Jaswanth Document Org

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON M30 CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RECYCLED FINE RUBBER POWDER

AND ADDITION OF POLYPROPELENE FIBERS
Chapter-1
Introduction
Sustainable development and environmental conservation became essential priorities of
modern society at the end of the twentieth century. Civil engineering, especially the
construction materials industry, plays a critical role in building sustainability, pollution
reduction, natural resource conservation, and energy conservation. In this context, the
primary issues confronting the construction materials industry are primarily linked to high
OPC usage and associated high carbon dioxide emissions. Regarding the first point,
concrete has been for decades the commonly used material for construction in the world,
and the global production of concrete has reached a value of more than 1 ton of concrete
per person on the planet. Overall, the cement companies are producing nearly 3 billion
tons/year [2]. this led to the emission of almost 2 billion tons of CO2 (6–7% of global
emissions from CO2) in the process. Several studies have described the enhancement of
process efficiency and the increase in usage of different waste materials as a cement
substitute as ways to mitigate the greenhouse effect of cement production. According to a
recently announced TechSci report, the tire marketplace in Egypt is anticipated to cross
USD 1 billion through 2020. Egypt's automotive marketplace is one of the conspicuous
markets in the African mainland because of its huge marketplace size and its geological
area which spans Asia. Arab Republic of Egypt was the 3rd biggest vehicle creating the
marketplace in Africa, after Morocco and South Africa in 2013. Arab Republic of Egypt
produces 20 million waste tires/year and barely 10% of those are recycled [8]. Because of
their three-dimensional cross linked structure, which makes them non biodegradable, used
tyres pose a significant challenge for developed countries around the world in terms of use
and disposal.
The most noticeable hazard accompanying with the abandoned disposal and
buildup of a bulky number of tires is the motivator for huge fires, a fact tremendously
harmful to the environment. Because of the environmental concerns associated with the
global disposal of these tyres, there is a growing interest in tyre rubber recycling for
Dept of Civil Eng...

Dr KVSRIT, Knl page 1
economic reasons. The rubber in tires is vulcanized and cannot be melted or dissolved,
which makes recycling challenging. As a result, a huge number of used, worn-out tires are
ground for the benefits of expanding their applications. Outdoor flooring and pavements,
sports tracks, road building, and other applications including ground or powdered tire
rubber fell into the sectors with minimal demand and added value. Rubber components
have been used as a basic part of the structure in a variety of building industries. This
material has been used as an acoustic absorber in concert hall buildings, bridges (buffer),
waterproofing, and road filling, among other applications. Research to date on the
replacement of aggregates by discarded tire rubber is known as “Rubcrete”. Rubcrete has
provided contradictory findings. Some properties are boosted in Rubcrete in comparison to
concrete, including ductility, damping ratio, energy dissipation, toughness, and impact
resistance. The modulus of elasticity, compressive and tensile strength, on the other hand,
are limited.
Owing to the differences in chemical composition and physical properties of

admixtures such as silica fume, fly ash, marble dust and rubber particles, they have diverse
effects on the durability, mechanical, physico-chemical and rheological properties on
concrete matrix. Although there are many ways to recycle tyres, recent research in the
structural materials field has concentrated on using crumb rubber from recycled tyres as a
partial substitute for coarse aggregates. It is determined that a waste material like worn-out
tires may enhance the basic properties of concrete. The data presented in this research
showed that there is great potential for the utilization of tires as aggregates. Used tyres were
thought to provide much more potential for value-adding and cost recovery because they
could be used to substitute more costly materials like rock aggregates.
1.1 Rubber Powder:
Rubber has the potential to become a permanent member of the concrete family due to
a wide range of desirable properties such as flexibility, light weight, and ease of
availability. Using rubber aggregates decreased the workability of the resultant mix, but
this problematic issue can be dealt with the usage of certain plasticizers. The impact of

partial replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete is studied by untreated tire rubber

aggregates. Rubber aggregates have a lower specific gravity and bulk density than natural
coarse aggregates, according to research. When the use of rubber granules in concrete is
increased, the density of the concrete decreases. Correspondingly, lightweight concrete was
acquired which assists to decrease the weight of the structure.
Using rubber aggregates in concrete, resulting in decreasing the compressive strength

but increasing toughness of concrete. It was discovered that the optimal percentage of
rubber aggregate replacement can be up to 15%. It was discovered that this form of concrete
could not be used in structural elements requiring high strength. However, it is possible
using it in further construction essentials like pavements, road barriers, partition walls,
sidewalks, etc. which have huge demand in construction industries. As fine aggregates are
replaced with crumb rubber, the properties of concrete are tested. With a marginal increase
in concrete workability, up to 15% of fine aggregates can be covered with an equivalent
amount of crumb rubber, according to the findings. The compressive strength of the
rubcrete contained 15% crumb rubber was increased by over 5%. The splitting tensile
strength reduced as the amount of crumbed rubber increased, and the modulus of rupture
dropped by an average of 12%. Rubberized concrete, conversely, showed increased strain
at failure, strong energy absorption, better modulus of hardness, and ductility in the absence
of any typical concrete brittle failure.
The partial effect of crumb tyre particle size as a fine aggregate substitute on
compressive strength and time-dependent deformations of structural concrete is
investigated. Rubcrete had lower compressive strength than the control concrete mix for
all crumb rubber sizes, according to preliminary time-dependent and compressive
performance. Concrete strength is affected by crumb rubber size; as crumb rubber gets
smaller, compressive strength decreases. As mentioned before most of the research papers
used rubber particles in form of fine or coarse aggregates in some cases it was used as an
additive in concrete application but was limited to be used as a replacement of cement
percentage in a mix design. The novelty of this work is studying the impact of partial
replacement of cement by fine recycled rubber particles (RRP) on compressive strength of

different hardened cement pastes at different water to binder ratios (W/B ratio = 0.3 and
0.4). This was coupled with an extensive ESEM micrographs study.
1.2 Types of rubber:
Ground rubber particles are intermediate in size between tire chips and crumb rubber.
Ground rubber ranging in size vary from big 19mm as to small as 0. 15mm.The is
depends upon the size reduction equipment and intending application. Ground rubber
tire as asphalt binder, consuming on estimate 220million pounds, or approximately
12million tires. Crumb rubber is nothing but the fine granular or powdered particles is
called crumb rubber. It is the processing of the tire into fine particles using cryogenic or
mechanical process. This process is also used to remove the still and fabric component
of the tire crumb rubber ranging size vary from 4.75mm to less than 0.075mm. Generally
3 methods are used to convert the waste tire into crumb rubber. Thus the methods
are cracker mill process, granular process, micro mill process. The cracker mill process
is used to reduce the size of tire. The material are passing between the rotating corrugated
steel drums by this process used to an irregularly shaped torn particles having large
surface. The size of these particles are vary from 5mm to 0.5mm and are commonly
known as ground crumb rubber. If the granular process shears are using to rubber with
revolving steel plates, producing the granulated rubber particle size ranging vary
from9.5mm to 0.5mm
1.3 Characteristics:
MRP is a free flowing, black rubber powder that disperses into a multitude of systems
and applications. Due to its micron size, MRP can be incorporated into multiple polymers,
and provides a smooth surface appearance on finished products. In some cases, in order to
improve compatibility with host materials, the MRP is given a chemical treatment to
activate, or “make functional” the surface of the powder particles. This is referred to as

