Expression of Ideas - 230929 - 153027

ID: afec1a70
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural
properties.
Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased,
making the structures stiffer.
The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural
properties.
B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points
where sticks touched one another.
C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer when
pressure was applied.
D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.
ID: 660d50dc
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the
early 1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race
ancestry. For example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______ he incorporated the sounds of traditional African
music into his classical music compositions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In addition,
B. Actually,
C. However,
D. Regardless,
ID: 4d2736f0
In her poetry collection Thomas and Beulah, Rita Dove interweaves the titular characters’ personal stories with broader
historical narratives. She places Thomas’s journey from the American South to the Midwest in the early 1900s within the
larger context of the Great Migration. ______ Dove sets events from Beulah’s personal life against the backdrop of the US
Civil Rights Movement.
A. Specifically,
B. Thus,
C. Regardless,
D. Similarly,
ID: 39ccb463
The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.
The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” discusses female authors whose autobiographies
appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
B. A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title, was first published in 1857.
C. Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” features contributors to the Atlantic Monthly, first published in 1857 as a
magazine focusing on politics, art, and literature.
D. An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison, whose autobiography appeared in the Atlantic Monthly
in the early 1900s.
ID: b46e0c8a
Organisms release cellular material into their environment by shedding substances such as hair or skin.
The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or eDNA.
Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of species that are difficult to observe.
Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades to
detect invasive constrictor snake species in the area.
The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.
The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar with environmental DNA. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples from the Florida Everglades for evidence of
invasive constrictor snakes, which are difficult to observe.
B. An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species that are difficult to observe, such as constrictor
snakes.
C. Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in water samples; eDNA is the DNA in released
cellular materials, such as shed skin cells.
D. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA)—that is, DNA from cellular materials released
by organisms—in water samples from the Florida Everglades.
ID: 48d0bb34
Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer.
He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.
The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof. Which choice most
A. With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece
of furniture created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.
B. Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a chair that you can see if you visit the
Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
C. Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s
“genius grants.”
D. The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its armrests and seat are sleek and
contoured.
ID: aa7e10d0
Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found in both tropical and temperate environments.
Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in temperate forests, such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how many different Orchidaceae species are present
in the forests of Oaxaca.
Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a year at a site in Oaxaca.
Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A study led by Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández identified a total of 74 Orchidaceae species in the temperate
forests of Oaxaca, Mexico.
B. There are orchids in many environments, but there are 74 Orchidaceae species in Oaxaca, Mexico.
C. Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74 Orchidaceae species.
D. Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández and her team wanted to know how many different Orchidaceae species are
present in the forests of Oaxaca, Mexico, so they conducted a study to collect orchids.
ID: 264e7415
The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.
It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.
It was sixty-two miles long.
The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most
A. The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and
Lancaster.
B. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the United States.
C. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.
D. A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was completed in 1794.
ID: e3edc138
In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______ there are those
who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution, and those who insist that
vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither.
A. Furthermore,
B. By contrast,
C. Similarly,
D. That is,
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Most of the planets that have been discovered outside our solar system orbit G-type stars, like our Sun. In 2014, ______
researchers identified a planet orbiting KELT-9, a B-type star more than twice as massive and nearly twice as hot as the
Sun. Called KELT-9b, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered.
A. likewise,
B. however,
C. therefore,
D. for example,
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In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising England’s republican
government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence from Spain might achieve
something similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen; ______ though, Bolívar’s goal was to
persuade political leaders from England and Europe to support his cause.
A. additionally,
B. ultimately,
C. accordingly,
D. consequently,
ID: af89fa02
The Babylonian king Hammurabi achieved much during his forty-year reign. He conquered all of Mesopotamia and built
Babylon into one of the most powerful cities of the ancient world. Today, ______ he is mainly remembered for a code of
laws inscribed on a seven-foot-tall block of stone: the Code of Hammurabi.
A. therefore,
B. likewise,
C. however,
D. for instance,
ID: 16631d34
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.
The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.
B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.
C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags
describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.
D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
ID: e2693197
Oracles of the Pink Universe was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver Museum of Art in Colorado.
It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
One of these works is a painting titled Assertion of Will.
Assertion of Will depicts three standing figures.
The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.
The student wants to describe how fabric is used in Assertion of Will. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. In Assertion of Will, the figures’ clothing is made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting’s canvas.
B. The exhibition Oracles of the Pink Universe featured artworks by artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
C. Depicting three standing, clothed figures, Assertion of Will is a painting by Simphiwe Ndzube.
D. Simphiwe Ndzube’s Assertion of Will was one of eight artworks exhibited in Oracles of the Pink Universe at the Denver
Museum of Art.
ID: 601b9d18
Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court’s oral arguments, concerned that the
participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). ______ the
justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted
and mischaracterized.
A. However,
B. Additionally,
C. In comparison,
D. For example,
ID: ec3d7605
Award-winning travel writer Linda Watanabe McFerrin considers the background research she conducts on destinations
featured in her travel books to be its own reward. ______ McFerrin admits to finding the research phase of her work just as
fascinating and engaging as exploring a location in person.
A. By contrast,
B. Likewise,
C. Besides,
D. In fact,
ID: a819d8b6
In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal observed that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end
points, a finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ______ scientists had assumed that the brain was a
continuous web of fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells.
A. However,
B. Previously,
C. As a result,
D. Likewise,
ID: 84e108cf
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid
gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the
mixture).
The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues.
A. Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive
metal, with liquid gallium.
B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.
C. Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts
typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
D. While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other
platinum catalysts.
ID: 326017ce
For years, biologists have experimented with using grime-eating bacteria rather than harsh chemicals to clean artworks,
and results have been impressive overall. ______ these bacterial strains—which can metabolize centuries’ worth of oil,
glue, dirt, and other surface impurities without creating harmful byproducts—have proven more effective than traditional
chemical cleaning methods.
A. However,
B. In many cases,
C. As a result,
D. Additionally,
ID: c78620ba
In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black
woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ______ in 1983,
the bill passed.
A. Instead,
B. Likewise,
C. Finally,
D. Additionally,
ID: 20733eac
It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago.
______ based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans
may have arrived more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.
A. As a result,
B. Similarly,
C. However,
D. In conclusion,
ID: ca4ff52d
Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing.
Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric with an extremely fine weave, while sheeting muslin is machine made with a
coarse weave.
B. Dhaka muslin and sheeting muslin are two different types of woven cotton fabrics.
C. Muslins can be used in a variety of ways, from making luxury clothing to upholstering furniture and creating
backdrops for theater sets.
D. Sheeting muslin is machine made, has a coarse weave, and is used for furniture and theater sets.
ID: 6c9df5d1
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured
slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking
plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an
autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.
B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.
C. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in
part from a book by Sinclair.
D. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to
new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
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Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon’s coast are from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697.
Stories passed down among the area’s Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians support this belief. ______ Siletz stories
describe how blocks of beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost.
A. For this reason,
B. For example,
C. However,
D. Likewise,
ID: 221ecf0f
Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his
poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism,
______ he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.
A. that is,
B. granted,
C. similarly,
D. by contrast,
ID: 296801d2
The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal.
Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate
the Azores.
A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that Vikings from Scandinavia may
have populated the Azores as early as the ninth century.
The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia.
House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.
The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study. Which choice most
A. Historians have long believed that the first humans to populate the Azores, a group of islands about 870 miles off the
coast of Portugal, arrived in the fifteenth century.
B. Portuguese mariners may not have been the first humans to populate the Azores.
C. In their 2015 study, the researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and those in
Scandinavia.
D. According to a 2015 study, the first humans to populate the Azores may have been Vikings from Scandinavia, not
mariners from Portugal as previously believed.
ID: 92fe0ed7
Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano to be Earth’s largest shield volcano by volume,
measuring approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. ______ according to a 2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia,
Hawaii’s Pūhāhonu shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic kilometers.
A. Secondly,
B. Consequently,
C. Moreover,
D. However,
ID: 97e2e364
Okot p’Bitek’s poem Song of Lawino (1966) explores postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a
rural village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology,
the poem inspired a generation of East African writers. ______ those who adopted its style are often referred to as Okot
School poets.
A. Nevertheless,
B. Fittingly,
C. By comparison,
D. Instead,
ID: 01c8c433
Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter
rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. ______ collecting this fee could be
slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.
A. Regardless,
B. On the contrary,
C. Consequently,
D. For example,
ID: 883493d5
Allan Houser was a Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and painter.
Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.
He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a distinctive style that influenced
many other artists.
His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the State of Oklahoma license plate.
The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. A sculptor, illustrator, and painter, Houser developed a distinctive style for portraying Native American figures.
B. Houser’s sculptures employ abstract, modernist forms to depict Native American figures.
C. Many other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s sculptures.
D. The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of Houser’s style.

