GoB Patterns For 5G Sub-6 GHZ Cmwave mMIMO RUs

5G Features, Rel.
5G 21B,
Operating Documentation, Issue
01
GoB Patterns for 5G Sub-6 GHz

cmWave mMIMO RUs
DN281845130
Issue 01
Approved on 2021-06-29
© 2021 Nokia. Nokia Condential Information
Use subject to agreed restrictions on disclosure and use.

GoB Patterns for 5G Sub-6 GHz cmWave mMIMO RUs
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2 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

Table of Contents
Summary of changes .................................................................................................................... 6
1 Overview of mMIMO antennas .................................................................................................... 7
2 The beam set .............................................................................................................................. 10

2.1 Definition of beam set .................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Beam index in an SS burst set ....................................................................................... 11
2.3 Nomenclature of a beam set ......................................................................................... 11
2.4 Opening angles of a beam set ....................................................................................... 12
2.5 Basic beam refinement patterns .................................................................................. 13
3 Beam set selection ..................................................................................................................... 15
4 The GoB pattern file ................................................................................................................... 18

4.1 Structure of a GoB pattern file without tilt ................................................................. 22
4.2 Nomenclature of GoB pattern file with tilt .................................................................. 25
5 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Issue 01. © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information 3

List of Figures
Figure 1 Example of envelope azimuthal radiation pattern .................................................... 8
Figure 2 Example of envelope elevation radiation pattern ...................................................... 9
Figure 3 Example of the beam set shape ................................................................................. 10
Figure 4 Examples of azimuth opening angles (90° and 120°) ............................................. 13
Figure 5 Refinement beam patterns ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 6 Example of Radio Characteristics location ............................................................... 18
Figure 7 Example of 5G cmWave Radios folder ....................................................................... 19
Figure 8 RU folders in 5G cmWave Radios folder .................................................................... 19
Figure 9 Example of 5G NR GoB Patterns location ................................................................. 20
Figure 10 Example of GoB pattern files by release ................................................................. 20
Figure 11 Example of compressed GoB pattern files in ZIP format ..................................... 21
Figure 12 Example of sub-folders for RU supporting tilt ...................................................... 21
Figure 13 Example of top-level structure for GoB pattern file without tilt ........................ 22
Figure 14 Example of file structure in figure folder ............................................................... 23
Figure 15 Example of file structure in MSI folder .................................................................... 24
Figure 16 Example of file structure in summary folder ......................................................... 24
Figure 17 Example of sub-folders for RU supporting tilt ...................................................... 25

List of Tables
Table 1 Examples of the beam set shape and name .............................................................. 12
Table 2 Recommendation of default beam set selection (5GC000533) ............................. 16
Table 3 Additional two-row beam sets (5GC001695) ............................................................ 17
Table 4 Envelope pattern files ................................................................................................... 27

Summary of changes
A list of changes between document issues. You can navigate to the respective changed
topics.
This is the first issue of the document.

1. Overview of mMIMO antennas

In 5G massive MIMO (mMIMO), the antenna is integrated to the radio unit (RU). The
antenna design and properties have a significant impact on the performance of the RU.
The mMIMO antenna has the following characteristics:

Many different radiators with different columns are used.
The digital steering of the antenna is achieved through adjusting the phase and
amplitude.
In an ideal situation from the antenna perspective, one antenna element is only for one
TRX.
The connected antenna rows depend on the number of antenna elements and TRXs.
Some mMIMO antennas use the traditional remote electrical tilt (RET) which is also known
as the phase shifter.
Antenna gain
The antenna gain is the ability of steering the energy to the required direction.
The gain is increased through shaping the beam by:

adding more radiators.
adding a reflector (+3 dB).
increasing the spacing between the radiators.
The gain varies over the frequency band and the beam direction (away from the boresight).
The gain is a trade-off with the scanning ranges of the mMIMO antenna, which means the
mMIMO antenna does not always scan for the maximum achievable gain.
Tilt
A tilt is a function used when the boresight of the antenna is not pointed to the horizon. The
tilt function optimizes the cell size.
There are three types of tilt:

