www.acsanm.

org Article

Copper Nanoparticles Enhancing Organic Light-Emitting Diodes of

All Colors
Jin-Tin Lin,⊥ Chia-Sheng Huang,⊥ Cheng Ming Hui, Yu-Hong Liang, Luke The, Fang-Hsien Lu,
Yun Chi, Sheng-Fu Wang, K.R. Justin Thomas, and Jwo-Huei Jou*
Cite This: ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493 Read Online

ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *

sı Supporting Information
See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
Downloaded via UNIV FED DE MINAS GERAIS on September 1, 2023 at 19:20:49 (UTC).

ABSTRACT: Nanoparticle incorporation is a promising strategy for

enhancing the performance of optoelectronic devices, such as solar
cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Gold- or silver-based
nanoparticles were found effective in enabling high-efficiency organic
LEDs (OLEDs) in the blue or green but not red region, due to their
intrinsic limited absorption bandwidth at around 520 nm. Multiple
components of these precious metals were hence employed, but with
limited improvement. Here, we demonstrate that a single nano-
particle based on nonprecious copper can be used to markedly
enhance the efficiency of OLEDs of all colors. This nanocopper
particle (NCP) exhibited an unprecedently wide absorption band,
spanning from the ultraviolet (UV; ∼300 nm) to near-infrared (NIR;
∼1000 nm) region, leading to enhancement beyond the entire visible
region. As a 30 nm NCP was incorporated, the maximum power
efficacy (PEmax)/current efficacy (CEmax)/external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) were increased by 125/122/26% for a deep-blue, 6/
23/20% for a blue, 15/15/16% for a green, 21/23/23% for a red, and 22/21/24% for a deep-red device. Our results demonstrated
that an extremely wide absorption band can be achieved with the use of a single nanoparticle-based nonprecious metal, which had
been found highly effective in enhancing devices in the deep-blue and deep-red regions, extending those applications in forensic and
medical fields. It is believed that similar enhancements can be achieved in LEDs and solar cells etc. by using the same.
KEYWORDS: nanoparticle, copper, organic light-emitting diode, all-color, efficiency, surface plasmon resonance, scattering

■ INTRODUCTION
Nanoparticles (NPs) were used by artisans 2400 years ago in
NPs interact with the incident light.25−30,46 However, owing to
their intrinsically narrow SPR bands peaking at around 520
enabling stained glass with vivid colors upon exposure to nm,33 none have yet reported any significant improvement for
devices in the red or near-infrared red (NIR) region, even with
daylight.1,2 Since then, NPs have found only increasing
the employment of their mixtures,34−36 alloys,37 or surface
applications in many other fields including photography,3−5
modified counterparts.43,45
agriculture,6−8 medicine,9−13 optoelectronics.14,15 etc. Lately,
Nanocopper particles possesses unique properties that make
scientists have found them very effective in enhancing the
them useful in a wide range of applications. Due to their small
performance of solar cells,16−18 phototransistors,19,20 and light-
size and high surface area, they exhibit high reactivity and
emitting diodes (LEDs).21−24
efficiency in catalytic and electrochemical reactions.47−50
NPs based on precious metals such as gold and silver are
Additionally, they have good thermal and electrical con-
effective in enhancing organic LEDs (OLEDs) in the blue or
ductivity, which makes them ideal for use in electronic and
green emission region.22,25−42 For example, Choulis et al.
thermal management applications.51,52 Nanocopper particles
dispersed gold NPs at the interface between buffer and
have also been found to possess antibacterial properties,
emissive layers to enhance the current efficacy of a green
making them potentially useful in medical applications.53−55
device from 27 to 40 cd/A.25 Yang et al. deposited silver NPs
onto the electron injection layer of a green device, yielding a
100% increment in photoluminescence intensity.26 Kumar et Received: April 2, 2023
al. incorporated silver NPs into the emissive layer of a blue Accepted: May 24, 2023
device, increasing the power efficacy from 5.2 to 10 lm/W.30 Published: June 9, 2023
Huang et al. reported that silver nanoparticles were doped to
enhance the luminescence.31 These enhancements may be
attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect as the

© 2023 American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454

10487 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

Figure 1. Energy-level diagram of the (a) blue, green, and red; (b) deep-blue; and (c) deep-red OLEDs with nano copper-particles incorporated
into the HIL of PEDOT:PSS.

