COURSE TITLE: DRUG EDUCATION & VICE 1.

The importance of understanding drug

CONTROL education and vice control
Prepared by MELANIE A. DELA CRUZ 1.1. Basic Concepts.
Course Description: 1.2. How drug works?
This comprehensive course on Drug 1.3. Methods of Drug Administration
Education & Vice Control aims to provide students with
1.4. Physiology of drugs.
a thorough understanding of the complex issues
surrounding drug use, abuse, and vice control. 1.5. Medical Uses of Drugs
Through a combination of theoretical knowledge,
practical skills, and real-world case studies, students 1.12Classification of drug users.
will gain the tools necessary to address the challenges 2. Historical perspectives on drug use and vice
of substance abuse and vice in society. This course will
also explore the legal and ethical aspects of vice Module 2: Types of Drugs
control, as well as prevention and harm reduction
Classification of drugs (legal, illegal, prescription, over-
strategies.
the-counter)
Course Objectives:
Commonly abused substances (e.g., alcohol, tobacco,
By the end of this course, students should be able to: opioids, stimulants)

1. Define and differentiate between various Emerging drugs and trends (e.g., designer drugs,
types of drugs, including legal and illegal synthetic cannabinoids)
substances.
Module 3: Effects of Drug Abuse
2. Understand the historical and societal
contexts of drug use and vice. Physiological effects on the body and brain
3. Identify the physical, psychological, and
social effects of drug abuse. Psychological and social consequences of drug abuse
4. Analyze the factors contributing to addiction Impact on individuals, families, and communities
and vice-related behaviors.
5. Examine the economic and public health Module 4: Addiction and Dependency
consequences of drug abuse.
The science of addiction
6. Evaluate the legal and ethical issues related
to vice control. Factors contributing to addiction
7. Develop and implement prevention and harm
reduction strategies. Models of addiction treatment and recovery
8. Explore rehabilitation and treatment options Module 5: Public Health and Economic Aspects
for individuals struggling with addiction.
9. Assess the role of law enforcement and the Public health implications of drug abuse
justice system in vice control.
The economic cost of addiction
10. Analyze international approaches to drug
policy and vice control. Harm reduction and prevention strategies
Course Outline: Module 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
Module 1: Introduction to Drug Education & Vice Drug laws and regulations
Control
Ethics in vice control
The role of government and law enforcement
Module 7: Prevention and Harm Reduction
Strategies for preventing drug abuse
Harm reduction approaches
Public awareness campaigns
Module 8: Treatment and Rehabilitation
Treatment options for individuals with substance use
disorders
Rehabilitation programs and support systems
Relapse prevention strategies
Module 9: Law Enforcement and Vice Control
The role of law enforcement agencies in vice control
Investigation and prosecution of drug-related crimes
Alternatives to incarceration
Module 10: International Drug Policy
A global perspective on drug policies
Case studies of international approaches
The future of drug education and vice control
Assessment:
Assessment methods will include quizzes, written
assignments, group discussions, case studies, and a
final project. The final project may involve designing a
drug education program, analyzing a vice control
policy, or conducting a research project related to
substance abuse and vice.
This course will provide students with a well-rounded
education on the complex issues of drug use,
addiction, and vice control, equipping them with the
knowledge and skills needed to make informed
decisions and contribute to the development of
effective policies and programs in this field.
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRUG activities are often referred to as "vices." Vice control
EDUCATION & VICE CONTROL aims to establish and enforce rules, regulations, and
policies to mitigate the negative social, moral, and legal
Drug Education refers to the process of consequences associated with these behaviors.
providing individuals with information and knowledge
about drugs, their effects, risks, and responsible use. It Common vices that may fall under the purview of
aims to promote informed decision-making and reduce vice control include:
the harm associated with drug use. Drug education 1. Drug Abuse: Efforts to control the production,
typically covers a wide range of substances, including distribution, and use of illegal drugs and the
legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco, prescription
promotion of responsible and legal drug use.
medications, and illicit drugs. 2. Prostitution: Regulations and laws regarding
Key aspects of drug education include: the sex trade, which can vary widely from
country to country and region to region.
1. Prevention: Educating individuals, 3. Gambling: Licensing and oversight of
particularly young people, about the risks and gambling establishments, as well as
consequences of drug use in an effort to measures to prevent problem gambling.
prevent them from experimenting with or 4. Pornography: Regulations and restrictions
becoming dependent on drugs. on the production, distribution, and
2. Harm Reduction: Providing strategies and consumption of sexually explicit material.
information to minimize the negative 5. Alcohol Control: Implementation of laws and
consequences of drug use for individuals who policies related to the sale, consumption, and
are already using drugs. This may include advertising of alcoholic beverages.
safe injection practices, access to clean 6. Tobacco Control: Regulations and
needles, and overdose prevention. campaigns aimed at reducing tobacco use
3. Awareness: Raising awareness about the and its associated health risks.
dangers of drug abuse and addiction, as well 7. Obscenity and Indecency: Laws governing
as the importance of seeking help for content in media, entertainment, and
substance use disorders. publications to maintain community standards
4. Promoting Responsible Use: Encouraging and protect minors.
responsible and legal use of substances like 8. Solicitation and Loitering: Measures to
alcohol and prescription medications when address public nuisances and public order
they are necessary, and discouraging offenses, which may include anti-loitering
misuse. laws.