functionalized MRP or FMRP.
MRP represents an evolution over previous post-manufactured rubber technologies. The

most basic rubber processing technology converts end-of-life tire and post- industrial
rubber material into rubber chips that are typically one inch or larger in size. These chips
are then used in tire-derived fuel and civil engineering projects. A second- generation
processing technology converts end-of-life tire and rubber material into crumb rubber, also
known as ground tire rubber (GTR). GTR typically comprises chips between one inch and
30 mesh in size, with the associated fiber and steel mostly removed. This material is used
in asphalt, as garden mulch and in playgrounds.
MRP is a micron-size material that is produced in various sizes, including 80 mesh and
down to 300 mesh. MRP is virtually metal and fiber-free, enabling its use in a wide range
of advanced products.
1.4 Physical properties:
The used specimens don’t contain steel but contain less than 2% of textile fiber.
Since it was not possible to determine the gradation curve of the rubber powder as for
normal aggregates, a microscope examination was done. Dimensions of rubber
powder vary from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm with an average particle size of 1 mm. The
density of the rubber powder is determined using helium pycnometer and it’s about
0.83. Rubber powder is also characterized by an insignificant water absorption less
than 3%. Table I resumes some characteristics of the used waste tire powder rubber.
PROPERTIES RUBBER POWDER
Density 0.83
Elongation (%) 420
Steel 80 µm – 1.6 mm
Rate of steel fiber 0

1.5 Chemical analysis:
The tire is made up mainly by rubber. Its constitution varies a little between the car
tires and heavy truck tires. Rubber consists of a complex mixture of elastomers,
polyisoprene, polybutadiene and styrene-butadiene. Stearic acid (1.2%), zinc oxide (1.9%),
extender oil (1.9%) and carbon black (31.0%) are also, important components of tires. In
Table II, chemical composition of the used rubber powder is presented. The quantity of
steel is generally about 15%, and it’s more important for the heavy truck’s tires. For this
study steel and one part of textile was removed by magnetic separation and density.
Rubber consists of a complex mixture of elastomers, polyisoprene, polybutadiene

and styrene-butadiene. Stearic acid (1.2%), zinc oxide (1.9%), extender oil (1.9%)
and carbon black (31.0%) are also important components of tires [10-11]. Chemical
composition of theused rubber powder is presented
Material/element Mass percentage

Rubber 54%
Carbon black 29%
Textile 2%
Oxidize zinc 1%
Additives 13%
Sulfur 1%
1.6 Role of Fibers

Cracks play an important role as they change concrete structures into permeable elements
and consequently with a high risk of corrosion. Cracks not only reduce the quality of
concrete and make it aesthetically unacceptable but also make structures out of service. If
these cracks do not exceed a certain width, they are neither harmful to a structure nor to its
serviceability. Therefore, it is important to reduce the crack width and this can be achieved
by adding polypropylene fibers to concrete.

Thus addition of fibers in cement concrete matrix bridges these cracks and restrains them
from further opening. In order to achieve more deflection in the beam, additional forces
and energies are required to pull out or fracture the fibres. This process, apart from
preserving the integrity of concrete, improves the load-carrying capacity of structural
member beyond cracking. Reinforcing steel bars in concrete have the same beneficial effect
because they act as long continuous fibres. Short discontinuous fibres have the advantage,
however, of being uniformly mixed and dispersed throughout the concrete.
1.7 Properties of Polypropylene Fibers
The raw material of polypropylene is derived from monomeric C3H6 which is purely
hydrocarbon. Its mode of polymerization, its high molecular weight and the way it is
processed into fibers combine to give polypropylene fibers very useful properties as
explained below
• There is a sterically regular atomic arrangement in the polymer molecule and high
crystallinity. Due to regular structure, it is known as isotactic polypropylene.
• Chemical inertness makes the fibers resistant to most chemicals. Any chemical that
will not attack the concrete constituents will have no effect on the fiber either. On
contact with more aggressive chemicals, the concrete will always deteriorate first.
• The hydrophobic surface not being wet by cement paste helps to prevent chopped
fibers from balling effect during mixing like other fibers.
• The water demand is nil for polypropylene fibers.
• The orientation leaves the film weak in the lateral direction which facilitates
fibrillations. The cement matrix can therefore penetrate in the mesh structure
between the individual fibrils and create a mechanical bond between matrix and
fiber.

1.8 Super Plasticizer:
Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives
used in making high strength concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that enable
the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers
allow reduction in water content by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level
of a few weight percent. Plasticizers and superplasticizers retard the curing of concrete.
Generally, superplasticizer can be classified into such types:purified lignosulfonates,

carboxylate synthetic polymers, sulfonated synthetic polymers and synthetic polymers with
mixed functionality cementitious materials.
SPs are used where well-dispersed particle suspension is required to improve the flow
characteristics (rheology) of suspensions such as in concrete applications. Their addition
to concrete or mortar allows the reduction of the water to cement ratio without negatively
affecting the workability of the mixture, and enables the production of self-consolidating
concrete and high performance concrete. They greatly improve the performance of the
hardening fresh paste. The strength of concrete increases when the water to cement ratio
decreases.
The addition of SP in the truck during transit is a fairly modern development within the
industry. Admixtures added in transit through automated slump management systems, such

as Verifi, allow concrete producers to maintain slump until discharge without reducing
concrete quality.
1.9 Properties:
Appearance: Brown liquid

Specific gravity: Typically, 1.20 at 20°CChloride content: Nil to BS 5075
Air entrainment: Typically, less than 2% additional air is entrained at normal dosages.
Alkali content: Typically, less than 72.0 g. Na2 O equivalent/litre of admixture. A fact
sheet on this subject is available.

Chapter-2
Literature Review
Tushar R More, Pradip D Jadhao and SM Dumme 2015: In their study the aim was to
study of waste tyre as partial replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberizes concrete
in M20 grade of mix. Different partial replacement of crumb rubber i.e., 0%, 5%,10%, 15%
and 20% by volume of fine aggregate are casted and tested for flexural strength and split
tensile strength. The result shows that there is a reduction in all type of strength for crumb
rubber mixture, but crumb rubber content concrete become more lean due to increase in
partial replacement of crumb rubber as fine aggregate ie.,3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. Flexural
strength of concrete decreases with 3% replacement of sand and further decrease in strength
with the increase in percentage of crumb rubber. For split tensile strength decreases with
3% replacement of sand and further decrease in strength with the International Journal of
Advanced Research in Basic Engineering Sciences and Technology (IJARBEST) ISSN
(Online) : 2456-5717 211 Vol.3 Special Issue 35 April 2017 increase in percentage of
crumb rubber. This is mainly due to lower bond strength between cement paste and rubber
tyre aggregate.
Prof. M. R. Wakchaura and Mr. Prashant. A. Charan : In this study they did partial
replacement of fine aggregate as crumb rubber as 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% in M25 grade
of concrete and its effects on concrete properties like compressive strength, flexural
strength were investigated. Addition to this combination of glass fibre at ratio 0.4% and
0.5% addition to the weight of cement are used to regain the reduced strength due to use of
waste tyre crumb rubber particle. Results indicate that replacement of waste tyre crumb
rubber particle to the fine aggregate in concrete at ratio 0.5% and 1% there is no effect on
the concrete properties would occur, but there was a considerable change for 1.5% and 2%
replacement ratio.
Dr. B. Krishna Rao: In this investigation he did casting and testing of cubes, cylinders,
and prisms for M20 grade of concrete and added 5% and 10% of rubber fibre by volume

