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    Lecture 9 - PHR514-Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs

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    Neymar Shuvo
    This document discusses pharmacy practices in Bangladesh. It begins by outlining the topics that will be covered, which include model pharmacy concepts, dispensing practices, prescriptions, and professional standards. It then provides details on each topic. Specifically, it describes the reasons for establishing model pharmacies in Bangladesh, the target audiences for model pharmacy initiatives, and design aspects of model pharmacies. It also explains drug dispensing processes, common dispensing errors, and quality indicators to evaluate dispensing practices. Furthermore, it outlines the parts of a prescription, handling processes, and importance of interpretation. Finally, it discusses the purpose and applicability of professional standards for hospital pharmacy services.

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    Lecture 9 - PHR514-Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs

    Uploaded by

    Neymar Shuvo
    35 views30 pages
    This document discusses pharmacy practices in Bangladesh. It begins by outlining the topics that will be covered, which include model pharmacy concepts, dispensing practices, prescriptions, and professional standards. It then provides details on each topic. Specifically, it describes the reasons for establishing model pharmacies in Bangladesh, the target audiences for model pharmacy initiatives, and design aspects of model pharmacies. It also explains drug dispensing processes, common dispensing errors, and quality indicators to evaluate dispensing practices. Furthermore, it outlines the parts of a prescription, handling processes, and importance of interpretation. Finally, it discusses the purpose and applicability of professional standards for hospital pharmacy services.

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    This document discusses pharmacy practices in Bangladesh. It begins by outlining the topics that will be covered, which include model pharmacy concepts, dispensing practices, prescriptions, and professional standards. It then provides details on each topic. Specifically, it describes the reasons for establishing model pharmacies in Bangladesh, the target audiences for model pharmacy initiatives, and design aspects of model pharmacies. It also explains drug dispensing processes, common dispensing errors, and quality indicators to evaluate dispensing practices. Furthermore, it outlines the parts of a prescription, handling processes, and importance of interpretation. Finally, it discusses the purpose and applicability of professional standards for hospital pharmacy services.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views30 pages

    Lecture 9 - PHR514-Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs

    Uploaded by

    Neymar Shuvo
    This document discusses pharmacy practices in Bangladesh. It begins by outlining the topics that will be covered, which include model pharmacy concepts, dispensing practices, prescriptions, and professional standards. It then provides details on each topic. Specifically, it describes the reasons for establishing model pharmacies in Bangladesh, the target audiences for model pharmacy initiatives, and design aspects of model pharmacies. It also explains drug dispensing processes, common dispensing errors, and quality indicators to evaluate dispensing practices. Furthermore, it outlines the parts of a prescription, handling processes, and importance of interpretation. Finally, it discusses the purpose and applicability of professional standards for hospital pharmacy services.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 30

    Pharmacy Law and Regulatory Affairs

    Lecture - 9

    Dr Shaouki Munir
    MBBS (DU), MGMP(UTS), MPH (UNSW)
    Module Contents

    This module covers the following topics:


    a) Model pharmacy concept in Bangladesh
    b) Basics of dispensing: practices, importance, process and errors
    c) Basics of prescription: parts, handling, dose calculation,
    d) Importance of the interpretation of the prescription
    f) Professional standards for hospital pharmacy services
    Model pharmacy

    Model pharmacy is a patient care service designed to improve


    medication adherence and build efficiencies in pharmacy operations.

    Reasons for establishing model pharmacy:


    • Lack of knowledge of drug
    • Low-quality of drugs and antibiotics
    • Reduce to sell the fake drug
    • Reduce the illegal business of drug
    Model pharmacy initiatives

    ➢In Bangladesh availability of quality medicines and services in


    retail pharmacies is one of the major problems affecting public
    health. To address this issue, MSH has initiated a project titled
    Designing Implementation Strategy for Accredited Drug Seller
    (ADS) and BPMI program

    ➢Through this program, MSH aims to ensure improved access to


    and appropriate use of quality medicines and services. MSH has
    selected Visual Communication Ltd. (VISCOM) as a consultant to
    develop a consumer engagement strategy, including marketing of
    model pharmacies
    Target Audience

    ✓Primary Audience – Consumers of medicines and


    potential consumers (mass people)

    ✓Secondary Audience- Medicine sellers and medicine


    shop owners in both rural and urban

    ✓Tertiary Audience- Stakeholders at 3 levels such as


    Central, District and Upozilla
    Design of model pharmacy

    • Air conditioning system


    • Registered graduate pharmacist
    • Consistent care
    • Drug therapy
    • Scheduled work – 24-hour service
    • Area of at least 300 sq. ft.