Vice Control, on the other hand, is a broader concept 9. Gaming and Betting: Regulations pertaining
that encompasses efforts to regulate and combat to video games, online gaming, and sports
behaviors or activities that are considered morally or betting.
socially unacceptable or illegal. Vice control often Vice control measures can vary significantly from
includes measures to address issues related to one jurisdiction to another and are influenced by
gambling, prostitution, drug abuse, pornography, and cultural, moral, and ethical values. The objectives of
other activities that may be deemed vices by society or vice control can include maintaining public order,
the law. protecting public health, reducing criminal activity, and
Vice control refers to the efforts made by upholding community standards. However, vice control
governments, law enforcement agencies, and efforts often involve complex ethical considerations
regulatory bodies to regulate, manage, or prohibit related to individual rights, privacy, and personal
activities or behaviors that are considered morally, freedoms.
socially, or legally unacceptable or undesirable. These
 It's important to note that the effectiveness of vice The importance of understanding drug education
control measures and the degree of public support for and vice control
such measures can vary widely, and they may evolve
As criminology students, understanding drug
over time in response to changing societal attitudes
education and vice control is of paramount importance
and legal frameworks.
for several reasons:
Key aspects of vice control include:
1. Understanding the Root Causes of Crime:
1. Legal Regulation: Developing and enforcing Drug abuse and vice are often linked to
laws and regulations to control and, in some criminal behavior. By comprehending the
cases, prohibit specific activities or behaviors factors that drive drug abuse and vice,
that are considered vices. For example, criminology students can better understand
gambling regulations and anti-drug laws fall the root causes of certain crimes and develop
under vice control measures. effective crime prevention strategies.
2. Public Health and Safety: Balancing the 2. Crime Prevention and Intervention: A deep
regulation of vices with public health and understanding of drug education and vice
safety concerns. This can involve harm control equips criminology students with the
reduction strategies, such as safe injection knowledge and tools to design and implement
sites for drug users or health screenings for prevention and intervention programs. This
sex workers. can help reduce drug-related crimes and
3. Ethical Considerations: Considering the improve overall community safety.
ethical dimensions of vice control, such as 3. Legal Framework: Criminologists need to be
individual rights and privacy, and striking a well-versed in the legal aspects of vice
balance between public health, safety, and control, including drug laws and regulations.
personal freedoms. This knowledge is essential for working within
4. Community and Social Impact: Assessing the criminal justice system and ensuring that
the impact of vices on communities and individuals involved in drug-related offenses
society as a whole, including issues like crime receive fair treatment.
rates, public disorder, and social inequalities. 4. Evidence-Based Practices: Criminology
students can benefit from research and data
It's important to note that drug education and vice
related to drug abuse and vice control. This
control often intersect, especially in the context of
evidence-based approach allows them to
substance abuse. Effective vice control may involve
evaluate the effectiveness of policies and
elements of drug education, such as providing
interventions and make informed
education and support to individuals involved in vices
recommendations for improvement.
like drug addiction.
5. Public Policy Advocacy: Criminologists
In summary, drug education focuses on educating often play a role in shaping public policies
individuals about drugs, their effects, and responsible related to crime and vice control. A solid
use, while vice control encompasses a wider range of understanding of drug education and vice
measures and regulations aimed at addressing morally control enables students to engage in
or socially undesirable behaviors and activities. Both informed policy discussions and advocate for
areas are important in promoting public health, safety, evidence-based, humane, and effective
and informed decision-making. approaches.
6. Community Engagement: Criminology
professionals frequently work with
communities affected by drug abuse and vice.
Having knowledge in this area helps build
trust with community members and allows for
 more effective collaboration in crime Drug Dependence. It refers to the state of psychic or
prevention efforts. physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs
7. Ethical Considerations: Drug education and following the administration or use of that drug WHO
vice control are areas where ethical defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated
considerations are particularly important. administration of a drug.
Criminologists must navigate complex ethical
Drug Experimenter. One who illegally, wrongfully, or
dilemmas when dealing with individuals
improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons
involved in drug-related crimes, and
of curiosity, peer pressure, or other similar reasons.
understanding these issues is crucial.
8. Career Opportunities: Many career paths in Drug Syndicate. It is a network of illegal drug
criminology, including roles in law operations operated and manned carefully by groups
enforcement, criminal justice administration, of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious
research, and advocacy, intersect with drug trade for personal or group profit.
education and vice control. A strong
foundation in this area enhances career Manufacture. The production, preparation,
prospects. compounding or processing a dangerous drug either
directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances
. Terms to Ponder in the Study of Drug Abuse of natural origin or by chemical synthesis.
Administer. The act of introducing any dangerous Narcotic Drug. Refers to illegally used drugs or
drug into the body of any person with or without his dangerous drugs which are either prohibited or
knowledge. Chemical. It is any substance taken into regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces
the body that alters the way and the mind and the sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant
bodywork. effect on the CNS. The term Narcotic comes from the
Greek word "narcotikos". It is sometimes known as
Chemical Abuse. It is an instance when the use of
"opiates".
chemical has produced negative or harmful
consequences. Physical Dependence. An adaptive state caused by
repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of
Cultivate. It means the act of knowingly planting,
intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped
growing, raising or permitting the planting growing,
(withdrawal syndrome).
raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited
dru Psychological Dependence. An attachment to drug
use which arises from a drug ability to satisfy some
Drug. Traditionally, drugs are synthetic chemicals
emotional or personality needs of an individual.
used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which
affects the body and mind and have potential for Pusher. Any person who sell, administer, deliver or
abuse. Drugs in its criminological meaning, refers to give away to another, distribute, transport any
substances, other than food and water that is intended dangerous drug.
to be taken or administered for the purpose of altering,
sustaining or controlling recipient's physical, mental or Rehabilitation. It is a dynamic process directed
emotional state. towards the changes of the health of the person to
prepare him from his fullest life potentials and
Drug Abuse. It is the legal, wrongful or improper use capabilities, and making him law abiding and
of any drug. productive member of the community without abusing
drugs.