The mechanical tilt
The electrical tilt
The combination of both electrical and mechanical tilt
The electrical tilt can be performed through analog vertical electrical tilt (VET) by using the

analog phase shifters or setting a tilt offset in the digital domain.
Envelope pattern
The envelope pattern is a non-physical radiation pattern which is generated by the active
antenna system. The envelope pattern considers the maximum of the absolute for each
direction in azimuth and elevation.
The azimuthal beamwidth of the envelope radiation pattern is the angular region between
two reference angles, on the azimuthal cut which contains the peak, where the pattern
decays by X dB with respect to the maximum.
Figure 1: Example of envelope azimuthal radiation pattern
The elevation beamwidth of the envelope radiation pattern is the angular region between
two reference angles, on the big circle cut which contains the peak, where the pattern
decays by X dB with respect to the maximum.

Figure 2: Example of envelope elevation radiation pattern

2. The beam set

This section contains information about the definition of the beam set, nomenclature of
beam index and beam set, and different refinement patterns.
2.1 Definition of beam set

A beam set collects all parameters related to the configuration of the beams used in a
cell.
The core of a beam set is the distribution of the synchronization signal block (SSB) beams in
the angular space which covers the cell without indicating the actual values of the beam
direction and beam width. This distribution is called a basic beam set which has the following
characteristics:
The basic beam set consists of rows and columns.
The number of columns may be different from the number of rows.
The total number of transmitted beams is less than or equal to the maximum number of
synchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) blocks.
Figure 3: Example of the beam set shape

2.2 Beam index in an SS burst set

A synchronization signal (SS) burst set is a set of SS/physical broadcast channel (PBCH)
blocks being transmitted in 5 ms window of synchronization signal block (SSB)
transmission. The main purpose of the SS burst set is to support DL beam sweeping, in
which DL TX beams are sequentially transmitted in order to cover the whole service area
in one SS burst set.
The number of SS/PBCH blocks in SS burst set is equal to the number of SSB beams.
The beam index in one SS burst set is a number starting from 0 to L-1 where L represents
the maximum number of beams where SS/PBCH blocks are broadcast within a SS/PBCH
burst set.
The supported maximum SSB number depends on the selected frame structure and the
carrier frequency during the deployment. For more details, see the Overview of the beam set
section of the 5GC000533: Digital Beamforming for CPRI Based RUs feature document and
each frame structure feature document.
Note:
For the frequency range 1 (FR1), the supported maximum SSB number L is eight.
2.3 Nomenclature of a beam set

A beam set is represented by the combination of the number of the columns for each row.
The rows are counted from top to bottom, for example, the first row indicates the highest
pointing beams, and the last row indicates the lowest pointing beams.
The syntax to represent a beam set is
#<the number of the columns for the first row>#<the number of the columns for the
second row>#<the number of the columns for the third row>

Table 1: Examples of the beam set shape and name
Row number Beam set shape Beam set name
One row o-o #2
Two rows o-o-o-o #4#4

o-o-o-o
Three rows o-o-o #3#3#2

o-o-o
o-o
The Examples of the beam set shape and name table shows three different beam sets:
The first beam set is represented by #2, which means this beam set has only one row,
and this row has two columns (o-o), so the total number of SSB beams is two.
The second beam set is represented by #4#4, which means this beam set has two rows,
and each row has four columns (o-o-o-o), so the total number of SSB beams is eight.
The third beam set is represented by #3#3#2, which means this beam set has three
rows, and the first row and second row have three columns (o-o-o) respectively, while
the third row has two columns (o-o), so the total number of SSB beams is eight.
2.4 Opening angles of a beam set

Different basic beam sets may be configured with different opening angles, both in
azimuth and elevation direction. You can set edge directions in order to adjust the range
covered by the cell according to the real environment.
In 5G, the elevation opening angles cannot be configured, and the selection of azimuth
opening angles (the sum of values for the left cell edge angle and the right cell edge angle) is
restricted with limited values (in most cases the azimuth opening angles can be set to 90° or
120° only).

