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Conservation Projects and Programmes
PROJECT TIGER
 Kailash Sankhala was the first director of the project.
 On April 1, 1973, it was launched in nine eco-typical protected areas, spread across the country in
nine states, which came to be designated as “Tiger Reserves”.
 Tiger Reserve are areas that are notified for the protection of the tiger and its prey and are
governed by Project Tiger which was launched in the country in 1973 from Jim Corbett National
Park of Uttarakhand as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
 Since its inception, the project has expanded from nine tiger reserves to 53 reserves.
 Tiger is Schedule 1 animal under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and in no case, the tiger can be
declared vermin.
 Tiger can be killed under two conditions of being diseased or disabled beyond recovery and being
a threat to human life.
 The scientific name for the tiger is Panthera Tigris which is found in eight subspecies.
o While 5 subspecies, named after the region, they belong to, i.e., Bengal, South China,
Indochinese, Sumatran, and Siberian are present in the wild.
o The Caspian, Bali, and Javan are extinct.
 There are 53 tiger reserves in India (Oct 2021) that are governed by Project Tiger, administrated
by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
o Rajasthan has become the first state to launch project Leopard to conserve it by improving
their prey base, mitigating man and leopard conflict and controlling poaching.
 Among the 53 tiger reserves in India, Corbett is the leader with 260 big cats. Following Corbett in
the ranking of individual reserves is Bandipur and Nagarhole with 150 and 141 tigers.
 In October 2021, National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) designated the combined areas
of the Guru Ghasidas National Park (last known habitat of the Asiatic cheetah) and Tamor Pingla
Wildlife Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh as the 53rd Tiger Reserve of the country.
 Largest Tiger Reserve in India: Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana).
 Smallest Tiger Reserve in India: Bor Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra).
 A tiger reserve is demarcated based on core-buffer strategy.

Tiger Census 2023

 International Tiger Day is celebrated each year on July 29.
 The declaration to celebrate Global Tiger Day was taken on July 29, 2010, at St. Petersberg,
Russia.
 All 13 tiger range countries, including India, adopted the declaration to double the tiger
population within 12 years.
 Every 4 years, National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) conducts a tiger census across
India. First was conducted in 2006, followed by 2010, 2014, 2018 & 2022.
 Tiger census report contributes to global conservation efforts and initiatives, such as those led by
the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
and the Global Tiger Forum.
 Tiger census uses Pugmark technique, Camera trapping, M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for
Tigers Intensive Protection & Ecological Status) etc.
 In 2006, there were 1,411 tigers which increased to 1,706 in 2010, 2,226 in 2014 and 2967 in 2018.
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 2023 Tiger Census, released in April 2023, established the presence of 3167 Tigers in India, which
is more than 75% of the global tiger population.
 The top 10 states with the highest number of tigers are 1. Madhya Pradesh, 2. Karnataka, 3.
Uttarakhand, 4. Maharashtra.
 To further bolster the conservation efforts, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the
International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) for the protection of seven big cats, namely the Tiger, Lion,
Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma.

Buffer Zone
 Peripheral area to critical tiger habitat or core area, where a lesser degree of habitat protection is required
to ensure the integrity of the critical tiger habitat with adequate dispersal for tiger species.
 Aims at promoting co-existence between wildlife and human activity with due recognition of the
livelihood, developmental, social and cultural rights of the local people.
 The limits of such areas are determined on the basis of scientific and objective criteria in consultation
with the concerned Gram Sabha and an Expert Committee.
 No alteration in the boundaries of a tiger reserve shall be made except on a recommendation of the
NTCA and the approval of the National Board for Wild Life.

Core Zone
 Critical tiger habitat areas established, on the basis of scientific and objective criteria.
 These areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purposes of tiger conservation, without affecting
the rights of the Scheduled Tribes or such other forest dwellers.
 These areas are notified by the State Government in consultation with an Expert Committee (constituted
for that purpose).