Drug Addiction. It refers to the state of periodic or
chronic Intoxication produced by the repeated Tolerance. It is the tendency to increase dosage of
consumption of a drug. drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.
Treatment. A medical service rendered to a client for Acid-slang term for LSD
the effective management of his total condition related
to drug abuse. It deals with the physiological and Acid Head-LSD user
psychosocial complications arising from drug abuse.
Drop-taking drug orally
Use. The act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous
drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug Joint-an MJ Cigar
into the physiological system of the body.
Roach-butt end of a joint
B. The Drug Abuse Jargons
Stoned-intoxicating effect of a drug
Jargons and Meaning
Trip-reaction that is caused by drugs
Opiate-Narcotic
Head-drug user
On-the-Nod/ "Nodding-Suspended Sleep
Downer-street slang for depressant
Mainline/ "to shoot-Injecting a drug to the vein

A Hit-slang for injection of drugs

THE NATURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS
Work-apparatus for injecting a drug
Drug abuse starts from a compulsion state
A Fix-one injection of opiate followed by tolerance until the person is hooked to the
drug use, that is, he will be physically addicted to the
Juni-Heroin drug being used then later on psychological dependent
to it
Junkie-an opiate addict
A. WHAT ARE DRUGS?
Skin popping-to inject a drug under the skin
A drug, as defined, is a substance used as a
A Bag-a pocket of drug medicine or in making medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without
Cold Turkey-withdrawal effects of opiate use an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can
be harmful.
Track-scars on the skin due injection
Hundreds of pure chemicals have been
Overdose-death occurred developed from plants and put into pills, capsules or
liquid medicines. There are also two forms of drugs,
Speed-amphetamines natural and synthetic/artificial. The natural drugs
include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin,
Speed Freaks-amphetamine addicts
hashish, opium, and marijuana, while the synthetic
Uppers-street slang for Stimulants/amphetamines drugs are produced by clandestine laboratories which
include those drugs that are controlled by law because
Rush-the beginning of a high they are used in the medical practice. Physicians
prescribe them and are purchased in the legitimate
High-under the influence of drugs outlets like drugstores.
Coke-street slang for cocaine D rugs also help the human body and mind to
function better during an illness. But drugs have to be
Flashback-drug use after stoppage taken correctly in order to do these things. The wrong
drug or the wrong amount of the right one can make an
illness, worse, destroy blood cells, damage the body that must be observed when dispensing OTCs are the
and many cause death. For this reason, most drugs following
can be legally purchased only with doctor's written
1.the correct drug with the correct drug content is given
order called prescription. Only a medical doctor can
to the correct patient in the correct dosage form;
prescribe medicinal drugs. These prescribed drugs
could be dangerous and must be used with care and 2.the pharmacist must counsel the patient to make
according to the doctor's prescription. sure that he/she takes the drugs correctly; and
The practice of taking drugs without proper 3.the pharmacist must be aware of and know about the
medicinal supervision is called the non-medical use of possible toxicity's possessed by the OTC drugs to
drugs or drug abuse. avoid food/drug incompatibilities and overdoses.
The Prescriptive Drugs OTCs must be used properly in order to:
These are drugs requiring written 1.avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified
authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They habitual drug
are prescribed according to the individual's age, weight
and height and should not be taken by anyone else It 2.avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the
is a personal requirement and self-medication that buyer of the drugs as to the identity of the patient, the
should be strictly avoided. The pharmacist should patient's age and other information such as pregnancy,
never allow the consumer to request them knowingly hypertension, etc, and
without first consulting a doctor. 3.Counseling the patient so as to avoid the "self-
Once again strict emphasis of following medication" syndrome by inquiring about the buyer's
directions needs to be stated. In addition to dosage, source of information about the drug
the physician indicates both when and for how long the What is "Self-Medication Syndrome"?
medicine should be taken. Theses directions are
intended to safeguard the patient from needlessly The "self-medication" syndrome is found in users and
treating himself after his illness has been brought would be users of drugs whose sources of information
under control or from prematurely stopping a drug are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists
because he thinks he is well. Since the chemistry of the and health workers. These could be members of the
body is subtle and variable, only a physician should family, relatives, and/or neighbors, all of whom may
have the responsibility of prescribing and directing the have previously used the drug for their specific disease
use of drugs in the treatment of illnesses or disorder Self- medication may work against the good
of the user because it can lead to intoxication and other
The Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC) adverse reactions.
The OTC drugs are non-prescription The possible outcomes of self-medication are:
medicines, which may be purchased from any
pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization 1.Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies
from a doctor. They are use to treat minor and short which may be mild or severe.
term nesses and any persistent condition should be
2.Possible non-response of the patient to the drug
immediately referred to a physician. It should be
effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
strongly emphasized that "directions" be closely
followed and all precautions necessarily taken to avoid 3.Possible drug toxicities, through overdose which may
complications. lead to severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting,
rashes, etc.
OTC drugs are used for the prevention and
symptomatic relief of minor ailments. The precautions
4.Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic or because they imitate the mucous lining of the gastro-
use of the drugs even when such are no longer intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
needed.