Figure 4: Examples of azimuth opening angles (90° and 120°)
If the beamforming is not activated, the basic beam set #1 with a single beam is used, and
the azimuth opening angle is either 90° or 120° which fits best to the sum of the values for
the left cell edge angle and the right cell edge angle.
2.5 Basic beam refinement patterns

The channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) needs to be transmitted for
beam refinement. The mapping between the antenna ports used for the CSI-RS and the
beams is used for refining a respective synchronization signal block (SSB) beam.
In case of operating with a grid of beam (GoB) algorithm (especially for carrier frequency
below 6 GHz with the limited number of SSB beams), the beam refinement on gNB side is
used to
achieve higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for a single UE in both DL
and UL directions.
separate UEs better so that multiple UEs might be served on the same time and
frequency resources, especially for multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) operation.
In 5G, each SSB beam has four refined beams, which generate the following pre-defined
refinement patterns:
Square renement The square renement is used for SSB beams which have a mostly
circular slope.

Azimuth renement The azimuth renement is used for elliptic beams with larger axis in
azimuth direction.
Elevation renement The elevation renement is used for elliptic beams with larger axis in
elevation direction.
Figure 5: Refinement beam patterns

3. Beam set selection

Basic rules to select the required beam set
Before configuring the beam set, the following aspects need to be taken into account:
Deployment area. It is better to use a beam set with less rows for deployments in flat
area (for example, rural areas) and more rows for dense urban scenarios.
Balance of beams and overhead. There is a trade-off between more beams and less
overhead, as each synchronization signal block (SSB) beam requires the transmission of
synchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block and the related
reference signals.
Restrictions of the deployed antenna (for example, the elevation steering range).
In 5G, the following features describe different beam sets:

The 5GC000533: Digital Beamforming for CPRI Based RUs feature describes the default
beam sets for frequency range 1 (FR1).
The 5GC001695: Extension of GoB Pattern sub 6GHz feature describes the additional
beam sets for FR1.
The 5GC001866: Delivery of Beam Set Realization to gNB feature describes the
customised beam sets for both FR1 and frequency range 2 (FR2).
For more details about the default beam set, additional beam set, or customised beam set,
see the corresponding feature document.

Table 2: Recommendation of default beam set selection (5GC000533)
Number Deployment Cell size Beam set Beam set Beam Azimuth
of rows area shape name renement opening
type angles
One row Rural or Small o #1 square 90° or

sub-urban 120°
areas with
any massive Small to o-o #2 square 90° or
MIMO medium 120°
(mMIMO)
radio unit Medium o-o-o-o #4 square 90° or
(RU), for 120°
example,
16T16R, Medium o-o-o-o-o-o #6 square 90° or
32T32R, or to large 120°
64T64R
Large o-o-o-o-o-o- #8 square 90° or
o-o 120°
Two rows Urban or Small to o-o-o-o #4#4 square 90° or

sub-urban medium o-o-o-o square 120°
areas with
32T32R and Medium o-o-o-o-o #5#3 square 90° or
64T64R o-o-o azimuth 120°
mMIMO
RUs
1) Medium o-o-o-o-o-o #6#2 square 90° or
to large o-o azimuth 120°
Three Urban or Small to o-o-o #3#3#2 square 90° or

rows dense urban medium o-o-o square/azimut 120°
areas with o-o h
64T64R square/azimut
mMIMO RUs h
Four High-rise Small to o-o #2#2#2#2 square 40° or

rows buildings or medium o-o square 90°
very dense o-o square
urban using o-o square
large
mechanical
down-tilt
with 64T64R
mMIMO RUs

Table 3: Additional two-row beam sets (5GC001695)
Beam set shape Beam set name Number of SSB Azimuth opening
beams angles
o-o #2#2 4 90°

o-o
o-o #2#2 120°

o-o
o-o-o #3#1 90°

o
o-o-o #3#1 120°

o
o-o-o #3#3 6 90°

o-o-o
o-o-o #3#3 120°

o-o-o
o-o-o-o #4#2 90°

o-o
o-o-o-o #4#2 120°

o-o
o-o-o-o-o #5#1 90°

o
o-o-o-o-o #5#1 120°

o
1)
Only one row for 32T32R with 192 antenna elements is supported because of the
hardware limitations.