Tiger Task Force

 Based on the recommendations of the National Board for Wildlife, a task force was set up to look
into the problems of tiger conservation in the country. The recommendations of the Task Force
include strengthening Project Tiger by giving it statutory and administrative powers.

Global Tiger Forum (GTF)

 GTF is an inter-governmental international body established in 1993; at New Delhi with the
objective to protect the Tigers in their habitats.
 It is the only Inter-Governmental body to save the tiger worldwide. Tiger range countries are its
members

Petersburg Tiger Summit 2010 (TX2)

 Leaders of 13 tiger range countries resolved to double Tiger numbers in the wild, with a popular
slogan ‘Tx2’. The base year is 2006.
 Goal has been set by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) through the Global Tiger Initiative, Global
Tiger Forum, and other critical platforms.
 India achieved its St. Petersburg Declaration target by doubling Tiger population (in 2019) ahead
of the 2022 target.
 All 13 Tiger Range Countries are in Asia, namely, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China,
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.

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Conservation Assured (CA) | Tiger Standards (TS) Asia
 CA|TS is a conservation tool that sets best practices and standards to manage Tigers and it has
been implemented by the World Wildlife Fund since 2003.
 At present, only 2 sites are CA|TS compliant:
 Chitwan National Park in Nepal
 Sikhote - Alin Nature Reserve in Russia.
 India became the 1st among the 13 tiger range countries to nationally adopt CA|TS.

PROJECT ELEPHANT
 Launched in 1992, the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for the protection of Asian elephants
(Endangered) and African elephants (Vulnerable) focuses on safeguarding these species, their
habitats, corridors, preventing human-wildlife conflicts, and ensuring the welfare of captive
elephants.
 Project Elephant is currently active in 16 states, including Karnataka, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Nagaland,
Tripura, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) provides financial and
technical support for wildlife management efforts undertaken by the states.
 In 2010, the Government of India declared the Elephant as the National Heritage Animal based on
the recommendations of the standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife.
 India has approximately 32 elephant reserves, with the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve in
Jharkhand being the first one as notified by the government.
 The Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) inhabits regions such as the central and southern Western
Ghats, North-east India, eastern and northern India, and some parts of southern peninsular India.
 With a gestation period of 22 months, elephants hold the record for the longest gestation period
among mammals, and females give birth every four to five years.

Gaj Yatra
 Aims at securing 100 elephant corridors across India.
 It is an initiative of MoEF&CC and the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI).

Elephant Census
 Every five years, an elephant census is carried out under the guidance of Project Elephant.
 The 2017 census revealed an estimated elephant population of 27,312 across 23 states in India.
 Karnataka recorded the highest number of elephants at 6,049, followed by Assam with 5,719, and
Kerala with 5,706, according to the 2017 census.

Elephant Corridors
 Slim parcels of land facilitating the movement of elephants between different habitats are known
as elephant corridors.
 Meghalaya boasts the highest number of intra-state elephant corridors.
 Jharkhand and Odisha have the most extensive network of inter-state corridors.
 The largest number of international corridors are shared between India and Bangladesh.
 Among the total 88 corridors, 20 are located in South India.

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Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)
 Started in 2003 by CITES.
 Objective: to measure levels and trends in the illegal hunting of elephants.
 India has 10 MIKE sites Chirang-Ripu, Dihing Patkai, Eastern Dooars, Deomali, Garo Hills,
Mayurbhanj, Shivalik, Mysore, Nilgiri, Wayanad Elephant Reserve.

Haathi Mere Saathi’ Campaign

 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and the Wildlife Trust of
India (WTI) initiated the "Haathi Mere Saathi" Campaign during the Elephant-8 Ministerial
meeting in Delhi in 2011.
 The E-8 countries participating in this campaign include India, Botswana, Congo, Indonesia,
Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Thailand.