2.Injection. This form of drug administration offers a
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS faster response than the oral method. It makes use of
a needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly
How Drug Works?
into the body tissue and blood circulation d
Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface
3.Inhalation. This route makes use of gaseous and
of a cell or in the extra-cellular fluids of the body.
volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly
Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell
through the mucous of the respiratory tract.
and participates in a few steps of the normal sequence
of a cellular process. Thus, drugs may later, interfere 4.Topical. This refers to the application of drugs
with or replace chemicals of normal cellular life, directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous
hopefully for the betterment of the person. The actual membrane.
action of a particular drug depends on its chemical
5.Lontophoresis. The introduction of drugs into the
make-up.
deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of
When two drugs are taken together or within a few electric current for local effect.
hours of each other they may interact with unexpected
WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY?
results. This is one reason a physician should always
know the names of all drags one is using A dose of a Toxicology in commonly known as the
drug in the amount taken at one time. The doses taken science of poisons, their effects and antidotes. In
become an extremely important part of drug abuse. connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects
The amount of drug in a dose can be described as: because of any of the following:
1.Minimal dose-the amount needed to treat or heal, 1.Overdose when too much of a drug is taken into the
that is, the smallest amount of a that will produce a physiological system of the human body, there may be
therapeutic effect. an over extension of its effects.
2.Maximal dose- the largest amount of a drug that will 2.Allergy-some drugs cause the release of histamine
produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis,
accompanying symptoms of toxicity. swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
3.Toxic dose-the amount of drug that produces 3.Idiosyncrasy-It refers to the individual reaction to a
untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning drug, food, etc. for unexplained reasons. Morphine for
example, which sedates all men, stimulates and
4.Abusive dose-the amount needed to produce the
renders some women maniacal behaviors.
side effects and actions desired by an individual who
improperly uses it 5 Lethal dose-the amount of drug 4.Poisonous Property drugs are chemicals and some
that will cause death of them have the property of being general
protoplasmic poisons.
How Drugs are administered?
5. Side Effects- some drugs are not receptors for one
The common methods of drug administration are as
follows: organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect
in the other organa may constitute a side effect, which
1.Oral. This is the safest most convenient and are most of the time unwanted.
economical route whenever possible There are
Importance of Drugs
however, drugs, which cannot be administered this
way because the digestive juices readily destroy them Drugs are medicines and the best use of medicine
depends upon the physician, the user or patient, and
the pharmacist. This idea was subscribed to by both their conditions are Physicians share the same opinion
Metro Manila Physicians (PNC Health Education that the following drugs are better used under medical
Survey, 1983) and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer's supervision to avoid harmful consequences and habit
Association of Washington, DC. (U.P., MEC, DDB formation.
1979). Their common agreement the intelligent use
WHAT ARE THE MEDICAL USES OF DRUG?
of drugs are presented as follows:
The following are some of the many medical uses of
1.Take medicines on doctor's advice. In prescribing
drugs.
medicine, the doctor considers factors like age and
weight, prevalent signs and symptoms, severity of the 1.Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain. However,
disease, results of laboratory examinations, route of they may produce the opposite effects on somebody
administration tolerated by patient, and presence of who suffers from peptic ulcer or gastric irritation.
impairment in the organ or system. The physician has
always a reason for his orders. 2.Antibiotics are drugs that combat or control
infectious organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics for
2.When taking prescribed medicines, remember a long time can result in allergic reactions and cause
carefully the dosage, manner of administration, resistance to the drug.
frequency and time when to take it. Patient must not
trust his memory when taking medicine. The label of 3.Antipyretics are drugs that can lower body
the medicine should be read three times - once when temperature or fever due to infection.
medicine is removed from cabinet, again before 4.Antihistamines are drugs that control or combat
medicine is taken and a third time after it is taken. allergic reactions. People who on antihistamine
Medicine. should not be taken in the dark even if therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these
patient knows its location. drugs can cause drowsiness.
3.If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one of 5.Contraceptives are drugs that prevent the meeting
them must know about all the drugs being taken. of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from
4.Avoid self-medication: Patient should not try to guess releasing egg cells. Pregnant women must not take
what is wrong with him or to select his own medicines birth control pills to avoid congenital abnormalities.
even if his symptoms seem to be familiar to those of This advice also applies to women suffering from heart
his neighbor. disease, varicose veins, breast limps, goiter and
anemia. The effectiveness of oral contraceptives may
5.Report any untoward effects of medicine to the be reduced when taken with antibiotic.
physician. After taking medicine, tell the doctor if any
symptoms develop 6.Decongestant are drugs that relieve congestion of
the nasal Decongestants passages. Prolonged used of
6. Patient should not take additional drugs without these decongestants might include nasal congestion
asking his physician upon withdrawal.
7.See whether the medicine has expired or not. 7.Expectorants are drugs that can ease the expulsion
of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat.
8.Be sure that the label stays on a prescription
They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that does
container until all is used
not know to cough the phlegm out.
9.Store medicine in a safe, cool and dry place and out
8.Laxatives are drugs that stimulate defecation and
of reach of children.
encourage bowel movement. They should not be given
10.Some people just purchase and use common drugs to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal
without knowing their functions and contradictions. obstruction. Taking purgatives (stronger than
Thus, instead of being relieved of some symptoms, laxatives) unnecessarily might result in rupture of the
intestines or appendix if there is an obstruction.
Constant use might make the intestines sluggish.
9.Sedatives and Tranquilizers are drugs that can
calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind.
Precautions must be taken in the use of tranquilizers
since they can cause impairment of judgment and
dexterity.