4. The GoB pattern file

When a new beam set is developed in a release, the corresponding grid of beam (GoB)
pattern files in ZIP format are created for each supported radio unit (RU). From 5G19B
release onwards, the 5GC001991: Antenna Tilt for 2D GoB feature introduces a tilt
function for RUs with 32T32R or 64T64R and improves the throughput. The
nomenclature and structure of the GoB pattern file are different for the RUs with or
without the 5GC001991: Antenna Tilt for 2D GoB feature.
All GoB pattern files of 5G cmWave mMIMO RUs are provided in MSI format. You can obtain
them from Nokia support or the 5G Radio Network Product
Information ► Radio Characteristics site.
Note:
For details of the each RU, see the Nokia Radio Units Description document under 5G
Product/AirScale BTS - 5G/BTS Descriptions/Nokia Radio Units Description in
Discovery Center.
Figure 6: Example of Radio Characteristics location

Figure 7: Example of 5G cmWave Radios folder
You can see the RU folders in the 5G cmWave Radios folder (one folder per RU).
Figure 8: RU folders in 5G cmWave Radios folder
Each RU folder has a sub-folder naming 5G NR GoB Patterns where the GoB pattern files
are stored.

Figure 9: Example of 5G NR GoB Patterns location
The GoB pattern files are categorized by the release.

Figure 10: Example of GoB pattern files by release
In a release, different RU stores GoB pattern files in different ways depending if this RU
supports tilt function2):

For an RU which does not support tilt function, all GoB pattern files are categorized and
sorted by supported beam sets (one ZIP package per beam set).

Figure 11: Example of compressed GoB pattern files in ZIP format
You can see the section for the nomenclature of the corresponding GoB pattern file, and the
Structure of a GoB pattern file without tilt section for the structure of the corresponding GoB
pattern file.
For an RU which supports tilt function, all GoB pattern files are categorized and sorted in
some different folders.
Figure 12: Example of sub-folders for RU supporting tilt
You can see the Nomenclature of GoB pattern file with tilt section for the nomenclature
of the corresponding GoB pattern file, and the section for the structure of the
corresponding GoB pattern file.
2)
The RUs which are developed before the 5GC001991: Antenna Tilt for 2D GoB feature

(introduced in 5G19B release) do not support tilt. Some RUs support tilt after the
5GC001991: Antenna Tilt for 2D GoB feature while some RUs still not.
4.1 Structure of a GoB pattern file without tilt

Each radio unit (RU) supports different beam sets. Each beam set has a corresponding
grid of beam (GoB) pattern file package (in ZIP format) which contains the PNG files, XLS
files, and MSI files.
A GoB pattern file contains the following folders after you unzip the package:
An MSI folder which contains synchronization signal block (SSB) beam files, refined beam
files, and pattern envelop files.
A summary folder which contains two summary files in XLS format.
Note:
For some RUs, the summary files are put to the same level with the figure and MSI
folders.
Note:
Some RUs have a figure folder which contains the figures in PNG format for different
azimuth opening angles.
Figure 13: Example of top-level structure for GoB pattern file without tilt

Files in figure folder

If the RU has a figure folder, the following figures for each azimuth opening angle are
provided:
The 3 dB contour with the suffix _3dB_Contour.png
The 3 dB coverage with the suffix _3dB_Coverage.png
All beams crosses with the suffix _AllBeams_Crosses.png
Figure 14: Example of file structure in figure folder
Files in MSI folder

There are different MSI files in this folder:
An MSI file with the suffix -Pattern-00.msi, which defines the beam pattern of the
antenna sub-array (also known as the antenna per TXRX).
Up to eight SSB beam files per azimuth opening angle. Each SSB beam has the suffix -
SsbBeam-<SSB beam identifier>.msi and is used for the coverage predictions.
An SSB pattern envelop file for all SSB beams. This file has the suffix -
SSBPatternEnvelope.msi, which is used to calculate the coverage between the
synchronization signal (SS) and reference signal received power (RSRP).
Up to 32 refined beam files (four refined beam files per SSB beam) per azimuth opening
angle. Each refined beam file has the suffix -RefBeam-<refined beam
identifier>.msi, which is used for the quality and throughput predictions.
A pattern envelop file for all refined beams (predefined tilt only). This file has the suffix -
PatternEnvelope.msi, which is used calculate the signal level of the physical downlink

shared channel (PDSCH) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH).
Figure 15: Example of file structure in MSI folder
Files in summary folder

