REGULATIONS AND CURRICULUM

FOR

POSTGRADUATE DEGREE AND DIPLOMA COURSES

2010

FORENSIC MEDICINE

JSS UNIVERSITY
JSS MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS CAMPUS
SRI SHIVARATHREESHWARA NAGARA , MYSORE 570 015
KARNATAKA, INDIA
 REGULATIONS AND CURRICULUM

FOR

POSTGRADUATE DEGREE AND DIPLOMA COURSES

2010

FORENSIC MEDICINE

JSS UNIVERSITY
JSS MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS CAMPUS
SRI SHIVARATHREESHWARA NAGARA , MYSORE 570 015
KARNATAKA, INDIA
Regulations & curriculum for Postgraduate Degree and Diploma Courses 2010

FORENSIC MEDICINE

This book can be had from

The Registrar
JSS University
JSS Medical Institutions Campus
Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysore 570 015
Karnataka

Price: `
 Postgraduate Medical Degree and Diploma Courses 2010

FORENSIC MEDICINE

CONTENTS

Page No

Chapter I Regulations

Chapter II Goals and General Objectives

Chapter III Curriculum

Chapter IV Monitoring Learning Progress

Chapter V Ethics
 CHAPTER I

Regulations for Postgraduate Degree and Diploma Courses in Medical

Sciences

1. Branch of Study

1.1 Postgraduate degree courses

Post Graduate Degree courses may be pursued in the following subjects:

a) MD (Doctor of Medicine)
i) Anaesthesiology
ii) Anatomy
iii) Biochemistry
iv) Community Medicine
v) Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy
vi) Forensic Medicine
vii) General Medicine
viii) Microbiology
ix) Pathology
x) Paediatrics
xi) Pharmacology
xii) Physiology
xiii) Psychiatry

b) MS (Master of Surgery)
i) General Surgery
ii) Obstetrics and Gynaecology
iii) Ophthalmology
iv) Orthopedics
v) Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

1.2 Postgraduate Diploma Courses

Post Graduate Diploma Courses may be pursued in the following subjects:

a) Anesthaesiology (DA)
b) Child Health (DCH)
c) Clinical pathology (DCP)
d) Dermatology, Venerology and Leprosy (DDVL)
e) Obstetrics and Gynaecology (DGO)
f) Ophthalmology (DO)
g) Orthopaedics (D Ortho)
h) Oto-rhino-laryngology (DLO)
i) Psychiatry (DPM)

1
 2. Eligibility for Admission

MD / MS Degree and Diploma courses : A candidate affiliated to this

University and who has passed final year MBBS examination after pursuing a
study in a medical college recognized by the Medical Council of India, or from a
recognized medical college affiliated to any other university recognized as
equivalent thereto and has completed one year compulsory rotating internship in
a teaching institution or other institution recognized by the Medical Council of
India, and has obtained permanent registration of any State Medical Council,
shall be eligible for admission.

3. Obtaining Eligibility Certificate by the University before making

admission

No candidate shall be admitted for any Postgraduate Degree/Diploma

courses unless the candidate has obtained and produced the eligibility certificate
issued by the University. The candidate has to make an application to the
University with the following documents along with the prescribed fee:

a) MBBS pass/degree certificate issued by the university.

b) Mark cards of all the university examinations passed before MBBS
course.
c) Attempt certificate issued by the Principal.
d) Certificate regarding the recognition of the medical college by the
Medical Council of India
e) Completion of internship certificate.
f) In case internship was done in a non- teaching hospital, a
certificate from the Medical Council of India that the hospital has
been recognized for internship.
g) Registration by any state Medical Council.
h) Proof of ST/SC or Category I, as the case may be.
Candidates should obtain the eligibility certificate before the last date for
admission as notified by the university.

A candidate who has been admitted to postgraduate course should

register his / her name in the university within a month of admission after
paying the registration fee.

4. Intake of students

The intake of students to each course shall be in accordance with the MCI
and GOI permissions in this regard.

5. Course of study

5.1 Duration
a) MD, MS Degree Courses: The course of study shall be for a
period of 3 years consisting of 6 terms.
b) Diploma courses: The course of study shall be for a period of 2
years consisting of 4 terms.

2
 6. Method of training

The training of postgraduate for degree/diploma shall be residency

pattern, with graded responsibilities in the management and treatment of
patients entrusted to his/her care. The participation of the students in all facets
of educational process is essential. Every candidate should take part in seminars,
group discussions, grand rounds, case demonstration, clinics, journal review
meetings, CPC and clinical meetings. Every candidate should be required to
participate in the teaching and training programme of undergraduate students.
Training should include involvement in laboratory and experimental work, and
research studies. Basic medical sciences students should be posted to allied and
relevant clinical departments or institutions. Similarly, clinical subjects’ students
should be posted to basic medical sciences and allied specialty departments or
institutions.

7. Attendance, Progress and Conduct

7.1 A candidate pursuing degree/diploma course, should work in the

concerned department of the institution for the full period as full
time student. No candidate is permitted to run a
clinic/laboratory/nursing home while studying postgraduate course,
nor can he/she work in a nursing home or other
hospitals/clinic/laboratory while studying postgraduate course.
7.2 Each year shall be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating
attendance.
7.3 Every student shall attend symposia, seminars, conferences,
journal review meetings, grand rounds, CPC, case presentation,
clinics and lectures during each year as prescribed by the
department and not absent himself / herself from work without
valid reasons.
7.4 Every candidate is required to attend a minimum of 80% of the
training during each academic year of the post graduate course.
Provided, further, leave of any kind shall not be counted as part of
academic term without prejudice to minimum 80% attendance of
training period every year.
7.5 Any student who fails to complete the course in the manner stated
above shall not be permitted to appear for the University
Examinations.

8. Monitoring Progress of Studies:

8.1 Work diary / Log Book: Every candidate shall maintain a work
diary and record his/her participation in the training programmes
conducted by the department such as journal reviews, seminars,
etc. Special mention may be made of the presentations by the

3
 candidate as well as details of clinical or laboratory procedures, if
any, conducted by the candidate. The work diary shall be
scrutinised and certified by the Head of the Department and Head
of the Institution, and presented in the University practical/clinical
examination.
8.2 Periodic tests: In case of degree courses of three years duration
(MD/MS, DM, M Ch.), the concerned departments may conduct
three tests, two of them be annual tests, one at the end of first
year and the other at the end of the second year. The third test
may be held three months before the final examination. The tests
may include written papers, practical / clinical and viva voce.
Records and marks obtained in such tests will be maintained by
the Head of the Department and sent to the University, when
called for.
8.3 In case of diploma courses of two years duration, the concerned
departments may conduct two tests, one of them at the end of
first year and the other in the second year, three months before
the final examination. The tests may include written papers,
practical / clinical and viva voce.
8.4 Records: Records and marks obtained in tests will be maintained
by the Head of the Department and will be made available to the
University or MCI.

9. Dissertation
9.1 Every candidate pursuing MD/MS degree course is required to carry
out work on a selected research project under the guidance of a
recognised post graduate teacher. The results of such a work shall
be submitted in the form of a dissertation.
9.2 The dissertation is aimed to train a post graduate student in
research methods and techniques. It includes identification of a
problem, formulation of a hypothesis, search and review of
literature, getting acquainted with recent advances, designing of a
research study, collection of data, critical analysis, and comparison
of results and drawing conclusions.
9.3 Every candidate shall submit to the Director (Academic) of the
University in the prescribed proforma, a synopsis containing
particulars of proposed dissertation work within six months from
the date of commencement of the course, on or before the dates
notified by the University. The synopsis shall be sent through
proper channel.
9.4 Such synopsis will be reviewed and the dissertation topic will be
registered by the University. No change in the dissertation topic or
guide shall be made without prior approval of the University.