of concrete. There the specimens are tested for compression, split tensile and flexural
strength. The test results were done and noted that due to addition of rubber fibre, strength
of concrete decreases, but as observing ductility is improving. Hence it is used for medium
grade of concrete. The various rubberised concrete mixes were designed in accordance with
standard mix design procedure for normal concrete with grade of M20. As expected the
target strength were not achieved for the mixes incorporating rubber fibre.
Er. YogenderAntil: The primary objective of their investigation is to study the strength
behaviour i.e., compressive strength and flexural strength of rubberised concrete with
different volume of crumb rubber. Parameter to be varied in Investigation is volume
variation of crumb rubber. The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume
variation of crumb rubber on the compressive strength, flexural strength and slump test. So
they founded that strength of modified concrete is reduced with an increase in rubber
content. The Flexural strength of the concrete decreases about 69% when 20% of sand is
replaced by crumb rubber. The compressive strength of the concrete decreases about 37%
when 20% of sand is replaced by crumb rubber. So overall large percentage of crumb
rubber the lower the compressive strength and flexural strength as compared to
conventional concrete.
Sulagno Banerjee, Aritra Mandal, Dr.Jessy Robby The aim of their investigation was
studies on mechanical properties of tyre rubber concrete. In their study they made a
concrete of M25 grade by replacing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of tyre concrete with
coarse aggregate and compared with regular M25 grade concrete. The properties of fresh
concrete and flexural strength of hardened concrete were identified. So they concluded that
flexural strength decreases in concrete. In 7 days’ flexure strength, there is not much
variation seen between conventional and rubberized concrete. So there was not much
difference in strength of rubberized and conventional concrete.
Nithiya P and Portchejian G: It this research paper the mix design was done as per
IS:10262-2009 to achieve the target strength. The concrete mixes were made by replacing
fine aggregate with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% for M20 grade concrete. So they founded that
compressive strength decreases with the replacementof crumb rubber increased and 5%

replacement of crumb rubber proves exceptionally well in compressive strength and tensile
strength. It also gives more strength at 28th days for 5% replacement for M20 grade of
cement and split tensile strength decreases at the maximum at the maximum of 25% when
crumb rubber is replaced up to 10% of fine aggregate. Thus by replacing fine aggregate by
crumb rubber safeguard the environment.
Jaylina Rana and Reshma Rughooputh: The broad aim of this work was to investigate
the effects of partially substituted fine aggregate by rubber on the properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. Different tests were performed to determine slump, compressive
strength, tensile splitting strength, flexural and initial surface absorption of the concrete
mixes. The compressive, tensile splitting strength, flexural decreases with increasing
rubber content. Rubber fails the initial surface absorption test that is the surfaces of their
concrete mixes are almost impermeable. However, partial replacement of fine aggregate
with 5% of rubber can potentially be used in low strength concrete applications.
S. Selvakumar and R. Venkatakrishnaiah: They did concrete mix as per IS:10262-2009

for M30 grade of concrete for their investigation. The specimen was casted and used to
determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete.
They were tested for 7 and 28 days with replacement of fine aggregate with 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% of crumb rubber. Finally, they concluded that compressive strength of crumb rubber
concrete with 5% replacement is 38.66 N/mm2 , it is higher than the strength of normal
concrete ie.,36.73 N/mm2 on the 28 days. The compressive strength of crumb rubber
concrete with 10% replacement it gives acceptable strength of 33.47 N/mm2 . In flexural
strength of crumb rubber is lower than the strength of normal concrete and it was seen the
same lowering of strength as compared to normal concrete in splitting tensile strength. So
crumb rubber possess less bonding ability which effected on the strength of the concrete.
A Mansoor Ali and A. Sarvanan: This paper is the experimental study on waste rubber
tire concrete. The mechanical and durability properties of concrete withcomposition of
crumb rubber replacing part of the fine aggregate and cement with silica fumes were
investigated for M25 grade as per IS:10262-2009. Compressive strength, flexural strength
and split tensile strength was conducted for each sample by these authors. Finally they

concluded that there was a reduction in compressive strength and split tensile strength and
increase in flexural strength when the rubber content is increased. But the target strength
was achieved by addition of silica fume and rubber in the concrete as compared to the
addition of rubber without silica fumes. Therefore, this study has been focused on strength
and durability requirement which shows that the concrete is sustainable and use for non-
structural element where the low strength is required.
Kotresh K.M and Mesfin Getahun Belachew: In this present generation the disposal of
waste tyres normally used in vehicle is becoming a serious issue for waste management
problem in the world. It is estimated that 1.2 billion of waste tyre rubber produced globally
per year. It is estimated that 11% of post-consumer tyres are exported and 27% are sent to
landfill, stockpiled or dumped illegally when they have no use and only 4% is used for civil
engineering projects. Hence major steps have been taken to find the potential application
of waste tyre in civil engineering projects. In this investigation, our present study aims to
investigate the optimal use of waste tyre rubber as coarse aggregate in concrete composite.
A total of 24 cubes and 12 prisms are casted of M25 grade by replacing 10%, 20% and
30% of tyre aggregate as a coarse aggregate and compared with regular M25 grade
concrete. Fresh and hardened concrete strength were identified. Finally, it was found that
the strength was not achieved as targeted. But still it can be used for low strength structure
as using crumb rubber can help in maintaining the environment.
GintautasSkripkiunas, AudriusGrinys, Benjaminascernius:- The aim of investigation

was to study the deformation properties of Portland cement concrete with rubber waste
additive. Concrete mixtures with the same compressive strength as concrete without this
additive were tested. Used tires rubber wastes were crumbed into fraction 0/1. The rubber
additive was used as fine aggregate replacement in concrete mixtures by 3.2 % of
aggregates mass. The effect of rubber waste additive on technological properties, air
content in fresh concrete, density and deformation properties under the static and dynamic
load of concrete was investigated
PitiSukontasukkul, SomyotWiwatpattanapong,‘ThammasatInt:- This study provided

the test results on the mechanical and physical properties of lightweight concrete obtained

by replacing portions of the conventional fine aggregate with crumb rubber from recycling
waste tires. The mechanical properties were compressive and flexural strength. The
physical properties were unit-weight, permeable voids,thermal conductivity and sound
absorption. Results indicated that the unit-weight of crumb rubber concrete was lower than
that of plain concrete. The decrease was found to be proportional with the crumb rubber
content. In addition to the decrease in unit-weight, the crumb rubber concrete also exhibited
better sound and thermal properties. However, due to the low strength and stiffness of
rubber, the mechanical properties of crumb rubber concrete appeared to be lower than that
of plain concrete
Mohammad Reza sohrabi, Mohammad karbalaie: - A lot of rubber is produced

worldwide. For example, 3.6 million tons rubber is produced annually only in US. It is not
possible to discharge the rubbers in the environment because they decompose very slowly
and cause lots of pollution. So, it is necessary to have a relevant use of these wastages.
These waste materials can be used to improve some mechanical properties of concrete.
Addition of rubber to concrete results in the, improvement of some mechanical and
dynamical properties, such as more energy adsorption, better ductility, and better crack
resistance. In this paper, the 7- day and 28-day compressive strength of concretes
containing crum brubber; silica fume and crumb rubber; Nano silica and crumb rubber; and
Nano silica, silica fume and crumb rubber is investigated. For this purpose, 216 concrete
specimens were prepared and their compressive strength was investigated.
Akinwonmi, AdemolaSamuel,Seckley, Emmanuel, Akinwonmi, Ademola Samuel,

