Systems of classification

Artificial system Natural system Phylogenetic

system
6uliat system basad em matunal
oF clasaiiction. a n i t e s amoma the
oTgamisms consiuc borth moST ACCEPTRALE SYSTEm
Giiven by Carolbus external $ mbernd features
Based on evoluima
Linneabs Telatimships bllo the variols
-usd Mosphalegtcal
üke
uttastrutue, ana
embnyog and phyochemisE" 08ganisms
chaxacb Suuh as Assumes that ovganismS
hdbit, colow, mo. $ Griven by Bentham bulbnging to sama toxa
Share o Lams t e Hooker hdwe a Common oMestoT
Mainly baud om
vegetaie thaxacins g
on t h amoboecium St.
New development of
tasconomy
.sepaxatnd clesaly relatd
species sin were basud (A NUMERICAL -TAXONOMY
m hu chaTatezistics
c a i u d out by Computs $ based on all observable=
GnaA eual weightage to Chaiadis
eqetative sexual No $Cods a o a8Signed. to all the charactexs
chaxacavistics, is not $the data at. then processed
a.cceptobla 7,
given 29pLal împotanu $ at the same time
Smce uwe knou
that i0os of characters cam ba considuud
eten the egetalive
chardsts al move
CB) cYTOTAKONOMYbased on uytolgital inkrmatin
eakil atcted by env like chTomosome no, St, behoviouT

C CHemOTAxONOMY- basud on chemio Comatituwnbs

otha plamt

Algae
GHENERAL FEATURES simple, thallsid, Qutotophiz , Tmostiy oquati Ehuwh,
moist sofl REPRODUCTON maimu
, domp Swkao VEGETHTIVE AsetUAL |SGxUAL
some occw in As50ciah.mwith fumg
with animnals
Cchen) btagmerntat z0ospares tTOugh Fusim
Gsloth beaT)-marine $ each aenFiagllatad oF 2 gametes

davelapå Tmt Cmotile) nsogamygames lanydoka

Size $ Fom of Algae massive plant m o are discirilar in size
Bodies kelps a thallus $ on blu as o
olonial Forms Volvo geTmimdt qive 2)O0gamy- Fuion ydone
male
meiL Pemde+ o tm
rise to peu PmeL Evolv
nicrosuopie uricellular orms chlamydo monas plants a) tsogdmyGramees Fuus
ilamentous FoTms Ulothri are peelad
ECONOMIC LMPORTANCE Of ALGAE
Atlat 42 oF Total Coa Fixh on
Eatth is caTtied out One of he
by Algae thTough CommeTcial produdt
Pimay prodwa o 5ne8-vich mpounds Photosyntht sis ebtaimud uom
Gelidium$ Gracilaria
which toms the basis of the a d t qso
microtbt, and in
Food ycles o all
aquatio arimals ppaxath of ite-cTeams
Many Spedies of Pophyta, lli
LaminaTid $ ae used as
Saugassum Food Lchloy.5

Maxina Broum
(Among 7o matime Spaces
used as hood)
3/12
Produ lange amourits o unicelu Alga
Rich in proteins
Red Aigaa hydocolioids (hho holdind substanes) *0sed
Eg: Aigin (broun algas) by spa traveliers
Caxageen (Ted alga)
TaBLE 3.1 Divislons of Algae and their Main Characteristies

Classes Common Major Stored Cell Wal Flagellar Habitat

Name Pigments Food Number and
Position of
Insertions
Chlorophyceae Green
algae
Chlorophyll
, b
(Starcho Cellulose 2-8. equal.
apical
Fresh water.
brackish water.
salt water
Phaeophyceae Brown Chlorophyll Mannitol. Cellulose 2. uncqual, Fresh water
algae .C. laminarin and algin lateral (rare) brackish
fucoxanthin water, salt
water

Rhodophyceae Red Chlorophyll Floridean Cellulose Absent Fresh water

algae . d. starch (some).
phycoerythrin brackish
water, salt

euneioloolei water (most)