4
9.5 The dissertation should be written under the following headings
a) Introduction
b) Aims or Objectives of study
c) Review of Literature
d) Material and Methods
e) Results
f) Discussion
g) Conclusion
h) Summary
i) References
j) Tables
k) Annexure
9.6 The written text of dissertation shall be not less than 50 pages and
shall not exceed 150 pages excluding references, tables,
questionnaires and other annexure. It should be neatly typed in
double line spacing on one side of paper (A4 size, 8.27” x 11.69”)
and bound properly. Spiral binding should be avoided. The
dissertation shall be certified by the guide, head of the department
and head of the Institution.
9.7 Four copies of dissertation thus prepared shall be submitted to the
Registrar (Evaluation), six months before final examination, on or
before the dates notified by the University.
9.8 The dissertation shall be valued by examiners appointed by the
University. Approval of dissertation work is an essential
precondition for a candidate to appear in the University
examination.
9.9 Guide: The academic qualification and teaching experience
required for recognition by this University as a guide for dissertation
work is as per Medical Council of India, Minimum Qualifications for
Teachers in Medical Institutions Regulations, 1998. Teachers in a
medical college/institution having a total of eight years teaching
experience out of which at least five years teaching experience as
Lecturer or Assistant Professor gained after obtaining post graduate
degree shall be recognised as post graduate teachers.
9.10 Co Guide: A Co-guide may be included provided the work requires
substantial contribution from a sister department or from another
medical institution recognised for teaching/training by JSS
University / Medical Council of India. The co-guide shall be a
recognised post graduate teacher of JSS University.
9.11 Change of guide: In the event of a registered guide leaving the
college for any reason or in the event of death of guide, guide may
be changed with prior permission from the university.

5
 10. Schedule of Examination
The examination for MD / MS courses shall be held at the end of three academic
years (six academic terms). The examination for DM and M Ch courses shall be
held at the end of three years. The examination for the diploma courses shall be
held at the end of two academic years (four academic terms). For students who
have already passed Post Graduate Diploma and appearing for MD examination,
the examination shall be conducted after two academic years (four academic
terms, including submission of dissertation) The University shall conduct two
examinations in a year at an interval of four to six months between the two
examination. Not more than two examinations shall be conducted in an
academic year.

11. Scheme of Examination

11.1 MD / MS Degree
MD / MS Degree examinations in any subject shall consist of dissertation,
written paper (Theory), Practical/Clinical and Viva voce.
11.1.1 Dissertation: Every candidate shall carryout work and
submit a dissertation as indicated in Sl NO 9. Acceptance
of dissertation shall be a precondition for the candidate to
appear for the final examination.
11.1.2 Written Examination (Theory): A written examination
shall consist of four question papers, each of three hours
duration. Each paper shall carry 100 marks. Out of the
four papers, the 1st paper in clinical subjects will be on
applied aspects of basic medical sciences. Recent advances
may be asked in any or all the papers. In basic medical
subjects and para-clinical subjects, questions on applied
clinical aspects should also be asked.
11.1.3 Practical / Clinical Examination: In case of practical
examination, it should be aimed at assessing competence
and skills of techniques and procedures as well as testing
student’s ability to make relevant and valid observations,
interpretations and inference of laboratory or experimental
work relating to his/her subject.
In case of clinical examination, it should aim at examining
clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking
independent work as a specialist. Each candidate should
examine at least one long case and two short cases.
The total marks for Practical / clinical examination shall be
200.
11.1.4 Viva Voce. Viva Voce Examination shall aim at assessing
depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence and oral
communication skills. The total marks shall be 100 and the
distribution of marks shall be as under:

6
 i) For examination of all components of syllabus 80 Marks
ii) For Pedagogy 20 Marks
If there is skills evaluation, 10 marks shall be reserved for
Pedagogy and 10 marks for skill evaluation.
11.1.5 Examiners. There shall be at least four examiners in each
subject. Out of them, two shall be external examiners and
two shall be internal examiners. The qualification and
teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall
be as laid down by the Medical Council of India.
11.1.6 Criteria for declaring as pass in University
Examination*. A candidate shall secure not less than
50% marks in each head of passing which shall include
(1) Theory, (2) Practical including clinical and viva-voce
examination.
A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described
above shall be declared to have failed in the examination.
Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent
examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar
(Evaluation).
11.1.7 Declaration of class: A successful candidate passing the
University examination in first attempt and secures grand
total aggregate 75% of marks or more will be declared to
have passed the examination with distinction, 65% but
below 75% declared as First Class and 50% but below
65% declared as Second Class.
A candidate passing the University examination in more
than one attempt shall be declared as Pass Class
irrespective of the percentage of marks.

11.2 DM/M Ch
The examination shall consist of theory, clinical/practical and viva voce
examination.
11.2.1 Theory (Written Examination): The theory examination
shall consist of four question papers, each of three hours
duration. Each paper shall carry 100 marks. Out of the
four papers, the first paper will be on basic medical
sciences. Recent advances may be asked in IV Paper.
11.2.2 Practical / Clinical Examination: In case of practical
examination it should be aimed at assessing competence,
skills of techniques and procedures as well as testing
student’s ability to make relevant and valid observations,
interpretations and experimental work relevant to his / her
subject.

7
 In case of clinical examination it should aim at examining
clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking
independent work as a specialist. Each candidate should
examine at least one long case and two short cases.
The maximum marks for Practical / Clinical shall be 200.
11.2.3 Viva-Voce: Viva Voce examination shall aim at assessing
thoroughly, depth of knowledge, logical reasoning,
confidence and oral communication skills. The maximum
marks shall be 100.This also includes spotters like
instruments, anaesthesia machines, drugs, ECG, X – ray.
11.2.4 Examiners: There shall be at least four examiners in each
subject. Out of them, two shall be external examiners and
two shall be internal examiners. The qualification and
teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall
be as laid down by the Medical Council of India.
11.2.5 Criteria for declaring as pass in University
Examination*: A candidate shall secure not less than
50% marks in each head of passing which shall include
(1) Theory (2) Practical including clinical and viva voce
examination.
A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described
above shall be declared to have failed in the examination.
Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent
examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar
(Evaluation).

11.3 Diploma Examination:

Diploma examination in any subject shall consist of theory (written
papers), Practical / Clinical and Viva - Voce.

11.3.1 Theory: There shall be three written question papers each

carrying 100 marks. Each paper will be of three hours
duration. In clinical subjects one paper out of this shall be
on basic medical sciences. In basic medical subjects and
Para- clinical subjects, questions on applied clinical aspects
should also be asked.
11.3.2 Practical Clinical Examination: In case of practical
examination it should be aimed at assessing competence,
skills related to laboratory procedures as well as testing
students ability to make relevant and valid observations,
interpretation of laboratory or experimental work relevant
to his/her subject.
In case of clinical examination, it should aim at examining

8
 clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking
independent work as a specialist. Each candidate should
examine at least one long case and two short cases.
The maximum marks for Practical / Clinical shall be 150.
11.3.3 Viva Voce Examination. Viva Voce examination should
aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical reasoning,
confidence and oral communication skills. The total marks
shall be 50. This also includes spotters like instruments,
anesthesia machines, drugs, ECG, X-ray.
11.3.4 Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination* A
candidate shall secure not less than 50% marks in each
head of passing which shall include (1) Theory, (2)
Practical including clinical and viva voce examination.
A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described
above shall be declared to have failed in the examination.
Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent
examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar
(Evaluation).
11.3.5 11.3.5 Declaration of distinction. A successful
candidate passing the University examination in first
attempt will be declared to have passed the examination
with distinction, if the grand total aggregate marks is 75
percent and above. Distinction will not be awarded for
candidates passing the examination in more than one
attempt.
11.3.6 Examiners. There shall be at least four examiners in each
subject. Out of them, two shall be external examiners and
two shall be internal examiners. The qualification and
teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall
be as laid down by the Medical Council of India.

12. Number of Candidates per day

The maximum number of candidates for practical / clinical and viva-voce
examination shall be as under:
MD /MS Course: Maximum of 6 per day.
Diploma Course: Maximum of 8 per day.

9
 CHAPTER II

GOALS AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL

EDUCATION PROGRAM

GOAL
The goal of postgraduate medical education shall be to produce competent
specialists and/or medical teachers:

1. Who shall recognize the health needs of the community and carry out
professional obligations ethically and in keeping with the objectives of
the national health policy.
2. Who shall have mastered most of the competencies, pertaining to the
speciality, that are required to be practiced at the secondary and the
tertiary levels of the health care delivery system.
3. Who shall be aware of the contemporary advance and developments
in the discipline concerned.
4. Who shall have acquired a spirit of scientific inquiry and is oriented to
the principles of research methodology and epidemiology and
5. Who shall have acquired the basic skills in teaching of the medical
and paramedical professionals.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the postgraduate training in the discipline concerned the student
shall be able to:

1. Recognize the importance to the concerned speciality in the context

of the health needs of the community and the national priorities in
the health section.
2. Practice the speciality concerned ethically and in step with the
principles of primary health care.
3. Demonstrate sufficient understanding of the basic sciences relevant
to the concerned speciality.
4. Identify social, economic, environmental, biological and emotional
determinants of health in a given case, and take them into account
while planning therapeutic, rehabilitative, preventive and primitive
measure/strategies.
5. Diagnose and manage majority of the conditions in the speciality
concerned on the basis of clinical assessment, and appropriately
selected and conducted investigations.