Seckley, Emmanuel:- This paper presents a research into the mechanical strength of
concrete with shredded tyre and crumb tyre as aggregate replacement. The materials used
to make concrete for this experiment are coarse aggregate, cement, sand, shredded tyre,
crumb tyre, potable water and Ordinary Portland Cement. A total of fifteen main mixtures
were cast as solid bricks with 0% replacement as control then followed by 5%, 7.5%,
10%,12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20% separately for both shred and crumb rubber materials. The
compressive tests for the concrete cubes were carried out by applying a constant uniform
pressure to the cubes of the concrete blocks until failure occurred. The results of the

compressive test show that by replacing the aggregate by 2.5 % shreddedtyre, the
compressive strength increased by about 8.5% but at 5% replacement and beyond, the
compressive strength decreased.

Chapter-3
Materials Used and Methodology
3.1 MATERIALS USED:
3.1.1. CEMENT:
The raw materials required for manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous materials
such as limestone or chalk, and argillaceous material such as shale or clay. There are two
processes known as wet and dry processes depending upon whether the mixing and
grinding of raw materials is done in wet or dry condition. The raw materials used for the
manufacture of cement consist of mainly of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These
oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high temperature to form more complex
compounds.
The chemical reactions that take place between cement and water is referred as hydration
of cement. The hydration of cement can be visualized in two ways. The first is through
solution mechanism in which cement dissolve to produce super saturated solution from
which the hydrated products get precipitated. Second is that water attacks cement
compounds starting from the surface to the interior of compounds with time. The reaction
of cement with water is exothermic. The reaction liberates a considerable quantity of heat.
This liberation of heat is called heat of hydration.
In this study Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade (ACC cement) has been procured and
has been used. The various tests on this material is conducted and resulted in 4.3.

Figure 3.1: OPC 53 grade cement
3.1.2. AGGREGATES:
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Aggregates are inert granular materials
such as sand, gravel or crushed stone that are an end product in their own raw materials.
They are also the raw materials that are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good
concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals
or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of cement.
Aggregates are divided into two categories from the consideration of size.
i).Coarse aggregate ii). Fine aggregate
3.1.2.1. COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregates are particles greater that 4.75mm but generally range between
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from primary ,secondary or recycled
sources. Primary or virgin aggregates are either land or marine-won. Gravel is a coarse
marine-won aggregate, land-won coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed rock.
Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone
making up most of the remainder.
In this study coarse aggregate of nominal sizes of 20mm, 12mm are used.

Figure 3.2: 20mm coarse aggregates Figure 3.3: 12mm coarse aggregates
3.1.2.2. FINE AGGREGATE:

Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment.
Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles
passing through a 4.75 mm sieve.
The fine aggregate used in this study is river sand which is obtained from local company
and shown in figure 4.4. The basic tests on these materials are conducted and resulted in
4.3.
Figure 3.4: Fine aggregate
3.1.3. WATER:
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical

reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, in the quantity
and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. C3S requires 24% of water
by weight and C2S requires 21%. It has also been estimated that on an average 23% of
water by weight of cement is required for chemical reaction with Portland cement
compounds .This 23% of water chemically combines with cement and, therefore, it is called

bound water. It has been further estimated that about 15% by weight of cement is required
to fill up the gel-pores.
Therefore, a total 38% of water by weight of cement is required for the complete chemical
reaction and to occupy the space within gel-pores.
Quality of water affects the strength, it is necessary for us to go into the purity and quality
of water. A popular yard-stick to the suitability of water for mixing concrete is that, if water
is fit for drinking it is fit for making concrete. Carbonates and bi-carbonates of sodium and
potassium effect the setting time of cement. Salts of Manganese, Tin, Zinc, Copper and
Lead cause a marked reduction in strength of concrete. A turbidity limit of 2000ppm has
been suggested.
Locally available potable fresh water which is free from concentrations of aid and organic
substances has been used in this experimental program for mixing and curing.
3.1.4 SUPERPLASTICIZERS: (HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCERS)
Superplasticizers constitute a relatively new category and improved version of

plasticizer, the use of which was developed in Japan and Germany during 1960 and 1970
respectively. They are chemically different from normal plasticizers. Use of
superplasticizers permits the reduction of water to the extent upto 30% without reducing
workability in contrast to the possible reduction up to 15% in case of plasticizers.
The use of superplasticizer is practiced for production of flowing, self levelling,

self compacting and for the production of high strength concrete.
The mechanism of action of superplasticizers is more or less same as explained

earlier in case of ordinary plasticizer. Only thing is that the superplasticizers are more
powerful as dispersing agents and they are high range water reducers. They are called High
Range Water Reducers in American literature. It is the use of superplasticizer which has
made it possible to use w/c as low as 0.25 or even lower and yet to make flowing concrete
to obtain strength of the order 120Mpa or more. It is the use of superplasticizer which has
made it possible to use silica fume to make high strength concrete.

The use of superplasticizer in concrete is an important milestone in the

advancement of concrete technology. Since their introduction in the early 1960 in Japan
and in the early 1970 in Germany, it is widely used all over the world. India is catching up
with the use of superplasticizer in the construction of high rise buildings, long span bridges
and recently become popular Ready Mixed Concrete industry.
Superplasticizers can produce:
➢ at the same W/C ratio much more workable concrete than the plain ones,
➢ for the same workability, it permits the use of lower W/C ratio,
➢ as a consequence of increased strength with lower W/c ratio, it also permits
a reduction of cement content.
The superplasticizers also produce a homogeneous, cohesive concrete generally without

any tendency for segregation and bleeding.
In this study, CONPLAST SP430 has been used in concrete mix to have high workability.
Figure 3.6: superplasticizer

3.2.0 BASIC TESTS ON MATERIALS:
3.2.1. FINENESS OF CEMENT:
Fineness of cement has a great effect on the rate of hydration and hence the rate of
gain of strength. Fineness of cement increases the rate of heat. Finer cement offers a great
surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength. Increase in
fineness of cement also increases the shrinkage of concrete and hence creates cracks in
structures.
Procedure:
Weight 100 gms of the given cement and sieve it continuously for 15 minutes on I.S.Sieve
No.9 (90μ). Air set lumps may be broken down by fingers but nothing should be rubbed
on the sieves.
Find the residue on the sieve after the sieving is over and report the value as a percent of
the original sample taken.
Observations and calculations:
Table 3.1: Observations of fineness of cement test.
Trial no. 1 2 3
Weight of cement 100 100 100
in gms
Wt. Of residue on 2.5 2.3 2.4
sieve in gms.
Amount retained 2.5% 2.3% 2.4%
(%)
2.5+2.3+2.4
Amount retained = ∗ 100 = 2.4%
3∗100
Fineness of cement = 2.4%