Jaughiet
Flagrla

Branche
OtlonpB
Piret

"*
Stancn

Air buackiet

Miirib

rund

loktlast sup
Holdfant

Matn a

Beanches

ure B.l Agar a rern aiae

Hed aleae () Aurphyra () Folynhora

 CHLOROPHYCEAE PHAEOPHYCEAE RHODOPHYCEAE
[Green Aigau] [BAOWN ALGhAE] CRED ALGtAEJ
UnicellulaT, colonialL, Foumd E masün
Filamentots thaubots Red pigment (+nt)
Are Grrass green chl a $b,| Pbssess chloophyll a,c, c l a tphycoerythin
in chloro plast easinsils and L.anthophil
Moxine Uma in uwonmer
Can bei Discofd, Plat. ke, ) Simple branched ,lamentous
Reticulot, Cup-shaped, Ectocanpub Penetsats goead duth
in oceanb
spiral, tlbbon shaped Branched
Relps Lma Tedch 10om]
may he uhiceluldr, multt. or Red Thalli
** olive qrum varin mutiulular
Gilamentous Lhawe eomplun bedy
Rigid cull wall Shadas o boouon
dapemding en anthophyl og onisdtion
8mer Outo
Laye (Pectose) Hucoxanthinin. tFoD Ploridun Stavch
(celluura) fooD Store in hom oy Same as amylopecti
chloroblast Storage bodies CRmplu canbohydaatis lyogn in stuxture
ca pirenoids
contain Protein Laminavia Manitol RG PRODUCTION
*Food Stovoge ol dueplts
* Vegetatve u l l
19 Vegetobive Repro
cellulosic
REPRODUCTION (coveiad. by Algnim) Fragmentatim
4) Vegetdtive Repro
Prdgmentation 8n Piotoplast 2) Aseually
Spore form Non- motuu spores
Plastids Central Nucteus
Locatd 3) Sexual
2)Asexual Aepro Vacuot Non- motil gdmetes
ZoospoTargium *PLANT BODY 00gamus
Plagelhdtad zoospore Hold ast (to sulbstratum (omple post fertlisat" evehts)
S t ipe (stallk)
Sexua Ruprmo Prond Lay lik)
isogamou
2) Anigogamous
Vegetahve A'sexual , Porphyra
Repro Rpro Gracillaha , Greidium
3) 00gamous
FTagmentat Flagelldatd
ZoOSPoTe
(Pea shaped
Common Aiga
>Chlamydomohas, Valwox SexualT Repro 2unegual
Lachualll
so amiso oamy ottat&hed
eohri spiro6yTa
chana 6aametes Pyoihorm Hagella)
bear 2 Fiagella
Ex
Ectocapus, Dictyotoa, Laminaio
SagasLum fuus
 GHENGRAL FEATURES
Foumd im most shadud bryophyTesweruarts.
Qas n thu hills Liverworts
(domp, humid $ shadid moist, shady habitats lkank of streams, marsh gound,
Lsoalibius)
damp Soil, bork oftres, dup in te s d
c l a Amphibianu oh the plat Thallbid sr Mdrchantial
kumgdm! dorsiventral
Can we in soil closely appressed to substrdt
dupendumt on water por seuual sepo
Leaf membeTs
tham
Body- moTe dibuurtiatd, have tiny luak Ke appumdages in 2TOUS on
Agaa a) Thalls ike stem on he Stm ike
struures
b) Prostra or Erect Asexusal Repro Sexual Repro
9Attatched to Substratum 4) Fragmet ation Male Seu Femal Se
bunicellular o ) Fo of specidlised OTgan oTgan
mulicallulu Thizeids structuresj -nE) on Sdme
Of diFft: thal
d) Lack LeafSttm but Gtemmau-Gtreen;
*hawe a gita $ Sem üke Con Gemma Multbi SpOTophyte
Struetuwu Cup Asetual 8uds
Main Foot Setd apsule
plamt body > Hapleid GHLTynimatuto torm nuw imdividlol Spores are
* a L Gametophyte (produe qamek) rodired
Mutilx sex orgams (tnt) CGGernmninate)
form L living gametopy
Male seo ogans ela Antherdium
CMosses
Produ biFlageallata.d Antheozoids Pre dornimant stage
Femalu sex orgams - la Archegonium Gamtshut
Flask shape) consab 2 stags]
Predu a
simgle g8 1) Protohema Stage
(n (n duselops di»uktiy um the spore
AnthevozDidS Archegonium reping, grn, branthid"$ klamentous
[released in k0
where thH *NO a )Lea Staga dbps as atval bud
o L in contact Df inmmediate
red of 2yO heas & cbhsist of upright, slender aus
2Ugote spoTophbyte- edn Haploid 01gansj beaoing spivaiay aruaged leaves
(mult; Spores attatched te the soil through multicelllar $
attatthea to n)
branched ahizbids
(GTameto
photosynthetic Phyte)
gametophyte) egeiatiweRepd)Sexunl Ruane
SomE ECONOMIC LmpORTANCE JFragmentatimex ovgdns SpoTophyle
Some Mosses Sphagnum lmoss) 2) Budding9 n Anthero Arche-
2ygotn
-20ids gonia
Tovide
Food PTOvide Pea Are the 1
Somda Foot Sera Capsul
For tul $ as packaging t6 colonise Poatbonuma +nt)at the apud Meiosis
uual.
Ic hdve capacityto
bold H0
almg with Lichens
(duompose ocks)
lanby shoods SpOTe
dapersdl spore-
pore=

