ch5 1

Modern Physics
Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Session (1)
• Classical physics (Wave Theory).
• Quantum physics.
• Electromagnetic waves.
• Types of bodies.
• Planck’s distribution curve.
• Wien’s Law.
• Examples for Radiating bodies.
• Classical physics fails to explain Planck's curve.
• Planck’s Postulates.

Chapter (5)
Wave Particle Duality

Electromagnetic waves:
• It’s an electric and magnetic field perpendicular to each other
and perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

These waves having common properties
such as
• 1- Reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction.
• 2- It does not need medium to propagate.
.
• 3- Propagates with speed of light (in space) C = 3 x 108 m/s.

Type of electromagnetic waves:
1- Infrared rays: which is the longest wave length and lowest
frequency.
•. 2- Visible light: which locates between 400nm to 700nm between
infrared and ultraviolet rays.
)
3- Ultraviolet rays: which has energy (frequency) higher than visible
and infrared.
4- X and Gamma rays: they have the highest energy (frequency) and
lowest wavelength in the electromagnetic waves (but Gamma greater
than X).

Electromagnetic waves also called
 Radiations
 Atomic spectrum (Spectra)
 Photons

There are two different types of the bodies:
• Glowing (Luminous) bodies: They are bodies which emit
light and heat radiations such as Sun, Burning a piece of coal, or
Incandescent lamp.
• Non-glowing (non-luminous) bodies: They are bodies
which absorb the radiations and remit them in heat radiations such as
Earth, or human body.

Planck’s curve or Planck’s distribution:
• It’ the curve
which represents
the graphical
relation between
the intensity of
radiation and the
wavelength of
the emitted
spectrum

The description of Planck’s curve:
•The intensity of radiation tends to zero when wavelength tends to

infinity (very large) or to zero (very small).
•The intensity of radiation tends to be maximum value at a certain value
of wavelength (λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) .
•As the temperature increases, the total intensity of radiation increases
and the wavelength (λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) decreases (this is called Wien’s law).
•This curve is repeated for all hot bodies which emit continuous
radiation

Wien’s law:
• the wavelength (λ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) at the maximum intensity of radiation (peak of
the curve) is inversely proportional to Kelvin temperature of the
glowing source.

Sun vs. Earth

Give reason…?
*The classical physics fails to explain Planck’s curve.
*The classical physics fails to interpret the curve of blackbody radiation.
>>>>> Since the classical physics considered the radiation is an

electromagnetic waves, as the intensity of radiation increases with
increasing the frequency (decreasing wavelength). But it’s found that,
the intensity of radiation go down at the high frequency as in the left
side of the curve (shortest wavelengths).

Planck’s interpret the blackbody radiation
phenomena by making some assumptions:
1. He proposed that radiation was made up of small units (or packets) of energy,
each he called quantum (or photon) (E=hν).
h: is Planck's constant (h=6.625x10-34 Js) ν: is the frequency (Hz).
2. The photons emanate from the vibrations of atoms.
3. The atom does not radiate as long as it remains in one energy level (Stable level
or Ground state).
4. The energy of these vibrating atoms is not continuous but quantized (discrete or
discontinuous) into levels. These energy levels take values (E=nhν).

5. If the vibrating atom shifts from a high energy level to a lower energy
level, it emits a photon whose energy E = hν. Radiation consists of billions
upon billions of these photons. We do not see separate photons, but we
observe the features of the stream of photons as a whole.
6. The intensity of radiation depends on the energy of the photon and number
of emitted photons.
7. The photons’ energy increases with frequency, but their number decreases
with increasing energy. So at a short wavelength, the intensity of radiation
decreases.


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Modern Physics

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

• 3- Propagates with speed of light (in space) C = 3 x 108 m/s.

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

•The intensity of radiation tends to zero when wavelength tends to

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

>>>>> Since the classical physics considered the radiation is an

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

2. The photons emanate from the vibrations of atoms.

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

Mr. Abdel-Rahman Sobieh

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