ID: db8fe023
A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its
intended use. ______ earthenware clay is often used for decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not
often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable than other clays.
A. In other words,
B. Regardless,
C. In conclusion,
D. For example,
ID: 04ad68ca
In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large arches that help support a building’s exterior walls. Before the Gothic
era, cathedrals’ heavy ceilings had to be supported by thick, short walls, but the invention of flying buttresses eliminated
this need. ______ Gothic cathedrals could be built with thinner, higher walls.
A. Similarly,
B. For instance,
C. Nevertheless,
D. As a result,
ID: fc2bcc79
Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the Phoenicians (an ancient civilization located in present-day Lebanon).
The Phoenicians were famous for using this natural dye to color their clothes a distinctive purple. ______ the name
“Phoenicia” itself, some historians claim, may have originally meant “land of purple.”
A. In fact,
B. Regardless,
C. Lastly,
D. On the contrary,
ID: 57bcd0d6
Etched into Peru’s Nazca Desert are line drawings so large that they can only be fully seen from high above.
Archaeologists have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted some from a nearby foothill, and they
have been studying the markings ever since. ______ archaeologists’ efforts are aided by drones that capture high-
resolution aerial photographs of the lines.
A. Currently,
B. In comparison,
C. Still,
D. However,
ID: 11df9b99
Because an achiral molecule is symmetrical, flipping it yields a structurally identical molecule. A flipped chiral molecule,
______ can be compared to a glove that has been turned inside out: it produces a structurally inverted molecule rather
than an identical one.
A. in other words,
B. by contrast,
C. for example,
D. similarly,
ID: 2bf05ae9
In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and fled to Union-army-occupied St. Simons Island
off the Georgia coast.
She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.
In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the regiment.
Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black woman.
It is still available to readers in print and online.
The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor’s accomplishment. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Taylor fled to St. Simons Island, which was then occupied by the Union army, for whom she began working.
B. After escaping slavery, Taylor began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and teacher.
C. The book Taylor wrote about the time she spent with the regiment is still available to readers in print and online.
D. Taylor was the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir.
ID: 827afb27
Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or
needles year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, ______ lose their needles every fall.
A. for instance,
B. nevertheless,
C. meanwhile,
D. in addition,
ID: 8fe4f4ab
One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere
and translated them into Arabic.
Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.
The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece,
India, and China.
B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.
C. Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House
of Wisdom.
D. The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied
and shared.
ID: bb275f0d
Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.
This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’ immune systems.
On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas, which are often dominated by
monoculture crops.
B. In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40
percent will.
C. The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and a varied diet is more available to
bees in an urban area than to those in a rural area.
D. Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the varied diet available in urban areas
strengthens the bees’ immune systems.
ID: 30438650
Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This
Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items left by the previous owners of their new home. ______ in
“A Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their relationship during a four-night blackout.
A. Granted,
B. For example,
C. Likewise,
D. Hence,
ID: a773f069
Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae temporarily bond
with the atoms of whatever they touch. ______ spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surface.
A. For instance,
B. However,
C. Similarly,
D. As a result,
ID: 6249b173
In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in
India’s Bandipur National Park.
They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who were eating or carrying food.
They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade the
humans to share their food.
In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured at humans holding food.
In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-handed humans less frequently.
The student wants to present the study’s results. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. Macaques in the study called out to and gestured more frequently at humans holding food than at empty-handed
humans.
B. In 2018, researchers who had observed macaques in India’s Bandipur National Park calling out to and gesturing at
humans designed a study.
C. The researchers hoped to find out if the macaques were intentionally communicating to try to persuade humans to
share their food.
D. The researchers studied how macaques behaved around both humans holding food and empty-handed humans.
ID: 1b219d14
As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff began interviewing fellow Arab American immigrants about their
experiences straddling two cultures. Over the next few decades, Naff conducted more than 450 such interviews, also
known as oral histories. ______ she collected photographs and other artifacts that represented her subjects’ experiences.
A. In other words,
B. On the contrary,
C. In addition,
D. Today,
ID: a3204ab0
Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at roughly 100.
This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.
Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that a specific environment’s resources can sustain
over time.
The student wants to specify the number of gray wolves in Yellowstone. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone, a national park in the northwest United States, in 1995.
B. As of 1995, there were gray wolves living in Yellowstone, a national park in the northwest United States.
C. The carrying capacity of an environment, such as Yellowstone, describes the maximum number of species that the
environment can sustain over time.
D. Yellowstone is a national park that has roughly 100 gray wolves living in it.
ID: fd24f48f
Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state
sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs.
______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes
for Women Tea.
A. For example,
B. To conclude,
C. Similarly,
D. In other words,
ID: 1a8126aa
In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old
recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found
that it had a mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______ the researchers, knowing that dishes were sometimes named
after their intended effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its function: to help ancient diners
relax.
A. Therefore,
B. Alternately,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Likewise,
ID: 63a4fa29
In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming
village.
The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of grain.
The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated.
The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted on cat bone fragments found in
Quanhucun, China.
B. A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that cats there may have been
domesticated 5,300 years ago.
C. In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had eaten more than 5,000 years ago.
D. Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun, China, in 2013.
ID: 0d3ebdce
Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during
REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a
single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). ______ she attached electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to
record their eye movements during sleep.
A. Specifically,
B. Next,
C. For instance,
D. In sum,
ID: 00460c13
Novelist Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Some of Cather’s best-known novels are set in Nebraska.
Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).
Cather’s novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled in the Great Plains.
The student wants to identify the setting of Cather’s novel My Ántonia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. My Ántonia is set in Nebraska, where Cather grew up.
B. Cather, author of My Ántonia, described the experiences of immigrants in her novels.
C. Among Cather’s best-known novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).
D. Cather attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and set some of her novels in Nebraska.
ID: dd11e5ab
Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era (1897–
1920).
Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil Company.
She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry workers, and public officials.
She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications, including letters and financial
records.
Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the company’s unfair business practices.
The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell’s investigation of the Standard Oil Company. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Ida Tarbell not only interviewed Standard Oil executives, oil industry workers, and public officials but also examined
thousands of pages of the company’s internal communications.
B. Ida Tarbell, who investigated the Standard Oil Company, was a muckraker (a journalist who sought to expose
corruption in US institutions during the Progressive Era, 1897–1920).
C. As part of her investigation of the Standard Oil Company, muckraker Ida Tarbell conducted interviews.
D. Published in 1904, muckraker Ida Tarbell’s book The History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s
unfair business practices.
ID: 74149724
John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under
King James.
Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact
was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern
parts of Virginia.”
C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to
Plymouth Colony.
D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
ID: f1d8550e
Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.
The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship and have been displayed in over 75
exhibitions.
His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan Bennett’s exhibitions were held. Which choice most
A. Jordan Bennett’s 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was followed a year later by his exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik.
B. Jordan Bennett’s paintings, some of which appeared in 2017 and 2018 exhibitions, pay homage to traditional
Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship.
C. Mi’Kmaq visual artist Jordan Bennett has displayed his work in over 75 exhibitions, including Wije’wi and
Ketu’elmita’jik.
D. Jordan Bennett’s 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia; another was held at the
Grenfell Art Gallery.
ID: 47547d07
In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their
own. First, the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. ______ she will lay up to 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all
with sand, before returning to the ocean.
A. By contrast,
B. Similarly,
C. Next,
D. For example,
ID: 8e9677e6
In 2009, the Craft and Folk Art Museum in Los Angeles hosted a special exhibition, Sueños/Yume, showcasing the works
of local sculptor Dora de Larios. As suggested by the show’s title (sueños and yume mean “dreams” in Spanish and
Japanese, respectively), de Larios’s art reflects a mix of cultural influences. ______ her work is grounded in the artistic
traditions of both Mexico and Japan.
A. In addition,
B. In contrast,
C. Specifically,
D. Therefore,
ID: 8432a140
Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.
Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to 25% of all marine species.
Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish, seahorses, and clown triggerfish.
The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.
It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.
The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral reefs in the world.
B. Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital underwater ecosystems that provide homes to 25%
of all marine species.
C. Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000 species of fish, coral reefs are vital underwater
ecosystems and thus of great interest to marine biologists.
D. As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems, providing homes to thousands of
species of fish.
ID: 6e0c60da
When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo’s evocative photo series, one’s mind might wander off to the
cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it’s the series’ title, Flying Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth, reminding
the viewer that each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar household object: a frying pan.
A. Consequently,
B. Alternatively,
C. Ultimately,
D. Additionally,
ID: 64e88c58
In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”
Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which choice most
A. Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation
XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”
B. In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for participants to
make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
C. “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s
Sonic Meditations.
D. While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V
instructs participants to “walk.”
ID: 2c61e0b9
British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs.
Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both.
The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed.
Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles
songs.
They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the
verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting style.”
The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which
A. Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote the verse of “In My Life.”
B. There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life”; John Lennon is the more likely
author.
C. It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My Life.”
D. Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music.
ID: 14037904
The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Ojibwe author
David Treuer.
In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant
handling of [a] complex narrative.”
A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research and storytelling.”
A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer’s book. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Treuer’s book, which was widely reviewed, focuses on Native American history from 1890 to the present.
B. Dubbed “a monumental achievement” by the Missoulian, Treuer’s book documents over a century of Native American
history.
C. Critics praised Treuer’s book for its compelling narrative, with O, The Oprah Magazine calling it “a marvel of research
and storytelling” and The Economist likewise writing that “Treuer’s storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an
“elegant handling of [a] complex narrative.”
D. While the Missoulian focused on the book’s broader achievement, The Economist zeroed in on Treuer’s storytelling
skills.
ID: 6081831f
When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award
history. ______ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars,
making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.
A. As a result,
B. Previously,
C. However,
D. Likewise,
ID: 129089b5
In 1933, the Twentieth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified. The amendment mandates that presidential
inaugurations be held on January 20, approximately ten weeks after the November election. ______ this amendment
requires newly elected US senators and representatives to be sworn into their respective offices on January 3.
A. Instead,
B. For instance,
C. Specifically,
D. In addition,
ID: f4b63a04
In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a
discovery.
The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis.
The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago.
The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it.
The student wants to explain the origin of the species’ name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Mansourasaurus, a new species discovered in Egypt in 2013, lived approximately 80 million years ago.
B. A partial dinosaur skeleton found in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis belonged to a species named Mansourasaurus.
C. Mansourasaurus, a species that lived approximately 80 million years ago, was discovered in 2013 by Egyptian
paleontologist Hesham Sallam and a team of university students.
D. The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it, a professor and students from
Mansoura University.
ID: af88c47a
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses
A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High
School.
B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects,
and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.
C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a
Producers Guild Award.
D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.
ID: d6dec50e
In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on auks’ success in
landing at cliffside nesting sites.
They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a successful landing.
When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful.
In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful.
The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. For a 2019 study, researchers from the UK and Germany collected data on auks’ attempts to land at cliffside nesting
sites in different wind conditions.
B. Emily Shepard and her colleagues wanted to know the extent to which wind affected auks’ success in landing at
cliffside nesting sites, so they conducted a study.
C. Knowing that auks often need multiple attempts to land at their cliffside nesting sites, Emily Shepard studied the
birds’ success rate, which was only around 20% in some conditions.
D. Emily Shepard’s 2019 study of auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting sites showed that as wind conditions
intensified, the birds’ success rate decreased.
ID: 94cb8720
In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about
woman suffrage activists.
Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house.
Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the
suffrage movement.
One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.
The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format. Which choice most effectively uses
A. “Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several rooms, each containing suffrage
artifacts.
B. To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on an artifact.
C. The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience.
D. Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech created “Women and the Vote,” a play
about woman suffrage activists.
ID: 9551ef8b
The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and
other small sea animals.
It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for prey.
One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water.
Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force.
This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice
A. A magnificent frigatebird never dives into the water, instead using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the
surface.
B. Neither of a magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food requires the bird to dive into the water.
C. Of the magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food, only one is known as kleptoparasitism.
D. In addition to snatching prey from the water with its hook-tipped bill, a magnificent frigatebird takes food from other
birds by force.
ID: 9502ec65
When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. ______
contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals
absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health
of the plants.
A. Alternatively,
B. Specifically,
C. For example,
D. As a result,
ID: 2df7b582
Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of unseen ideal forms. In his view, such abstract, nonmaterial
forms are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing that knowledge is best obtained through direct
engagement with the material world; ______ sensory experience of the material is the ultimate source of knowledge.
A. regardless,
B. admittedly,
C. in other words,
D. meanwhile,
ID: c7e85c0a
The envelope-shaped paper bags common in the US 150 years ago were impractical for carrying goods. ______ because
they were the only paper bags that could be mass-produced, these bags dominated the market. That all changed in the
1870s, when industrial designer Margaret Knight patented a machine to make flat-bottomed, foldable paper bags.
A. However,
B. For instance,
C. Thus,
D. In other words,
ID: 1792fa73
The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter conditions.
Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid −30 degrees Fahrenheit.
Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters.
During the tundra’s short growing season, average temperatures can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra.
The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Winters in the tundra are especially harsh, with temperatures averaging a frigid −30 degrees Fahrenheit.
B. Animals that have adapted to harsh winter conditions can survive tundra winters.
C. There are around 1,700 different kinds of plants that can live in the tundra, where average temperatures can reach a
mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
D. Along with animals that have adapted to the tundra’s conditions, around 1,700 different kinds of plants can live in the
tundra.
ID: f33f0892
Although novels and poems are considered distinct literary forms, many authors have created hybrid works that
incorporate elements of both. Bernardine Evaristo’s The Emperor’s Babe, ______ is a verse novel, a book-length narrative
complete with characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than prose.
A. by contrast,
B. consequently,
C. secondly,
D. for example,
ID: 7d56630a
In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers Michael Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath attempted to answer
three questions. ______ is there a period each day when the pulse rates of jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond
more slowly to stimuli during that period? Finally, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish adversely affected?
A. As a result,
B. First,
C. Additionally,
D. However,
ID: 58281fc4
Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.
The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most
A. Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass,
featured light as its primary medium of expression.
B. Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.
C. The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.
D. In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed
through a fence Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.
ID: a6155e60
Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. ______
upon analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De
Sanctis of Rome’s National Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the
compound sodium carbonate.
A. Regardless,
B. Meanwhile,
C. Thus,
D. In comparison,
ID: 17ec916d
Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories.
She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.
A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United States.
Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India.
The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee.
A. Bharati Mukherjee’s settings include both twentieth-century United States and seventeenth-century India.
B. In addition to her novel The Holder of the World, which was published in 1993, Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee
wrote other novels and short stories.
C. Bharati Mukherjee’s novel The Holder of the World centers around two women, one living in twentieth-century United
States and the other in seventeenth-century India.
D. The Holder of the World was not the only novel written by Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee.
ID: 24014c3f
Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.
The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a better
understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.
B. Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.
C. In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
D. Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized
that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.
ID: 3067723b
The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
It is roughly 33 miles long.
The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
It is about 31 miles long.
The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France,
are longer than 30 miles.
B. The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.
C. The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.
D. Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are examples
of rail tunnels.
ID: e2d97f10
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara
Desert.
She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs.
She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few growth lines relative to the
bones of fully grown pterosaurs.
She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
A. In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaur jawbones and was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juveniles or
adults.
B. Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert were the focus of a 2021 study.
C. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advanced microscope techniques to analyze the jawbones of pterosaurs, flying
reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
D. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determined that pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert had few growth
lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs and thus belonged to juveniles.
ID: e1b00a70
The more diverse and wide ranging an animal’s behaviors, the larger and more energy demanding the animal’s brain
tends to be. ______ from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer
resources to growing and maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within colonies provide an
opportunity to explore this hypothesis.
A. Subsequently,
B. Besides,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Thus,
ID: bce57278
Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.
A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles.
One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing
all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry.”
The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most
A. In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the highest mental freedom.”
B. Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841, were based on a specific set of principles intended to
create a perfect society.
C. Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm was part of a trend in the 1800s, when reformers
in the United States built utopias.
D. Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created to “guarantee the highest mental freedom, by
providing all with labor... [and] the fruits of their industry,” according to founder George Ripley.
ID: 2b89bfe5
In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby
stars.
His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun.
The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star.
327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900°F (cooler
than the Sun).
11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300°F
(hotter than the Sun).
The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. At around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star, the Sun is hotter than most but not all of the stars within 10 parsecs
of it.
B. Astronomer Todd Henry determined that the Sun, at around 9,800°F, is a G star, and several other stars within a 10-
parsec range are A or F stars.
C. Of the 357 stars within ten parsecs of the Sun, 327 are classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under
8,900°F.
D. While most of the stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun are classified as K, M, A, or F stars, the Sun is classified as a G star
due to its surface temperature of 9,800°F.
ID: 54c1b2dd
In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware.
His huge painting (149 × 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the
Revolutionary War.
In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôsiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People.
Monkman’s huge painting (132 × 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze’s.
It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a German American artist, completed his in 1851.
B. Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people and actions the two paintings portray are very
different.
C. Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 × 255 inches and 132 × 264 inches, respectively.
D. Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while Monkman’s depicts Indigenous people and refugees.
ID: 5fa51c86
Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
The city’s population is 907,802.
Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
The city’s population is 7,781,631.
Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.
The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most effectively uses
information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?
A. Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631
people.
B. Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of
Mongolia’s.
C. Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for
more of its country’s population.
D. The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi),
respectively.
ID: 08be6347
In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how natural
landscapes influence human cultures. ______ Sauer argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural
surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development by virtue of their interactions with the environment.
A. Similarly,
B. Finally,
C. Therefore,
D. Specifically,
ID: 5d3177aa
In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants.
The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that
country lived in the US in 1890.
This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.
The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US
immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler
Act was proposed.
B. Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on how many people from each country lived in the
US in 1890.
C. The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.
D. The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system, which favored immigrants from northern
Europe.
ID: 7c9d0e38
Roughly 96% of Australia’s estimated 200,000 animal species are invertebrates.
Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants, are estimated to total
14,800 species in Australia.
Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and weevils, are estimated to total 28,200 species
in Australia.
Some of these invertebrates’ populations are threatened by invasive bird and fish species.
The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia’s invertebrate animals are classified. Which choice
A. In Australia, 28,200 species are estimated to be beetles and weevils, both classified as invertebrates of the order
Coleoptera.
B. Among Australia’s many invertebrates, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, while
beetles and weevils belong to the order Coleoptera.
C. Many sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants of the order Hymenoptera are threatened by some of Australia’s invasive bird
and fish species.
D. The order Hymenoptera is estimated to make up 14,800 of Australia’s 200,000 animal species.
ID: ff3865b3
A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).
The wok’s round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
The wok’s high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.
The student wants to describe the wok’s shape. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. Grace Young’s 2004 book, The Breath of a Wok, traces the history of the cooking pan.
B. Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the wok is the subject of Grace Young’s 2004 book.
C. A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled sides.
D. The design of a wok, a type of cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food
evenly and contain oil splatters.
ID: f1631638
Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the
early 2000s.
B. Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo
Anaya.
C. While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a
drawing.
D. Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a Mexican American writer.
ID: fdd9a360
The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another
via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated
dozens of CMN studies.
They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent
claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”
The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice
A. Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources with one another
in 1997.
B. In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks “have
captured the interest of broad audiences.”
C. After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims about common
mycorrhizal networks are “disconnected from evidence.”
D. Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory
remains popular.
ID: 1b94a80a
Wool is a natural—and economically important—fiber that is obtained from animals like sheep.
Australia is a leading producer of wool.
The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds.
Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets.
The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. Which choice most
A. Romney wool is just one of the many kinds of wools, each originating from a different breed of sheep.
B. Sheep wool varies from breed to breed, so Romney wool will be different than other kinds of wool.
C. The fine wool produced by Merino and Rambouillet sheep is used for apparel, whereas the thicker wool of Romney
sheep is used in rugs and blankets.
D. Wool is an economically important fiber—especially in Australia—that can be used to make apparel or even rugs and
blankets.
ID: 88308a39
Shaun Tan is an Australian author.
In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories.
The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban neighborhoods.
In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short stories.
The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban settings.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia, which describes surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places,
contains fewer short stories than Tales from the Inner City does.
B. Tales from Outer Suburbia was published in 2008, and Tales from the Inner City was published in 2018.
C. Unlike Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia is set in suburban neighborhoods.
D. Shaun Tan’s books Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City both describe surreal events occurring in
otherwise ordinary places.
ID: 0fab0c90
The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the
18th century.
Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.
The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most
A. At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the
Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.
B. Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have
lived in the United States since the 18th century.
C. Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their
museums.
D. Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United
States in the 18th century.
ID: 00e0170f
Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus
allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the
country, their dream remains unrealized. ______ of the handful of maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.
A. In fact,
B. To that end,
C. Nevertheless,
D. That said,
ID: 56cad44a
Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations.
Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see.
Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see.
Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on one side than the other.
These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras. Which choice most
A. Surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras may belong to the same species, but they are quite different.
B. Cave-dwelling tetras can no longer see but use sensory receptors on their skulls to navigate.
C. Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations: surface-dwelling tetras and cave-dwelling tetras.
D. Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras cannot.

