Lexico-semantic

stylistic devices:
figures of
substitution
Overview
1. Figures of quality:
metaphor
(personification),
metonymy
(synecdoche),
periphrasis
(euphemism), epithet,
antonomasia, irony.
2. Figures of quantity:
hyperbole, meiosis,
litotes.
Figures of quality: metaphor (personification), metonymy
(synecdoche), periphrasis (euphemism), epithet,
antonomasia, irony
Metaphor is a figure of quality. It is the result of transference of the name of
one object to another object based upon similarity of these objects. Various
objects, phenomena, actions, etc. may possess similar features.

Allegory is antonomasia. The only difference between them

lies in their usage: the domain of allegory is not a sentence but
the whole text (a logically completed narration of facts or
events)
 Figures of quality: metaphor (personification), metonymy
(synecdoche), periphrasis (euphemism), epithet,
antonomasia, irony

Irony is realized when the speaker Personification is the presentation of inanimate

intentionally breaks the principle of sincerity objects, phenomena or ideas as if they were
of speech. Ironically used words acquire human beings and ascribing to them human
behaviour, thoughts, speech, feelings and actions.
meanings opposite to their primary language
Lie is a strange creature, and a very mean one.
meanings: ironical good means bad, enough The night was creeping towards the travelers.
means not enough, pleased means З неба ж широко-величного, ясного та
displeased чистого радісно дивилось на них сонце й
сміялось.
 According to the pragmatic effect produced upon the
addressee metaphors are subdivided into trite (or dead)
and genuine (or original)

Original metaphors are not registered in

Dead metaphors are fixed in dictionaries. They
dictionaries. They are created in speech by
often sound banal and hackneyed, like clichés:
speakers' imagination. They sound fresh and
to prick up one's ears (насторожитися);
expressive, unexpected and unpredictable:
the apple of one's eye; хмара запитань;
The wind was a torrent of darkness among the
потік емоцій/сліз
gusty trees.
Золото мистецтва з переляком
ANTONOMASIA IS THE VARIETY OF
METAPHOR. IT IS BASED UPON THE PRINCIPLE
сплавити, добути з брехні –
OF IDENTIFICA­TION OF HUMAN BEINGS WITH ненадійна алхімія.
THINGS WHICH SURROUND THEM.
According to the degree of their stylistic potential metaphors are
classified into nominational, cognitive and imaginative (or
figurative)

The most expressive kind of metaphor is

Nominational_metaphors do not When an object obtains a quality which is
imaginative metaphor. Imaginative
render any stylistic information. typical of another object, cognitive
metaphors are occasional and individual. They
They are intended to name new metaphor is formed:
are bright, image-bearing, picturesque and
objects or phenomena of the One more day has died.
poetic:
objective world. Nominational A witty idea has come to me.
Patricia's eyes were pools of still water.
metaphor is a source of lexical Лукаса переслідувало відчуття,
Time was bleeding away.
ніби за ним стежать.
homonymy. Отруйні води ненависті клекотали
Навчання посувалося поволі, але
the arm of the chair, the foot of the довкола Кетлін, здіймалися вище й
все ж посувалося.
hill, ніжка столу, вище, підступали до грудей, до шиї,
крилобудинку. хапали в свої мертві стиски, не
давали дихати, не давали жити.
 METAPHORS MAY BE ALSO CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE

A SIMPLE METAPHOR CONSISTS OF A SINGLE WORD OR WORD-

COMBINATION EXPRESSING INDISCRETE NOTION:
THE LEAVES WERE FALLING SORROWFULLY.
A GOOD BOOK IS THE BEST OF FRIENDS.
ЧАС ІДЕ.
ДЕНЬ ТЯГНЕТЬСЯ ДОВГО.

A SUSTAINED METAPHOR APPEARS IN CASES WHEN A

CANONIZED METAPHORS TEND TO WORD WHICH HAS BEEN USED METAPHORICALLY MAKES
BECOME SYMBOLS. A SYMBOL IS AN OBJECT OTHER WORDS OF THE SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH ALSO
WHICH STANDS FOR SOMETHING ELSE. IT IS A REALIZE THEIR METAPHORIC MEANINGS:
REFERENCE IN SPEECH OR IN WRITING WHICH IS THE AVERAGE NEW YORKER IS CAUGHT IN A MACHINE.
MADE TO STAND FOR IDEAS, FEELINGS, EVENTS, HE WHIRLS ALONG, HE IS DIZZY, HE IS HELPLESS. IF HE
OR CONDITIONS. RESISTS, THE MACHINE WILL MANGLE HIM…
 EPITHET IS A STYLISTIC DEVICE EMPHASIZING SOME QUALITY
OF A PERSON, THING, IDEA, OR PHENOMENON. EPITHETS ARE
SUCH ATTRIBUTES WHICH DESCRIBE OBJECTS EXPRESSIVELY.

LOGICAL ATTRIBUTES ARE OBJECTIVE AND NON-EVALUATING:

A ROUND TABLE, GREEN MEADOWS, КИСЛЕ ЯБЛУКО, СВІЖИЙ ХЛІБ

EPITHETS PROPER ARE SUBJECTIVE AND EVALUATING, MOSTLY

METAPHORICAL. THESE QUALITIES MAKE EPITHETS EXPRESSIVE:
LOUD OCEAN, WILD WIND, GLORIOUS SIGHT, IRRESISTIBLE CHARM, CRAZY BEHAVI
OUR
Simple epithets are ordinary adjectives:
magnificent sight, tremendous pressure, гробова тиша

Phrasal epithets are expressed by word-combinations of

quotation type:
do-it-yourself command, темно-сірі з грозою і
цвітом очі

Unassociated epithets ascribe such qualities to objects which are not

inherent in them
voiceless sands, helpless loneliness, кислі очі, свіжий ворог,
Clausal epithets are expressed by sentences:
I-don't-want-to-do-it feeling, чутка "одна баба сказала"

Compound epithets are expressed by compound

adjectives:
mischief-making pupil, curly-headed boy, блакитнаво-
срібний сон, щиросердне зізнання

Associated epithets point out typical features of the objects which they
describe.
if sky, then - blue;гіркі сльози, сива давнина
 Figures of quantity: hyperbole, meiosis, litotes

Meiosis is a deliberate diminution of a Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration of a

Litotes is a specific variant of meiosis. Litotes
certain quality of an object or certain quality of an object or phenomenon.
has a peculiar syntactic structure.
phenomenon
Language hyperbole is the following:
The venture was not impossible.
Gary and Jane's house is one minute from Mary was scared to death. John's behaviour was not disrespectful.
here. I beg a thousand pardons. Бачу, що ви обурені, і не без
The guy is so disgusting! He is a real microbe. Таким поглядом можнавбити. причини.
Можнаще крапельку супу?
Speech hyperbole may be the final effect
of other stylistic devices: metaphor,
similie, irony.

I saw their chief tall as a rock of ice.

Pete knows everybody in the town.
сома мені самому доводилося
бачити такого завбільшки, як
комбайн! Тільки трохи довшого.
Thank's For
Watching