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    Bio 102 - Lec 03

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    Aaron John Corpuz
    The document outlines the taxonomy and phylogeny of algae. It discusses three fields of systematics: taxonomy, binomial classification, and phylogeny. Algal classification is based on morphology, cellular structures, biochemistry, gene sequencing, and synthesizing evidence. Major algal groups are classified according to their chloroplast structures and include Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Heterokontophyta. Endosymbiotic theory explains the origins of chloroplasts in these groups.

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    Bio 102 - Lec 03

    Uploaded by

    Aaron John Corpuz
    9 views43 pages
    The document outlines the taxonomy and phylogeny of algae. It discusses three fields of systematics: taxonomy, binomial classification, and phylogeny. Algal classification is based on morphology, cellular structures, biochemistry, gene sequencing, and synthesizing evidence. Major algal groups are classified according to their chloroplast structures and include Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Heterokontophyta. Endosymbiotic theory explains the origins of chloroplasts in these groups.

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    The document outlines the taxonomy and phylogeny of algae. It discusses three fields of systematics: taxonomy, binomial classification, and phylogeny. Algal classification is based on morphology, cellular structures, biochemistry, gene sequencing, and synthesizing evidence. Major algal groups are classified according to their chloroplast structures and include Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Heterokontophyta. Endosymbiotic theory explains the origins of chloroplasts in these groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views43 pages

    Bio 102 - Lec 03

    Uploaded by

    Aaron John Corpuz
    The document outlines the taxonomy and phylogeny of algae. It discusses three fields of systematics: taxonomy, binomial classification, and phylogeny. Algal classification is based on morphology, cellular structures, biochemistry, gene sequencing, and synthesizing evidence. Major algal groups are classified according to their chloroplast structures and include Cyanophyta, Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, and Heterokontophyta. Endosymbiotic theory explains the origins of chloroplasts in these groups.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 43

    BIOLOGY 102

    Taxonomy and
    Phylogeny of Algae
    Patrick James F. Penales
    University of the Philippines
    Baguio
    Outline

    I. Three Fields of Systematics


    A. Taxonomy
    B. Binomial Classification
    C. Phylogeny

    II. Basis of Algal Classification

    III. Algal Groups


    Objectives

    By the end of the lecture discussion, the students should


    have been able to:

    • Identify and describe the three field of systematics


    • Enumerate and understand the bases of algal classification
    • Investigate the relationships among algal taxa and
    construct a simplified summary of these
    • Gain a deeper sense of appreciation for the overall
    phylogeny and taxonomy of algae
    Three Fields of • “Biological nomenclature”
    Systematics
    • Goals:
    o 1 kind of organism : only1 correct
    Taxonomy name
    o No 2 kinds of organisms bear the
    same name
    Binomial Classification

    • Carolus Linnaeus, 1758


    Phylogeny o “binomen”
    o Latin
    o Should be consistent with the rules
    of I.C.B.N.
    Three Fields of • Process of classifying
    Systematics
    • Taxon
    o Category
    Taxonomy
    o Any named group of organisms
    sufficiently distinct
    Binomial
    Binomial Classification
    Classification
    • Standard Botanical Hierarchical
    Classification System
    Phylogeny
    Phylum: “phyta”
    Class: “phyceae”
    Order: ”ales”
    Family: “aceae”
    Genus
    Species
    Three Fields of • Caulerpa racemosa (Lamouroux, 1809)
    Systematics • Common name: Sea grapes

    Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae

    Division Chlorophyta
    Binomial
    Binomial Classification
    Classification
    Class Ulvophyceae
    Phylogeny Order Bryopsidales

    Family Caulerpaceae

    Genus Caulerpa

    Species racemosa
    Three Fields of • Monophyletic
    Systematics • Paraphyletic
    • Polyphyletic

    Taxonomy

    Binomial Classification

    Phylogeny
    Phylogeny
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Outline

    I. Three Fields of Systematics

    II. Basis of Algal Classification


    A. Morphology
    B. Cellular Structures
    C. Biochemical Similarities
    D. Gene Sequencing
    E. Synthesizing Evidences

    III. Algal Groups


    Outline

    I. Three Fields of Systematics

    II. Basis of Algal Classification

    III.Algal Groups
    A. The Theory of Endosymbiosis
    B. Types of Chloroplasts
    C. Algal Classification Based on Chloroplast
    D. Four Major Algal Groups
    Types of Chloroplasts