FoT m dehse nndts on

impact of rain fall
soil- fyikent Eg Funauda, Polytrichurm, Sphagnum
 GENERAL FEATURES
HOTSetaiLs $
Fems nt] Pteridophyte
as
oTnamehtal , medicuva purposes,
8ol bimdvls $ 1st to have
Vascula Tissues Aemala ametoph Mala gamebo
LLHerrestidls) xlem hoem
Lives fn -
moist, damp, Shady, Sometimes *Retains om (thrreugh
n Sandy Soil cend paut spoTOph gote
takes pldce in
Pteridophyas*maim plamt body s Fermale Gr arnet
sporo phtic Young emb7yo
hawe this event is PeecuNLOT Sesd
trL TOot, stem $ o hdbit
* well d i b h p u t i a t d LeOwes Crsidlidd imp far evelutiem
va suular tissue
MicTophyllus Macr0-
Contains SPOROPANGHIA selagenella) -phylus
(FeTn) Classes
Subtendud by leaf-ike spoTophylls
Of Sporophyll heeome cempac : then Psilopsida Psilotum)
Strobili cone
is ormed Lycopsida (selagine lid, Lyopodium)
Eg Selagenetla ; Equisbum 3) sphenopsida (2quisam)
REPRODUCcTION 4) Pteropsida (Diyopteris, Pteris, Adiantu
Spovangia contain melosis, Spove (n)
spoTe moher cells

PTotina IlUS
H Iiving, photosyn
thetic, multi,
thalloid 9ametophyte Strobilus

7/12
Teguia cool, damp, em Ode

shady þlates hternode

bea se ovgams
a
Srianch

Antheridia
hawe Archegonia
[Anthero2oids]
(Ha20 Teq)
So, male gamefe

Multicellulan, wull
SpOTes Same
dikjuntiatad spoTophyte
kimd.
(Homospores)
disbt kind. (ketuospovus)
Selagimella, Salvinia.
*MegaspoTes $microspores d)

(Femdl Gndmetophyte) (male Gamestphutr Figure 3.3

Peridophytes:la) Selagirela bi
Equisetum le) Fern ld) Salinig
 Gymnosperm
Naked. seeds
*Oles expostd (no ovaxy wall)
Seads aL makid
*includa mediun shed trees , tall tras $ shubs

Griant Red wood tree Sedusia

(one of the tallut)
Roots Tap oots
Mycorhizza Pinus lwith fungus)
colalleid Toab Cycas (N hiung
(yameoadHa)
Stem Lews Simple, compound.
unbran ched- Cycas Cycas Pímah. L2awes paxsists jor
boanched Pinus, cedrus wiHhstand extreme temP , humid

Coninshawe needle lik lawes

Teduce the Suhoa axta
their thick ctide $ Smken Stormab
also hellp to Teduce
watib Leas
SpoTophHlud avudged Spiralyform lax
Compact strobili Comes
SpoTamgia
aL HeterOsporoud
[Ctuster Pepmal Cones
Mega.sporophyllus r Megaspordrngio
Hapleid megaspoms
micTOspOTes
mega spoangut lemale stobil
Microspoaophylus a Micospoargia mega spo0Te mother cell (komn
hucellua)
microSpOTdngiate
Protistd hy enuelbps cla Ovul
(MicrOspo res
Meiosis
P mal game tophyte TeducedPollen setainud thin 4megaspoTes
B GTam Mea sporangum] Any One
S into multi
male gamiphya
Beau 2
more achgomio
OI Hmale Sen agana)
* Mala mala gametophyte Mcosporangium Teleae polien gvains
NOt independent thTough air currents
Come in Contdct with
Tetcined ithin sporangia thu opamimg Of the ovulus borne
Megaspeophyls
on sporophytes Fertilisatiom
oVul3
2sti-Embay.
8reda (nnt rald
 Seads d e Angiosperms (FLDweing Plants)
emlssd by
uits Pollen gaps ovulss are dweloped. in
Ftowers
Specialized str calle
C+nt) in wide
Farge of Habftats
Smallt angiospltr wolfia
tatust angiospl Eucalyptus [over Loorm]