Project REHAB
 A pilot project REHAB (Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees) has been launched in
Karnataka which entails installing bee boxes along the periphery of the forest and the villages to
mitigate human-elephant conflict.
 Implementing Agency: Initiative of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).

Elephant Task Force

 In 2010, the Union government established the Elephant Task Force (ETF) led by historian
Mahesh Rangarajan. The primary objective was to assess the current policies on elephant
conservation in India and develop prospective strategies.
 In August 2010, the task force released a comprehensive report titled "Gajah: Securing the Future
for Elephants in India.".

VULTURE CONSERVATION
 Vultures, birds of prey with a scavenging behavior that primarily inhabit the tropics and
subtropics, are often referred to as nature's clean-up crew.
 Bearded, Long-billed, Slender-billed, and Oriental white-backed vultures enjoy protection under
Schedule-1 of the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) 1972, while others are safeguarded under
Schedule IV.
 In South Asia, particularly in India and Nepal, vulture populations have experienced a significant
decline since the early 1990s.
 The drastic reduction in vulture numbers can be attributed to the use of diclofenac, a veterinary
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in carcasses since 2004.
 Diclofenac is employed to treat pain and inflammatory conditions, posing a threat to vultures that
feed on such carcasses.
9 Species of Vultures in India:
1. Oriental White-Backed (Critically Endangered)
2. Long-billed (Critically Endangered)
3. Slender-billed (Critically Endangered)
4. Eurasian Griffon (Least Concern)
5. Cinereous (Near Threatened)
6. Bearded (Near Threatened)

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7. Egyptian (Endangered)
8. Red-headed (Critically Endangered)
9. Himalayan Friffon (Near Threatened)

Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2020-2025)

 The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) sanctioned a plan for the establishment of Vulture
Conservation & Breeding Centers (VCBC) in Uttar Pradesh, Tripura, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
and Tamil Nadu.
 The VCBC initiative is a collaborative effort between the Haryana Forest Department and the
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS).
 The goal includes creating Vulture Safe Zones in each state and four rescue centers located in
Pinjore (Haryana), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), Guwahati (Assam), and Hyderabad (Telangana).
 The Vulture Care Centre (VCC) was established in Pinjore, Haryana, in 2001 to investigate the
causes of vulture deaths in India.
 The Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre in Pinjore, situated within the Bir Shikargah Wildlife
Sanctuary, holds the distinction of being the world's largest facility dedicated to the breeding and
conservation of Indian vulture species.
 The initiative "Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction (SAVE)" was launched to prevent the
extinction of three critically important vulture species (Oriental White-backed, Long-billed, and
Slender-billed vultures) through a unified program.

INDIAN (ONE HORN) CONSERVATION

 Great One-Horned Rhino, also known as the Indian rhino, is exclusive to India. This species holds
the distinction of being the largest among all rhino species.
 In India, rhinos are predominantly found in the states of Assam, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh.
 Assam boasts an estimated population of 2,640 rhinos spread across four protected areas: Pobitora
Wildlife Reserve, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Kaziranga National Park, and Manas
National Park.
 Designated as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, these rhinos are categorized in Appendix I
(Threatened with Extinction) by CITES, and the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 lists them under
Schedule I.

RHINO VISION (IRV) 2020

 IRV was launched in 2005, with support from WWF India and the International Rhino
Foundation (IRF).
 It is implemented by Assam State Government with the Bodo Autonomous Council as an active
partner for attaining a wild population of at least 3,000 one horned rhinos spread over seven
protected areas in state of Assam by 2020.
Seven Protected Areas
1. Kaziranga National Park
2. Orang National Park
3. Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas National Park
5. Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Pobitora Wildlife Reserve

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7. Dibru Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary

Vulture Safety Zones

 The primary objective behind the development of Vulture Safety Zones (VSZs) is to implement
targeted awareness initiatives within a 150 km radius of vulture colonies. The aim is to ensure that
cattle carcasses, the main food source for vultures, are free from diclofenac and other veterinary
toxic drugs, thereby providing a secure food supply.
 Vulture Safety Zones (VSZs) are strategically spread across several hundred kilometers,
encompassing areas such as Jim Corbett in Uttarakhand and Dudhwa and Kartarniaghat forest
reserves in Uttar Pradesh, which are adjacent to the Indo-Nepal border.
 Nepal has also established Vulture Safety Zones (VSZs) along its borders with India.
 These Vulture Safety Zones (VSZs) serve as contamination-free sources of food, ensuring that
vultures are not exposed to veterinary drugs, poisons, or other agricultural chemicals.

