CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Soap may be defined as a chemical compound or mixture of chemical compounds resulting from
the interaction of fatty acids or fatty glycerides with a metal radical (or organic base). Soap may
also be described as any water-soluble salt of those fatty acids which contain eight or more
carbon atoms. The metals commonly used in soap making are sodium and potassium, which
produce water-soluble soaps that are used for laundry and cleaning purposes The qualities of
soap are determined by the amount and composition of the component fatty acids in the starting
oil. There for our project produce liquid soap and detergents at high quality and deliver the
products in cheap price. The name of our project is special liquid soap and detergent. It found
Addis Ababa in kolife keranio around birchiko factory the plants put on 24 square it have one
homogenize mixer machine, heat gun machine, chemical container, packing plastics etc. It gives
good service for society laundry and bleaching and opportunity for job create. These project in
economic they have great role because all customers get the products easily at high quality in
low price. The project benefit for trader, surrounding consumer and other peoples since it
distribute for traders at low price without transport coast, delivery to surrounding consumer at
cheapest price and also creates jobs for people.

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1.2. Problem statements of the project
The production of quality liquid soaps at cheaper rate has been a hitch to many soap producers in
Ethiopia; this has led to the production of soaps with poor qualities and high cost of production.
Our projects answer the Ethiopian people questions at high quality qualities and low prices for
liquid soap production could go a long way in the production of quality soaps for laundry,
bathing and general cleaning purposes, still at minimized cost of production.

1.3. Justification
Liquid soap and detergents are essentially good in the production of quality and cheap
multipurpose soaps that are firm to touch, with high cleaning action and formation of excellent
lather in both hard and soft waters.

1.4. Implemented organization

The implementations our organizations are produce good quality liquid soap for multi cleaning
purpose and at low price for consumer.
1.5. Objective and Goals of the project
 The objective of this project is the production high quality of liquid soap and detergent at
cheapest price delivery to consumers.
 To produce high quality and standardized liquid soap in Ethiopia.
 To determine the social and economic benefits from high quality of liquid soap.
 To ascertain expansion marketing segmentation by using product, price, promotion and
place.

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1.6. Project output/outcomes
Our project at the end it produces high quality soaps at low price deliver to the consumer and
also creates jobs for employee

CHAPTER TWO

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND BACK GROUND

Soaps are anionic surfactants used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. Soaps are
mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile
spinning and are important components of lubricants. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by
treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Liquid soaps and
detergents composed of different organic and inorganic chemicals. Our product of liquid soap
composed of SLES, LABSA, SALT, EDTA, PRFUM, DYE, CUSTIC SODA, NaOH, WATER,
S, and essential oils.
Liquid soaps are very essential for day to day activities since multipurpose like hand wash, dish
wash ,toilet, laundry, window cleaner, ceramic wash and soon,

2.1. LABSA
LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) is a batch of organic sulfur compounds that are used
in liquid soap detergents like hand wash powder, dish wash, etc. LABSA is not inflammable
substance and can dissolve in water but not in organic solvent. The properties of LABSA is
brown liquid, bp(315 0c),density(1,06 g/ml) and molecular formula is C18H30O3S.

2.2. SLES
SLES (sodium lauryl ether sulphate ) is an ionic detergent and surfactant found in liquid soaps
and detergents ,it’s an inexpensive and very effective cleaning and foam in agent. SLES is used
for liquid soap, cosmetics and other cleaning purposes agent. the chemical formula of SLES is
CH3(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na
Where n-number of H, O, C

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2.3. Alkali
Alkalis are basic (low pH) substances that cause the desired chemical reaction. Common alkalis
used are caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and potash (potassium hydroxide). The alkalis use in
soap making can be from two sources:

 lye, caustic soda, or potash, purchased at the market: or

 Lye, obtained by leaching or washing water through the ashes of plants.

2.4. Other Soap Ingredients

Borax, soda, ammonia, kerosene, naphtha, and rosin are sometimes added to increase the
quantity of suds and improve the appearance of the soap. They are not necessary. Perfumes are
added to make soap smell more pleasant. Either essential oils or artificial perfumes can be used.
Some essential oils commonly used are lavender, geranium, winter green, citronella, clover
lemon, rose, almond, caraway, and banana. The oil or perfume is stirred into the soap just before
the soap is poured into molds. The quantity of perfume used depends on the size of the batch of
soap being produced, the intensity of the perfuming agent, and the strength of the desired final
scent. The amount used can vary from a few drops to 15 grams or more.
Coloring matter can also be added. For example, vegetable or aniline dyes can be used to make
soap. They are stirred evenly into the soap mixture before pouring it into molds. The color
obtained from aniline dyes has a tendency to fade slightly when soap is exposed to bright light
(Francioni and Callings, 2002).

2.5. Soap making processes

There are several different soap making processes that will allow easy production of soap
products.

2.5.1. Cold Process Soap Making

This process requires a scale, a large stainless steel pot, measuring cups, kitchen thermometers,
rubber gloves, mold, cardboard, plastic bags, olive oil, coconut oil, shortening, lye, distilled

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water, and fragrances. The cold process gets its name from the general low temperatures that are
used to mill this type of soap.

2.5.2. Hot Process Soap Making

This process is named for its boiling pot method of soap milling. For this type of homemade soap
making you will need, coconut oil, sesame oil, SLES, castor oil, sodium hydroxide, water, borax,
stainless steel pot, stirring stick or spoon, plastic wrap.

CHAPTER THREE

3. Raw materials used in liquid soap and detergent

Some of the raw materials used in soap and detergents are:

No Name of chemicals Percent (%)

1 LABSA 8%

2 SLES 6.5%

3 Water 78%

4 Salt 10%

5 Essential oils 0.01%

6 Dyes 0.001%

7 Caustic soda 3%

8 EDTA

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3.1. Equipment and instrumentation

3.2.1 Equipment for liquid soap and detergent production

Some of the instruments to be used for in the liquid soap production include

 Chemical container, packing plastics, volumetric flask.