pro vida us wth hood, hecddeT, kul, medicines several otheT

Cemmucially imp- produts
Dvided t o 2 classes 1)oicotyledons have 2 coty tedons
2)monocottedons hawe 1 wtylsdan

- male sex ogam n Aower Stamen

Gach consist
slepdue fiamert with an dther at the tip
hiosis
Prodkuad pben gains
Femal Sex ongam n Aower Pistii or Cazpel

Embryo Sac has 3 celled e consist of ovay

enclosin9 1tb many ovule
Appanat
i n ovulis, highly
one ega cell has Teduced emale gameto phybe (t+nt)
2 3
syneagids , antipodal cells 2
pola 9embryo,sacs]
nucuiL Lis fow preceed
Pollen G1ain aFt dispessal from eventua taa t produce by meiosis
anthers, Carried out by Hente, tach cell of an
wind 0T Vaious otheT diploid. aeondary nucleus embryo &ac is Haploid
agencies to stigmd $ style ¢ Teach to ovula

DOUBLE FGRTIUSATION
Mal 9amet SAñ egg cell ithrt

Form
other mdle
game Fuse
íploid seuomdary hodeus with
Zhdote an) Filamen

Prode Csgrga Tunpore

Tiploid paimary endosperm nucieus (PEN)

This process is cla TRIPLE FUSON
GENERATION
GENERATION
DEVELOPmeNT O ZYGOTE
te davelops intb Embryo tuwith r 2 Eaby

Csbdos) 10/12
CPEN) deeleps irta Endo spem (which pro Vide
nounshment to he
dweloping embryo)
&ynegids 4 amtipods degenexat ala
develops
Ovuwlinto> Suds ovayies Fextliatim
fui
 Some 6xeAMPLES
Plant life cycles Agau Haplmtio
Both Hapleid Diploid. cel1s Ettocapus, PolysiphoTn Haplo-diplom
Cam divde by mitosis kelps
Fucud DiplonH
Haploid Diploid body
Haplold Gametophyte
Diploid Z4gote sporophyte
Haploid SpoTes by miosis

osis Zygote
(Zn)- Meiosis
Haploid Plant
HAPLONTIC LIFE CYE2
n ) Sporophyt zygote
Syngamy
ndas
Spores
(n

tNot bua living) Gametogenesis

Umeiosis) B

Haploid spoves Haplontic

cmito sis)

Cnanetophyte
Domindnt, Photosynthttic (a)
Volvox, spirogyta, some Species of chamydomonas Gametophyte
(n)
DIPLONTIC IFE CYCLE
spoophybe Dominant, photosynthetic, Sporophyte
(2n)
independamt
Grametophyte> single to w celled
Ex Fucus, Gymnspums, Angiospuxms,
hawe Kw to mu ti -cell ed Diplontic

gamctophyte.
ZyNote (2n)Syngamy A
Melo[is
HAPLO-DIPLONTIe IFE CYcuE
Bryophytes $ Pteridophytes both phases Gametogernesis Gametophyte( b n)
a multicellulaud

but dibhue in dominant phdses Sporophyte

(2n)
Zygote
Bayophytess (2n)
Dominanmt, indepundamt,
thalloid OT eLet Syngamy Meiosis

Haploid Gsametophyte Gametogenesis Haplo-diplonte B

Spofes
(p)
alenaths with sporophyte
(short lived muticettuldr)
(c)
Gametophyte
totally or patialy dupemdunt, on
(n
Grametophyte Fo7 drchoxage nlabtion Figure 3.7 Life cycle patterms (a) Haplontic
(b) Diplontic (c) Haplo-diplontic
Pteridophytes diploid sporophyte
dominamt, indapundsnt, photosynthetic,
vasuula plamt body

attu wlh gamatophgo

11/12