Two files which contain the beam set information for different azimuth opening angles with
the suffix -Summary.xls are displayed in this folder.
Figure 16: Example of file structure in summary folder

4.2 Nomenclature of GoB pattern file with tilt

For each radio unit (RU) supporting tilt, the grid of beam (GoB) files are stored in the level
0 (L0) files folder or the eTilt_Offset=0° file folder, and the envelope files are stored in
the envelope file folder with different levels: level 1 (L1), level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4
(L4), and level 5 (L5).
If an RU supports tilt, there are three sub-folders in this RU folder:

The Envelope files (L1ToL4 files) or Envelope files (L1ToL5 files)
folder
The GoB files with eTilt_Offset (L0 files) folder
The GoB files with eTilt_Offset=0° folder
Figure 17: Example of sub-folders for RU supporting tilt
File in the envelope files folder

There is one L1to4 file in ZIP format which contains the L1 to L4 files (in MSI format) in this
folder.
The syntax to represent the L1to4 file in this folder is <feature ID>_<RU
name>_beam_set_Envelope_L1to4_<version ID>.zip.
The file name example is 5GC000657_AEHC_beam_set_Envelope_L1to4_V1.zip. In

this example:
The feature ID is 5GC000657.
The RU name is AEHC.
The version ID is V1.

For some RUs there is another L5 file (in MSI format) in the same folder. This L5 file contains
the array element pattern scaled at the maximum beamforming gain including the vertical
electrical tilt (VET) range for 32T32R massive MIMO (mMIMO).
Note:
In some cases the L5 file is also added to the pattern file package in ZIP format, and
the pattern file name changes to <feature ID>_<RU
name>_beam_set_Envelope_L1to5_<version ID>.zip, for example,
5GC001783_AEQB_beam_set_Envelope_L1to5_V3.zip.
The following table lists the nomenclatures and definitions of the L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5 files
which are included in the L1to4 file:

Table 4: Envelope pattern files
File name File denition Nomenclature
Envelope_L1 The L1 les contain the <RU name>-[algo]-<azimuth opening

(L1 le) maximum gain of all angle>degAzOp-<eTilt offset>-
beams per electric tilt <absolute tilt>-<beam set name>-
(eTilt) offset. Envelope_L1.msi
<RU name>-[algo]-<azimuth opening
angle>degAzOp-<eTilt offset>-
<absolute tilt>-<beam set name>-
Envelope_L1-SSB.msi

(L2 le) maximum gain of all angle>degAzOp-<beam set name>-
beams and all tilt Envelope_L2.msi
offsets.

(L3 le) maximum gain of all angle>degAzOp-Envelope_L3.msi
beams, all tilt offsets,
and all beam sets.
Envelope_L4 The L4 le contains the <RU name>-[algo]-Envelope_L4.msi

(L4 le) maximum gain of all
beams, all tilt offsets, all
beam sets, and all
azimuth opening
angles.
Envelope_L5 The L5 le is the <RU name>-Envelope_L5.msi

(L5 le) highest level of
envelope le in theory.
File in the L0 folder

The syntax to represent an L0 file package in this folder is <feature ID>_<RU
name>_beam_set_L0_<version ID>_<beam set name>.zip.
The L0 package name example is 5GC000657_AEHC_beam_set_L0_V1_#4#4.zip. In this

example:
The beam set name is #4#4, which means this beam set has two rows and each row has
four columns.

Note:
For details about how to represent a beam set, see the Nomenclature of a beam
set section.
File in the eTilt_Offset=0° folder

The syntax to represent a GoB pattern file without tilt in this folder is <feature ID>_<RU
name>_beamset_<version ID>_<beam set name>.zip.
The file name example is 5GC000657_AEHC_beamset_V1_#4#4.zip. In this example:

The beam set name is #4#4, which means this beam set has two rows and each row has
four columns.
Note:
For details about how to represent a beam set, see the Nomenclature of a beam
set section.