When coated with magnetic materials, they can exhibit Device Fabrication and Characterization. Figure 1a shows the
magnetic properties that can be utilized in magnetic storage structure, in terms of the energy-level diagram of the blue, green, and
and data applications.56 They also exhibit unique optical red OLEDs with NCPs incorporated into the hole injection layer
properties such as plasmon resonance, which can be utilized in (HIL) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate
sensors, imaging, and other optical applications.57,58 Overall, (PEDOT:PSS). The blue, green, and red dopants were bis[2-(4,6-
the properties of nanocopper particles make them a promising difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium (Flrpic), tris-
material for a variety of fields, including catalysis, electronics, (2phenyl-pyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy)3), and tris(2-phenylquinoline)-
energy biomedicine, and magnetic storage. iridium(III) (Ir(2-phq)3), respectively. All of the devices consisted of
Panchromatic LED is often used in display applications due 125 nm of indium tin oxide (ITO) as an anode, 40 nm PEDOT:PSS:
to its ability to emit bright and full-spectrum light that can (x V%; x = 0−1.5) NCPs as a HIL, a 30 nm 4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)
triphenylamine (TCTA) host (y wt %) dopant as an emissive layer
produce vivid colors and high-quality images. Lee reported that
(EML), 35 nm of 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene
panchromatic LED display screen not only has the character-
(TPBi) as an electron transporting layer (ETL), 1 nm of lithium
istics of high contrast but also is soft in displayed color and has
fluoride (LiF) as an electron injection layer (EIL), and 100 nm of
an effect closer to the visual high-definition effect.59 Joseph et aluminum (Al) as cathode.
al. reported that panchromatic LED can be utilized as a light For the deep-blue OLED, a 5 wt % deep-blue emitter, 27CN3PI,
source for heart rate sensing.60 Hence, it would be extremely was used and doped in 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP)
valuable in enabling organic LEDs with all colors as well as host as the EML. An additional 30 nm poly(N-vinyl carbazole (PVK)
medical application viability if a single nanoparticle can be was used as a hole transporting layer (HTL) and also worked as
made of nonprecious metals and meanwhile extend the electron blocking function (EBF) (Figure 1b).
enhancement to the red or even NIR region. As to the deep-red OLED, a deep-red emitter, (2-(3-(trifluor-
Here, we demonstrate that a single nanoparticle based on omethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrazine)(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyra-
nonprecious copper can enhance the efficiency of organic zol-5-yl)pyridine)platinum(II), was employed as a neat EML film
LEDs with all colors. This nanocopper particle (NCP) without a host. A 15 nm 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene, N,N′-
exhibited an unprecedently wide absorption that extended dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP), was used as a HTL (Figure 1c).
from the UV (∼300 nm) to the NIR (∼1000 nm) region. As a The OLED devices were fabricated on glass substrates coated with
result, its incorporation markedly enhanced the efficiencies of an ITO anode. The substrates were cleaned consecutively in
OLED devices with colors throughout the entire visible range. ultrasonic baths of acetone and 2-propanol for 30 and 60 min and
Specifically, the maximum power efficacy (PEmax)/current then were exposed to an ultraviolet ozone ambience for 15 min. The
efficacy (CEmax)/external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) were substrates were then transferred into a nitrogen-filled glovebox. To
increased by 125/122/26% for deep-blue, 6/23/20% for blue, prepare the HIL-NPs solution, we mixed it with the copper
15/15/16% for green, 21/23/23% for red, and 22/21/24% for nanoparticle solution and the HIL material, poly(3,4-ethylenediox-
deep-red devices, as a 32 nm NCP was employed. ythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Specifically, we
collected 1000 μL of PEDOT:PSS in each of four bottles using a

■ EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Nanocopper Particle Preparation and Characterization. The
dropper and mixed each with a different amount of copper
nanoparticle solution to create HIL solutions with 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0,
and 1.5% volume fractions of copper nanoparticles. The HILs,
studied nanocopper particles (NCPs) were synthesized using a incorporated with or without NCPs, were spin coated at 4000 rpm for
solution-precipitation process. First, 10 g of copper derivative, cupric 20 s, followed by baking at 100 °C for 15 min. For the PVK and mCP
chloride (CuCl2), was dissolved in an ethylene glycol based mixed HTLs, they were dissolved in toluene solvent and were spin coated at
solvent. Then, 2 g of surfactant was added into the above solution to a respective 2400 and 10 000 rpm and then annealed at 75 °C for 10
prevent coagulation. This was followed by blending with a weak basic min. As to the EMLs of the red, green, blue, and deep-blue OLEDs,
reductant at 50 °C to precipitate the resultant NCPs. they were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent and then spin
Absorption spectra was measured via an UV-2600 spectropho-
coated at 2500 rpm, while the EML of the deep-red OLED was
tometer, and the image was taken by a JEOL JEM-2100F high-
resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). The size deposited via thermal evaporation. The ETL, EIL, and cathode were
distribution of NCPs was measured by using a dynamic light also deposited via thermal evaporation in a high-vacuum chamber
scattering instrument, a Malvern nano-ZS. The compositions were with a base pressure of ∼1 × 10−7 Torr.
determined by using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Rigaku (Japan) A Keithley 2400 electrometer and a Minolta CS-100 luminance
TTRAX II. The morphologies of the PEDOT:PSS thin-films with and meter were used to measure the efficiency and luminance of the
without NCPs were obtained by using an atomic force microscope OLEDs. The CIE coordinates and electroluminescent (EL) spectra
(AFM), SPA300HV, in the tapping mode. were determined by using a Photo Research PR-655 spectra scan.

10488 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dynamic light scattering measurement showed the nanocopper
NCPs can enable an extremely wide absorption beyond the
entire visible range, undisclosed precedentially.
particles (NCPs) to have an average size of 32 nm, ranging Figure 4a shows the NCPs to have exhibited a wide
from 8 to 63 nm as shown in Figure 2a. Figure 2b shows the absorption not only throughout the entire visible region but
high-resolution transmission electron microscopic image of also in the UV (∼300 to 380 nm) and NIR (∼780 to 1000
one 34 nm nanocopper particle with a cube shape. nm) regions. The extremely broad absorption may be
attributed to a scattering effect of the cuprous oxide
nanoparticles in the short and middle wavelength regions
and an SPR effect of the NCPs in the middle and long
wavelength regions. This postulation can be verified by the
characteristic absorption band of the pure cuprous oxide
nanoparticles shown in Figure 4b. Without the pure copper
nanoparticles, significant absorption appears only at around
450 nm and its close vicinity, and no absorption can be
observed at 700 nm and above. In contrast, the absorption rose
markedly at 700 nm and even lasts to 1000 nm as the pure
copper nanoparticles were also presented. These again confirm
the extremely wide absorption to have originated from the
Figure 2. (a) Size distribution of the studied copper nanoparticles and coexistence of the pristine and partially oxidized coppers.
(b) TEM image of Cu (Cu + Cu2O). Figure 5 shows the NCP absorption spectrum to have a
significant overlapping with the electroluminescent (EL)
X-ray diffraction patterns proved the presence of pristine spectra of the studied blue, green and red OLEDs. It implies
copper (Cu) in the HIL, PEDOT:PSS, incorporated with the
that a marked efficiency improvement can be expected not
NCPs, as evidenced by the characteristic peak of Cu at 25.2°
only in the blue and green devices but also in the red one,
(Figure 3). Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) was also observed by its
unseen in the cases where gold or silver nanoparticles were
incorporated.
Figure 6a−c show the respective PEmax, CEmax, and EQEmax
of the studied blue, green, and red OLEDs upon the
incorporation of NCPs. As seen, an unprecedently marked
efficiency improvement can be observed for the red device.
Specifically, its PEmax was increased from 25 to 31 lm/W,
CEmax from 24 to 30 cd/A, and EQEmax from 11 to 13% as 0.5
V% NCPs was incorporated. As to the green device, the
respective PEmax, CEmax, and EQEmax were increased from 52 to
60 lm/W, 50 to 57 cd/A, and 14 to 16%. As for the blue
device, they were increased from 13 to 14 lm/W, 16 to 20 cd/
Figure 3. XRD patterns proving the presence of Cu2O in the nano- A, and 6.9 to 8.3%.
copper-particle-incorporated PEDOT:PSS thin film. The performance of aforesaid red, green, and blue (RGB)
devices was enhanced as indicated by the significant overlap of
their EL spectra with the absorption of NCPs. A greater
characteristic peaks at 15.2, 17.6, and 30.4°. However, there is overlap can be observed for deep-blue and a deep-red devices,
not an exact proportion between Cu and Cu2O due to the as shown in Figure 5. This implies that the NCPs would not
natural oxidation of copper nanoparticles. Thanks to the only be valid but could also be more effective in enhancing
coexistence of both states, pristine and partially oxidized, the these two devices. As measured experimentally, both devices