10.Vitamins are substances necessary for normal
growth and development and proper functioning of the
body. A person who eats a balanced diet does not
need supplements. If they are found necessary,
vitamin preparations should be taken with meals.
Vitamins should be treated as drugs since the body
does not manufacture them. Excessive dosage of
vitamins A and D can be dangerous and harmful to
health. Excess of vitamin D can lead to nausea,
diarrhea, and weight loss, calcification and heart and
kidney troubles. Too much vitamin A might result in
symptoms of a disease of the liver.
Historical Background of Drug Abuse Historians suggest that marijuana (Cannabis
Sativa) was one of the world's earliest cultivated plants,
and Drug Trafficking
originating with the Incas of Peru. Peruvian and
Learning Objectives: Mexican Incans also used coca leaves during religious
ceremonies. Marijuana was considered a "sacred tree"
At the conclusion of this lesson, learners should be in Assyrian beliefs and was used in religious rituals as
able to: far back as 9,000 years B.C. The use of marijuana was
• Examine the origins of drug use and drug deeply ingrained in the cultures of countries like India,
abuse. Jamaica, Morocco, Nepal, Mexico, and Peru (Sotto,
1994). The first recorded introduction of marijuana was
• Compare and contrast the history of
in Northern Iran, serving as an intoxicant, and it
marijuana with other plants used to create
subsequently spread throughout India. Hindus used it
harmful drugs.
in religious rituals, believing it brought happiness and
• Present visual materials illustrating the
laughter. The term "hashish" (resin) comes from the
historical context of drug abuse.
name Hasan or Hashasin, the Muslim cult leader who
To better understand the concept of drug abuse, it rewarded his followers with a preparation made from
is essential to explore its historical roots. the resin of the female hemp plant for their successful
Understanding the historical development of drug use assassination activities.
helps us educate society and stay informed about the
American Indians are believed to have used
progression of drug control measures. The past events
not only the stimulant tobacco but also opium in their
related to drug use have also influenced our current
peace pipes to "narcotize" opponents with differing
drug regulations. This lesson will provide a
objectives (Sotto, 1994).
comprehensive overview of narcotics, from general
historical context to specific facts known today. Knowledge of the opium poppy plant
(Papaver Somniferum) dates back around 7,000 years
A General History of Drug Abuse:
B.C when it was cultivated and prepared by the
The Holy Bible serves as a valuable source Sumerians. Even the ancient Greek physician
for tracing the early use and abuse of narcotics. For Hippocrates, known as the father of Medicine,
instance, the Book of Judges in the Old Testament tells prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant as early
the story of Samson being sedated with drug-laced as 5,000 B.C, believing it could cure many illnesses
wine by Delilah before having his hair, the source of his through both internal and external use. The plant was
strength, cut off. In ancient cities like Sodom, there are initially harvested in Mesopotamia and then spread to
allusions to drug abuse, which may have contributed to the Mediterranean and Asia through the Arab caravans
various social issues such as adultery, bestiality, and (Dungo, 1988).
incest (Sotto, 1994).
Opium use in China originated from India and
Ancient Greek and Roman literature also became widespread in the 19th century. The British,
contain stories referencing drug abuse, as seen in the taking over the opium trade from Portuguese
tragic tale of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra, merchants, established the Opium Trade Monopoly
in despair over her lost love, consumed narcotic-laden through the British East Indies Company. In an effort to
wine before letting herself be bitten by a poisonous asp combat the high rate of opium addiction in China,
from the River Nile. Even practices like oracles and Emperor Yung Chen prohibited opium smoking and
black magic during Roman antiquity were believed to tried to close ports for its importation, leading to the
involve the use of "narcotics" (Sotto, 1994). "opium war" in 1840. This conflict compelled China to
accept British-sponsored opium trade and sign a treaty
allowing opium importation into China after being
defeated.
 In 1806, German pharmacist Friedrich W. significance of drug use in ancient civilizations,
Serturner discovered morphine, the first derivative of focusing on the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Greeks.
opium, naming it "Morphium" before changing it to
1. Sumerians:
"Morphine" after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.
Morphine was the first attempt to treat opium addiction, The Sumerians, one of the earliest known civilizations
but it was discovered to be highly addictive during the in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), had an extensive
American Civil War, leading to it being referred to as pharmacopoeia dating back to around 3000 BCE.
"soldier's disease."
They used substances like opium, which they
The second attempt to treat opium and cultivated from the poppy plant, for medicinal and pain-
morphine addiction began in 1896 when Heroin relief purposes.
(Diacetylmorphine), synthesized from morphine, was
discovered by British chemist Alder Wright. It was Opium was often consumed in various forms, such as
dubbed the "miracle drug" and believed to cure both in the form of poppy seed pastes and opium tea.
opium and morphine addiction, earning its name from The Sumerians also believed in the spiritual and divine
the word "hero" due to its apparent power. However, properties of certain substances, which were used in
heroin turned out to be the most addictive of all drugs. religious ceremonies and rituals.
Meanwhile, codeine, the third derivative of 2. Egyptians:
opium, was discovered in France while attempting to
find other drugs that could cure opium, morphine, and Ancient Egypt is famous for its use of substances like
heroin addiction. Unfortunately, it led to similar cannabis and alcohol, particularly beer.
addiction issues. Today, it is widely used as an
Cannabis was used both recreationally and
ingredient in most cough syrups.
medicinally, with evidence of its use dating back over
These are just some of the historical events 3,000 years.
that reflect drug abuse in human history, significantly
Beer, made from fermented grains like barley, was a
influencing modern medical practices. In fact, narcotics
staple of the Egyptian diet and played a central role in
are still considered by physicians worldwide as highly
religious and social gatherings.
effective pain relievers (Sotto, 1994).