3.2.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:
Specific gravity is determined by measuring the weight of a cement sample and its
volume by measuring the liquid displaced by the cement sample. The liquid which is to be
used should be such that it does not have any chemical reactions. Also the liquid which is
to be used should be such that it does not have any physical interaction such as absorption
with the cement. If polar liquids are used their density in the regions very close to the
cement particle surface will be more than that of the free liquid away from the surfaces of
particle. Also the cement should not have any agglomerated particles with internal voids
otherwise only average apparent density will be measured.
The average specific gravity of OPC is normally about 3.15. If a given sample of
cement exhibits a value of specific gravity significantly different from 3.15, the quality of
the sample may be suspected. If clays, ground sand, fly ash and such impurities had been
added to the cement, the lower values of specific gravity will be obtained.
Procedure: The flask shall be filled with kerosene to a point on the stem between the zero
and the 1ml mark. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in
a water bath. A weighted quantity of cement (about 64g of Portland cement) shall then be
introduced in small amount at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus
may be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the
cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced, the stopper
shall be placed in flask.
Formula:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Specific gravity = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Observations:
Type of cement = OPC 53 grade
Liquid used = kerosene

Density of liquid = 13.6 gr/cc

Weight of cement taken w = 64 gm
Table 3.2: Observations of specific gravity of cement test.

S.No. Initial residing Final reading Volume Of Specific gravity
cement (v) G=W/V
1 0 19.75 20.32 3.15
Calculations:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 64
Specific gravity = = = 3.15
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 20.32
Specific gravity of cement = 3.24
3.3.3. NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT:
Normal consistency is defined as that percentage water requirement of the cement

paste, the viscosity of which will be such that the Vicat plunger penetrates up to a point 5
to 7mm from bottom of the Vicat mould. When water is added to cement, the resulting
paste starts stiffening and gaining strength, simultaneously losing its consistency.
Procedure: Prepare a paste of weighted quantity of cement with a weighted quantity of

water, taking care that time of mixing is between 3 to 5 minutes and shall be completed
before any signs of setting become visible. The time of gauging shall be counted from the
time of adding water to the dry cement until the commencement of filling mould. Fill the
Vicat mould with the paste, the mould resting on a non-porous plate and then smooth off
the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. Place the test block in
the mould together with the non-porous resting plate under the rod bearing the plunger.
Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and quickly release allowing
it to sink into the paste. The operation shall be carried out immediately after filling the

mould and at room temperature. Prepare trial paste with varying percentages of water and
test as described above, and measure the penetration of the needle. This test is to be carried
out until the specified penetration is obtained.
Weight of cement taken = 300gm.
Table 3.3: Observations of consistency of cement test.

% of water Initial reading Final reading Height not
penetrated (mm)
26% 50 32 18
28% 50 20 30
30% 50 12 38
32% 50 7 43
Normal consistency of cement =32%
3.3.4. INITIAL SETTING TIME:
Initial setting time is defined as the time taken by the paste to stiffen to an extent
such that the vicat needle is not permitted to move down through the paste within 5mm
measured from the bottom of mould.
Procedure:
Prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to give standard consistency.
Start the stop watch at the instant of addition of water. Fill the vicat’s mould with above
paste completely and smooth off the surface, the mould resting on a non-porous plate. Place
the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in contact with
surface of test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block. Repeat
this procedure until the needle when brought into contact with the test block, fails to pierce
the block for 5+0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsed since
adding water is the initial setting time.

Figure 3.7: vicat apparatus
Weight of cement taken = 300gm.

32
Weight of water taken = 0.85 P*300gm =0.85*100*300 = 81.6ml
Where p is the normal consistency.
Table 3.4: Observations of initial setting time of cement test.

Time(minutes) 10 20 30 40 50 60
Initial resding 50 50 50 50 50 50
Final reading 0 1 2 2.5 3.5 5
Height not 50 49 48 47.5 46.5 45
penetrated
Initial setting time of cement = 60 minutes.
3.3.5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
In concrete technology, specific gravity of aggregates is made use of in design

calculation of concrete mixes. With the specific gravity of each constituent known, its

weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per
unit volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating
the compacting factor in connection with the workability measurements. Similarly, specific
gravity of aggregate is required to be considered when we deal with light weight and heavy
weight concrete. Average specific gravity of the aggregates varies from 2.6 to 2.8.
Procedure:
Find the weight of the empty container (W1) .Take coarse aggregate in the container up to
approximately half of the container and find out the weight (W2). Fill the container with
water upto the level of the coarse aggregates so that all void space inside the aggregate is
filled with water and find its weight (W3). Fill the container with water after emptying it
from mix of coarse aggregate and water. Water should be upto the mark, upto which coarse
aggregate is filled and find its weight (w4). Repeat the same process for another trail by
taking the aggregate upto the full of the container and by filling the water up to same point.
Formula:
(w2−w1)
Specific gravity = (𝑤2−𝑤1)−(𝑊3−𝑤4)
Table 3.5: Observations of Specific Gravity of 20 mm coarse aggregate:
Observations Trial-1 Trial-2

Weight of empty specific gravity bottle(gms)(W1) 460 460
Weight of bottle + aggregate(gms)(W2) 1235 1230
Weight of bottle + aggregate + water(gms)(W3) 1718 1705
Weight of bottle + water(gms)(W4) 1215 1215
Specific gravity 2.85 2.75
Average Specific Gravity = (2.85+2.75)/2
=2.80

Specific gravity of 20mm coarse aggregate = 2.80
Table 3.6: Observations of Specific Gravity of 12 mm of coarse aggregate:
Observations Trial-1 Trial-2

Weight of empty specific gravity bottle(gms) 460 460
Weight of bottle + aggregate(gms) 1220 1210
Weight of bottle + aggregate + water(gms) 1695 1695
Weight of bottle + water(gms) 1215 1215
Average Specific Gravity = (2.714+2.77)/2 = 2.74
Specific gravity of 12mm of coarse aggregate =2.74
3.3.6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE:

Specific gravity is the weight of aggregate relative to the weight of equal volume
of water. The specific gravity of an aggregate is generally required for calculations in
connection with cement concrete design work for determination of moisture content and
for the calculations of volume yield of concrete. The specific gravity also gives information
on the quality and properties of aggregate. The specific gravity of an aggregate is
considered to be a measure of strength of quality of the material. Stones having a low
specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values.
Table 3.7: Observations of Specific gravity of Fine aggregate:
Observations Trial-1 Trail-2

Weight of empty specific gravity bottle(gms) 460 460
Weight of bottle + aggregate(gms) 1230 1230
Weight of bottle + aggregate + water(gms) 1695 1705
Weight of bottle + water(gms) 1215 1215
Average Specific gravity = (2.65+2.75)/2= 2.70
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.70

3.3.7. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE:
Fineness modulus of an aggregate is defined as the sum of the cumulative

percentages retained on sieves of standard sizes divided by 100. It can be looked upon as
weighted average size of sieve on which the material is retained, the sieves being counted
from the finest (for the purpose 150 micron sieve is taken as the lowest).
Grading curve is a graphical representation of the results of sieve analysis in which

the ordinate on the ordinary scale represents the percentage passing for each sieve and the
abscissa represents the corresponding sieve opening plotted on a log scale in a semi-log
paper. Alternately, if the size of each successive sieve is half that of the next large one,
plotting sieve sizes with equal abscissa intervals, results in a near semi-log plot. Since the
sands used for concrete are obtained either from land quarrying or by crushing larger
aggregates, their grading varies from place to place. In order that there is broad
classification, IS 2386 classifies sand into four zones, I to IV, based on percentage passing
at 600 micron sieve.
Weight of fine aggregate = 1000gm.