New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019

 The five nations within the rhino range—India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia—have
collectively signed a declaration aimed at conserving, reviewing, and protecting the populations of
the Greater One-Horned, Javan, and Sumatran rhinos. This agreement, renewed every four years,
reflects a commitment to reassess the necessity for collaborative efforts to ensure the continued
well-being and survival of these rhino species.
 The National Rhino Conservation Strategy was launched in 2019 to conserve the greater one-
horned rhinoceros.

PROJECT SNOW LEOPARD

 Launched in 2009, the initiative aims to foster an inclusive and participatory approach for the
conservation of snow leopards and their habitats. Its goal is to safeguard and preserve India's
distinctive natural heritage, particularly the high-altitude wildlife populations.
 According to the IUCN Red List, snow leopards are categorized as Vulnerable, listed under
Appendix I by CITES, and placed in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972).
 They are also included in the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
 China hosts the majority of snow leopards, followed by Mongolia and India.
 Hemis National Park in Ladakh holds the distinction of being the largest national park in India
and is a significant habitat for snow leopards.
 The Himal Sanrakshak program, a community volunteer initiative launched in 2020, aims to
protect snow leopards.
 The SECURE Himalaya project, funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)-UNDP,
focuses on the conservation of high-altitude biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local
communities on the natural ecosystem.
 The Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection (GSLEP) Programme is a high-level
intergovernmental alliance involving all 12 snow leopard range countries, including India.
 Snow leopards are among the 21 critically endangered species identified for the recovery program
by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
 The Snow Leopard Conservation Breeding Programme is conducted at the Padmaja Naidu
Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, West Bengal.

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Project Secure Himalaya
 Launched in 2017 by Govt. of India in association with UNDP, the GEF -Global Environment
Facility for securing livelihoods, conserve, restore & sustainably use Himalayan ecosystems.
 It covers the high Himalayan Ecosystem spread over: Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir
and Himachal Pradesh.
 Also, focused on the protection of snow leopard & other endangered species and their habitats in
Himalayas.
 Government also launched the India Wildlife mobile App and released the National Wildlife
Action Plan for the period 2017-2031.

Project Secure Himalaya Implemented in Specific Landscapes

1. Changthang: Jammu and Kashmir
2. Lahaul: Pangi and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh)
3. Gangotri: Govind & Darma Byans Valley (Uttarakhand)
4. Kanchenjunga: Upper Teesta Valley (Sikkim).

Status Report of Snow Leopards

 Union Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav released the
report on the Status of Snow leopards in India during the National Board for Wildlife meeting
held in New Delhi on 30 JAN 2024.
 Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) Program is the first-ever scientific exercise
that reports Snow leopard population of 718 individuals in India.
 Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is the National Coordinator for this exercise that was carried out
with support the support of all snow leopard range states and two conservation partners, the
Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru and WWF-India.
 SPAI exercise was conducted from 2019 to 2023 using a meticulous two-step framework.
 Based on data analysis, the estimated population in different states are as follows: Ladakh (477),
Uttarakhand (124), Himachal Pradesh (51), Arunachal Pradesh (36), Sikkim (21), and Jammu and
Kashmir (9).