Cannabis and alcohol were often associated with
SUMMARY
relaxation, pleasure, and religious experiences.
1. Ancient Civilizations and Drug Use:
3. Greeks:
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians,
In ancient Greece, drug use was common, and
Egyptians, and Greeks, had a long history of using
substances like wine, opium, and even the
drugs for various purposes.
hallucinogenic plant known as "kykeon" were
Substances like opium, cannabis, and alcohol were consumed.
often used for medicinal, religious, and recreational
Wine, produced from grapes, held a special place in
purposes.
Greek culture and was associated with Dionysus, the
Rituals and cultural significance surrounded the use of god of wine and ecstasy.
these substances.
Opium was used for its pain-relieving properties and
Ancient civilizations around the world have left behind was often consumed recreationally.
a rich historical record of their use of drugs and
The Eleusinian Mysteries, a religious cult, involved the
substances for various purposes. This practice was
consumption of the psychoactive beverage kykeon,
deeply intertwined with their cultures, religious beliefs,
which was believed to facilitate spiritual experiences.
and everyday lives. Here, we will expound upon the
Cultural and Religious Significance: overseas colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and
the Pacific.
Drug use in these ancient civilizations extended
beyond mere practical or medicinal purposes; it was As part of the exchange known as the Columbian
deeply intertwined with cultural and religious Exchange, new substances like tobacco, alcohol, and
significance. later, coffee and tea, were introduced to the Old World
from the New World.
Substances were often seen as bridges to the divine or
as tools to facilitate spiritual experiences. Tobacco was a particularly noteworthy introduction, as
it quickly became a popular cash crop due to its
Rituals involving drug use played a central role in
addictive properties.
religious ceremonies, fostering a connection between
individuals and the supernatural. 2. Influence on Local Customs and Habits:
In summary, drug use in ancient civilizations like the The introduction of these substances had a profound
Sumerians, Egyptians, and Greeks was not only impact on local customs and habits in colonized
practical but also deeply rooted in cultural, religious, regions.
and social contexts. These substances held diverse
Indigenous populations often adopted the use of these
purposes, from medicinal relief to spiritual
new substances, which sometimes led to changes in
enlightenment, and they contributed to the rich tapestry
traditional cultural practices and rituals.
of these ancient societies, leaving a lasting legacy in
the history of human civilization. Alcohol, for instance, played a role in religious
ceremonies and social interactions in various
2. Colonial Influence and the Global Spread of
indigenous cultures but was often commercialized and
Drugs:
controlled by colonial authorities.
The age of exploration and colonialism led to the global
3. The Opium Wars and Their Impact:
spread of various drugs, including tobacco, alcohol,
and opium. The Opium Wars, fought between China and Britain in
the mid-19th century, marked a significant turning point
European powers introduced these substances to new
in the global drug trade, particularly in Asia.
regions, influencing local customs and habits.
British traders had established a lucrative opium trade
The Opium Wars in the 19th century marked a
in China, leading to widespread addiction and social
significant turning point in drug trade, particularly in
disruption.
Asia.
The Chinese government's efforts to curtail the opium
The era of colonialism, marked by European
trade led to conflicts, with Britain and other European
exploration and expansion from the 15th century
powers advocating for free trade.
onwards, had a profound impact on the global spread
of various drugs, significantly altering the cultural, These wars resulted in the expansion of Western
economic, and social landscapes of both colonizing influence in China and the forced opening of Chinese
and colonized regions. Here, we will expound upon ports to foreign trade, significantly altering China's
how colonialism facilitated the global dissemination of economic and political landscape.
drugs like tobacco, alcohol, and opium, and how it
played a pivotal role in shaping drug trade dynamics, Economic and Social Consequences:
with a focus on the Opium Wars in the 19th century. The global spread of these drugs had profound
1. Introduction of Drugs through Colonialism: economic consequences. For example, tobacco
became a major cash crop, contributing to economic
European colonial powers, including Spain, Portugal, development in colonies like Virginia.
the Netherlands, England, and France, established
The social and health consequences of drug use varied commonly found in various products, including tonics
but often included addiction, health problems, and and beverages.
cultural shifts.
Heroin, synthesized from morphine, was initially
The Opium Wars highlighted the unequal power marketed as a non-addictive substitute for morphine
dynamics between colonial powers and the colonized, but quickly became a major public health concern due
as well as the destructive impact of drug trade on to its high potential for addiction.
societies.
Amphetamines, originally developed for medical
In summary, colonialism played a pivotal role in the purposes, were increasingly used recreationally and
global dissemination of drugs such as tobacco, became associated with heightened alertness and
alcohol, and opium, impacting local customs and energy.
economies while also leading to complex social and
2. Pharmaceutical Proliferation:
political consequences. The Opium Wars serve as a
poignant example of how the trade in these substances The 20th century witnessed a significant expansion of
could have far-reaching effects on both the colonizing the pharmaceutical industry, leading to increased drug
and colonized nations. production and distribution.
4. 20th Century Trends in Drug Use: Pharmaceuticals played a dual role: they contributed to
advancements in medical treatment and public health
The 20th century witnessed a surge in drug use, with
while also being a source of potential abuse.
the emergence of illicit substances like cocaine, heroin,
and amphetamines. The availability of prescription medications created
new avenues for misuse and addiction.