10
 6. Plan and advice measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of
patients suffering from disease and disability related to the speciality.
7. Demonstrate skills in documentation of individual case details as well
as morbidity and mortality rate relevant to the assigned situation.
8. Demonstrate empathy and humane approach towards patients and
their families and exhibit interpersonal behaviour in accordance with
the societal norms and expectations.
9. Play the assigned role in the implementation of national health
programme, effectively and responsibly.
10. Organize and supervise the chosen/assigned health care services
demonstrating adequate managerial skills in the clinic/hospital or the
field situation.
11. Develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuing
education needs; select and use appropriate learning resources.
12. Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology
and epidemiology, and be able to critically analyze relevant published
research literature.
13. Develop skills in using educational methods and techniques as
applicable to the teaching of medical/nursing students, general
physicians and paramedical health workers.
14. Function as an effective leader of a health team engaged in health
care, research or training.

STATEMENT OF THE COMPETENCIES: Keeping in view the general objectives

of postgraduate training, each discipline shall aim at development of specific
competencies which shall be defined and spelt out in clear terms. Each
department shall produce a statement and bring it to the notice of the trainees
in the beginning of the programme so that he or she can direct the efforts
towards the attainment of these competencies.

COMPONENTS OF THE POSTGRADUATE CURRICULUM:

The major components of the Postgraduate curriculum shall be:
 Theoretical knowledge
 Practical and clinical skills
 Thesis skills.
 Attitudes including communication skills.
 Training in research methodology.

(Source: Medical Council of India, Regulations on Postgraduate Medical Education, 2000)

11
 Chapter III

JSS UNIVERSITY
PG CURRICULUM

MD Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

INDEX

1 General Introduction

2 Goals

3 Objectives

4 Syllabus

5 Teaching Program

6 Postings

7 Dissertation

8 Assessment

9 Job Responsibilities

10 Suggested books

11 Core books-Name of book & author

12 Reference Books

13 Journals

12
 PG CURRICULUM
MD FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
The infrastructure should be as per MCI guidelines.
Faculty should be as per MCI guidelines.

1. General Introduction

Title of the Program

The Program shall be called the Doctor of Medicine (MD Forensic Medicine)
Duration of the Program
Duration of the program shall be three years.
Eligibility for Admission
The candidates should have obtained full registration i.e., they must have
completed satisfactorily one year of compulsory rotating internship after passing
final MBBS degree examination or any other examinations recognized by this
university as equivalent there to and must have full registration with the State
Medical Council.

Selection of the Student

Selection is based strictly on the academic merit in undergraduate course, and
/or the qualifying entrance examinations conducted by the University, depending
on the values in force.

2. GOALS

The goal of postgraduate medical education shall be to produce a

competent specialist and / or a medical teacher:

a) Who shall recognize the health needs of the community, and carry
out professional obligations ethically and in keeping with the
objectives of the national health policy.

b) Who shall have mastered most of the competencies, pertaining to the

speciality, that are required to be practiced at the secondary and the
tertiary levels of the health care delivery system

c) Who shall be aware of the contemporary advances and developments

in the discipline concerned

d) Who shall have acquired a spirit of scientific inquiry and is oriented to

the principles of research methodology and epidemiology and

e) Who shall have acquired the basic skills in teaching of the medical
and paramedical professionals.

13
3. General Objectives
At the end of the postgraduate training in the discipline concerned the
student shall be able to:
i) Recognize the importance of the concerned speciality in the context of the
health need of the community and the national proprieties in the health
sector.

ii) Practice the speciality concerned ethically and in step with the principles of
primary health care.

iii) Demonstrate sufficient understanding of the basic sciences relevant to the

concerned speciality.

iv) Identify social, economic, environmental, biological and emotional

determinants of health in a given case, and take them into account while
planning therapeutic, rehabilitative, preventive and promotive
measures/strategies.

v) Diagnose and manage majority of the conditions in the speciality concerned

on the basis of clinical assessment, and appropriately selected and conducted
investigations.

vi) Plan and advice measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients
suffering from disease and disability related to the speciality.

vii) Demonstrate skills in documentation of individual case details as well as

morbidity and mortality data relevant to the assigned situation.

viii) Demonstrate empathy and humane approach towards patients and their
families and exhibit interpersonal behaviour in accordance with the social
norms and expectations.

ix) Play the assigned role in the implementation of national health programmes,
effectively and responsibly.

x) Organise and supervise the chosen/assigned health care services

demonstrating adequate managerial skills in the clinic / hospital or the field
situation.

xi) Develop skills as a self-directed learner; recognize continuing educational

needs; select and use appropriate learning resources.

xii) Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology and

epidemiology, and be able to critically analyse relevant published research
literature.

xiii) Develop skills in using educational methods and techniques as applicable to

the teaching of medical/nursing students, general physicians and paramedical
health workers.

xiv) Function as an effective leader of a health team engaged in health care,

research or training

14
Statement of the Competencies
Keeping in view the general objectives of postgraduate training, each
discipline shall aim at development of specific competencies, with shall be
defined and spelt out in clear terms. Each department shall produce a
statement and bring it to the notice of the trainees in the beginning of the
programme so that he or she can direct the efforts towards the attainment
of these competencies.

Components of the PG Curriculum

The major components of the PG curriculum shall be:
 Theoretical knowledge
 Practical/Clinical Skills
 Training in Thesis
 Attitudes, including communication.
 Training in research methodology.

Source: Medical Council of India, Regulations on Postgraduate

Medical Education 2000.

4. Syllabus

THEORY

4.1 Basic medical sciences namely Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology,

Pathology and Microbiology as applied to Forensic Medicine.

Anatomy

1. Surface land marks & regional anatomy of medico legal significance.

2. Comparative anatomical study of male & female skeleton.

3. Anatomy of neck with special reference to violent asphyxial deaths.

4. Anatomy of reproductive organs.

5. Gross anatomy of heart and coronaries.

6. Outline of embryonic / foetal development.

7. Microscopic anatomy (histology of different organs & tissues, such as

brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, thyroid, adrenals, bone, skin)

15
Physiology

1. Body water & fluid balance.

2. Blood grouping & Rh incompatibility.

3. Physiology of menses & pregnancy.

4. Physiology of thermo-regulation.

5. Patho-physiology of shock.

6. Blood sugar regulation & diabetic coma, hypoglycemic coma.

7. Outline of the functions of circulation, respiration, and haemopoietic, and

nervous, digestive, endocrine, excretory, reproductive and musculo-
skeletal systems. Physiology of sexual functions.

Pathology
1. General pathology: Pathology of cell / tissues – degenerative changes &
secondary changes (atrophy, hypertrophy, aplasia, hyperplasia, ischemia,
necrosis, infarction, cloudy swelling, and amyloidosis), embolism, asphyxial
deaths, electrocution, gun-shot wounds, poisoning, thrombo-embolism, fat
embolism, aspiration pneumonia, wound healing, histological
determination of time of death.

2. Body’s local and systemic response to trauma.

3. Healing and fibrosis (Pathology of scar).

4. Common general and systemic diseases and caused by physical/chemical

agents.

5. Disorders of infancy and old age changes relevant to forensic medicine.

6. Gross and microscopic pathology in myocardial infarction, congenital heart

diseases, tuberculosis, cirrhosis, malnutrition, starvation.

7. Histology with important staining procedures.

16
Microbiology

1. Microbiology and serology of venereal diseases infections.

2. Microbiology of Cadavers.

Pharmacology

1. Relevant general pharmacology, pharmacology of important antidotes &

drugs of addiction, anti-sera, hormones & anaesthetic drugs.

2. Applied aspects in relation to forensic medicine.

3. Pharmacology of addictive drugs and their effects.

4. Drugs used to procure abortion.

5. Drugs causing impotency.

6. Anaesthetic drugs and their forensic aspects.

4.2 Forensic Medicine including other clinical subjects as applied to it.

1. Identification of the living and dead, determination of race and religion,

sex, age, external peculiarities such as moles, birth marks, occupational
marks, anthropometry, finger prints, foot prints, handwriting etc. and their
medico legal aspects. Evaluation of evidence from the skeleton. Problems
of reconstruction, superimposition technique.