Figure 4. (a) Absorption spectrum of the studied cuprous oxide and copper nanoparticles with an average diameter of 32 nm, which is contributed
from scattering in the short-wavelength region (in dotted line) and surface plasmon resonance in the long-wavelength region (in dashed line). (b)
The blue line represents the results of cuprous oxide nanoparticles, while the other line represents pure copper and cuprous oxide.

10489 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

Figure 5. NCP absorption spectrum having a significant overlap with the electroluminescent (EL) spectra of the studied blue, green, red, deep blue,
and deep red OLEDs. The left, middle, and right sides of the first row represent the results of blue, green, and red OLEDs, respectively, while the
left and right side of the second row are the results of deep blue and deep red OLEDs.

Figure 6. Copper nanoparticles enhancing the efficiencies of the studied blue, green, and red OLEDs in terms of maximum (a) power efficacy
(PEmax), (b) current efficacy (CEmax), and (c) external quantum efficiency (EQEmax).

Figure 7. Copper nanoparticles enhancing the efficiencies of the studied deep-blue and deep-red devices in terms of (a) PEmax, (b) CEmax, and (c)
EQEmax increments.

had indeed been enhanced more markedly than the RGB

counterparts. As shown in Figure 7a−c, the respective PEmax,
CEmax, and EQEmax were increased by 125, 122, and 26% for
the deep-blue devices and 22, 21, and 24 for the deep-red
devices. The extremely great efficiency improvement in the
deep-blue devices may be attributed mainly to the scattering
effect from the NCPs that serve as an effective internal light
extraction structure.35,44
Besides the scattering and SPR effects, the NCPs also played
a role in facilitating carrier injection. This can be evidenced by
the current density results of a hole-only device with and
without the incorporation of NCPs. The device consisted of a
single hole-injection layer (PEDOT:PSS) sandwiched by an
ITO anode and an aluminum cathode (Figure 8). As seen, the
current density of the hole-only device drastically increased as
0.5 to 1.5 V% NCPs was embedded into the hole-injection Figure 8. NCP incorporation enhancing the current density of a hole-
layer. The increased holes that thereafter were injected into the only device, consisting of a hole-injection layer of PEDOT:PSS.
emission layer would help generate more excitons therein,61
10490 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

which may be used to explain partly why the efficiency was Author Contributions
⊥
unbiasedly enhanced for all of the studied devices. J.T.L and C.S.H contributed equally to this paper

■ CONCLUSIONS
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
We demonstrate that a single nanoparticle based on nonpre-
cious copper can enhance the efficiency of organic LEDs with
all colors. This nanocopper particle (NCP) exhibited an
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported in part by the Ministry of
unprecedently wide absorption that extended from the UV Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C., through projects
(∼300 nm) to NIR (∼1000 nm) region. Its incorporation 108-2923-M-007-002-MY3 and 109-2923-M-007-003-MY3.
markedly enhanced the efficiencies of OLED devices with Assistance with DLS measurement by Prof. Hsing-Wen Sung
colors throughout the entire visible range. It is believed that (Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua
similar enhancements can be achieved in LEDs and solar cells University) is also acknowledged.
etc. by using the same.