 Measuring cylinder, heat gun, beaker, digital balance, viscosity meter.
 Spoons, homogenizer machine, reaction machine.
 Plastic container, PH meter.
 Thermometer with the range of 0 to 100°C. If a thermometer is available, the following
information may be useful for judging the correct temperature at which to mix the fat and the
lye together.
3.3 Human resource for the project

Our projects consists of professional workers, employees ,seals man, labors .it have
organizational structure and departments .these project done by through team spirit and
/coordinates of all workers. It produce and monitering good quality liquid soap and detergent
and seals at low price within appropriate responsibility for benefits of consumers. The projects
require 2 production manager 3 chemists,1 accountants,1 seals man and 5 labor. The main role
and success of our project is depend on human resource and their commitments

3.4Project feasibility and overall value

The special liquid soap and detergent project feasible on different cleaning purpose
used in laundry ,dish wash, hand wash , window cleaner and other s.it have a value
in higher education since used for make research purpose and training purpose. And
also used in different institution for cleaning agent since it is quality and cheap

3.5 Risk of the project

The risk of Our project are

 The Shortage of budget

 Poor organization and poor project management
 Ineffective project planning

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  Problem with supplier
 Political case

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Methodology and plan

4.1. Preparation of SLES and LABSA

First prepare two container measure then ,add 7.5% of SLES and mix it by mixer machine in to
one container, again add 8% of LABSA in to the 2 nd container and mixer it by mixer machine
after that add 7.5% SLES and 8% of LABSA in to water holding container.

4.2: Preparation of liquid soap and detergents

First prepare 78% of water then add 0.1% of EDTA in to that water and shake it to make soft
water .after that add the above preparation of 7.5% of SLES and 8% of LABSA in to
homogenizer machine and mix until reactin completely ,then add 10% of salt into that machine
and again mix ,and also add 3% of caustic soda into that soap after this stage drop o.1% of
essential oils and add 3% of other ingredients.
Some of chemicals used for production liquid soap and detergents are listed in these table

No Name of chemicals Percent (%)

1 LABSA 8%

2 SLES 7.5%

3 Water 78%

4 Salt 10%

5 Perfume 0.01%

6 Dyes 0.001%

7 Caustic soda 3%

87 EDTA 0.01%
4.3 Production of liquid soap and detergent plan
The implemented plan of our project are shown in below table.

Activity plan of the project are listed in below table

No Type of Liquid Amount of Amount of Amount of
soap and production in production in production in
detergent liters per day liters per month liters per year
1 Laundry 500 L 14500 L 173500 L
2 Hand wash 300 L 8700 L 104400 L
3 Dish wash 250 L 7250 L 87000 L
4 Window cleaner 350 L 10150 L 121800 L
5 Ceramic wash 50 L 1450 L 17400 L
6 Ditol 100 L 2900 L 34800 L
7 Other soaps 75 L 2175 L 26100 L

The resource plan of our project is given the below table

No of item Budgets per
month in birr
1 For chemicals 50,000 birr
2 For packing 25,000 birr
3 For employees 25,000 birr
4 For transport 10,000 birr
5 For ranting 5,000 birr
6 Others 10,000 birr
Total 125,000 birr

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4.4: liquid soap and detergents, monitoring and evaluation of project plan

Each of the prepared liquid soaps will be analyzed to determine the liquid soap yield, nature of
the quality liquid soaps, solubility of the liquid soaps in tap water, distilled water and hard water,
time taken to dissolve 1 ml of Liquid soap in 100ml of distilled water and the pH of the soap at
room temperature (at the first stage of curing and after 2 months of curing). A comparative
analysis was carried out using commercial liquid soaps and detergents by determining their
solubility, quality, viscosity, standards and pH. Monitor all activities according to project
procedure plan that means the above implemented plan .and also evaluate the performance of
project their qualities , price, budget, production rate etc

4.5 Project performance indicators

The performance indicators of our project is the product is sold in good ways that means the
marketing acceptance of the our soap very nice since it is high quality liquid soap at lower price
deliver to the consumer ,traders and institutions and also they have good relation between
employees ,it have good profit ,attract to the customer and creates jobs

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4.6 Reporting the project
Our project capital $150,000 was budgeted per month but the project expense is 125000 birr
our profit is 10,000 birr ,net profit is 5000 birr per month .
ANNUAL COSTS AND SALES 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
PRODUCER'S PRICE PER UNIT 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
VAR COSTS PER UNIT 15.00 14.00 13.50 13.25 12.00
FIXED COSTS PER YEAR 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
RETAIL SALES FORECAST [MIL $] 524 574 r616 672 721
INDUSTRY SALES PER YEAR [UNITS] 480,000 490,000 520,000 540,000 570,000
COMPANY MARKET SHARE [UNITS] 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00%
COMPANY SALES PER YEAR [UNITS] 20,600 49,200 79,200 105,200 142,000

BEFORE
INCOME STATEMENT RELEASE 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
SALES REVENUES 450,000 birr776,000 birr900,000 Brr1,256,000 birr2,260,000
VARIABLE COSTS r144,000 birr428,800 birr700,000 birr850,000 birr985,000
FIXED COSTS birr150,000 birr300,000 birr300,000 birr300,000 Birr300,000 Birr300,000
PROFITS (birr150,000) Birr204,000 birr347,200 birr696,800 Birr 929,600 birr1,000,000
CUMULATIVE PROFITS Birr104,000 birr291,200 birr588,000 birr697,600 birr853,600
NET PRESENT VALUE birr305,732

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