2. Medico legal aspects of allergy and anaphylaxis.

3. Evidence from trace elements like hair and biological stains of blood,
semen, sweat, saliva, milk, sputum etc.

4. Laboratory investigations as required in medico legal situations like

unconsciousness, sudden death from unknown causes, therapeutic
misadventures, industrial exposures.

5. Outlines of analytical and histopathological techniques as applied to

forensic medicine.

17
6. Death from starvation.
7. Examination of weapon in relation to inflicted injuries.

8. Firearm and Thermal injuries.

9. Causes of death from wounds.

10. Forensic radiology in identification, pathology, dentistry, child abuse,

trauma, medico legal implications of radiological procedures.

Forensic psychiatry

1. Various Acts in relation to forensic psychiatry, classification of mental

disorders and abnormal human behaviours. Medico legal aspects of
insanity and abnormal human behaviour as regards to civil & criminal
responsibilities and rules regarding admission, treatment and discharge of
mentally ill person in the mental hospitals, feigned insanity, juvenile
delinquency in the juvenile court. Restraint of mentally ill person.

2. Biology of behaviour, emotion, stress, attitudes, normal & abnormal

personalities.

3. Psychological assessment & testing personality and its disorders, abnormal

psychology, health psychology, assessment strategies in medical
education.

4. Study of suicide, production of personality and circumstances. Post

mortem analysis of suicide notes and circumstances.

5. Counseling in normal sexual behavior and sex related disorders.

6. Medico legal aspects of emergency & resuscitation intensive care, medical

negligence, death.

7. Trauma, work Stress & disease.

18
Forensic Traumatology

1. Mechanical injuries & their medico legal aspects in relation to nature of

injuries, accidental, suicidal, homicidal, distinction between injuries caused
during life and after death.

2. Medico legal examination of injured person. Regional and transportation

injuries. Injuries and thermal death from cold coma, heat coma, electricity
coma, lightning and radiation

3. Torture medicine: medico legal aspects & duties of physician in cases of

torture. Type of personalities.

4. Mass disasters.

5. Bombs and other explosives. Biological and chemical warfare and

barotraumas.

Forensic Obstetrics

1. Impotence, sterility, artificial insemination, sterilization. Test tube babies &

their medico legal aspects.

2. HIV and AIDS.

3. Virginity, pregnancy, delivery in relation to suit of nullity of marriage,

divorce, and legitimacy affiliation cases etc.

4. Abortion – criminal & justifiable, laws in relation to criminal abortion.

Duties of medical persons when called to treat a case of criminal abortion.
MTP Act 1971.

5. Sexual offences – rape, incest, unnatural sexual offences such as sodomy,

tribadism, bestiality & buccal coitus, sexual perversions.

Forensic Paediatrics
1. Infanticide, battered baby syndrome, child abuse, SIDS

19
Medical Jurisprudence

1. General & forensic toxicology including classification, mechanism of action

, clinical features, diagnosis , management , autopsy appearances &
medico-legal importance of poisons.

2. Addiction, de-addictions and drug abuse.

3. Important toxicological analytical techniques.

4. Forensic science: recent advances & modern trends.

5. Introduction & working of various wings of forensic science laboratory.

Immunology, examination of biological trace material evidence. Ballistics,
identification, crime laboratory, forensic photography.

6. Definition of medical jurisprudence.

7. Introductory remarks, criminal courts & their powers, inquests and legal
procedures, procedure in court, medical evidence, various medical
certificates, medico legal reports, dying declaration & dying deposition,
witness, conduct and duties of the doctor in the witness box, professional
secrecy.
8. Regulation of medical profession, various governing bodies, their
constitution & functions. Laws in relation to medical man.

9. Rights, duties & privileges of a registered medical practitioner.

10. Informed consent in medical practice. Infamous conduct. Medical

malpraxis.
11. Physician duties under various public health & medical Acts.

12. Problems of privileges and confidentiality etc. Physician in the witness box.
13. Liabilities of hospitals, nursing home and public dispensaries to patients.

14. Medical practice in relation to insurance.

15. Relevant parts of Indian Penal Code of criminal procedure, Indian Evidence
Act, Suppression of Immoral Trafficking Act. Workman’s Compensation Act
and other laws related to medical practice.

16. Law & Procedures related to Organ Transplantation.

20
17. Legal & Ethical aspects of family planning procedures.

18. Therapeutic trial & human experimentation etc.

19. Medico legal aspects of organ & tissue transplantation.

20. Euthanasia.

21. Supreme Court and High Court landmark judgments related to forensic
medicine and medical jurisprudence

22. Relevant laws, legal procedures & psych general medical jurisprudence
including MCI, MMC, ethics & bio med research, consent, negligence,
relevant sections , courts & their powers , evidence & recording of
evidence,

23. Relevant sections of IPC, Cr Pc, IEA, Acts Like CPA , MTP , PCPNDT , NDPS
& other acts in relation to poisons, Organ Transplantation Act , NHRC,
Domestic Violence Act 2005, Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act, Dowry
Prohibition Act, Mental Health Act, Right to information Act,

24. Medical certification of cause of death and relevant vital statistics.

25. Day-to-day MLC problems in hospitals.

26. Recent laws applicable to medical man.

27. Value of medical opinion in the court of law.

TOXICOLOGY

PRINCIPLES:

* Lead role in teaching all aspects of toxicology to be with the department of

Forensic Medicine, as stipulated by the MCI.

Introduction, laws in relation to poisons, toxicological, medico-legal aspects

and pattern of poisoning in India. Duties of medical practitioners in cases of
suspected poisoning.

 For clinical toxicology, integration is necessary with department of internal

medicine, for pharmaceutical toxicology with department of pharmacology,
and for analytical toxicology with forensic toxicology division of FSL.

21
  Define contents which have relevance even in the future with a focus for the
next decade.

Section 1: General Toxicology

1. Details of Diagnosis and Management

Poisons encountered in India, General symptoms of poisoning, bedside
tests and advanced laboratory methods to detect poison / drug in a
patient’s body fluids and other samples, details of methodologies in
treatment of poisoning: decontamination, supportive therapy, antidote
therapy, procedures of enhanced elimination, etc.

2. Medico-legal Considerations
Procedure of intimation of suspicious cases or actual cases of foul play to
the police, maintenance of records, preservation and dispatch of relevant
samples for laboratory analysis, Medico legal issues involving consent in
poisoned / intoxicated victims, psychological issues, etc., Detailed
knowledge about Indian Statues on poisoning, drug abuse, etc.

3. Analytical Toxicology
Detailed description of analytical methods available for toxicological
analysis:
Chromatography – thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid
chromatography, spectro-photometric techniques, neutron activation
analysis, advanced instrumentation techniques.

4. Importance of Poison Control Centres and their mode of establishment and

functioning.

Section 2: Chemical Toxicology

5. Caustics
Inorganic acids – sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric acids.
Organic acids – carbolic acid (phenol), oxalic, formic, and acetylsalicylic
acids
Common alkalis

6. Inorganic Elements

Phosphorus, phosphine, halogens, barium

7. Heavy Metals
Arsenic, lead, mercury, copper, iron, cadmium, thallium, zinc, metal fume
fever.

22
 8. Alcohols

Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol

9. Hydrocarbons and Pesticides

Aliphatic, aromatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons.

Detailed classification of pesticides, and detailed knowledge about
organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, paraquet,
aluminium and zinc phosphide, ethylene dibromide, long acting
anticoagulant rodenticides (bromodiolone),

10. Toxic Gases

Ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, carbon monoxide,

hydrogen cyanide & derivatives, methyl isocyanate, tear (riot control)
gases

Section 3: Pharmaceutical Toxicology

11.Antipyretics, analgesics, NSAIDs, antihistamines

12.Anti-Infectives
Common antibacterial, and antiviral, antiprotozoal, antifungal drugs:
overview

13.Neuropsychotoxicology: Sedative-hypnotics, anticonvulsants,

antipsychotic, antidepressants, and antimanic Drugs, with special emphasis
on barbiturates, benzodiazepines, phenytoin, lithium, haloperidol,
neuroleptics, tricyclics

14.Narcotic analgesics, anaesthetics, and muscle relaxants

15.Cardiovascular Toxicology

Cardiovascular drugs, anticoagulants, and cardiotoxic plants – oleander,

odollam, aconite, digitalis

16.Gastro-intestinal and endocrinal drugs.