■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT
■ REFERENCES
(1) The British Museum. www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/
*
sı Supporting Information text/lycurgus/sr-lycurgus-p1-t.html.
(2) Eustis, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Why gold nanoparticles are more
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
precious than pretty gold: noble metal surface plasmon resonance and
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454. its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of
More details of the device performance of all colors nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35 (3), 209−
(PDF) 217.
(3) Faraday, M. LIX. Experimental relations of gold (and other
metals) to light.�The bakerian lecture. London, Edinburgh, and
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 1857, 14 (96),
512−539.
(4) West, W.; Carroll, B. H.; Whitcomb, D. H. The adsorption of
Jwo-Huei Jou − Department of Materials Science and sensitizing dyes in photographic emulsions. J. Phys. Chem. 1952, 56
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, (9), 1054−1067.
Taiwan, Republic of China; orcid.org/0000-0002-9413- (5) James, T. H. The Theory of the Photographic Process, Third
Edition; Macmillan Pub Co., 1977; Chapter 1.
0206; Email: [email protected]
(6) Kah, M.; Beulke, S.; Tiede, K.; Hofmann, T. Nanopesticides:
Authors state of knowledge, environmental fate, and exposure modeling.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2013.431823
Jin-Tin Lin − Department of Materials Science and (7) Kashyap, P. L.; Xiang, X.; Heiden, P. Chitosan nanoparticle
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. Int. J. Biol.
Taiwan, Republic of China Macromol. 2015, 77, 36−51.
Chia-Sheng Huang − Department of Materials Science and (8) Chhipa, H. Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides for agriculture.
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Environmental chemistry letters 2017, 15, 15−22.
Taiwan, Republic of China (9) Cao, Y. C.; Jin, R.; Mirkin, C. A. Nanoparticles with Raman
Cheng Ming Hui − Department of Materials Science and spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 2002,
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, 297 (5586), 1536−1540.
Taiwan, Republic of China (10) Hirsch, L. R.; Stafford, R. J.; Bankson, J. A.; Sershen, S. R.;
Rivera, B.; Price, R. E.; Hazle, J. D.; Halas, N. J.; West, J. L. Nanoshell-
Yu-Hong Liang − Department of Materials Science and
mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, resonance guidance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100 (23),
Taiwan, Republic of China 13549−13554.
Luke The − Department of Materials Science and Engineering, (11) Roy, I.; Ohulchanskyy, T. Y.; Pudavar, H. E.; Bergey, E. J.;
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Oseroff, A. R.; Morgan, J.; Dougherty, T. J.; Prasad, P. N. Ceramic-
Republic of China based nanoparticles entrapping water-insoluble photosensitizing
Fang-Hsien Lu − Department of Materials Science and anticancer drugs: A novel drug− carrier system for photodynamic
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125 (26), 7860−7865.
Taiwan, Republic of China (12) Salata, O. V. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and
Yun Chi − Department of Material Science and Engineering medicine. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2004, 2 (1), 3−6.
(13) Zhang, L.; Gu, F. X.; Chan, J. M.; Wang, A. Z.; Langer, R. S.;
and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City Farokhzad, O. C. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications
University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR, and developments. Clinical pharmacology & therapeutics 2008, 83 (5),
China; orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-3974 761−769.
Sheng-Fu Wang − Department of Chemistry and Frontier (14) Walker, B.; Choi, H.; Kim, J. Y. Interfacial engineering for
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of highly efficient organic solar cells. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2017, 17 (3),
Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, 370−391.
Taiwan, Republic of China (15) Zhang, N.; Han, C.; Xu, Y. J.; Foley, J. J., IV; Zhang, D.;
K.R. Justin Thomas − Department of Chemistry, Indian Codrington, J.; Gray, S. K.; Sun, Y. Near-field dielectric scattering
Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India; promotes optical absorption by platinum nanoparticles. Nat. Photonics
orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-5953 2016, 10 (7), 473−482.
(16) Beek, W. J.; Wienk, M. M.; Janssen, R. A. Efficient hybrid solar
Complete contact information is available at: cells from zinc oxide nanoparticles and a conjugated polymer.
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454 Advanced materials 2004, 16 (12), 1009−1013.