ID: c071eca2
Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn’t reject traditional forms
entirely; her poem “Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of
syllables. Even in this superficially traditional work, ______ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an
anonymous woman rather than a famous man.
A. therefore,
B. in fact,
C. moreover,
D. though,
ID: 176edca6
A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents—in
language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned.
______ the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor
studied: sign frequency.
A. In fact,
B. In other words,
C. Granted,
D. As a result,
ID: 10cd0327
A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it.
In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants.
Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their
absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.
The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice
A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.
B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which
may reside in the planets’ upper atmospheres.
D. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the
layer beneath it, researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion.
ID: 388b45aa
Establishing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is no easy task. Each month, readings of a single second from atomic
clocks around the world are taken and sent to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in France. ______
BIPM metrologists perform the meticulous work of assembling these minutely disparate readings into a globally shared
time standard.
A. There,
B. In particular,
C. For example,
D. Conversely,
ID: 4b376902
NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars.
NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles.
Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s surface.
Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the
surface of Mars.
Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.
The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the surface of Mars.
B. Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore areas of Mars that are inaccessible to NASA’s
heavy, wheeled rovers.
C. NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been proposed as an alternative.
D. Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be used to explore the surface of Mars.
ID: dede8260
When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate patient confidentiality.
Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student policies that mention social media
use.
Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly available student policies.
Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social media, and only five defined what
constitutes acceptable social media use.
The student wants to emphasize the study’s methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
A. The student policies of 132 medical schools can be found online, according to research by Terry Kind.
B. To find out how many medical schools have guidelines about student social media use, Terry Kind and her team
examined the student policies of 132 medical schools.
C. Out of 132 medical schools, only thirteen had student policies that mentioned social media, and only five specified
what use was acceptable.
D. Terry Kind and her team wanted to know how many medical schools have student social media policies in place about
protecting patient confidentiality.
ID: 81315093
A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long.
An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2 miles.
The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New Zealand.
The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany.
The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Examples of ultramarathons include the 37.3-mile Kepler Challenge in New Zealand and the 261-mile Spreelauf in
Germany.
B. A marathon is 26.2 miles long, but the Spreelauf ultramarathon, at 261 miles, is far longer.
C. Ultramarathons range widely in length, from a few dozen miles to a few hundred.
D. While the Kepler Challenge is a one-day ultramarathon, the Spreelauf is a six-day ultramarathon.
ID: 1773fa73
A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world
market.
Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake
mushrooms.
At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in
Japan first became clear.”
The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses
A. The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of
matsutake in Japan first became clear.”
B. Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities, such as the matsutake mushroom, on
the world market.
C. Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now links matsutake pickers in Oregon
with wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.
D. Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of the matsutake commodity chain.
ID: 6b5bc97d
The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651).
The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles.
This area included present-day Iran and Iraq.
The empire’s capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon.
Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
A. The Sasanian Empire began in AD 224 and ended in AD 651.
B. The capital of the Sasanian Empire, which spanned 1.4 million square miles, was Ctesiphon.
C. The Sasanians controlled an area of 1.4 million square miles, including present-day Iran and Iraq.
D. Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
ID: 5b8b69a2
Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the
Americas.
Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of
marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial
resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.
B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon
Erlandson and colleagues.
C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and
subsisting on a variety of resources.
D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were submerged.
ID: 49fe306b
From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky.
This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant.
The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.
Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant.
Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.
The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus, the location of the meteor shower’s radiant.
B. A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.
C. The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August.
D. From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a radiant, such as the one within Perseus.
ID: 5888712f
Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions.
He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use.
Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02.
He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74.
The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.
The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice
A. The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat was determined by an analysis of each
material’s emissivity.
B. The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits, as evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.
C. Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had different rates of emissivity, Abebe planned to use
both in a garment.
D. Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02, the silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of
heat, resulting in an emissivity of 0.74.
ID: 0acc26b2
Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions.
81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.
81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.
The comet’s orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions; the comets’ orbits may change
over time.
B. Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of comets orbit the Sun.
C. One example of a comet is 81P/Wild, whose orbit around the Sun once lay between Uranus’s and Jupiter’s orbits but
is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.
D. A comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time: the orbit of comet 81P/Wild once lay between the orbits of
Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.
ID: 1c6e1d55
Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera companies have been European men, but a new, more
diverse generation of artists is stepping up to the podium. Mexico’s Alondra de la Parra took over as conductor for the
Queensland Symphony Orchestra in 2017, ______ and Colombia’s Lina Gonzalez-Granados did the same for the Los
Angeles Opera in 2022.
A. in addition,
B. lastly,
C. granted,
D. for instance,
ID: 8622320e
Earth’s auroras—colorful displays of light seen above the northern and southern poles—result, broadly speaking, from
the Sun’s activity. ______ the Sun releases charged particles that are captured by Earth’s magnetic field and channeled
toward the poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing the atoms to emit auroral light.
A. Specifically,
B. Similarly,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Hence,
ID: 04397a63
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US.
The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace.
Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace
influenced the US Constitution.
This theory is called the influence theory.
Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee
Confederacy.
The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
A. Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was very influential.
B. The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the
Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
C. The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native
nations in the northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.
D. Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, influenced the founding of the US in
many different ways.
ID: 164a32e7
Claude McKay (1889–1948) was a Jamaican American writer.
Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Constab Ballads (1912) are two acclaimed poetry collections that McKay published
while living in Jamaica.
McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914.
He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s
and 1930s.
His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem
(1928).
The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay’s accomplishments before moving to Harlem. Which choice most
A. Jamaican American writer Claude McKay is the author of works such as Songs of Jamaica (1912), Constab Ballads
(1912), Harlem Shadows (1922), and Home to Harlem (1928).
B. Although he is best known as a Harlem Renaissance writer, Claude McKay had published two acclaimed poetry
collections in 1912 while living in Jamaica: Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads.
C. In 1914, Claude McKay moved to Harlem, where he would become known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem
Renaissance (a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s).
D. Before moving to Harlem, Claude McKay—author of the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel
Home to Harlem (1928)—lived in Jamaica.
ID: fbffb352
Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve the cultural history of regions in
the Horn of Africa.
Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland.
Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.
The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.
Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans.
The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest examples of writing in East Africa.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings.
A. The earliest examples of writing in East Africa are thought to be featured in the paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay
caves in Somaliland.
B. The paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature examples of writing, while those at the Laas Geel caves feature
humans and animals.
C. In Somaliland, the paintings in the Laas Geel caves feature human figures and animals.
D. The Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings are both examples of ancient rock art found in
Somaliland.
ID: 9f1a0d91
“Tulip mania”—the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam—is often
cited as an example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However, recent research has demonstrated that the
episode was neither as frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. The popular myth surrounding it, ______ should be
regarded with some skepticism.
A. for example,
B. by contrast,
C. nevertheless,
D. therefore,
ID: 17e49403
When, in the 1800s, geologists first realized that much of Earth had once been covered by great sheets of ice, some
theorized that the phenomenon was cyclical, occurring at regular intervals. Each Ice Age is so destructive, though, that it
largely erases the geological evidence of its predecessor. ______ geologists were unable to confirm the theory of cyclical
Ice Ages until the 1960s.
A. Hence,
B. Moreover,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Next,
ID: 5222ffab
Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain’s
olfactory system.
They devised a study using mathematical models.
They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.
In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at
a given moment.
In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.
The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
A. To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan
and Chen devised a study using mathematical models.
B. Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in the piriform cortex, where the
perception of odor forms.
C. Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better understand the workings of the
brain’s olfactory system.
D. According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing olfactory information at a given
moment and tracking changes in that information over time.
ID: 7aac173e
Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe.
Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to design buildings for Duke University’s new
campus.
Most of the buildings on Duke’s campus were designed in the Gregorian or neo-Gothic architectural styles.
At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the buildings.
Based on the buildings’ architectural styles, historians believe Abele designed most of the campus buildings.
The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke’s campus buildings. Which choice most
A. Given that most of the buildings on Duke’s campus feature architectural styles that Abele had studied in Europe,
historians believe Abele is the one who designed them.
B. Though Abele wasn’t formally credited at the time, historians believe he designed most of the buildings on Duke’s
campus.
C. Most of Duke’s campus buildings, which were designed by a firm Abele worked for, were designed in the Gregorian
and neo-Gothic architectural styles.
D. Abele, an architect who studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe, is believed to have designed most
of the buildings on Duke’s campus.
ID: 3dcc7140
Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having
at least 50 permanent residents.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists, scientists who
study islands.
B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.
C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent residents.
D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of Sweden shows.
ID: b7571c0a
Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic visual experience than
computer-generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the “real thing” can be prohibitively expensive. ______
many filmmakers use a blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible and CGI elements as necessary
to control costs.
A. Similarly,
B. For this reason,
C. Furthermore,
D. In other words,
ID: d54e16ee
Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer,
the term “monopsony” can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. In a product monopsony, the single
buyer can force sellers to lower their prices. ______ in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to accept lower
wages.
A. Earlier,
B. Instead,
C. Similarly,
D. In particular,
ID: a1ca7ec4
Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas
Artes in Santiago, Chile.
Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.
The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
B. Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art
exhibitions.
C. Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia
Vicuña.
D. In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of
birth.
ID: 47e238be
Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s more than 30
active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved—nearly 3,000 km—mark Iceland’s
volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma found less than 15
km below the surface.
A. indeed,
B. nevertheless,
C. in addition,
D. consequently,
ID: d7c5388f
Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.
C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.
They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.
S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Planetary scientists classify asteroids into types, two of which are the C-type and the S-type.
B. Planetary scientists consider an asteroid’s composition (such as whether the asteroid is composed mainly of silicate
minerals or carbon) when classifying it.
C. Roughly 17 percent of known asteroids are classified as S-type asteroids; another percentage is classified as C-type
asteroids.
D. C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, whereas S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
ID: dd087f31
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a
young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______
Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon
returns to Nigeria.
A. Meanwhile,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Secondly,
D. In fact,
ID: 622a351d
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway
that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a result of the
Alta conflict.
D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to
lands, waters, and resources.
ID: 0c13dea9
The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their fishy smell but also protects them from crushing
hydrostatic pressure in deep waters. Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the bonds between water molecules in a fish’s
body. ______ these water molecules maintain their linked structure at extreme depths, thus preventing pressure-related
damage.
A. Nevertheless,
B. As a result,
C. However,
D. For instance,
ID: 4fde4454
One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of those
who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ______ the debate was ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic
young senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching on the new
medium of television.
A. In other words,
B. Therefore,
C. Likewise,
D. Nevertheless,
ID: 34e1124f
In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind.
In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.
Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits material.
A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base.
A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at different rates.
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Aeolian landforms are created by different wind-based processes; for example, some are created by wind erosion.
B. Aeolian landforms—landforms created by the wind—include the mushroom rock, a rock formation in which the wind
erodes the base of the rock faster than the top.
C. Erosion, transportation, and deposition are three examples of how the wind can create Aeolian landforms and
mushroom rocks.
D. A mushroom rock is a rock formation that owes its shape to the wind, a natural force associated with Aeolus in Greek
mythology.
ID: 7fd39a42
Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light.
Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced.
Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter.
The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light was built in 1968.
It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built to provide synchrotron light. Which choice
A. Tantalus, the first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light, was built in 1968.
B. Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light, and this light is an ideal tool
for researchers investigating the structure of matter.
C. The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light, Tantalus, was housed near the University
of Wisconsin–Madison.
D. Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced, making it an ideal tool for researchers investigating the
structure of matter.
ID: 96a86bce
Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a
photograph.
Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor
Wat’s plaster walls.
Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.
The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively
A. Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation stretch analysis to the photographs.
B. Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan used to enhance the contrast between
colors in a photograph.
C. Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a
Cambodian temple.
D. Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of
images on its plaster walls.
ID: db3ad406
Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.
The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.
B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.
C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.
D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.
ID: 973632d2
In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands.
Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is
related to changes in climate.
Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed
the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated.
Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
A. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if woodland expansion
is related to changes in climate.
B. Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may have played a
role in woodland expansion.
C. Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
D. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past,
indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.
ID: f114cbf0
A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical
reaction whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly’s abdomen to produce a glow. ______ when the firefly
stops drawing in oxygen, the reaction—and the glow—cease.
A. For instance,
B. By contrast,
C. Specifically,
D. In conclusion,
ID: b7c404d1
With her room-sized installation The Interstitium, Iranian American artist Laleh Mehran succeeded in creating a space that
felt, as intended, both “familiar and distant.” ______ with a video screen placed at the far end of the coal slag-encrusted
room, her installation was reminiscent of a typical movie theater—albeit one found in a subterranean coal mine.
A. Next,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Indeed,
D. Instead,
ID: d9d314d9
Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.
Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores.
Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and
teeth of a seal.
Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.”
The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.
The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
A. Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses,
is a pinniped.
B. Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that resembles both was recently found.
C. Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds
from their land-dwelling ancestors.
D. A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.