The proliferation of pharmaceutical companies
contributed to increased drug production and 3. Countercultural Movements:
distribution.
The 1960s marked a significant cultural shift, with the
Cultural movements, such as the counterculture of the rise of countercultural movements that embraced drug
1960s, embraced drug use as a form of rebellion and use as a form of rebellion and self-discovery.
self-discovery.
The hippie movement, in particular, popularized the
The 20th century marked a pivotal period in the history use of hallucinogenic substances like LSD and magic
of drug use, characterized by a significant increase in mushrooms as a means to explore altered states of
the consumption of both licit and illicit substances. This consciousness.
era witnessed the emergence of potent and sometimes
dangerous drugs, a proliferation of pharmaceutical The counterculture challenged established norms and
companies, and a countercultural movement that sought to break free from societal constraints,
redefined societal attitudes toward drug use. Let's advocating for greater personal freedom and
delve deeper into these trends: experimentation.

1. Emergence of Potent Illicit Substances:

The 20th century saw the introduction and widespread
use of potent and sometimes highly addictive illicit Public Health and Societal Impact:
substances.
The surge in drug use during the 20th century had
Cocaine, derived from coca leaves, gained popularity substantial public health and societal consequences.
and was initially used for its stimulant properties. It
became associated with glamorous lifestyles and was
Substance abuse and addiction rates rose, leading to The League of Nations, established after World War I,
a range of health problems, including overdose, initiated international discussions on drug control and
infectious diseases, and mental health disorders. regulation.
Policymakers grappled with the need to strike a These discussions led to the development of the first
balance between ensuring access to necessary international drug control treaty, the International
medications and controlling the misuse of drugs. Opium Convention of 1912.
In summary, the 20th century was marked by a 2. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961):
proliferation of drug use, driven by the emergence of
The most significant milestone in international drug
potent illicit substances, the growth of the
control efforts was the adoption of the Single
pharmaceutical industry, and the countercultural
Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961.
movements that reshaped societal attitudes toward
drug use. These trends continue to shape drug policies This convention aimed to consolidate and strengthen
and public health efforts in the 21st century, previous drug control treaties and establish a
emphasizing the need for a nuanced and evidence- comprehensive framework for the regulation of
based approach to address the complex challenges of narcotic drugs, including opiates, cannabis, and
drug use and addiction. cocaine.
4. International Drug Control Efforts: The Single Convention introduced measures for the
control of drug production, distribution, and use and set
The 20th century also saw the development of
guidelines for medical and scientific purposes.
international drug control efforts, culminating in the
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961). 3. The "War on Drugs" in the United States:
These efforts aimed to regulate and control the The United States played a pivotal role in promoting
production, distribution, and use of drugs on a global the "war on drugs" as a central aspect of drug policy
scale. during the 20th century.
The war on drugs, particularly in the United States, The term "war on drugs" was popularized by the Nixon
became a prominent feature of drug policy during this administration in the 1970s and subsequently
period. intensified by subsequent administrations.
The 20th century witnessed a significant shift in the This approach focused on aggressive law
approach to drug control, with the development of enforcement, criminalization of drug offenses, and
international efforts aimed at regulating and managing punitive measures against drug offenders.
the production, distribution, and use of drugs on a
global scale. This period also saw the emergence of Implications and Controversies:
the "war on drugs," particularly in the United States, as International drug control efforts had far-reaching
a prominent feature of drug policy. Here, we will delve implications for drug policy and enforcement
deeper into these developments: worldwide.
1. The Emergence of International Drug Control: The "war on drugs" approach, especially in the United
Prior to the 20th century, drug control efforts were States, led to increased incarceration rates, particularly
primarily carried out at the national level. However, as for non-violent drug offenders, and raised questions
the global trade in drugs expanded, international about its effectiveness in reducing drug abuse.
cooperation became necessary. Critics argued that these efforts often had unintended
consequences, such as the growth of illegal drug
markets and the marginalization of vulnerable
populations.
Contemporary Challenges: Chinese ghettos, started smoking opium in 1780. This
practice was not widespread and was accepted and
International drug control efforts continue to evolve in
tolerated by the authorities. In 1844, the Spanish
response to changing drug trends and societal
colonial government established an opium monopoly,
attitudes.
allowing them to import and sell opium to Chinese
Contemporary challenges include debates about the users. During this period, opium smoking became
decriminalization or legalization of certain drugs, harm more common among the Chinese, as it was prohibited
reduction strategies, and efforts to address the health for Indians, Mestizos, and Filipinos. This compromise
and social aspects of drug use. policy continued until 1896, a time of revolt and
insurrection.
In summary, the 20th century marked a critical period
in the development of international drug control efforts, When the Americans took over governance in
culminating in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1901, they conducted a systematic survey and
in 1961. These efforts aimed to regulate and control discovered 190 opium joints where Chinese people
drug production and distribution on a global scale. smoked opium. It was observed that the habit had not
However, the "war on drugs" approach, particularly in yet spread among Filipinos. In 1906, partial legislation
the United States, has been a subject of ongoing allowed Chinese addicts to obtain licenses to use
debate and controversy, highlighting the complex and opium in their homes for a fee of P5.00. Opium sales
multifaceted nature of drug policy and its impact on were under government control, and the quality was
individuals and societies. regulated.