10491 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

(17) Hara, K.; Horiguchi, T.; Kinoshita, T.; Sayama, K.; Sugihara, (35) Cho, C.; Kang, H.; Baek, S. W.; Kim, T.; Lee, C.; Kim, B. J.;
H.; Arakawa, H. Highly efficient photon-to-electron conversion with Lee, J. Y. Improved internal quantum efficiency and light-extraction
mercurochrome-sensitized nanoporous oxide semiconductor solar efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes via synergistic doping with
cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000, 64 (2), 115−134. Au and Ag nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8 (41),
(18) Hagen, J.; Schaffrath, W.; Otschik, P.; Fink, R.; Bacher, A.; 27911−27919.
Schmidt, H. W.; Haarer, D. Novel hybrid solar cells consisting of (36) Kim, D. H.; Kim, T. W. Enhancement of the current efficiency
inorganic nanoparticles and an organic hole transport material. of organic light-emitting devices due to the surface plasmonic
Synthetic metals 1997, 89 (3), 215−220. resonance effect of dodecanethilol-functionalized Au nanoparticles.
(19) Li, J.; Qin, F.; Li, C. M.; Bao, Q.; Chan-Park, M. B.; Zhang, W.; Org. Electron. 2016, 34, 262−266.
Qin, J.; Ong, B. S. High-performance thin-film transistors from (37) Jayabharathi, J.; Abirama Sundari, G.; Thanikachalam, V.;
solution-processed dithienothiophene polymer semiconductor nano- Panimozhi, S. Enhanced internal quantum efficiency of organic light-
particles. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20 (6), 2057−2059. emitting diodes: A synergistic effect. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 2018,
(20) Mok, S. M.; Yan, F.; Chan, H. L. Organic phototransistor based 364, 577−587.
on poly (3-hexylthiophene)/Ti O 2 nanoparticle composite. Appl. (38) Song, H. J.; Han, J.; Lee, G.; Sohn, J.; Kwon, Y.; Choi, M.; Lee,
Phys. Lett. 2008, 93 (2), 023310. C. Enhanced light out-coupling in OLED employing thermal-assisted,
(21) Kwon, M. K.; Kim, J. Y.; Kim, B. H.; Park, I. K.; Cho, C. Y.; self-aggregated silver nano particles. Org. Electron. 2018, 52, 230−236.
Byeon, C. C.; Park, S. J. Surface-plasmon-enhanced light-emitting (39) Choi, J.; Kim, S.; Park, C. H.; Kwack, J. H.; Park, C. H.; Hwang,
diodes. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20 (7), 1253−1257. H.; Im, H. S.; Park, Y. W.; Ju, B. K. Light extraction enhancement in
(22) Carter, S. A.; Scott, J. C.; Brock, P. J. Enhanced luminance in flexible organic light-emitting diodes by a light-scattering layer of
polymer composite light emitting devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 71 dewetted Ag nanoparticles at low temperatures. ACS Appl. Mater.
(9), 1145−1147. Interfaces 2018, 10 (38), 32373−32379.
(23) Stamplecoskie, K. G.; Scaiano, J. C. Light emitting diode (40) Jou, J. H.; Lo, D.; Su, Y. T.; Dubey, D. K.; Kuan, D. H.; Chiang,
irradiation can control the morphology and optical properties of silver C. H.; Masim, F. C. P.; Hatanaka, K.; Liu, B.; Subiyanto, I.; Liu, K. C.;
nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132 (6), 1825−1827. Nagar, M. R. Surface plasmon-enhanced solution-processed phos-
(24) Lozano, G.; Rodriguez, S. R.; Verschuuren, M. A.; Gómez phorescent organic light-emitting diodes by incorporating gold
Rivas, J. Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting. Light: nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2020, 31 (29), 295204.
Science & Applications 2016, 5 (6), e16080−e16080. (41) Choi, J.; Kim, S.; Park, C. H.; Kwack, J. H.; Park, C. H.; Hwang,
(25) Choulis, S. A.; Mathai, M. K.; Choong, V. E. Influence of H.; Im, H. S.; Park, Y. W.; Ju, B. K. Light extraction enhancement in
metallic nanoparticles on the performance of organic electro- flexible organic light-emitting diodes by a light-scattering layer of
phosphorescence devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88 (21), 213503. dewetted Ag nanoparticles at low temperatures. ACS Appl. Mater.
(26) Yang, K. Y.; Choi, K. C.; Ahn, C. W. Surface plasmon-enhanced Interfaces 2018, 10 (38), 32373−32379.
spontaneous emission rate in an organic light-emitting device (42) Zhou, L.; Xiang, H. Y.; Zhu, Y. F.; Ou, Q. D.; Wang, Q. K.; Du,
structure: Cathode structure for plasmonic application. Appl. Phys. J.; Hu, R.; Huang, X. B.; Tang, J. X. Multifunctional silver nanoparticle