Table 3.8: Observations of sieve analysis of fine aggregate test
Cumulative Cumulative
Sieve %age %age
Weight % of %age
S.No. sizes weight weight
retained weight weight
Mm retained passing
retained(F) passing
1 4.75 0 0 0 100 100
2 2.36 95 9.5 9.5 90.5 190.5
3 1.18 271 27.1 36.6 63.4 253.9
4 600μ 295 29.5 66.1 33.9 287.8
5 300μ 309 30.9 97 3 290.8
6 150μ 30 3.0 100 0 290.8
𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑡. 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 309.2

Fineness modulus = = = 3.092
100 100
The fineness modulus of fine aggregate = 3.09

Chapter-4
Mix Design
MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE:-
Concrete mix design is a procedure of selecting the suitable ingredients of concrete and
their relative proportions with an objective to prepare concrete of certain minimum
strength, desired workability and durability as economically (value engineered) as
possible.
As we decide to go for a concrete mix design, collect the following data before hand as
few design stipulation are freezed on the basis of these data.
4.0 PRELIMINARY DATA REQUIRED FOR MIX DESIGN:
Purely governed on the local conditions, were the concrete need to be applied
Exposure Condition: Exposure Conditions of the structure: The general environment,

to which the concrete will be exposed during its service life, is categorized into five
classes to severity, as per IS 456.

The exposure condition limits the minimum cement content, maximum water – cement
ratio and minimum grade of concrete.
As per exposure condition, you have the above data for working the first trial and
arriving its mix proportion.
If you are getting desired result at lower cement content, you need to put extra as
mentioned by IS 456.
Minimum thickness of member: Size of aggregate should not be more than one-fourth
of the minimum thickness of member, mostly 20 mm nominal size aggregate is suitable
for most works. It is always suggested to go the maximum nominal size of aggregate to
save on quantity of cement per unit of concrete.
Cement Grade: Cement type/grade locally available that can be made available
throughout construction period
Workability: Placing condition of concrete governs its workability, low – slump of 25-
75 mm (lightly reinforced sections in slab, beam, and column) to high – slump of 100-
150 mm (slip form, pumped concrete).
4.1 Stipulation for Proportioning Concrete Ingredients
(a) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days grade

designation -
M 30
(b) Type of Cement : OPC 53 Grade confirming to IS

12269
(b) Maximum Nominal size of aggregate — 20 mm
(c) Shape of CA — Angular
(d) Workability required at site — 100 mm (slump)

(e) Type of exposure the structure will be subjected to (as defined in IS: 456) —
Moderate
(h) Method of concrete placing: pump able concrete
(ii) Test data of material
The following materials are to be tested in the laboratory and results are to be
ascertained for the design mix
(a) Cement Used : OPC 53 Grade Confirming to IS

12269
(b) Specific Gravity of Cement : 3.15
(c) Chemical admixture : Super plasticizer confirming to IS

9103
(d) Specific gravity
Specific gravity of Fine Aggregate (sand) : 2.70
Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate : 2.80
(e) Water Absorption
Coarse Aggregate : 0.4%
Fine Aggregate : 1.0%
(f) Free (surface) moisture
Coarse Aggregate : Nil
Fine Aggregate : Nil
Aggregate are assumed to be in saturated surface dry condition usually while preparing
design mix.
(g) Sieve Analysis

Fine aggregates : Confirming to Zone I of Table 4 IS –

383
Mix Design of M30 Grade Concrete
Step 1: Determining the Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
Fck = fck + 1.65 x S

Where,
F’ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days
Fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = Assumed standard deviation in N/mm2 = 5 (as per table -1 of IS 10262-
2009)
= 30 + 1.65 x 5.0 = 38.25 N/mm 2
Step 2 Selection of water-cement ratio:-

From Table 5 of IS 456, Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.50
Note: Do not start with w/c ratio above 0.50, even though the other desired results like
Strength, workability could be achieved.

Step 3 Selection of Water Content
Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 Kg (for 25 to 50 slump)
We are targeting a slump of 100mm, we need to increase water content by 3% for every
25mm above 50 mm i.e. increase 6% for 100mm slump
I.e. Estimated water content for 100 Slump = 186+ (6/100) X 186 = 197litres
Water content = 197 liters
STEP 4 – Calculation of Cement Content

Water-Cement Ratio = 0.50
Water content from Step – 3 i.e. 197 liters
Cement Content = Water content / “w-c ratio” = (197/0.50) = 394 kgs
From Table 5 of IS 456,
Minimum cement Content for moderate exposure condition = 300 kg/m3
394 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence, OK.
As per clause 8.2.4.2 of IS: 456
Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3, hence ok too.
STEP 5: Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine

aggregate Content
From Table 3 of IS 10262- 2009, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm
size and fine aggregate (Zone I) = 0.60
Note 1: In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.5.So there will be no change in
coarse aggregate volume i.e. 0.60.
Note 2: Incase the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required to be increased suitably based on experience.
STEP 6: Estimation of Concrete Mix Calculations

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

1. Volume of concrete = 1 m3
2. Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/100)
= (39/3.15) x (1/1000) = 0.125 m3
3. Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x (1/1000)

= (197/1) x (1/1000) = 0.197 m3
4. Total Volume of Aggregates = 1- (b+c) =1- (0.125+0.197) = 0.678 m3

5. Mass of coarse aggregates = d X Volume of Coarse Aggregate X Specific
Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000
= 0.678 X 0.60 X 2.80 X 1000
= 1139 kgs/m3
6. Mass of fine aggregates
= d X Volume of Fine Aggregate X Specific

Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000
= 0.678 X 0.40 X 2.70 X 1000 = 732 kgs/m3
STEP-7: Concrete Mix proportions for Trial Number 1

Cement = 394 kg/m3
Water = 197 kg/m3
Fine aggregates = 732 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1139 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio = 0.50
Final trial mix for M30 grade concrete is 1:1.86:2.89 at w/c of 0.50
Mix Design of M40 Grade Concrete

Step 1: Determining the Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
Fck = fck + 1.65 x S
Where,
Fck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days
Fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = Assumed standard deviation in N/mm2 = 5 (as per table -1 of IS 10262-
2009)
= 40 + 1.65 x 5.0 = 48.25 N/mm2
Table 1: ASSUMED STANDARD DEVIATION

Step 2 Selection of water-cement ratio:-

From Table 5 of IS 456, Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45
Note: Do not start with w/c ratio above 0.45, even though the other desired results like
Strength, workability could be achieved.
Table 2: WATER CEMENT RATIO AS PER IS 456:2000