ID: ad729337
With its clichéd imagery of suburban lawns and power lines, John Ashbery’s 2004 poem “Ignorance of the Law Is No
Excuse” may seem barren terrain for critical analysis. ______ cultural critic Lauren Berlant finds fertile ground in just its first
two stanzas, devoting most of a book chapter to deciphering the “weight of the default space” Ashbery creates in this
poem.
A. Likewise,
B. Nonetheless,
C. In turn,
D. That is,
ID: ce282575
J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.
The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest.
This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.
The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’ journey.
That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.
The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter, while the closing map
allows them to reconstruct the story they have just read.
B. The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction of a map that the characters use on
their quest, as well as a map that appears at the end of the novel.
C. The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a purpose for readers.
D. In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an opening and a closing map.
ID: 0ee64efc
In the 1850s, William Still was instrumental in helping nearly 1,000 people escape from slavery, earning him the moniker
“the Father of the Underground Railroad.” ______ despite the fame of his contributions during his lifetime, Still is discussed
far less today than other prominent Black abolitionists from his era, such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman.
A. For example,
B. However,
C. Specifically,
D. Similarly,
ID: b8eec031
Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while mathematicians may have
traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite direction. ______ mathematicians are choosing to
collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a rise in the number of mathematics publications credited to multiple
authors.
A. Similarly,
B. For this reason,
C. Furthermore,
D. Increasingly,
ID: 9e34720b
Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of finding gold nuggets in streambeds, the state’s richest
deposits were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual prospectors. ______ by 1852, many had given up their
fortune-hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the large companies capable of managing California’s complex
mining operations.
A. Furthermore,
B. Still,
C. Consequently,
D. Next,
ID: 63c73b50
In 2018, Kurt Luther and Vikram Mohanty created the web-based tool Civil War Photo Sleuth (CWPS). A user uploading
an unknown Civil War soldier’s photograph to CWPS first tags the photo with all known information. ______ CWPS’s facial-
recognition software analyzes twenty-seven different physical features and looks for matches to tagged images already in
the database.
A. Then,
B. In fact,
C. Likewise,
D. For example,
ID: 3831f2d7
Arkansas aviator Louise Thaden was already a record breaker when she won the inaugural National Women’s Air Derby, a
race from California to Ohio, in August of 1929. ______ in December of 1928, Thaden had set an aviation record when she
reached an altitude of 20,269 feet in a Travel Air biplane.
A. Earlier,
B. However,
C. Next,
D. As a result,
ID: 1469d23a
Etel Adnan was a Lebanese American poet and artist known for making many leporellos.
A leporello is an artist’s book that is folded accordion style.
When the book is expanded, the artist’s work is revealed, and its zigzag shape allows it to stand on its own.
Her leporello December from My Window (1993) features a panoramic landscape.
It is painted using ink and watercolor.
The student wants to describe Adnan’s December from My Window to an audience already familiar with leporellos. Which
A. Featuring a panoramic landscape, the 1993 work is one of Adnan’s many leporellos, which are accordion-style folded
books that when expanded reveal the artist’s work.
B. When expanded, Adnan’s 1993 leporello December from My Window reveals a panoramic landscape painted in ink
and watercolor.
C. Known for making many other accordion-style folded books called leporellos, Adnan created December from My
Window in 1993.
D. A leporello, such as Adnan’s December from My Window, is folded accordion style, and due to its zigzag shape it is
able to stand on its own when fully expanded.
ID: 2b5e0731
With darkness falling, a mother elephant loses sight of her calf and wants to make sure it is safe. ______ she releases an
infrasonic call for the calf to hear. Infrasonic sound is below the range of human hearing, but many animals can hear
these sounds from several miles away.
A. For example,
B. For this reason,
C. Nowadays,
D. Similarly,
ID: 3ea7372e
In the art world, the term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every two years in a
single location.
Such biennials are held in New York, Berlin, and Venice.
In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the unconventional MexiCali Biennial.
The MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on both sides of the US-Mexico border.
The MexiCali Biennial has taken place on an uneven schedule, with exhibitions in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–
20.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the MexiCali Biennial and traditional biennials. Which choice most
A. In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the MexiCali Biennial, which has taken place in 2006, 2009–10,
2013, and 2018–20.
B. Unlike traditional biennials, the MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on an uneven schedule.
C. The term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes place every two years in a single location, not to
exhibitions hosted at a variety of times and venues.
D. Biennial exhibitions have been held in New York, Berlin, and Venice but also on both sides of the US-Mexico border.
ID: 1c36e3e1
The number of dark spots that appear on the Sun, known as sunspots, can vary greatly. For example, there were about
180 sunspots in November 2001. ______ there were only about 2 sunspots in December 2008.
A. In other words,
B. Similarly,
C. Therefore,
D. By comparison,
ID: 8d1ddd1b
Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming
alone.
The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well understood.
Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake’s waves.
Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%.
The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
A. A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother,
also experience 158% less drag.
B. Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind their mother save energy, Zhiming Yuan used
computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
C. Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being pushed in a forward direction by waves, ducklings
save energy.
D. Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the waves of their
mother’s wake, reducing the effect of drag by 158%.
ID: 82ec9628
Archaeologist Sue Brunning explains why the seventh-century ship burial site at Sutton Hoo in England was likely the
tomb of a king. First, the gold artifacts inside the ship suggest that the person buried with them was a wealthy and
respected leader. ______ the massive effort required to bury the ship would likely only have been undertaken for a king.
A. Instead,
B. Still,
C. Specifically,
D. Second,
ID: ba263620
In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.
It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile refrigeration system.
It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention and Jones’s invention. Which choice most
A. Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system both improved on existing designs.
B. In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of connecting train cars safer.
C. Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas Jones’s invention enabled food transport
trucks to carry perishables farther.
D. Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it possible for food transport trucks to carry
perishable foods farther.
ID: 4f2710ab
Organisms have evolved a number of surprising adaptations to ensure their survival in adverse conditions. Tadpole
shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) embryos, ______ can pause development for over ten years during extended periods of
drought.
A. in contrast,
B. for example,
C. meanwhile,
D. consequently,
ID: 480ade7e
In response to adverse environmental conditions, many plants produce abscisic acid (ABA), a stress hormone. ABA
triggers a slowdown in the biological processes of most plants. ______ when the mustard plant Schrenkiella parvula
produces ABA in response to an environmental stressor, the hormone triggers accelerated growth.
A. Moreover,
B. In contrast,
C. For example,
D. Thus,
ID: 34a5ba1c
By 1936, Spanish Romani dancer Carmen Amaya was known all over Spain for her powerful style of flamenco dancing.
However, in July of that year, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War made it difficult for her to perform in her home
country. ______ Amaya left Spain to perform abroad, dancing for audiences across North and South America.
A. In comparison,
B. As a result,
C. First of all,
D. For example,
ID: c34d6bff
African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963
March on Washington.
Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for
President Truman.
Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.
Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the march.
Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.
The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice most
A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example, delivered a brief but memorable
address.
B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a journalist and school desegregation
advocate.
C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, Bates was the sole
woman to speak at the march.
D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but only one spoke at the
march.
ID: ac8eb085
“O2 Arena,” an award-winning science fiction story by Nigerian author Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki, takes place in an
alternate version of Nigeria where breathable air is a rare commodity that is owned and sold by companies. ______ people
must purchase it with currency called O2 credits.
A. As a result,
B. In any case,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Earlier,
ID: 37957752
As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, deep dives present a challenge for seals and other marine mammals. A seal
must exert enough energy to propel itself hundreds of meters downward, while keeping its heart rate low enough that it
doesn’t run out of oxygen while underwater. ______ a seal moves its flippers as little as possible on a deep dive, gliding to
conserve energy.
A. In the first place,
B. On the other hand,
C. For this reason,
D. In comparison,
ID: 2b5f4bdc
In the early 1900s, Jovita Idár fought injustice on both sides of the Mexico–United States border. As a reporter for the
Texas newspaper La Crónica, she voiced support for the Mexican people’s revolt against authoritarian rule. ______ she
founded the League of Mexican Women, a group that advocated for the rights of Mexican Americans.
A. Additionally,
B. In conclusion,
C. For example,
D. Rather,
ID: 90117366
To explore how blinking affects social interactions, Dutch researchers observed interactions between human speakers and
“listeners” (animated human faces on a screen). The researchers found that when the listeners blinked slowly, the
speakers tended to talk for less time. ______ quicker blinks were associated with longer talking times.
A. For example,
B. Specifically,
C. Firstly,
D. By contrast,
ID: ed80971c
The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal members in 1992.
Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni
people we work to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring
modern concepts of knowledge and the transfer of knowledge.”
The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, which was founded by tribal