Lett. 2009, 94 (17), 173301. interlayer-modified ZnO as the electron-injection layer for efficient
(27) Fujiki, A.; Uemura, T.; Zettsu, N.; Akai-Kasaya, M.; Saito, A.; inverted organic light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
Kuwahara, Y. J. A. P. L. Enhanced fluorescence by surface plasmon 2019, 11 (9), 9251−9258.
coupling of Au nanoparticles in an organic electroluminescence diode. (43) Kim, T.; Kang, H.; Jeong, S.; Kang, D. J.; Lee, C.; Lee, C. H.;
Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96 (4), 043307. Seo, M. K.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, B. J. Au@ polymer core−shell
(28) Liu, F.; Nunzi, J. M. Enhanced organic light emitting diode and nanoparticles for simultaneously enhancing efficiency and ambient
solar cell performances using silver nano-clusters. Org. Electron. 2012, stability of organic optoelectronic devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
13 (9), 1623−1632. 2014, 6 (19), 16956−16965.
(29) Xiao, Y.; Yang, J. P.; Cheng, P. P.; Zhu, J. J.; Xu, Z. Q.; Deng, Y. (44) Jang, H. J.; Lee, J. Y. In-situ generation of silver nanoparticle
H.; Lee, S. T.; Li, Y. Q.; Tang, J. X. Surface plasmon-enhanced embedded hole transport layer as an internal light extraction layer for
electroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes incorporating Au solution processed organic light emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 2019,
nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100 (1), 013308. 67, 181−186.
(30) Kumar, A.; Srivastava, R.; Mehta, D. S.; Kamalasanan, M. N. (45) Deng, L.; Zhou, Z.; Yu, T.; Ge, X.; Xia, P.; Ma, X.; Yu, H.;
Surface plasmon enhanced blue organic light emitting diode with Chen, S. Investigation of the localized surface plasmon resonance of
nearly 100% fluorescence efficiency. Org. Electron. 2012, 13 (9), ag@ sio2 core-shell nanocubes and its application in high-perform-
1750−1755. ance blue organic light-emitting diodes. Nanotechnology 2019, 30
(31) Huang, C.-L.; Ji Huang, H.; Chen, S.-H.; Huang, Y.-S.; Kao, P.- (38), 385205.
C.; Chou Chau, Y.-F.; Chiang, H.-P. Localized surface plasmon (46) Hutter, E.; Fendler, J. H. Exploitation of localized surface
resonance enhanced by the light-scattering property of silver plasmon resonance. Advanced materials 2004, 16 (19), 1685−1706.
nanoparticles for improved luminescence of polymer light-emitting (47) Popović, S.; Smiljanić, M.; Jovanovič, P.; Vavra, J.; Buonsanti,
diodes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2021, 103, R.; Hodnik, N. Stability and degradation mechanisms of copper-based
283−291. catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. 2020, 132
(32) Shin, J. B.; Baek, S. W.; Lee, S. M.; Kim, M.; Lee, J. Y.; Choi, K. (35), 14844−14854.
C. Efficient green organic light-emitting diodes by plasmonic silver (48) Chowdhury, S. R.; Mukherjee, P.; Bhattachrya, S. K. Palladium
nanoparticles. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2016, 28 (3), 371− and palladium−copper alloy nano particles as superior catalyst for
374. electrochemical oxidation of methanol for fuel cell applications. Int. J.
(33) Jeong, S. H.; Choi, H.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, T. W. Silver-based Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41 (38), 17072−17083.
nanoparticles for surface plasmon resonance in organic optoelec- (49) Li, Q.; Zhu, W.; Fu, J.; Zhang, H.; Wu, G.; Sun, S. Controlled
tronics. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 2015, 32 (2), assembly of Cu nanoparticles on pyridinic-N rich graphene for
164−175. electrochemical reduction of CO2 to ethylene. Nano Energy 2016, 24,
(34) Kim, D. H.; Kim, T. W. Efficiency enhancement of organic 1−9.
light-emitting devices due to a localized surface plasmonic resonance (50) Luo, X.; Morrin, A.; Killard, A. J.; Smyth, M. R. Application of
effect of poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine): dodecanethiol func- nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Electro-
tionalized Au nanocomposites. Opt. Express 2015, 23 (9), 11211− analysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical
11220. Aspects of Electroanalysis 2006, 18 (4), 319−326.