Section 4: Biotoxicology

17.Poisonous plants
Castor, croton, calotropis, abrus, datura, strychnos, etc.

23
 18.Food poisoning & food adulterants
Bacterial, viral, chemical food poisoning, toxic mushrooms and fish,
argemone

19.Venomous bites and stings

Snakebite, scorpion sting, bee & wasp sting, spider bite, marine
envenomation

Section 5: Sociomedical Toxicology

20.Substances of dependence and abuse

Tobacco, cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, hallucinogens,

designer drugs & solvent abuse

Forensic immunology & recent advances.

1. Medico legal autopsy of dead body, decomposed and mutilated body or its
fragments / skeleton, bones, exhumation & rules regarding it.

2. Death, manner of death, modes of death, cause of death, sudden death,

signs of death and changes following death. Estimation of post mortem
interval, Forensic entomology, post mortem chemistry of body fluid like
blood, CSF and vitreous humour, presumption of death and presumption of
survivorship. Violent asphyxial deaths: hanging, strangulation, suffocation
and drowning

3. Death from sudden violent, suspicious, unknown and unnatural cause,

disease following trauma.

4. Basic concepts of immunology and serology.

5. Principles of various immune-serological tests, precipitin test, pregnancy

test, sperm antibody test.

6. Role of immunological techniques in crime investigation and exclusion of

parentage.

7. Incompatibility and adverse reaction of drugs commonly used in therapy

etc.

8. Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions.

24
9. Different types of teaching aids, methods of teaching & question paper
formation of different types (MCQs, structures, traditional, short, and
essay types).

10. DNA & finger print system, lie detector & polygraph, narco-analysis.

11. National Health policies.

12. Life saving maneuvers and pre-hospital first aid.

13. Routine and advanced imaging techniques and equipments.

14. Medico-legal record keeping.

15. Basics of medical education technology and research methodology.

16. Computer and its use and its applicability in the specialty.

17. Medical auditing.

Note: The project syllabus is minimal and may require further improvement
time to time as per requirements of MCI and the advances in the specialty of
forensic medicine & toxicology.

25
PRACTICAL

1. Medico-legal autopsy.

2. Fetal Autopsy

3. Age estimation

4. Medico-legal injury report preparation.

5. Medico-legal examination of an alcoholic and other drugs.

6. Medico-legal examination in cases of sexual offences

7. Medico-legal examination of poisoning cases

8. Medico-legal examination of bones, weapons, clothing, wet specimens,

poisons.
9. Detection of common poisons in toxicology laboratory

10. Medico-legal examination of photographs.

11. Medico-legal examination of X-rays.

12. Laboratory examination of biological trace material evidence.

13. Court evidence / attendance.

14. Expert opinion on clinical cases of medico legal importance.

15. Awareness of various intensive care setups & operation theatre setups.

16. Awareness of medico legal & crime laboratory instruments & equipments.

17. Attending CME/Workshops/Conference; involvement in UG Teaching.

5. Teaching Program

Mode of Training

1. Emphasis should be on “in service” training and not on the didactic lecture.

2. Candidates should take part in seminars, group discussions and inter-

disciplinary academic postings and meetings.

26
3. The candidates should be required to write a Thesis or Dissertation with
detailed commentary, which should provide the candidate with necessary
background of training in research methods and techniques, along with the
art of writing in research papers and learning the use of library.

4. The in-service training requires the candidate to be a resident in the

campus and should be given graded responsibilities in the management of
medico legal cases, including medico legal postmortem examination,
deriving expert opinions.

5. The period of training should also include adequate training in basic

medical sciences of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, in all its
applied aspects relevant to the specialty concerned.

6. The candidate should participate in teaching and training programme of

undergraduate (MBBS) students.
7. The candidate should maintain a log book of the activities held during the
training period.

General Principles:

Acquisition of practical competencies being the keystone medical education,

postgraduate is skills oriented.

Learning in postgraduate program is essentially self-directed and primarily

emanating from academic and experimental work. The formal sessions are
merely meant to supplement this core effort.

Teaching Schedule:

The suggested departmental teaching schedule is as follows:

Fortnightly seminars & Journal clubs, Weekly Case discussion

The postgraduate student shall be required to actively participate in the teaching

/ training programmes of undergraduates, nursing students, interns. The
candidates are also expected to be aware of basics of medical education teaching
technology principles and use of audiovisual aids in the same.
The postgraduate student should maintain a Log Book of the work assigned to
him. This log book will be assessed by the postgraduate Guide of the student
and will be jointly evaluated by the Guide & Head of the Department.

27
 Note:
All sessions are to be attended by the faculty members. All PGs are supposed
to attend the sessions.

All the teaching sessions are assessed by the consultants at the end of
session and marks are given out of 10 (for participant) & 100 (for presenter) and
kept in the office for internal assessment
Attendance of the residents at various sessions has to be at least 75%.
6. Postings:
Table showing Tenure wise duration & Assignments of Rotational Postings of
Degree (MD) Students
Period of
Department Assignment / Contents of the posting
Posting
Anatomy 2 Weeks Dissection techniques, gross & histological
appearances of vital organs & endocrines. Forensic
osteology, anthropometry, embalming & relevant
embryology. Acquire knowledge of human anatomy
with emphasis on brain & bones; identify normal
histology of heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen &
adrenals, dissection techniques, gross & histological
appearances of vital organs & endocrines. Forensic
osteology, anthropometry, embalming & relevant
embryology.

Physiology & 1 Week Functional aspects of vital organs & e endocrines,

Biochemistry physiology & biochemistry of blood, semen, saliva,
(CCL) sweat, CSV, P.M. biochemistry of body fluids
functional aspects of vital organs & endocrines,

Pathology & 3 Weeks Injury, inflammation, repair, thrombus-embolism,

Microbiology shock, gross & microscopic appearances of vital
organs and histopathology in cases of sudden death
e.g. myocardial infarctions and other related diseases
e. g, which can cause sudden death by complications
e.g. tuberculosis, renal failure etc.& endocrines imp.
staining techniques, museum procedures, infection,
immunology, HIV, anaphylaxis, insulin, penicillin,
observation- collection-preservation & forwarding of
pathological & microbial evidence
Medicine+ 3 Weeks Medical record section: awareness of diagnosis,
Paediatrics+ evaluation of ECG in cases of myocardial infarctions
Psychiatry+ medico legal aspects & management of critical care,
Pharmacy+ poisoning & psychiatry cases, visit to MICU set up,
Medical Record important paediatric procedures + NICU set up,
section pharmacology & detection of drugs of dependence, ,

28
 Casualty & 4 Weeks First aid , examination, diagnosis & medical + medico
Trauma legal management of clinical medico-legal cases,
dying declaration and dying deposition, gastric
lavage, parental injections, emergency tray, casualty
administration in mass disasters. e. surgery +
orthopaedics +dentistry + radiology +
anaesthesiology: awareness regarding examination,
diagnosis & medical + medico legal management of
cases of imp. regional injuries (poly trauma & burns),
injury certification & disability evaluation, x-ray
findings in bony trauma age determination cases
intracranial hemorrhages with the help of MRI and CT
scans visit to surgical ICU & operation theatre,
awareness of imp anaesthetic procedures and
complications, important OT instruments &
equipments.
f. Obstetrics & Gynaecology: Abortion, sterilization
techniques, introduction to major obs.& gyn.
procedures, prenatal diagnostic techniques. Study of
fetuses and placenta
g. Forensic science laboratory: Introduction to
various sections of the FSL setup & instrumentation,
introduction to & relevant awareness of imp
qualitative & quantitative detection & analytical
techniques. Introduction to & relevant awareness of
identification, biology, chemistry, toxicology &
ballistics divisions. Note:-The casualty posting should
be split in to two periods. the initial posting during
first year is introductory type. The second casualty
posting is during second year. This posting is major
one & it is expected that students must be exposed to
maximum quantity & variety of cases. Their ability to
manage the casualty in major casualties can be
observed during this period.
Surgery + 3 Weeks Awareness regarding examination, diagnosis &
Orthopaedics + medical + medico legal management of cases of imp.
Dentistry + regional injuries (poly trauma & burns), injury
Radiology + certification & disability evaluation, X-ray findings in
Anasthesiology. bony trauma age determination cases visit to surgical
ICU & operation theatre, awareness of imp
anaesthetic procedures, important OT instruments &
equipments. Gain knowledge about anatomy of teeth
(both temporary and permanent). Acquire the
knowledge of interpreting OPG. Acquire the skill of
documenting the dental findings.