PROJECT SEA TURTLE

 Launched in 2005, this project is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
and the implementation by the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
 Sea turtles are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, listed in Schedule I Part II.
 India is home to various turtle species, including the Leatherback tortoise, Haskabile tortoise,
Loggerhead tortoise, Green turtle, and Olive Ridley tortoise.
 Operation Kachhapa, initiated in 1998 by The Wildlife Protection Society of India, aims to reduce
turtle mortality and secure the future of the Olive Ridley Sea Turtle.
 Operation Save Kurma was undertaken to counter the illegal trade of live turtles and their parts
from India to foreign destinations.
 Arribada refers to the unique phenomenon of mass nesting by female Olive Ridley Turtles, where
they gather on the same beach to lay eggs.
 Leatherback sea turtles exhibit remarkable migratory behavior, covering distances of over 10,000
miles annually.

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 Female turtles of various species, including Green turtles, return to the same beach where they
were born to lay their eggs, and Green turtles can hold their breath for up to 5 hours.

Olive Ridley Turtles

 Status in IUCN Red List is Vulnerable
 Largest Mass Nesting Site of Olive Ridley Turtles is Odisha Coast.
 Habitat: Warm Waters of Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean

PROJECT CROCODILE
 The project was launched in 1975 by GoI in association with UNDP, FAO.
 Central Crocodile Breeding & Management Training Institute is located at Hyderabad,
Telangana.
 There are three crocodilians’ species found in India.

Mugger Marsh or Crocodile

 The mugger, known for its egg-laying and hole-nesting characteristics, is also recognized for its
potentially dangerous nature. Unfortunately, it is already extinct in Bhutan and Myanmar.
 Habitat: The mugger is primarily confined to the Indian subcontinent and can be located in
various freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and marshes.
 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) designates the Crocodile, including the
mugger, as Vulnerable.
 CITES places it in Appendix I.
 Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, it is listed in Schedule I.

Estuarine or Saltwater Crocodile

 Recognized as the largest living crocodile species on Earth, the estuarine crocodile is globally
infamous for its reputation as a known man-eater.
 Habitat: This species is found in various locations, including Odisha's Bhitarkanika National Park,
the Sundarbans in West Bengal, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, as well as across Southeast
Asia and northern Australia.
 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies it as Least Concern.
 CITES notes it under Appendix I, with exceptions for populations in Australia, Indonesia, and
Papua New Guinea, which are included in Appendix II.
 Under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, it is listed in Schedule I.

PROJECT HANGUL (KASHMIR STAG)

 Initiated in the 1970s by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, in collaboration with IUCN and
WWF, the conservation effort for the Hangul (Kashmir Stag) aimed to preserve this unique
species. The Hangul holds the distinction of being the state animal of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Kashmir Stag, or Hangul, holds a Critically Endangered status according to the IUCN and is listed
under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
 As the sole surviving species of the Asiatic member within the red deer family, the Hangul is
known for its matriarchal society, where only male members possess antlers.

Wildlife Conservation Fund

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 Established in 2010 with the goal of preserving wildlife and wilderness in Jammu and Kashmir,
the Hangul Conservation Project was initiated by the Wildlife Conservation Fund (WCF).
 Wildlife Conservation Fund focuses on addressing issues related to various Hangul species in
Kashmir, with a specific emphasis on the Dachigam National Park.

DOLPHIN CONSERVATION
 Conservation Breeding Programs were initiated to facilitate the captive propagation of endangered
species, aiming to maintain genetic diversity and produce viable individuals to mitigate the risk of
species extinction.
 Ganges River Dolphins, restricted to freshwater habitats, possess unique characteristics such as
being blind and capturing prey using ultrasonic sound waves. They emit a distinctive sound known
as the Su-Su while breathing.
 Recognized as the National Aquatic Animal in 2009 by the Government of India.
 Ganges River Dolphins are primarily found in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu River systems of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
 They are also present in the tributaries of the Ganga.
 In India, their distribution spans across 7 states, namely, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
 Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary was established in Bihar under the Wildlife Protection
Act (WPA), 1972.

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