Step 3 Selection of Water Content

Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 Kg (for 25 to 50 slump)
Table 3: MAXIMUM WATER CONTENT AS PER IS 456:2000
We are targeting a slump of 100mm, we need to increase water content by 3% for every
25mm above 50 mm i.e. increase 6% for 100mm slump
I.e. Estimated water content for 100 Slump = 186+ (6/100) X 186 = 197litres

Water content = 197 liters

STEP 4 – Calculation of Cement Content
Water-Cement Ratio = 0.45
Water content from Step – 3 i.e. 197 liters
Cement Content = Water content / “w-c ratio” = (197/0.45) = 438 kgs
From Table 5 of IS 456,
Minimum cement Content for moderate exposure condition = 300 kg/m3
438 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence, OK.
As per clause 8.2.4.2 of IS: 456
Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3, hence ok too.
STEP 5: Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine aggregate Content
From Table 3 of IS 10262- 2009, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm
size and fine aggregate (Zone I) = 0.60
Table 4 : VOLUME OF COARSE AGGEREGATE AS PER DIFFERENT ZONES
Note 1: In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.45.So there will be no change in
coarse aggregate volume i.e. 0.60.
Note 2: Incase the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required to be increased suitably based on experience.
STEP 6: Estimation of Concrete Mix Calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

1. Volume of concrete = 1 m3
2. Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/1000)
= (438/3.15) x (1/1000) = 0.139 m3
3. Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x (1/1000)
= (197/1) x (1/1000) = 0.197 m3
4. Total Volume of Aggregates = 1- (b+c) =1- (0.139+0.197) = 0.664 m3
5. Mass of coarse aggregates = d X Volume of Coarse Aggregate X Specific Gravity
of Coarse Aggregate X 1000
= 0.664 X 0.60 X 2.80 X 1000
= 1115 kgs/m3
6. Mass of fine aggregates
= d X Volume of Fine Aggregate X Specific Gravity
of Coarse Aggregate X 1000
= 0.664 X 0.40 X 2.70 X 1000 = 717.12 kgs/m3
STEP-7: Concrete Mix proportions for Trial Number 1
Cement = 438 kg/m3
Water = 197 kg/m3
Fine aggregates = 717.12 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1115 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio = 0.45
Final trial mix for M40 grade concrete is 1:1.63:2.54 at w/c of 0.45
FINE COARSE
MATERIAL CEMENT AGGREGATES AGGREGATES WATER
Density 438 kg/m3 717.12 kg/m3 1115 kg/m3 197 kg/m3
Proportions 1 1.63 2.54 0.45

Chapter-5
Experimental Investigation
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS REQUIRED FOR THE STUDY:
The details of number of blocks to be tested while the experimentation process is given in the
below table:
Table 5: No Blocks Required For the Experiment
Compressive strength Split tensile strength of

Flexural strength
Recycled Fine of concrete concrete
Sl.
Rubber Powder 7day 14day 28day 7day 14day 28day 14day 28day
No 7days
s s s s s s s s
1 0% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 5% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 10% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 15% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 20% 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Total 45 cubes 45 cylinders 45 cylinders

5.1 Compressive Strength
Table 5.1 Compressive strength test values at 7 days for all the mix proportions
S. No Mix ID 7 days Compressive strength in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 22.80
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 23.56
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 23.94
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 24.70
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 23.18
7 days Compressive strength in Mpa
25.00
24.50
24.00
23.50
23.00
22.50 7 days Compressive
22.00 strength in Mpa
21.50
0% RP + 5% RP + 10% RP + 15% RP + 20% RP +
0% 0.5% 0.75% 1% 1.5%
PPF+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6%
SP SP SP SP SP
Graph 5.1 Variation of Compressive strength After Curing 7 days for all mix
proportions


14 days Compressive strength

S. No Mix ID
in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 30.40
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 30.78
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 31.16
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 32.30
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 31.54
32.50
32.00
31.50
31.00
30.50 14 days Compressive strength
in Mpa
30.00
29.50
29.00
0% RP + 5% RP + 10% RP + 15% RP + 20% RP +
0% 0.5% 0.75% 1% 1.5%
PPF+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6%
SP SP SP SP SP
Graph 5.2 Variation of Compressive strength After Curing 14 days for all mix
proportions

28 days Compressive strength

S. No Mix ID
in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 37.25
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 38.15
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 39.20
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 39.45
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 38.20
39.50
39.00
38.50
38.00
37.50
37.00
36.50
36.00
0% RP + 0% 5% RP + 0.5% 10% RP + 15% RP + 1% 20% RP + 1.5%
PPF+0.6% SP FA+0.6% SP 0.75% FA+0.6% SP FA+0.6% SP
FA+0.6% SP
Graph 5.3 Variation of Compressive Strength After Curing 28 days for all mix
proportions

Table 5.4 Compressive strength test values at 7 Days, 14 Days, & 28 days for all the
mix proportions.
7 days 14 days 28 days

Compressive Compressive Compressive
S. No Mix ID
strength in strength in strength in
Mpa Mpa Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 22.80 30.40 37.25
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 23.56 30.78 38.15
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 23.94 31.16 39.20
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 24.70 32.30 39.45
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 23.18 31.54 38.20
Comparison of Compressive Strenght for 7 Days, 14

Days, 28 Days in MPA
Compressive Strength in MPA
40.00
30.00
20.00 7 days Compressive

strength in Mpa
10.00
14 days Compressive
0.00 strength in Mpa
0% RP + 5% RP + 10% RP + 15% RP + 20% RP +
0% 0.5% 0.75% 1% 1.5% 28 days Compressive
PPF+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% strength in Mpa
SP SP SP SP SP
Mix ID
Graph 5.4 Variation of Compressive strength after Curing 7,14 & 28 days for all mix
proportions

5.2 Split Tensile Strength:
Table 5.5 Split Tensile strength test values at 7 days for all the mix proportions
7 days Split Tensile

S. No Mix ID
strength in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 3.50
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 3.57
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 3.61
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 3.72
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 3.55
7 days Split Tensile strength in Mpa
3.75
3.70
3.65
3.60
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.35
0% RP + 0% 5% RP + 0.5% 10% RP + 15% RP + 1% 20% RP + 1.5%
FA+0.6% SP
Graph 5.5 Variation of Split Tensile strength after Curing 7 days for all mix
proportions


S. No Mix ID
strength in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 3.93
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 3.97
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 4.08
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 4.14
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 4.10
4.15
4.10
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
0% RP + 0% 5% RP + 0.5% 10% RP + 15% RP + 1% 20% RP +
PPF+0.6% SP FA+0.6% SP 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 1.5% FA+0.6%
FA+0.6% SP SP
proportions


S. No Mix ID
strength in Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 4.46
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 4.56
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 4.63
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 4.76
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 4.65
4.80
4.70
4.60
4.50
4.40
4.30
0% RP + 0% 5% RP + 0.5% 10% RP + 15% RP + 1% 20% RP + 1.5%
FA+0.6% SP
proportions

Table 5.8 Split Tensile strength test values at 7 Days, 14 Days, & 28 days for all the
mix proportions
7 days Split 14 days Split 28 days Split