    *YouTube video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80vG8a-NuCM


    DRUG DISPENSING PRACTICES

    Dispensing refers to
    “process of preparing medicines and distributing them to
    users with provision of an appropriate information,
    counselling and follow-up”
    DRUG DISPENSING PROCESS
    DRUG DISPENSING PROCESS
    DISPENSING ENVIRONMENT

    A good dispensing environment includes the following:

    • Staff

    • Physical surrounding

    • Equipment and other facilities


    Examples of dispensing errors
    • Dispensing medicines to the wrong patient
    • Dispensing the wrong medicine to the patient
    • Dispensing the wrong drug strength
    • Dispensing at the wrong time
    • Dispensing the wrong dosage form
    • Dispensing an expired medicine
    • Omission ( failure to dispense )
    • Dispensing of medicine of inferior quality
    • Dispensing an incorrectly compounded medicine
    • Dispensing with the wrong information on the label
    • Dispensing with wrong verbal information to the patients
    INVESTIGATING DRUG DISPENSING PRACTICES

    Quality indicators: Good drug dispensing guidelines of WHO


    recommended following indicators to investigate drug dispensing
    practices:
    1. Average dispensing communication time
    2. Percentage of prescribed items actually dispensed
    3. Percentage of prescribed medication that are adequately labelled
    4. Patient knowledge provided to patient
    Average dispensing communication time

    Purpose:
    To measure the average time that personnel dispensing drugs
    spend with patient.
    Formula:
    Percentage of prescribed medicines actually dispensed
    Purpose:
    To measure the degree to which health facilities can
    provide the drugs which are prescribed.
    Formula:
    Percentage of prescribed medication that are adequately
    labelled

    Purpose:
    To measure the degree to which dispensers record essential
    information on the drug package they dispense
    Percentage of patient knowledge of correct dosage

    Purpose:
    To measure the effectiveness of the information given to patient on the
    dosage schedule of the drugs they received.
    Prescription legality in professional practice

    “Prescription” means the written direction given by the doctor to the


    chemist for the compounding of medicine suitable to a patient’s case.
    Recent legislation has legalised the electronic communication of
    prescriptions
    New technology has also made it easier to alter or forge prescriptions
    It is, therefore, important for pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants
    to develop good pharmacy practice habits in handling, interpreting,
    authenticating and recording prescriptions
    It is equally important for doctors and patients to understand their
    rights and obligations regarding prescriptions
    PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION

    1) Prescriber information
    2) Patient information
    3) Date of prescription
    4) Superscription
    5) Inscription
    6) Subscription
    7) Direction to patient (Transcription)
    8) Signature of prescriber
    Handling of Prescription

    • Receiving
    • Dosage calculation
    • Compounding
    • Finishing
    • Pricing
    • Delivering
    Receiving the prescription

    The pharmacist should receive the prescription.

    It includes,
    ➢Reading the prescription
    ➢Checking the prescription
    •
    Compounding

    • The ingredients are compounded by the accurate method


    • For weighing, electrical machines should be used

    Finishing the prescription

    It includes,
    ✓Packaging
    ✓Filling
    ✓Labelling
    ✓Rechecking
    IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERPRETATION OF PRESCRIPTION

    ➢Drug use is a complex process, and there are many drug-related


    challenges at various levels, involving prescribers, pharmacists and
    patients
    ➢While medication misadventure can occur anywhere in the health
    care system, from prescriber to dispenser to administration and
    finally to patient use, the simple truth is that many errors are
    preventable, and pharmacists assume an active role in the
    appropriate use of drugs
    Professional Standards for Hospital Pharmacy Services
    Purpose of the standards

    • The professional standards describe quality pharmacy services (or


    ‘what good looks like)

    • They provide a broad framework to support pharmacists and their


    teams to continually improve services, shape future services and
    roles, and deliver high-quality patient care across all settings and
    sectors

    • Ultimately, they will enable all providers to improve and develop


    pharmacy services that are safe and put the needs of patients first
    Broad applicability

    • Models of service delivery increasingly cut across the traditional


    boundaries of care, and new care models are continuously developing

    • The standards have broad applicability and can be used to ensure that
    quality pharmacy services develop regardless of the care setting

    • The standards can be used to support the development of quality


    services in hospitals, community services, mental health services,
    secure environments and ambulance services
    ▪ Pharmacists should ensure that the “right ” patient is
    receiving the “right” drug in a “right” dose

    ▪ Pharmacists and other health care professionals involved in


    the medication use process must work together to develop
    a systems approach to medication use & error reduction
    References
    • Who.int. 2011. [online] Available at:
    <https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/FIPWHOGuideline
    sGoodPharmacyPracticeTRS961Annex8.pdf> [Accessed 30 March 2022].

    • National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. 2013. Prescription Medication Distribution – The


    Five Percent Rule for Resale (Resolution 109-2-13) - National Association of Boards of
    Pharmacy. [online] Available at: <https://nabp.pharmacy/news/news-releases/prescription-
    medication-distribution-the-five-percent-rule-for-resale-resolution-109-2-13/> [Accessed 30
    March 2022].
    •
    • Rpharms.com. 2022. Hospital Pharmacy Standards Handbook. [online] Available at:
    <https://www.rpharms.com/recognition/setting-professional-standards/professional-
    standards-for-hospital-pharmacy/hospital-pharmacy-standards-handbook> [Accessed 30
    March 2022].
    Thank you

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