members.
B. The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the Pueblo of Zuni since 1992.
C. According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center (founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize
A:shiwi ways of knowing.”
D. Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center from its founding.
ID: 52b31d7b
In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She
was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France’s modernist masters and beginning to make a name for herself
as a painter. ______ Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly
flourish.
A. Still,
B. Therefore,
C. Indeed,
D. Furthermore,
ID: 13f36b03
Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings.
“Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
B. Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna,” to describe the subjects of his
surreal paintings: plant-animal hybrids such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.
C. Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings as “flauna.”
D. The subjects of Nectar and Primaveral are types of “flauna,” a term that the paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when
describing his surreal artworks.
ID: a86c0b1b
Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven
stars.
It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece.
Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.
Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.
The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades, which was referred to in Greek
mythology as the Seven Sisters, as having seven stars.
B. Although once referred to as the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades appears to have only six stars today.
C. In the time since ancient cultures described the Pleiades as having seven stars, two of the cluster’s stars have moved
so close together that they now appear as one.
D. The Pleiades has seven stars, but two are so close together that they appear to be a single star.
ID: eaded344
The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.
She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico, in 1907.
She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits.
The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting together.
One version wears a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress.
The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the artist. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Known for being vivid and richly symbolic, Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits include The Two Fridas (1939).
B. The 1939 painting The Two Fridas is one example of a self-portrait by Frida Kahlo.
C. One painting by Frida Kahlo features two versions of herself, with one version wearing a European-style dress and the
other a traditional Tehuana dress.
D. One of the most influential artists of the twentieth century, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo is best known for her self-
portraits, which are vivid and richly symbolic.
ID: 86b78078
Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author.
The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels.
Selvon published the novel in 1956.
It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.
Some of The Lonely Londoners’ characters also appear in Selvon’s later novel Moses Ascending.
The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely Londoners to a new audience. Which choice most
A. In 1956, Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon published one of his most celebrated novels, The Lonely Londoners, which
is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II.
B. Samuel Selvon wrote the novel Moses Ascending after he wrote The Lonely Londoners.
C. The Lonely Londoners, a celebrated novel that was published in 1956, depicts post–World War II Caribbean migration
from the perspective of a Trinidadian author.
D. Some of the characters who appear in Samuel Selvon’s Moses Ascending also appear in The Lonely Londoners.
ID: 4f9ee1dc
Seven species of sea turtle exist today.
Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
One of those species is the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle.
Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii.
Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle.
Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle species. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Among the seven species of sea turtle is the olive ridley sea turtle, which can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
B. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys kempii, while the olive ridley sea turtle is referred to as
Lepidochelys olivacea.
C. Both the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
D. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) and the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are different
species.
ID: 2bda9edb
In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary Tape became a hero of the Asian American civil rights movement. In
January of that year, she won an antidiscrimination case in the California Supreme Court. ______ in April, she wrote an
open letter criticizing her local board of education for discrimination. Both actions are remembered today as historic
stands against racism.
A. Later,
B. For instance,
C. In other words,
D. Rather,
ID: e3484c07
Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms.
This light is produced by chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.
Jellyfish emit flashes of blue light.
This behavior serves to startle predators.
Black dragonfish emit a steady red light.
This behavior helps them locate prey in deep waters.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the behavior of jellyfish and that of black dragonfish. Which choice
A. Both jellyfish and black dragonfish are organisms that emit light, which is produced by chemical reactions in these
organisms’ cells.
B. Black dragonfish emit a steady red light, which helps them locate prey in deep waters.
C. Bioluminescence, the emission of light by living organisms, results from chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.
D. Jellyfish emit light to startle predators, whereas black dragonfish do so to locate prey.
ID: fc95a352
When designing costumes for film, American artist Suttirat Larlarb typically custom fits the garments to each actor. ______
for the film Sunshine, in which astronauts must reignite a dying Sun, she designed a golden spacesuit and had a factory
reproduce it in a few standard sizes; lacking a tailor-made quality, the final creations reflected the ungainliness of actual
spacesuits.
A. Nevertheless,
B. Thus,
C. Likewise,
D. Moreover,
ID: 5a5e22b5
Gravitational waves are powerful ripples that originate in deep space and eventually pass through Earth.
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a physics study that began in 2002.
LIGO’s goal is to detect and analyze gravitational waves.
LIGO uses a pair of massive gravitational wave detectors called interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.
In 2015, for the first time in history, LIGO researchers detected a gravitational wave passing through Earth.
The student wants to present LIGO’s aim and methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
A. In 2015, LIGO’s massive interferometers detected a powerful ripple that originated in deep space and eventually
passed through Earth.
B. Though the physics study LIGO began in 2002, its massive interferometers didn’t detect a gravitational wave until
2015.
C. To achieve its aims, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.
D. A physics study designed to detect and analyze gravitational waves, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that
are thousands of miles apart.
ID: bc56170b
Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.
Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be
coming from Earth.
In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon.
Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.
A. As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.
B. Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.
C. Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.
D. Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of oxygen to the Moon.
ID: d7f31e68
Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New England Conservatory.
She has won multiple national flute competitions.
She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over two million times.
The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an original work by composer Greg Pattillo.
Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video.
The student wants to emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has also combined flute playing and beatboxing.
B. Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie Wu graduated from the New England Conservatory
and has won multiple national flute competitions.
C. Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of Three Beats for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed
over two million times.
D. Composer Greg Pattillo’s original work Three Beats for Beatbox Flute combines flute playing and beatboxing.
ID: 6351062d
In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US.
The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of commercially grown crops.
Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth were lost.
Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples purchased in the US.
The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow lost apple varieties.
The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices
in the mid-1900s.
B. While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of
the apples sold today.
C. Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in
the loss of thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth.
D. As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of crops selected for cultivation decreased
dramatically.
ID: 5bb7dc03
Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling competition.
The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.
In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word “guerdon.”
“Guerdon” derives from the Anglo-French word “guerdun.”
In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word “Laodicean.”
“Laodicean” derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. “Guerdon,” the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee, is of Anglo-French origin, while the following
year’s final word, “Laodicean,” derives from ancient Greek.
B. In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the word “guerdon”; however, the
following year, Kavya Shivashankar won based on spelling the word “Laodicean.”
C. Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling “Laodicean,” which derives from
the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
D. The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic origins, such as “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”
ID: 9e2d4ef7
Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise.
Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa.
The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author. Which choice most
A. Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in
East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
B. Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise, a historical novel about colonial East Africa,
for praise.
C. A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner
of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
D. Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa, Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.
ID: 87d8a2ff
During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs’ Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut
down suddenly after ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs’ CEO publicly acknowledged what
happened and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had consisted of two satellites.
A. Afterward,
B. Additionally,
C. Indeed,
D. Similarly,
ID: 94f4eecb
Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain.
The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known as California.
That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the west coast of Mexico.
They called it California after the island in the novel.
The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California (“Lower California”), which lies to the south
of the US state of California.
The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Which choice most effectively
A. The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known as California.
B. To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower California”), originally called California after a
fictional place.
C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula off the west coast of Mexico and called it California.
D. Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula California after an island in a popular novel.
ID: 99183985
Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been defaced by tourists’ carvings.
Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.
For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly alter or damage the rock.
Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a
bonding agent.
This technique is minimally invasive.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park, power grinding is not always feasible.
B. Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is less invasive than smoothing them away with a
power grinder, which can greatly alter or damage the sandstone arches.
C. Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away carvings or fill them in with ground sandstone and
a bonding agent.
D. As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding and infilling differ in their level of invasiveness.
ID: 4154a7a3
In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully twirling her long,
flowing skirt to create striking visual effects. ______ in 1896, cinema pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière made a
groundbreaking short film of Fuller’s dance.
A. However,
B. In conclusion,
C. Later,
D. In other words,
ID: 9c78f702
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the ocean’s uptake of carbon from the atmosphere. When alive, these tiny marine
organisms absorb atmospheric carbon via photosynthesis. ______ after they die, the phytoplankton sink to the seafloor,
where the carbon in their cells gets stored in sediment, preventing it from cycling back into the atmosphere.
A. Specifically,
B. By contrast,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Then,
ID: d3898d32
Riley Black—the author of critically acclaimed books such as My Beloved Brontosaurus (2013)—is best known for writing
about dinosaurs, but she has also conducted hands-on fieldwork. ______ her fieldwork has included paleontological digs
in Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and her dinosaur fossil discoveries can be seen at places such as the Carnegie Museum
of Natural History.
A. Regardless,
B. Subsequently,
C. Specifically,
D. Conversely,
ID: ecb31049
The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single heavier
atom, releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the potential to meet humanity’s clean energy
needs. ______ prior to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting had ever generated a net energy gain.
A. For this reason,
B. Moreover,
C. Specifically,
D. That said,
ID: eea351c4
“Wishcycling”—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the mistaken belief that those items can be
recycled—ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items, such as greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate
recyclable materials, rendering entire batches unusable. ______ nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants’
machinery.
A. Fittingly,
B. On the contrary,
C. Moreover,
D. Nevertheless,
ID: 0205e563
At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization period begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or hear.
Domesticated dogs, ______ can see, hear, and smell by the end of two weeks. This relative lack of sensory input may help
explain why wolves behave so differently around humans than dogs do: from a very young age, wolves are more wary
and less exploratory.
A. in other words,
B. for instance,
C. by contrast,
D. accordingly,
ID: efc19153
Just like states have state flags, some cities have city flags.
Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags since 2015.
The city of Pocatello, Idaho, redesigned its flag after it was named the most poorly designed flag in North
America.
Pocatello’s new flag better represents the city’s mountainous geography and civic priorities.
Residents consider the new flag to be a meaningful symbol of civic pride.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag. Which choice most
A. Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags, including Pocatello, whose flag had been named the most
poorly designed flag in North America.
B. Pocatello is just one of over one hundred US cities that have redesigned their flags.
C. After it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America, the flag of Pocatello was redesigned to better
represent the city’s geography and civic priorities.
D. Redesigning a poorly designed city flag can create a meaningful symbol of civic pride, as was the case when Pocatello
redesigned its original flag to better represent its geography and civic priorities.
ID: eae29760
The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar) has 365 days.
Because 365 days can’t be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days in a week), calendar dates fall on a different
day of the week each year.
The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, has 364 days.
Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the same day of the week each year, which
supports more predictable scheduling.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. The Gregorian calendar has 365 days, which is one day longer than the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar.
B. Adopting the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar would help solve a problem with the Gregorian calendar.
C. Designed so calendar dates would occur on the same day of the week each year, the Hanke-Henry calendar supports
more predictable scheduling than does the Gregorian calendar.
D. The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar was developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, which is currently
the most-used calendar in the world.
ID: 835b101b
Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10 acres.
Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.
By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many smaller than 10 acres.
By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.
The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s. Which choice most effectively uses
A. Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake, claims that it has over 15,000 lakes.
B. Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is unclear how many lakes Wisconsin really has.
C. According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—Wisconsin has about
6,000 lakes.
D. Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s,
which doesn’t take size into account.
ID: 39d1a519
To discover which fruit varieties were grown in Italy’s Umbria region before the introduction of industrial farming,
botanist Isabella Dalla Ragione often turns to centuries-old lists of cooking ingredients. ______ she analyzes Renaissance
paintings of Umbria, as they can provide accurate representations of fruits that were grown there long ago.
A. In sum,
B. Instead,
C. Thus,
D. Additionally,
ID: aec8d3e8
Chemical leavening agents cause carbon dioxide to be released within a liquid batter, making the batter rise as it
bakes.
Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents.
Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate.
To produce carbon dioxide, baking soda needs to be mixed with liquid and an acidic ingredient such as honey.
Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and an acid.
To produce carbon dioxide, baking powder needs to be mixed with liquid but not with an acidic ingredient.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between baking soda and baking powder. Which choice most effectively
A. To make batters rise, bakers use chemical leavening agents such as baking soda and baking powder.
B. Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents that, when mixed with other ingredients, cause carbon
dioxide to be released within a batter.
C. Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, and honey is a type of acidic ingredient.
D. To produce carbon dioxide within a liquid batter, baking soda needs to be mixed with an acidic ingredient, whereas
baking powder does not.
ID: 6916c8e5
Laetitia Ky’s hair is her art. Inspired by hairstyles from various African tribes, the Ivorian artist uses wire and thread to
sculpt her hair into all kinds of shapes. ______ she once made her hair into the shape of the continent of Africa—including
the island of Madagascar!
A. Soon,
B. Elsewhere,
C. For example,
D. However,
ID: 56b000d0
The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have been well studied in birds but not in
lizards.
A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors influence lizard clutch size.
Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with
statistical models.
Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.
Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable
conditions.
A. Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size because such factors have been well
studied in birds but not in lizards.
B. After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined that larger clutch size was associated
with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.
C. We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter
windows of favorable conditions.
D. Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical
models.
ID: 92dec236
Maika’i Tubbs is a Native Hawaiian sculptor and installation artist.
His work has been shown in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Germany, among other places.
Many of his sculptures feature discarded objects.
His work Erasure (2008) includes discarded audiocassette tapes and magnets.
His work Home Grown (2009) includes discarded pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two works. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A. Erasure (2008) uses discarded objects such as audiocassette tapes and magnets; Home Grown (2009), however,
includes pushpins, plastic plates and forks, and wood.
B. Tubbs’s work, which often features discarded objects, has been shown both within the United States and abroad.
C. Like many of Tubbs’s sculptures, both Erasure and Home Grown include discarded objects: Erasure uses audiocassette
tapes, and Home Grown uses plastic forks.
D. Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.

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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

C. Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74 Orchidaceae species.

A. For this reason,

D. The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of Houser’s style.

A. My Ántonia is set in Nebraska, where Cather grew up.

B. Cather, author of My Ántonia, described the experiences of immigrants in her novels.

D. Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras cannot.

A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.

A. The Sasanian Empire began in AD 224 and ended in AD 651.

B. A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.

B. For this reason,

A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.

B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.

D. A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.

B. For this reason,

B. For this reason,

A. In the first place,

B. On the other hand,

C. For this reason,

A. For this reason,

D. Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.

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