    1. One thylakoid per band, no chloroplast ER


    q Rhodophyta
    Types of Chloroplasts

    2. Two to six thylakoids per band, no chloroplast ER


    q Chlorophyta
    Types of Chloroplasts

    3. Three thylakoids per band, one membrane of chloroplast


    ER
    q Dinophyta
    q Euglenophyta
    Types of Chloroplasts

    4. Two thylakoids per band, two membranes of chloroplast


    ER
    q Cryptophyta
    Types of Chloroplasts

    5. Three thylakoids per band, two membranes of chloroplast


    ER
    q Heterokontophyta
    Algal Classification Based on
    Chloroplast
    1. Prokaryotes

    2. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by two


    membranes of chloroplast envelope

    3. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by one


    membrane of chloroplast ER

    4. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by two


    membranes of chloroplast ER
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Four Major Algal v Cyanophyta
    Groups
    q Chlorophyll a

    q Phycobilisome
    Autotrophic
    Group 1
    q Peptidoglycan
    Group 2 q Myxophycean starch

    Group 3

    Group 4

    Nostoc
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Four Major Algal v Glaucophyta
    Groups
    q Microscopic, freshwater

    q Represent an intermediate
    Group 1
    position
    Group
    Group 2
    2 q Chlorophyll a and
    phycobilisome
    Group 3

    Group 4

    Glaucocystis nostochinearum
    Four Major Algal v Rhodophyta
    Groups
    q Microscopic and

    macroscopic
    Group 1
    q Aquatic environment
    Group
    Group 2
    2 q Chlorophyll a and
    phycobilisome
    Group 3
    q Floridean starch

    Group 4

    Porphyra Gelidiella
    Four Major Algal v Chlorophyta
    Groups
    q Predominantly freshwater
    algae
    Group 1
    q Chlorophyll a and b
    Group
    Group 2
    2 q Starch within chloroplasts

    Group 3

    Group 4

    Ulva lactuca
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Four Major Algal v Euglenophyta
    Groups
    q Marine and freshwater
    flagellates
    Group 1
    q One flagellum with fibrillar

    Group 2 hairs (spiral row)

    q Green alga derived plastid


    Group 3
    Group 3 (chlorophyll a and b)

    q Paramylon
    Group 4

    Euglena Phacus
    Four Major Algal v Dinophyta
    Groups
    q Red alga derived plastid

    q Chlorophyll a and c
    Group 1
    q Helical transverse flagellum
    Group 2 q Unusual diversity of plastid
    types
    Group 3
    Group 3

    Group 4

    Ceratium
    Four Major Algal v Apicomplexa
    Groups
    q Heterotrophic flagellates

    q Red alga derived plastid


    Group 1
    q Colorless apicoplasts
    Group 2

    Group 3
    Group 3

    Group 4

    Plasmodium vivax
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Four Major Algal v Cryptophyta
    Groups
    q Red alga derived plastid

    q Cryptomonads
    Group 1
    q Aquatic flagellates
    Group 2 q Chlorophyll a and c;
    Phycobilisomes
    Group 3
    q Nucleomorph

    Group 4

    Rhodomonas salina
    The Nucleomorph
    Four Major Algal v Heterokontophyta
    Groups
    q Red alga derived plastid

    q Photosynthetic and non-


    Group 1
    photosynthetic

    Group 2 q Chlorophyll a and c;


    Fucoxanthin
    Group 3
    q Anterior tinsel and

    Group posterior whiplash


    Group 4
    4
    Four Major Algal v Heterokontophyta
    Groups
    q Eight Families

    Ø Bacillariophyceae
    Group 1
    Ø Chrysophyceae
    Group 2 Ø Dictyophyceae

    Ø Pelagophyceae
    Group 3
    Ø Phaeophyceae
    Group
    Group 4
    4 Ø Prymnesiophyceae

    Ø Raphicophyceae

    Ø Xanthophyceae
    (Keeling, 2004)
    Gymnochlora
    stellata

    http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorarachniophyceae/GYMNOCHLORA/Gymnochlora_Image_page.htm
    • Coccolithophore
    Sheward, Rosie. (2016). Cell size, coccosphere
    geometry and growth in modern and fossil
    coccolithophores.
    Paramecium
    caudatum

    http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Ciliophora/Paramecium/caudatum/intactcells/sp_14.html
    Paulinella
    chromatophora
    https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2012/06/how-an-endosymbiont-earns-tenure.html

    http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_unicells/SYNECHOCOCCUS/Synechococcus_Image_page.htm
    Primary Secondary Symbiosis Tertiary and Serial
    Endosymbiosis Secondary
    Symbiosis
    1. Glaucophytes 1.Euglenids 1. Some
    dinoflagellates
    2. Red algae 2.
    Chlorarachniophytes
    3. Green algae 3. Prymnesiophytes/
    Haptophytes
    4. Heterokonts/
    Stramenophiles
    5. Dinoflagellates
    6. Apicomplexans
    (Keeling, 2004)

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