Tensile Tensile Tensile
S. No Mix ID
strength in strength in strength in
Mpa Mpa Mpa
1 0% RP + 0% PPF+0.6% SP 3.50 3.93 4.46
2 5% RP + 0.5% FA+0.6% SP 3.57 3.97 4.56
3 10% RP + 0.75% FA+0.6% SP 3.61 4.08 4.63
4 15% RP + 1% FA+0.6% SP 3.72 4.14 4.76
5 20% RP + 1.5% FA+0.6% SP 3.55 4.10 4.65
Comparison of Compressive Strenght for 7 Days, 14

Days, 28 Days in MPA
Split Tensile Strength in MPA
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
strength in Mpa
1.00 14 days Split Tensile
strength in Mpa
0.00
0% RP + 5% RP + 10% RP + 15% RP + 20% RP + 28 days Split Tensile
0% 0.5% 0.75% 1% 1.5% strength in Mpa
PPF+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6% FA+0.6%
SP SP SP SP SP
Mix ID
Graph 5.8 Variation of Split Tensile strength after Curing 7,14 & 28 days for all mix
proportions

CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded from this study that Cement can be replaced by rubber power upto
some extent. The higher amount of crumb rubber reduces the strength of concrete which
may not be desirable, but, the rubber based concrete has good toughness and
deformability. So this kind of concrete may be used in the structures (road foundations
and bridge barriers) where toughness and deformability is more important than strength.
This kind of concrete may also use to decrease the vibrations coming on the base of
the structures because rubber based concrete have reversible elasticity property.

REFERENCES
1. Mr. Yugender Antil, *An Experimental Study »n Rubhcrized Control" bternutionui

Journal of Engineering Technology and Advanced Engineering fISNN 2251-2459),
Volume 4. page iN-JJ6.
2. Sclvakumar.R.Venkarakrishnaiah Strength Properties of Concrete Using rush
Ruhlxr width Partial Replacement of fine Aggregate, "in sermaiow Joe waive
Research in Science, Engineering id Technology ZSS¥ 2347-67101, Volne 7 age
71-1175.
3. A, Mansour Ali, and A, 5aravanan, "Experimental study an partial replacement of

tine aggregate with Crump rubber, "international on fererue Engineering Trends d
Science & lHurawities f ICLISI1-201S.
4. Nirhiya.P,Portchejian.(F R:havior of Partial Replacement of Aggregate witl Crumb

Rubber Concrete." Nsernutioncel JouTnat of Sracuras ons civil Engineering
research(1SSN 231-6009), Vulume 3. page 63-72.
5. Amecr alxdul rahıman Hilal "Effect of crumb tyre rubber on sompropertics of
foamed concrete:" Anbe Jouru of engineering sciences fASES-2088,. Vol. 4, No.2.
6. Abhijirsinh Parmar,Chahil Joshi,Adyta Parmer, Urvish Patel and Avacllh
Vaghasiya (2015). "Use Crumb Rubber a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate
in Conventional Concrete,"Asi Interregional Co effience Science, Engineering &
Tecimology (AAICSET-2015) ISBN: 9-7093-N9238.
7. Sunil. N. Shah,Pradip. D. Jadihao, S.M, Dumne, "Effect of chipped rubber up
aggregates on performance of concrete American Jourrat of Engineering Research,
Fof 3 pgr 93 J4
8. Amirkhanian, S N. (2001). Utilization of Crumb Rubber in Asphalt Concrete
Mixtures South Carolina Experience, Clemson, SC: Clemson University.
9. Rafat Siddique,T.R.(2004).Properties of Concrete Containing Scra Tire Rubber-An

Overview. Waste Management.

10. Nongnard Sunthonpafasit, M.R. (April 2003).Scrap Tires to Crumb Rubber:

Feasibility Analysis or Processing Markets. Resources Conservation and Recycling.
11. Willis, J.R. C. Plemons, P. Turner, C. Rodezno, and T.Mitchell. (2012). Effect of
Ground Tire Rubber Particle Size and Grinding Method on Asphalt Binder
Properties. NCAT Report 12-09, National Center for Asphalt Technology
12. West,R.(1998).Effect of Tire Rubber Grinding Method on Asphalt-Rubber Binder
Characteristics. Transporation Research Board.
13. Freddy L. Roberts PK.(1989).Investigation and Evaluation of Ground Tire Rubber
in Hot Mix Asphalt. Auburn, AL:National Center for Asphalt Technology.
14. Lutfi Raad, S.S.(n.d.).Field Aging Effects o Fatigu of Asphal Concret an Asphal
tRubber Concrete. Transporation Research Record.


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AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON M30 CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RECYCLED FINE RUBBER POWDER

Dept of Civil Eng...

Owing to the differences in chemical composition and physical properties of

1.1 Rubber Powder:

Dept of Civil Eng...

partial replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete is studied by untreated tire rubber

Using rubber aggregates in concrete, resulting in decreasing the compressive strength

Dept of Civil Eng...

1.2 Types of rubber:

Dept of Civil Eng...

functionalized MRP or FMRP.

MRP represents an evolution over previous post-manufactured rubber technologies. The

1.4 Physical properties:

PROPERTIES RUBBER POWDER

Elongation (%) 420

Dept of Civil Eng...

1.5 Chemical analysis:

Rubber consists of a complex mixture of elastomers, polyisoprene, polybutadiene

Material/element Mass percentage

1.6 Role of Fibers

Dept of Civil Eng...

1.7 Properties of Polypropylene Fibers

Dept of Civil Eng...

1.8 Super Plasticizer:

Generally, superplasticizer can be classified into such types:purified lignosulfonates,

Dept of Civil Eng...

Appearance: Brown liquid

Dept of Civil Eng...

Dept of Civil Eng...

Dept of Civil Eng...

S. Selvakumar and R. Venkatakrishnaiah: They did concrete mix as per IS:10262-2009

Dept of Civil Eng...

GintautasSkripkiunas, AudriusGrinys, Benjaminascernius:- The aim of investigation

PitiSukontasukkul, SomyotWiwatpattanapong,‘ThammasatInt:- This study provided

Dept of Civil Eng...

Mohammad Reza sohrabi, Mohammad karbalaie: - A lot of rubber is produced

Akinwonmi, AdemolaSamuel,Seckley, Emmanuel, Akinwonmi, Ademola Samuel,

Dept of Civil Eng...

Dept of Civil Eng...

Dept of Civil Eng...

Figure 3.1: OPC 53 grade cement

3.1.2.1. COARSE AGGREGATE

Dept of Civil Eng...

3.1.2.2. FINE AGGREGATE:

Figure 3.4: Fine aggregate

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical

Dept of Civil Eng...

3.1.4 SUPERPLASTICIZERS: (HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCERS)

Superplasticizers constitute a relatively new category and improved version of

The use of superplasticizer is practiced for production of flowing, self levelling,

The mechanism of action of superplasticizers is more or less same as explained

Dept of Civil Eng...

The use of superplasticizer in concrete is an important milestone in the

Superplasticizers can produce:

The superplasticizers also produce a homogeneous, cohesive concrete generally without

Figure 3.6: superplasticizer

Dept of Civil Eng...

3.2.0 BASIC TESTS ON MATERIALS: