In The Name of God

Amirkabir University of Technology

(Tehran Polytechnic)

Electrical Circuit In Simulink

Presenter: Student Number:

Mohammad Mahdi 9729060
Abdolrahimi Course Title:
Professor: Special Topics
Dr. Kamran (Fundamental of
Raissi Charmacani Flight Simulation)

Second Semester 2021-2022 (1400-1401)

 Page 01/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit

• In signal processing, a washout filter is a stable high pass filter with zero static gain. This leads to the
filtering of lower frequency inputs signals, leaving the steady state output unaffected by unwanted low
frequency inputs.
• The common transfer function for a washout filter is:

• Where is the input variable, is the output of the function for the filter, and the frequency of the filter
is set in the denominator. This filter will only produce a non-zero output only during transient periods
when the input signal is of higher frequency and not in a constant steady state value. Conversely, the
filter will “wash out” sensed input signals that is of lower frequency (constant steady-state signal).
 Page 02/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• A series RC circuit known as washout filter is shown below. This filter will “pass” the initial part of the
dynamic output voltage response but will eventually “wash out” a constant input voltage.
 Page 03/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• In this circuit arrangement, the reactance of the capacitor

is very high at low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an
open circuit and blocks any input signals at until the
cut-off frequency point is reached. Above this cut-off
frequency point the reactance of the capacitor has
reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit
allowing all of the input signal to pass directly to the
output as shown in the filters response curve.
 Page 04/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• Capacitive Reactance Summary

 Page 05/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• In Simulink
 Page 06/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• Description of Blocks
AC Voltage Source: The AC Voltage Source block implements an ideal AC voltage source. The generated
voltage is described by the following relationship .
Voltage Measurement: The Voltage Measurement block measures the instantaneous voltage between
two electric nodes. The output provides a Simulink signal that can be used by other Simulink blocks.
Simulink-PS Converter: The Simulink-PS Converter block converts the input Simulink signal into a
physical signal. Use this block to connect Simulink sources or other Simulink blocks to the inputs of a
Simscape physical network.
PS-Simulink Converter: The PS-Simulink Converter block converts a physical signal into a Simulink
output signal. Use this block to connect outputs of a Simscape physical network to Simulink scopes or
other Simulink blocks.
 Page 07/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• Description of Blocks (Cont.)

Solver Configuration: Each physical network represented by a connected Simscape block diagram
requires solver settings information for simulation. The Solver Configuration block specifies the solver
parameters that your model needs before you can begin simulation. Each topologically distinct
Simscape block diagram requires exactly one Solver Configuration block to be connected to it.
Powergui: Continuous, which uses a variable-step solver from Simulink.
Controlled Voltage Source: The Controlled Voltage Source block converts a Simulink input signal into an
equivalent voltage source. The generated voltage is driven by the input signal of the block.
Voltage Sensor: The Voltage Sensor block represents an ideal voltage sensor, that is, a device that
converts voltage measured between two points of an electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional
to the voltage.
 Page 08/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 09/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 10/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 11/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 12/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 13/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 14/41
1. Washout Filter → Circuit (Cont.)

• Now, give me input data:

ቐ
 Page 15/41
2. Washout Filter → Yaw Damping

• These filters are often used in control systems such as an aircraft’s automatic flight control system.
• In modern swept wing aircraft, yaw damping control systems are used to dampen and stabilize the
Dutch-roll motion of an aircraft in flight. However, when a pilot inputs a command to yaw the aircraft for
maneuvering (such as steady turns), the rudder becomes a single control surface that functions to
dampen the Dutch-roll motion and yaw the aircraft. The result is a suppressed yaw rate and more
required input from the pilot to counter the suppression.
• To counter the yaw command suppression, the installation of washout filters before the yaw dampers
and rudder actuators will allow the yaw damper feedback loop in the control system to filter out the low
frequency signals or state inputs. In the case of a steady turn during flight, the low frequency signal is the
pilot command and the washout filter will allow the turn command signal to not be dampened by the
yaw damper in the feedback circuit.
 Page 16/41
2. Washout Filter → Yaw Damping (Cont.)

• This problem has been overcome by two methods:

– Feed Computed yaw rate to the yaw damper (reference) input
– Use a washout circuit in the feedback path
• A low cost option is the use of “wash out circuit”.
 Page 17/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier

• Op-amps are versatile and can be incorporated into a wide variety of interesting and creative circuits.
However, sometimes all we need to do is increase the amplitude of a signal, and for these applications,
we have the basic op-amp non-inverting amplifier configuration. This simple topology consists of one op-
amp and two resistors connected as follows.

• Feedback signal is
• We know that for an ideal op-amp “No current flows
into the input terminal” of the amplifier and that “
always equals ”. This was because the junction of
the input and feedback signal ( ) are at the same
potential.
 Page 18/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• Op-Amp Ideal Summary

 Page 19/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• Then using the formula to calculate the output voltage of a potential divider network.

• Ideal Summing Point:

• Voltage Gain, is equal to:

• Always be greater and positive but never less than one (unity).
 Page 20/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• In Simulink
 Page 21/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 22/41
3. Op-Amp Circuit → Non-Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• Now, give me input data:

ቐ
 Page 23/41
4. Op-Amp Circuit → Inverting Amplifier

• Also we have Inverting Amplifier:

 Page 24/41
4. Op-Amp Circuit → Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• In Simulink
 Page 25/41
4. Op-Amp Circuit → Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 26/41
4. Op-Amp Circuit → Inverting Amplifier (Cont.)

• Now, give me input data:

ቐ
 Page 27/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier

• The input signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor blocks any DC content so
there is no current flow to the amplifier summing point, X resulting in zero output voltage. The capacitor
only allows AC type input voltage changes to pass through and whose frequency is dependent on the rate
of change of the input signal.

• At low frequencies is “High” resulting in a

low gain ( Τ ) and low output voltage
from the op-amp. At higher frequencies is
much lower resulting in a higher gain and
higher output voltage from the differentiator
amplifier.
 Page 28/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• However, at high frequencies an op-amp differentiator circuit becomes unstable and will start to oscillate.
This is due mainly to the first-order effect, which determines the frequency response of the op-amp
circuit causing a second-order response which, at high frequencies gives an output voltage far higher than
what would be expected. To avoid this the high frequency gain of the circuit needs to be reduced by
adding an additional small value capacitor across the feedback resistor . (Improved Circuit)
• Since the node voltage of the operational amplifier at its inverting input terminal is zero, the current, I
flowing through the capacitor will be given as:

• The charge on the capacitor equals Capacitance times Voltage across the capacitor.
 Page 29/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• Thus the rate of change of this charge is:

• But Τ is the capacitor current:

• From which we have an ideal voltage output for the op-amp differentiator is given as:

• Therefore, the output voltage is a constant times the derivative of the input voltage with
respect to time. The minus sign ( ) indicates a phase shift because the input signal is connected to
the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier.
 Page 30/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• In Simulink
 Page 31/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 32/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 33/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 34/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 35/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 36/41
5. Op-Amp Circuit → The Differentiator Amplifier (Cont.)

• Now, give me input data:

ቐ
 Page 37/41
6. Op-Amp Circuit → The AC or Continuous Op-amp Integrator

• At zero frequency (0Hz) or DC, the capacitor acts like an open circuit due to its reactance thus blocking
any output voltage feedback. As a result very little negative feedback is provided from the output back to
the input of the amplifier.

• Therefore with just a single capacitor, C in the

feedback path, at zero frequency the op-amp is
effectively connected as a normal open-loop
amplifier with very high open-loop gain. This results
in the op-amp becoming unstable cause undesirable
output voltage conditions and possible voltage rail
saturation.
 Page 38/41
6. Op-Amp Circuit → The AC or Continuous Op-amp Integrator (Cont.)

• This circuit connects a high value resistance in parallel with a continuously charging and discharging
capacitor. The addition of this feedback resistor, R2 across the capacitor, C gives the circuit the
characteristics of an inverting amplifier with finite closed-loop voltage gain given by: .
• The result is at high frequencies the capacitor shorts out this feedback resistor, R2 due to the effects of
capacitive reactance reducing the amplifiers gain. At normal operating frequencies the circuit acts as an
standard integrator, while at very low frequencies approaching 0Hz, when C becomes open-circuited due
to its reactance, the magnitude of the voltage gain is limited and controlled by the ratio of: .
• For an AC integrator, a sinusoidal input waveform will produce another sine wave as its output which will
be 90 out-of-phase with the input producing a cosine wave.
 Page 39/41
6. Op-Amp Circuit → The AC or Continuous Op-amp Integrator (Cont.)

• In Simulink
 Page 40/41
6. Op-Amp Circuit → The AC or Continuous Op-amp Integrator (Cont.)

• For Example:
 Page 41/41
6. Op-Amp Circuit → The AC or Continuous Op-amp Integrator (Cont.)

• Now, give me input data:

ቐ
Thanks For Your Attention

Any Questions?