5. Glossary
List of terms related to the GoB patterns file for 5G sub-6GHz cmWave mMIMO radio
units (RUs)
channel state information DL-only signal received by a UE which is used to estimate the channel
reference signal (CSI-RS) and report channel quality information back to the gNB.
frequency range 1 (FR1) Frequency range below 7.125 GHz dened for 5G in 3GPP. The
frequency bands in FR1 are set for FDD, TDD, supplementary uplink
(SUL), and supplementary downlink (SDL).
frequency range 2 (FR2) Frequency range above 24.250 GHz dened for 5G in 3GPP. The
frequency bands in FR2 are set for TDD.
grid of beam (GoB) algorithm Fixed beam scanning method. For a GoB algorithm, each UE is served
on the beam or beams out of a set of predened beams which ts
the channel conditions best.
massive MIMO (mMIMO) Enhanced MIMO technology that uses antenna arrays that have more
than eight controllable antenna elements to increase network
performance.
multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) Wireless communication method in which the BTS uses multiple
transmitters to serve several sets of user equipment simultaneously
by sharing the same radio resource.
physical downlink shared channel Main data bearing channel carrying user data, paging and other Radio
(PDSCH) Resource Control (RRC) signaling messages along with the actual
system information in the downlink.
physical uplink shared channel Transmission channel used to transport user data from one or more
(PUSCH) UEs.
radio unit (RU) Radio part of a radio access point (RAP) hosting the RF functionality
and beamforming processing of the gNB.
remote electrical tilt (RET) System which allows the operator to adjust the down tilt of each
antenna remotely.
reference signal received power Portion of energy received in a cell network. RSRP is used to estimate
(RSRP) the ability of a receiver to obtain and decode information signals that
a carrier signal transports.

signal-to-interference-plus-noise Ratio that provides information on how strong the desired signal is
ratio (SINR) compared to the interference plus noise.
synchronization signal (SS) Signal periodically transmitted by the gNB to the UE. The signal allows
the UE to determine the physical cell identier and to synchronize in
time and frequency domain with the corresponding cell.
synchronization signal block Block used to transmit primary synchronization signal (PSS),
(SSB) secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast
channel (PBCH).
physical broadcast channel Transmission channel used to broadcast information to all mobile
(PBCH) devices in the radio coverage area.

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5G Features, Rel.

GoB Patterns for 5G Sub-6 GHz

© 2021 Nokia. Nokia Condential Information

Use subject to agreed restrictions on disclosure and use.

No part of this document may be modied.

Copyright and trademark: Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation. Other

2 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

Use subject to agreed restrictions on disclosure and use.

Summary of changes .................................................................................................................... 6

1 Overview of mMIMO antennas .................................................................................................... 7

2 The beam set .............................................................................................................................. 10

3 Beam set selection ..................................................................................................................... 15

4 The GoB pattern file ................................................................................................................... 18

Issue 01. © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information 3

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4 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

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Issue 01. © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information 5

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This is the first issue of the document.

6 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

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1. Overview of mMIMO antennas

The mMIMO antenna has the following characteristics:

The gain is increased through shaping the beam by:

There are three types of tilt:

Issue 01. © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information 7

Use subject to agreed restrictions on disclosure and use.

analog phase shifters or setting a tilt offset in the digital domain.

Figure 1: Example of envelope azimuthal radiation pattern

8 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

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Figure 2: Example of envelope elevation radiation pattern

Issue 01. © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information 9

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2. The beam set

2.1 Definition of beam set

Figure 3: Example of the beam set shape

10 © 2021 Nokia. Nokia Confidential Information Issue 01

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2.2 Beam index in an SS burst set

2.3 Nomenclature of a beam set

The syntax to represent a beam set is

second row>#<the number of the columns for the third row>

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Table 1: Examples of the beam set shape and name

Row number Beam set shape Beam set name

One row o-o #2

Two rows o-o-o-o #4#4

Three rows o-o-o #3#3#2

2.4 Opening angles of a beam set

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Figure 4: Examples of azimuth opening angles (90° and 120°)

2.5 Basic beam refinement patterns

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Figure 5: Refinement beam patterns