Historical Perspectives on Drug Use and Vice in In 1908, a complete ban on opium was
the Philippines: implemented. This campaign continued until the
Japanese occupation in 1946, during which opium
The historical perspectives on drug use and supplies to the country were cut off, leading to a
vice in the Philippines provide essential context for significant decrease in opium addicts.
understanding the complex issues surrounding
substance abuse and vice control in the country. These In 1953, Republic Act No. 953 was enacted,
historical layers shed light on how drug-related requiring the registration and taxation of individuals
practices, policies, and challenges have evolved over involved in the production, importation, manufacture,
time. dispensing, sale, or distribution of opium, marijuana,
opium poppies.
History of Drug Abuse in the Philippines:
1. Pre-Colonial Practices:
The following historical account is a summary
of the Dangerous Drugs Board's presentation Indigenous communities in the Philippines had a rich
regarding drug abuse history in the Philippines. Not tradition of using psychoactive plants and substances
much is known about drug use in the Philippines before for medicinal and spiritual purposes.
the Spanish era. Early Filipinos primarily used
These practices were deeply ingrained in the cultural
fermented alcoholic beverages and the masticatory
and spiritual beliefs of these communities, often used
preparations known as "nga-nga." Narcotics, including
in healing rituals, religious ceremonies, and cultural
marijuana, were not among the vices in the country at
celebrations.
the time. The opium poppy plant and coca bush did not
exist in Philippine vegetation before 1521. The use of indigenous psychoactive substances
represented a harmonious relationship between
During the Spanish era, drug control laws
people and nature, emphasizing the balance between
prohibited the use of opium by native Filipinos and
the physical and spiritual worlds.
others, except for the Chinese. Chinese residents in
the Philippines, particularly in Manila and distant 2. Spanish Colonization:
The arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century Ongoing debates and controversies surround drug
brought significant changes to the Philippines, policies, including calls for harm reduction strategies,
including the introduction of alcohol and tobacco. rehabilitation, and human rights considerations.
Alcohol, in the form of "tuba" or palm wine, and later These contemporary drug issues highlight the
distilled spirits, became integrated into local social enduring complexity of drug-related challenges and the
gatherings and rituals. need for comprehensive, evidence-based approaches
to address them.
The spread of tobacco cultivation and consumption
had profound cultural and social implications, shaping Understanding these historical perspectives provides
practices like the "smoking of peace pipes" and "buyo" valuable insights into the cultural, social, and policy
chewing rituals. dynamics that have shaped drug use and vice control
in the Philippines. It underscores the importance of a
Spanish influence and Catholicism also influenced
nuanced and historically informed approach to
attitudes towards certain indigenous practices.
contemporary drug education and vice control efforts.
3. American Colonization:
Terminology and definitions
American colonization in the early 20th century
Drug Education Terminology:
introduced further changes in drug policies and the
introduction of new substances. Substance Abuse: The harmful or hazardous use of
psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit
Alcohol remained a prominent feature of Filipino
drugs, leading to dependence, health problems, or
society, while new substances like caffeine from coffee
social issues.
and tea were embraced.
Addiction: A chronic disease characterized by drug-
The American colonial administration influenced drug
seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to
and alcohol use patterns, sometimes encouraging or
control, despite harmful consequences.
discouraging particular practices based on perceived
moral and social norms. Harm Reduction: A strategy aiming to minimize the
negative consequences of substance use without
4. Post-Independence Challenges:
necessarily requiring abstinence. It focuses on
After gaining independence in 1946, the Philippines reducing risks associated with drug use.
faced challenges related to drug abuse, including the
Prevention: Strategies and programs aimed at
emergence of methamphetamine use, locally known
preventing or delaying the initiation of substance use
as "shabu."
or reducing its consequences.
The government implemented various drug control
Treatment: The medical, psychological, or social
measures in response to these challenges, including
interventions provided to individuals with substance
law enforcement efforts, treatment programs, and
use disorders to help them overcome addiction and
educational campaigns.
regain control of their lives.
More recently, controversial "War on Drugs"
Recovery: The process through which individuals with
campaigns have garnered international attention and
substance use disorders achieve improved health and
sparked debates on human rights and the
wellness, live self-directed lives, and strive to reach
effectiveness of such approaches.
their full potential.
5. Contemporary Drug Issues:
Relapse: A return to substance use after a period of
Today, the Philippines continues to grapple with drug abstinence or control.
abuse and its social consequences, with "shabu"
abuse remaining a significant concern.
Drug Education Programs: Educational initiatives
that provide information and skills to individuals to
make informed decisions about drug use and promote
responsible behaviors.
Vice Control Terminology:
Vice: Immoral or wicked behavior, often associated
with illegal or socially unacceptable activities.
Regulation: The process of controlling or supervising
an activity, industry, or behavior, often through laws
and policies.
Prohibition: The act of forbidding or banning certain
behaviors or substances, typically through legal
measures.
Decriminalization: The reduction of criminal penalties
or legal consequences for certain activities or
behaviors, without necessarily making them legal.
Legalization: The process of making a previously
prohibited activity or substance legal, often with
regulations in place.
Gambling Control: Regulations and measures aimed
at managing and supervising the gambling industry to
prevent negative consequences, such as addiction and
crime.
Sex Work Regulation: Policies and laws governing
the practice of sex work, which can range from full
criminalization to legalization and regulation.
Harm Minimization: A principle that seeks to minimize
the negative consequences of certain behaviors, such
as drug use or sex work, while recognizing that
complete eradication may not be achievable.
Public Morality: Societal norms and values that
influence perceptions of vice and the development of
laws and regulations.
These terms provide a foundation for discussing and
understanding the various aspects of drug education
and vice control, as well as the broader issues related
to substance use, addiction, and societal values and
norms.