29
 Obstetrics & 1 Week Abortion, sterilization techniques, introduction to
Gynecology major OBG procedures, prenatal diagnostic
techniques.
Forensic Science 2 Weeks Introduction to various sections of the FSL setup &
Laboratory instrumentation, introduction to & relevant awareness
of imp qualitative & quantitative detection &
analytical techniques. Introduction to & relevant
awareness of identification, biology, chemistry,
toxicology & ballistics divisions.

7. Dissertation / Theses
DISSERTATION
a. Every candidate is required to carry out work on a select research
project under the guidance of a recognized postgraduate teacher.
The results of such work shall be submitted in the form of a
dissertation.
b. The students will identify a relevant research question; (ii) conduct a
critical review of literature; (iii) formulate a hypothesis; (iv)
determine the most suitable study design; (v) state the objectives of
the study; (vi) prepare a study protocol; (vii) undertake a study
according to the protocol; (viii) analyze and interpret research data,
and draw conclusions; (ix) write a research paper.
c. For details regarding registration of dissertation topic, please see
Chapter I, Sl.No.9
d. The dissertation is to be submitted at least six months before the
final examination as notified by the University to the Registrar
(Evaluation).
e. The dissertation shall be valued by three examiners. Prior
acceptance of the dissertation shall be a precondition for a candidate
to appear for the final examination

8. Assessment.

All the PG residents are assessed daily for their academic activities and also
periodically.

7. 1. General principles
 The assessment is valid, objective, and reliable
 It covers cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains
 Formative, continuing and summative (final) assessment is also conducted
in theory as well as practical /clinical. In addition, thesis is also assessed
separately.

30
7. 2.Formative

The formative assessment is continuous as well as end-of-term. The former is

based on the feedback from the senior residents and the consultants concerned.
End-of-term assessment is held at the end of each semester (up to the 5th
semester). Formative assessment will not count towards pass/fail at the end of
the program, but will provide feedback to the candidate.

7.3 Internal Assessment

Items Marks

Sl.No. Particulars Marks

1 Personal attributes* 20
2 Clinical skills and performance 20
3 Academics activities 20
(Journal club, seminars, drug review)
4 End of term theory examination 20
(1st year, 2nd year, 2 years and 9 months)
5 End of term practical examination / Oral 20

7.3.1. The record of internal assessment will be presented to the board of

examiners for consideration at the time of final examination.
*Personal attributes
Availability: Punctual, available continuously on duty, responds promptly to
calls and takes proper permission for leave.
Sincerity and motivation: Dependable, honest, admits mistakes, does not
falsify information, exhibits good moral values, loyal to institution, has initiative,
takes on responsibilities, goes beyond routine work, exhibits keen desire to
learn.
Diligence and performance: Dedicated, hardworking, does not shirk duties,
leaves no work pending, does not sit idle, competent in clinical case work up and
management (where applicable), skilled in procedures, proficient in record
keeping and file work.

Academic ability: Intelligent, shows sound knowledge and skills, participates

adequately in academic activities, and performs well in oral presentation and
departmental tests
Inter-personal skills: Has compassionate attitude towards patients, gets on
well with colleagues and paramedical staff, respectful to seniors.

31
7.4 Summative Assessment

Ratio of marks in theory and practical will be equal

The pass percentage will be 50%
Candidate will have to pass theory and practical examination separately.

7.5 Theory Examination

Paper Title Marks

Paper - 1 Basic medical sciences 100
 Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology,
Microbiology, Pharmacology, Medicine, Surgery,
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
 Forensic Odontology, Forensic Radiology, Forensic
Anthropology.
Paper – 2 Medical Jurisprudence and Clinical Forensic Medicine 100
 Law in Relation to Medical Practice, Legal
Procedure.
 Forensic OBG and sexual offences, Child abuse,
Infanticide,
 Forensic Psychiatry, Identification.

Paper – 3 Forensic Pathology 100

 Medico Legal Autopsy
 Thanatology
 Trauma – Mechanical, Regional, Thermal, Electrical,
Radiation injuries, etc.,
 Asphyxial deaths

Paper – 4 Toxicology and Recent Advances 100

 Toxicology
 FSL
 Criminalistics
 Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology

Total 400

32
Practical: (200 marks)
Duration of practical examination will be 2 days including viva-voce
1. One long case – Adult autopsy & Foetal autopsy : 100 Marks
2. Short Cases : 100 Marks
Examination of injury case. 10
Alcoholic case. 10
Sexual offence case. 10
Psychiatry 05
Skeletal Remains. 10
Photography 05
Toxicology specimens. 10
Weapons. 10
Microscopy slides. 10
X-ray films. 10
Expert opinion 10

Viva-Voce: 100 Marks

1. Viva-Voce Examination: (80 Marks)
Students will be examined by all the examiners together about students
comprehension, analytical approach, expression and interpretation of
data. Student shall also be given case reports, charts for interpretation.
It includes discussion on dissertation.
2. Pedagogy Exercise: (20 Marks)
A topic be given to each candidate along with the practical examination
question paper on the first day. Student is asked to make a presentation
on the topic on the second day for 8 to 10 minutes.

Maximum marks for Theory Practical Viva-Voce Total

MD Forensic Medicine 400 200 100 700

33
9. Job Responsibilities
The junior residents should:
1. Maintain log book on daily basis
2. Maintain daily record of post graduate activities including:
 Practical exercises
 Statistics exercises
 PG teaching schedule
3. Prepare for undergraduate and postgraduate practical
4. Provide the basic medico-legal services in relation to practice of medicine.
5. Must be able to conduct, interpret and report common medico-legal autopsies.
6. Identify diagnose and manage common acute and chronic poisonings.
7. Be able to examine, interpret , report and if required give expert opinion in
various clinical medico-legal matters like age estimation, alcoholics, sexual
offences, injuries, abortion, sex determination, paternity, disability evaluation
etc.,
8. Teach the practical undergraduate medical students the subject of forensic
medicine and also to actively participate in the training and re-orientation
programmes of interns.

10. Suggested books.

a. Core books-Name of book & author

1. Modi’s Text book of medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology.
2. The essentials of forensic medicine & toxicology. K.S.N. Reddy.
3. The textbook of Forensic Medicine. J.B. Mukharjee, Vol. 1 & 2.
4. Principles of Forensic Medicine. A. Nandy.
5. A Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Principles & Practice. Krishan
Vij
6. Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology V.V. Pillay.
7. Modern Medical Toxicology. V.V. Pillay
8. Forensic Pathology. Bernard Knight
9. Handbook of Forensic Pathology. Vincent J.M. Di Maio & Suzzanna E. Dana.

b. Reference Books
1. Bernard Knight et.all: Cox’s Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology.
2. Russel S. Fisher & Charles S. Petty: Forensic Pathology.
3. Keith Simpson’s Forensic Medicine.
4. Jurgen Ludwig, Current methods of autopsy practice.
5. Camps F.E. Gradwohls- Legal Medicine, Bristol Wright.
6. Simpson’s: A Doctors guide to Court.
7. Polson C.J.: The essentials of Forensic Medicine.
8. Adelson L.: The pathology of Homicide.
9. Atlas of Legal Medicine: Tomio Watanabe.
10. Spitz W.U., & Fisher R.S. , Medici Legal Investigation of Death.

34
 11. A.Keith Mant, Taylor’s principles & practice of Medical Jurisprudence:
Churchil Lvng.
12. Justice Hidayatullah & V.R.Manohar , Ratanlal & Dhirajlal : The Indian
Penal Code.
13. Justice Hidayatullah & S.P.Sathe : Ratanalal & Dhirajlal ; The Code of
Crm. Procdr.
14. Justice Hidayatullah & V.R. Manohar , Ratanlal & Dhirajlal :The Law of
Evidence.
15. H.S. Mehata: Medical Law & Ethics in India.
16. Code of Medical Ethics, Medical Council of India, approved by Central
Govt. U/S 33(m) of IMC Act 1956 (Oct. 1970).
17. Krogman W.M.: The Human Skeleton in Legal Medicine.
18. F.E. Camps, J.M. Cameren David Lanham: Practical Forensic Medicine.
19. Dr.B.V. Subrahmanyam, Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.
20. The Medical Profession & Law, Dr. R.D. Lele. (IMA, Mumbai Publication).

