full oscillation (from one extreme point to the other
and back), can be mathematically expressed using the formula:
T=2π √gl
where:
 T is the period of the pendulum,

 π is the mathematical constant pi (approximately 3.14159),
 L is the length of the pendulum,
 g is the acceleration due to gravity.
This formula implies that the period of a simple pendulum is

independent of the mass of the bob but is directly proportional to the
square root of the length of the pendulum.
Simple pendulums are used in various applications, from

timekeeping devices like grandfather clocks to educational
demonstrations of basic principles of physics. They provide a
straightforward and elegant way to study the principles of oscillatory
motion and are often used to illustrate concepts such as frequency,
amplitude, and the relationship between period and length.
AIM
FINDING OUT THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF
A SIMPLE PENDULUM.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A CLAMP WITH STAND, A SPLIT CORK, THREAD, BOB,
VERNIER CALLIPERS, STOP CLOCK/WATCH, METRE
SCALE, A PIECE OF CHALK.
THEORY
SIMPLE PENDULUM: A simple pendulum can be
described as a device where its point mass is attached to a
light inextensible string and suspended from a fixed support.
The vertical line passing through the fixed support is the
mean position of a simple pendulum.
LENGTH OF SIMPLE PENDULUM: The vertical

distance between the point of suspension and the centre of
mass of the suspended body, when it is in the mean position,
is called the length of the simple pendulum, denoted by l.
This form of the pendulum is based on the resonant system
having a single resonant frequency. L = l + r + e, is also
called the effective length where l is the length of the string
from the top of the bob to the hook, e, the length of the hook
and r the radius of the bob.
TIME PERIOD OF SIMPLE PENDULUM: The

period of a simple pendulum, which is the time it takes to
complete one full oscillation (from one extreme point to the
other and back), can be mathematically expressed using the
formula:
T=2π √gl
PROCEDURE
 Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier callipers and
record it.
 Determine the mean diameter of the spherical bob Find the mean radius
(r) of the bob.
 Find the length h of the hook attached to the bob.
 Take a cotton thread about 2 metres long and tie its one end with the
hook.
 Put ink marks, M1, M2, M3, on the thread as distance of 80 cm, 90 cm,
100 cm, 110 cm, 120 cm, from the centre of gravity of the bob. These
distances give effective length (l) of the simple pendulum.
 Pass the thread through the two split parts of a cork with the thread
coming out just from 80 cm mark.
 Fix the clamp in a stand kept on a table at such a height that the bob is
above the laboratory floor.
 Mark a point A on the floor just below the position of bob at rest (mean
position).
 Find the least count and the zero error of the stop clock/watch. Bring its
hands at zero position.
 Move the bob by hand to over position B on the right of A and leave.
See that the bob returns over line BC without spinning.
 When the bob returns from C to A and starts moving to right of A, start
the stop clock/ watch and count zero.
 The bob goes towards B to right extreme, returns from right extreme
and goes to-wards C to left extreme. When bob crosses A from towards
C, count one.
 In this way count up to 19. Just when 20th vibration is completed, count
20 and at once stop the stop clock/watch.
 Find total time noting positions of both the hands of the clock/watch.
This time is time for twenty vibrations.
 Move the clamp up by 10 cm.
 Loose the cork pieces and pull the thread out to increase its length by 10
cm. Now effective length of pendulum becomes 90 cm. Bob will be
again 2 cm above the laboratory floor.
 Repeat the steps to take observations each for lengths 90 cm, 100 cm,
110 cm, 120 cm and 130 cm.
 Record all the observation.
OSERVATIONS
L ‘VS’ T 2 GRAPH
PRECAUTIONS
 The thread should be very light and strong.
 The point of suspension should be
reasonably rigid.
 The pendulum should oscillate in the
vertical plane without any spin motion.
 The floor of the laboratory should not have
vibration, which may cause a deviation
from the regular oscillation of the
pendulum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://byjus.com
2.https://www.labkafe.com
3. https://infinitylearn.com
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

“FINDING OUT THE EFFECTIVE

Name: Shivanshu Nath

Internal Examiner External Examiner Principal

The motion of a simple pendulum is governed by the force of gravity

The period of a simple pendulum, which is the time it takes to

 T is the period of the pendulum,

This formula implies that the period of a simple pendulum is

Simple pendulums are used in various applications, from

LENGTH OF SIMPLE PENDULUM: The vertical

TIME PERIOD OF SIMPLE PENDULUM: The

 Find the length h of the hook attached to the bob.

 Move the clamp up by 10 cm.

 Record all the observation.

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