10492 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493
ACS Applied Nano Materials www.acsanm.org Article

(51) Sharma, S.; Micheli, L.; Chang, W.; Tahir, A. A.; Reddy, K. S.;
Mallick, T. K. Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material for thermal
management of BICPV. Applied Energy 2017, 208, 719−733.
(52) Liu, C.; Xu, D.; Weng, J.; Zhou, S.; Li, W.; Wan, Y.; Jiang, S.;
Zhou, D.; Wang, J.; Huang, Q. Phase change materials application in
battery thermal management system: a review. Materials 2020, 13
(20), 4622.
(53) Edis, Z.; Haj Bloukh, S.; Ashames, A.; Ibrahim, M. Copper-
based Nanoparticles, their chemistry and Antibacterial properties: A
review. Chemistry for a clean and healthy Planet 2019, 401−428.
(54) Jia, B.; Mei, Y.; Cheng, L.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, L. Preparation of
copper nanoparticles coated cellulose films with antibacterial
properties through one-step reduction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2012, 4 (6), 2897−2902.
(55) Mary, G.; Bajpai, S. K.; Chand, N. Copper (II) ions and copper
nanoparticles-loaded chemically modified cotton cellulose fibers with
fair antibacterial properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 113 (2), 757−
766.
(56) Aparna, Y.; Rao, K. V.; Subbarao, P. S. Preparation and
characterization of CuO Nanoparticles by novel sol-gel technique. J.
Nano- Electronic Phys. 2012, 4 (3), No. 03005.
(57) Wang, Z.; Chen, B.; Rogach, A. L. Synthesis, optical properties
and applications of light-emitting copper nanoclusters. Nanoscale
Horizons 2017, 2 (3), 135−146.
(58) Ku, G.; Zhou, M.; Song, S.; Huang, Q.; Hazle, J.; Li, C. Copper
sulfide nanoparticles as a new class of photoacoustic contrast agent for
deep tissue imaging at 1064 nm. ACS Nano 2012, 6 (8), 7489−7496.
(59) Panchromatic LED (light emitting diode) display screen with
good visual effect. https://typeset.io/papers/panchromatic-led-light-
emitting-diode-display-screen-with-3g5z6qh0yt.
(60) Joseph, A.; Pillai, A. B.; Pulikodan, V. K.; Alexander, A.;
Muhammed, R.; Namboothiry, M. A. Solution-Processed Self-
Powered Panchromatic Organic Photodiode and Its Application in
Biomedical Devices. ACS Applied Electronic Materials 2022, 4 (4),
1567−1575.
(61) Greiner, M. T.; Helander, M. G.; Tang, W. M.; Wang, Z. B.;
Qiu, J.; Lu, Z. H. Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on Recommended by ACS
metal oxides. Nature materials 2012, 11 (1), 76−81.
Colloidal Cu4I4 Clusters for High-Resolution X-ray Imaging
Scintillation Screens
Yang Zhou, Omar F. Mohammed, et al.
JUNE 26, 2023
ACS MATERIALS LETTERS READ

Single-Phase Cu,Mn-Codoped ZnGaS/ZnS Quantum Dots

for Full-Spectrum White-Light-Emitting Diodes
Hanxu Lu, Ruiqian Guo, et al.
APRIL 20, 2023
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS READ

Red Emission from Copper-Vacancy Color Centers in Zinc

Sulfide Colloidal Nanocrystals
Sarah M. Thompson, Cherie R. Kagan, et al.
MARCH 09, 2023
ACS NANO READ

Wurtzite InAs Nanocrystals with Short-Wavelength Infrared

Emission Synthesized through the Cation Exchange of Cu3As
Nanocrystals
Xinyao Shan, Botao Ji, et al.
MARCH 06, 2023
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS READ

Get More Suggestions >

10493 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01454
ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 10487−10493