11. Journals
1. Journal of Karnataka Medico-Legal Society
2. Journal of South India Medico-Legal Association
3. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine
4. Journal of Forensic Sciences.
5. Journal of Legal Medicine (Of American College Medicine.).
6. Journal of Forensic Science Society.
7. Medico-legal Journal.
8. American Journal of Law & Medicine.
9. American Journal of Forensic Medicine.
10. Forensic Science International.
11. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine.
12. Medicine Science & Law.
13. Science & Justice.
14. Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
15. Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, (Medico-legal Society.)
16. Medico-legal Update, An International Journal.
17. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine.
18. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

35
 J.S.S.UNIVERSITY
Department of Forensic Medicine
J.S.S. Medical College, Mysore

Postgraduate – Log Book

University

Emblem

Students Name:

Registration number:

36
 Certificate

Certified that this is the bonafide record of practical work done and
Medico-Legal Autopsies conducted / witnessed by
Dr. as post-graduate in the Department
of Forensic Medicine, J.S.S. Medical College, Mysore during the
academic year

Principal Professor and Head

JSS Medical College Department of Forensic Medicine
Mysore – 570 015 JSS Medical College
Mysore – 570 015

University Reg. No.

Passport size

Photograph of
the candidate

with attestation

37
 Department of Forensic Medicine

POSTGRADUATE LOG BOOK

Name : Dr.

University Reg. No. :

University : JSS University (Deemed University), Mysore

Course : M.D. (Forensic Medicine)

Academic year :

Dissertation topic :

Dissertation done
Under the guidance of : Dr.

J.S.S. Medical College

Mysore – 570 015
College University
Karnataka, India
Emblem Emblem

38
 CONTENTS

Sl.No. Particulars Page No.

1 Medico Legal autopsies

2 Medicolegal case discussions

3 Expert opinions

4 Crime scene investigation

5 Seminars

6 Tutorials

7 Journal Clubs

8 Practicals / Demonstrations

9 Theory classes

10 C.M.E. / Conference / Workshop

11 Guest Lectures

12 Court evidence

13 Foetal autopsy

14 Speciality postings

39
 MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSIES
Sl. Crime / Police
PM No. Name / Age / Sex Date / Time U/S History Cause of Death
No. UDR No. Station

40
 MEDICO – LEGAL CASE DISCUSSIONS

Sl. U/S / Police

Date PM. No. History Cause of Death
No. Station

41
 EXPERT OPINION

Sl.No. Date Materials Provided History of Case Opinion

42
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Sl.No. Date P.M.No. Place History of case

43
 SEMINARS

Sl.No. Date Topic Presenter

44
 TUTORIALS
Sl.No. Date Topics

45
 JOURNAL CLUB
Sl.No. Date Topic Presenter

46
 PRACTICALS / DEMONSTRATIONS
Sl.No. Date Topic

47
 THEORY CLASSES
Sl.No. Date Topic

48
 CONFERENCE / CME / WORKSHOPS

Sl.No. Date Place Topic

49
 GUEST LECTURES
C.M.E. /
Sl.No. Date Presenter Topic
Conference

50
 COURT EVIDENCE
Sl.No. Date U/S Case Court / Place Staff Attended

51
 FOETAL AUTOPSY
Sl.No. Date Age

52
 SPECIALITY POSTINGS
Period
Sl.No. Speciality Topics Covered
From To

53
 CHAPTER IV

Monitoring Learning Progress

It is essential to monitor the learning progress of each candidate

through continuous appraisal and regular assessment. It not only helps
teachers to evaluate students, but also students to evaluate themselves.
The monitoring shall be done by the staff of the department based on
participation of students in various teaching / learning activities. It may be
structured and assessment be done using checklists that assess various
aspects. Model checklists are given in this chapter which may be copied
and used.

The learning out comes to be assessed should include:

1. Personal Attitudes.
2. Acquisition of Knowledge.
3. Clinical and operative skills and
4. Teaching skills.

1. Personal Attitudes: The essential items are:

a. Caring attitude.
b. Initiative.
c. Organisational ability.
d. Potential to cope with stressful situations and undertake
responsibility.
e. Trust worthiness and reliability.
f. To understand and communicate intelligibly with patients and
others.
g. To behave in a manner that establishes professional
relationships with patients and colleagues.
h. Ability to work in a team.
i. A critical enquiring approach to the acquisition of knowled ge.

The methods used mainly consist of observation. It is appreciated

that these items require a degree of subjective assessment by the guide,
supervisors and peers.

2. Acquisition of Knowledge: The methods used comprise of 'Log Book'

which records participation in various teaching / learning activities by the
students. The number of activities attended and the number in which
presentations are made are to be recorded. The log book should periodically
be validated by the supervisors. Some of the activities are listed. The list is
not complete. Institutions may include additional activities, if so , desired.

54
 a. Journal Rev ie w Me e t i n g (Journal Club). The ability to do
literature search, in depth study, presentation skills, and use of
audio- visual aids are to be assessed. The assessment is made by
faculty members and peers attending the meeting using a
checklist (see Model Checklist – I, Chapter IV)
b. Seminars / Symposia. The topics should be assigned to the
student well in advance to facilitate in depth study. The ability to
do literature search, in depth study, presentation skills and use of
audio- visual aids are to be assessed using a checklist (see Model
Checklist-II, Chapter IV)
c. Clinico-pathological conferences. This should be a
multidisciplinary study of an interesting case to train the candidate
to solve diagnostic and therapeutic problems by using an analytical
approach. The presenter(s) are to be assessed using a check list
similar to that used for seminar.
d. Medical Audit. Periodic morbidity and mortality meeting shall be
held. Attendance and participation in these must be insisted upon.
This may not be included in assessment.

3. Clinical skills:
a. Day to Day work: Skills in outpatient and ward work should be
assessed periodically. The assessment should include the
candidates' sincerity and punctuality, analytical ability and
communication skills (see Model Checklist III, Chapter IV).
b. Clinical meetings: Candidates should periodically present cases to
his peers and faculty members. This should be assessed using a
check list (see Model checklist IV, Chapter IV).
c. Clinical and Procedural skills: The candidate should be given
graded responsibility to enable learning by apprenticeship. The
performance is assessed by the guide by direct observation.
Particulars are recorded by the student in the log book. (Table
No.3, Chapter IV)

4. Teaching skills: Candidates should be encouraged to teach undergraduate

medical students and paramedical students, if any. This performance should
be based on assessment by the faculty members of the department and from
feedback from the undergraduate students (See Model checklist V, Chapter IV)

5. Periodic tests: In case of degree courses of three years duration, the

department may conduct three tests, two of them be annual tests, one at the
end of first year and the other in the second year. The third test may be held
three months before the final examination. In case of diploma courses of two

55
year duration, the departments may conduct two tests. One of them at the
end of first year and the other in the second year, three months before the
final examination. The tests may include written papers, practical / clinical
and viva voce.

6. Work diary: Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record his/her
participation in the training programmes conducted by the department such as
journal reviews, seminars, etc. Special mention may be made of the
presentations by the candidate as well as details of clinical or laboratory
procedures, if any conducted by the candidate.

7. Records: Records, log books and marks obtained in tests will be maintained
by the Head of the Department and will be made available to the University or
MCI.

8. Log book: The log book is a record of the important activities of the
candidates during his training. Internal assessment should be based on the
evaluation of the log book. Collectively, log books are a tool for the evaluation
of the training programme of the institution by external agencies. The record
includes academic activities as well as the presentations and procedures
carried out by the candidate. Format for the log book for the different activities
is given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 of Chapter IV. Copies may be made and used by
the institutions.

Procedure for defaulters: Every department should have a committee to

review such situations. The defaulting candidate is counseled by the guide and
head of the department. In extreme cases of default the departmental
committee may recommend that defaulting candidate be withheld from
appearing the examination, if she/he fails to fulfill the requirements in spite of
being given adequate chances to set him or herself right.

56
 CHAPTER IV (Contd)
Format of Model Check Lists

Check List-I

MODEL CHECK-LIST FOR EVALUATION OF

JOURNAL REVIEW PRESENTATIONS

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty/Observer:

Date:

Below Very
Sl Items for observation during Poor Average Good
Average Good
No presentation 0 2 3
1 4

1. Article chosen was

Extent of understanding of
2. scope & objectives of the paper
by the candidate
Whether cross references have
3.
been consulted
Whether other relevant
4.
publications consulted

Ability to respond to questions

5.
on the paper / subject

6. Audio-visual aids used

7. Ability to defend the paper

8. Clarity of presentation

9. Any other observation

Total Score

57
 Check List – II

MODEL CHECK-LIST FOR EVALUATION OF

SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty/Observer:

Date:

Below Very
Sl Items for observation during Poor Average Good
Average Good
No presentation 0 2 3
1 4
Whether other relevant
1.
publications consulted

Whether cross references have

2.
been consulted

3. Completeness of Preparation

4. Clarity of Presentation

5. Understanding of subject

6. Ability to answer questions

7. Time scheduling

Appropriate use of Audio-Visual

8.
aids

9. Overall Performance

10. Any other observation

Total Score

58
 Check List - III

MODEL CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF

CLINICAL WORK IN WARD / OPD

(To be completed once a month by respective Unit Heads, including posting in other departments)

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty/Observer:

Date:

Poor Below Very

Sl Average Good
Points to be considered Average Good
No 0 2 3
1 4

1. Regularity of attendance

2. Punctuality

Interaction with colleagues and

3. supportive staff

4. Maintenance of case records

Presentation of cases during

5. rounds

6. Investigations work up

7. Beside manners

8. Rapport with patients

Counseling patient's relatives

for blood donation or
9. Postmortem and Case follow
up.

10. Overall quality of ward work

Total Score

59
 Check List - IV
EVALUATION FORM FOR CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty:
Date:

Poor Below Very

Sl Average Good
Points to be considered Average Good
No 0 2 3
1 4
1. Completeness of history
Whether all relevant points
2. elicited
3. Clarity of Presentation

4. Logical order

Mentioned all positive and

5. negative points of importance
Accuracy of general physical
6. examination
Whether all physical signs
7. elicited correctly

Whether any major signs

8. missed or misinterpreted
Diagnosis:
Whether it follows follows
9. logically from history and
findings
Investigations required
 Complete list
10.
 Relevant order
 Interpretation of investigations
Ability to react to questioning
11. Whether it follows logically
from history and findings

12. Ability to defend diagnosis

Ability to justify differential

13. diagnosis

14. Others

Total Score

60
 Check List - V

MODEL CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF TEACHING SKILL PRACTICE

Sl
Strong Point Weak Point
No

Communication of the purpose

1.
of the talk
Evokes audience interest in the
2.
subject

3. The introduction

4. The sequence of ideas

The use of practical

5.
examples and/or illustrations
Speaking style (enjoyable,
6.
monotonous, etc., specify)

7. Attempts audience participation

Summary of the main points at

8.
the end

9. Asks questions

Answers questions asked by the

10.
audience
Rapport of speaker with his
11.
audience

12. Effectiveness of the talk

13. Uses AV aids appropriately

61
 Check List - VI

MODEL CHECK LIST FOR DISSERTATION PRESENTATION

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty:

Date:

Sl Points to be considered Poor Below Very

Average Good
divine 0 Average Good
No 2 3
1 4
Interest shown in selecting a
1.
topic

2. Appropriate review of literature

Discussion with guide & other

3.
faculty

4. Quality of Protocol

5. Preparation of proforma

Total Score

62
 Check List - VII

CONTINUOUS EVALUATION OF DISSERTATION

WORK BY GUIDE / CO GUIDE

Name of the Student:

Name of the Faculty:

Date:

Sl Items for observation Poor Below Very

Average Good
during presentations 0 Average Good
No 2 3
1 4
Periodic consultation with
1. guide/co-guide

Regular collection of case

2. Material

3. Depth of analysis / discussion

Departmental presentation of
4. findings

5. Quality of final output

6. Others

Total Score

63
LOG BOOK

Table 1: Academic activities attended

Name: Admission Year:

College:

Type of Activity
Date Specify Seminar, Journal Club, Particulars
Presentation, UG teaching

64
LOG BOOK

Table 2: Academic presentations made by the student

Name: Admission year:

College:

Type of Presentation
Date Topic Specify Seminar, Journal Club,
Presentation, UG teaching

65
LOG BOOK

Table 2: Diagnostic and Operative procedures performed

Name: Admission year:

College:

Category O,
Date Name ID No. Procedure
A, PA, PI*

* Key:

O - Washed up and observed

A - Assisted a more senior Surgeon

PA - Performed procedure under the direct supervision of a senior Surgeon

PI - Performed independently

66
 Model Overall Assessment Sheet
Name of the College: Academic Fear:

Name of Student and Mean Score

Sl Faculty Member & Others
No
A B C D E F G H I J

1.

2.

67
3.

4.

5.

Total Score
 Chapter V

Medical Ethics

Sensitisation and Practice

Introduction

There is now a shift from the traditional individual patient- doctor

relationship and medical care. With the advances in science and technology
and the needs of patients, their families and the community, there is an
increased concern with the health of society. There is a shift to greater
accountability to the society. Doctors and health professionals are
confronted with many ethical problems. It is, therefore necessary to be
prepared to deal with these problems. To accomplish the Goal and General
Objective stated in Chapter II and develop human values it is urged that
ethical sensitisation be achieved by lectures or discussion on ethical
issues, clinical discussion of cases with an important ethical component and
by including ethical aspects in discussion in all case presentation, bedside
rounds and academic postgraduate programmes.

Course Contents

1. Introduction to Medical Ethics

 What is Ethics?
 What are values and norms?
 Relationship between being ethical and human fulfillment.
 How to form a value system in one's personal and professional life.
 Heteronomous Ethics and Autonomous Ethics.
 Freedom and personal Responsibility.

2. Definition of Medical Ethics

 Difference between medical ethics and bio-ethics

 Major Principles of Medical Ethics
o Beneficence = fraternity
o Justice = equality
o Self determination (autonomy) = liberty

3. Perspective of Medical Ethics

 The Hippocratic Oath.

 The Declaration of Helsinki.
 The WHO Declaration of Geneva.
 International code of Medical Ethics. (1993)
 Medical Council of India Code of Ethics.

68
4. Ethics of the Individual

 The patient as a person.

 The Right to be respected.
 Truth and Confidentiality.
 The autonomy of decision.
 The concept of disease, health and healing.
 The Right to health.
 Ethics of Behaviour modification.
 The Physician – Patient relationship.
 Organ donation.

5. The Ethics of Human life

 What is human life?

 Criteria for distinguishing the human and the non-human.
 Reasons for respecting human life.
 The beginning of human life.
 Conception, contraception.
 Abortion.
 Prenatal sex-determination.
 In vitro fertilization (IVF).
 Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH).
 Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID).
 Surrogate motherhood.
 Semen Intra-fallopian Transfer (SIFT).
 Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT).
 Zygote Intra-fallopian Transfer (ZIFT).
 Genetic Engineering.

6. The Family and Society in Medical Ethics

 The Ethics of human sexuality.

 Family Planning perspectives.
 Prolongation of life.
 Advanced life directives – The Living Will
 Euthanasia
 Cancer and Terminal Care

7. Profession Ethics

 Code of conduct.
 Contract and confidentiality.
 Charging of fees, Fee-splitting.
 Prescription of drugs.
 Over-investigating the patient.

69
  Low – Cost drugs, vitamins and tonics.
 Allocation of resources in health care.
 Malpractice and Negligence.

8. Research Ethics

 Animal and experimental research / humaneness.

 Human experimentation.
 Human volunteer research — Informed Consent Drug trials.

9. Ethical workshop of cases

 Gathering all scientific factors.

 Gathering all human factors.
 Gathering all value factors.
 Identifying areas of value — conflict, setting of priorities
 Working out criteria towards decisions.

Recommended Reading

1. Francis C.M., Medical Ethics, 1 Ed, 1993, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, p
189, Rs. 150/-

2. Good Clinical Practices : GOI Guidelines for clinical trials on

Pharmaceutical Products in India (www.cdsco.nic.in)

3. INSA Guidelines for care and use of Animals in Research – 2000.

4. CPCSEA Guidelines 2001 (www.cpcsea.org.)

5. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects, 2000,

ICMR, New Delhi.

6. ICMR Guidelines on animal use 2001, ICMR, New Delhi.

70