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IIIIIHIINI

UANTUft'I c5eries
l Semester -1 Common 10 All Branches
•
Soil & Water
Conservation Engineering

Includes solution of following AKTU Question Papers

2021 -22 • 2022-23
 2 3

PUBLISHED BY:
AprUI Sinp
Quantwn Pap Pvt. Ud.
. 111 11rCONTENTS ,we
Plot No. 5912/1, Site. ◄, lndu•lriul Area,
Sahibabad.Cibaziai,ad-201 010 ! KOE 078: Soil and Water ColUlel"Vatioii Engineering l
UNIT-1 : IHTRODUCTION (1- 1 P to 1-24 P)
Definition .ind «:ope of sod <CJnS<'Tntion. caw,o ol,!<>il erosion.
Moclwu.,m ol ero,,-.,n, uni venal ""'1 loos <qUAliM. soil~m~u••
to wind and ilscontrol, v,get>tionmanag,,,ne,, J;{
t, ~ ~
stubble mukhing and ud1t'I' prac:tice. ,
,. t-\,
UNrJ-1: 1YP£S Of SOIL EROSION
Types al ri'""""' due to
A.~t,.,._
w....,_ MW
y IZ-1 P lo 2-.14 P)
riDe"""""- gully
<!Om\.-...........,.-.1:in~...i.>-- .. ,preitimirueo,n,,,illi,
Moduloalsoil ermiar,anrol: ~ & terracingonogncultutt
land for gully a,nlrol. ~~ Willer ways,, ui.

. , p m w a , . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~,-'-1'.·
IJNff..S : SOIL

lon,st-=-::J~;:i
lliolopal
.-.cwn.a
~
~ cvntrol, ~t$~Jn,.,,..
NEntO! f ~

quality " " " " ' ~ ••~works,

affrcted soils. wi~
• ,,.._,

jlOlXl: wat,er
7P)

NII olf l\'Jalian, wa~~~ p<nis. lalu,s,

· ,gn>undwa~gh...,U,,,ch,dt
, dam1-,9:geworb. ~ _

~ ir.{l.W~OSSESc ~\. . (4-1 P• 4-ZO P)

W11of1oues: lillntion,~A ""•por•tion looses, pollution/
conwnination of w.iter qu¥_ty~ lo •griculluml practices iL,
lcrtiliur,, and pestjcides, scll)'lirilic:atim al surfaa, water,_sowa,s
,ol •gricul_lural walerpollutk,,.. pollutant disper.,ion in gn,undw.i-...-.

lJIIIT-5_: l'l.ANNEDUTUZA110N OF WATER RaiOCIIICES

(S-lP..,S-UP)
Nerd al planned utilllitian of wall.""'"""""'5,«onomics of waler
""°"""" uliliulion. t1ood plain-zones =g,emenl. mod~
tho flood, n,clucing suscrplihility to damage, ttducing the impact
alllooding.

Ince: Rs. ffi· in~ ·· SHORT QUESTIONS

I (SQ-lP • SQ-21 P)

Pri•t,4 ., : e.i.;.e Offset, Delhi. SOLVED PAPfRS (2021-U 10 IOU-U) (SP-I P to SP-15 Pl
 Cntroducuo n
1- iP (OE-Sum•7)

~d~ ;~r~--..; ~ 8Tlll3T ~10 08'.:,,~,!,a:::t;:.;,_~ [ PART· 1

Def,11ilfon ltnd Scope of§vii Conservation.

L
~-~,r'· ii::tn:l 0011·rr,,>1no'.) ,,,J1,'ll b1rn U08 : 8\'0 !iO,I I Questions•AftBll'1 cr•
l t,s.!-r'Jl"', 1 i!i)
.,...1·1 , ,u11:Jr;.; •~ ., .....,rqfr§.c!qq.~1on •-
Lon)( ,.,..,swcr ""•-
_.._rr-- nnd Medium An,ower 'Type Qu.es•tionll

_. W~•l •t l.,1 ' II 1ir!,,•,,1 ,fll Jtft J'.f ..' ' •

c.YJil')tr; !'•Hll• • r. H, ~n11J.Jllun !>l"d::!;, Que 1.1. I WhPi. i...!' soil eros-ion ? Also cxplllin the s cope or soil
con5t-rvaUon.
1•1 •f. •.s '" q t--s;
.,, ;<, r.._......,,,.,
1;1
CONTENTS
:O-;•r4 - , ,.::
U:1. <'.(,:. • :,:.
a
n,.,-".'t,,..., Gt!.? ":o 1
•1 ~ ,, •HJb.
c10 a:·l 'l'fT , s.r1;-.1
.'i•,ro- • .Answer

P~i:~.~;.:~~~~~c:r1::~~:~:~~.;+,~~--~,:;~~~i£~~~'(!1P
•••~;-.SoiliCoa:aerv~n..r:,-,,.ip;t ;-I .-.;t , lo tlrni"J •,!t~ 10! • .m .f
•JJUri.J
A.
1.
Sc,il .Ero1"'inn :
• • • hr
Soil ,,roSJon 1.s at co P - 0
ha< ph.cnoihe.nit con:-.-istin~ thl· det.11.ch m ~nl of
' • · rM'>rl b rosiv e
· cilvidunl soil ptu tic.les 6-oin th~ tw1ft nut..5S and th.Nr tra_n:.-1...., . .. ~t' .
.=A ,uw "i i U/"Gr,,r 1•, :r- •...-fl( i. ,._,,.,~ • ,,::u1•W·:r,:- 1,Ln -,c.,h.c- ·• ,,11;,1, :go.nu flUC:h u.s running water uo.d wlnd. \Vhe_n ffllfficwnt Clfl~rgy ~" no
P1irt,.I · : Cauoe of Soil Eroeon, ..........................'.. 1-21' to 1-'IP lon~cravttilable with the erof!.iVe o~c olS to cra.n~pon th~ parucJe11, hen
~ ·• Mechlil\iom of Ero•ion (he third pb..asu collc d depo~il ion ttlkes pince. . .
~1 t'S!-& ui 1 1--t:1 ...!l.JO l l r~;,: .i:O~~T,!(,,. >v.tl! GOS~ .JIOe · £-TIM
part,.s•· ':.'"U~l-Soil'll6iil Elquatlon 1,.):1.,t~:.:: l =-7P ID 1~12P' z. The soil er osion i• defined as detachment, trm,i;po,•uition nod dupoSJ~on
of soil parlicl<,s from one plnce to a.oot h,~r uuder iJ10uenco of wm<l,
.;.)-uj..-, ::.~A,.,w.n 1i:.. _l1l-.J:i-~•:,t .. u;r..r _w::..~ ••-~~ ,rr, ru1"fr,n:m twnW
Pai-t:4'' ,' 'Soll Btiilrion 'Di/,j tcliWinil"l., ~1l.:,,.U1,~..\-,1-HP,t o ·1-18P w .atu r o r w-uvit}r forC4S.
,;--..,_tGJ ,,•,b1 'llod·tte CiUitioff..,, H·•'T•_..•.o1 1b r.ur.-l;t.'1:."1~ .. ~"fi:'
~-nc1i 13. Scope ot Soll Con,i:ervat.ion:
A)"J.'l:3 ~.f,.,.,: :;;_t~J,.1.r:J ·•:r• A J1f '7' ,J,;,,1jm,,•1.rt,.~ .~'Jlluj)G l ·ri 1.~:t't 1i'(•.,.-_w
I. Soil and " '&ter conser,.•ntiuo t..enu l5 simil~ to lhO: tonsen•atio--n of energy,
Part-4 : Veg,itation Management lc.: :!,:::·::.. :~:>'1.!.18P to"1-Z3P momentum and. mtL~.
Strip e,oppllll(, Stubble Mulching Jt l!I applied forc:onscrvi.ngthc·itUil andwttt~r at:n.Jn:,"tsevt!tal atmm;pbe.dc
2.
, 0 g_i-,....,1 l: 1 ppdotherPractices ?.?:ldtOJ JGS.t:..=..v: r,..fWtt; &gt-nt.9 such a11 wa.t.er and ~a.
1t111tr1, !oq ,;.-y-,_, 11IJUIJb~bI'J t,;11, ~di. -s"9",;'" ,ntJ.J:..-uJn ., .,,~J ·J"c!U, N Soil conaservatinn us a St!patate field, is a r ecent origin ,my a r ound J.930
3.
•.~,i ..-r~u..,s-i:-: !t,--iuliilir'l:'(I, r.tJ -:,nb ~IJ.J.-up t•d ,,.,.1 lo t111i!unito.:.1;wr:.. or i;o, but Lbc ~ ic problem..-. uodartakcn by this Mubjett urc as old o..-s
~...·,ti.TU.: ,J:J1r,v, ~hll<! ':O r.n.fr,'lrfi-w, 11.b... .-,lu , l , l ] ~ Pnr• ..., ..,..,,!rtl'l·I
uw.nlci nd.
N it:.~,· b!1u1 '"6 JL n•Jii'7'>'jd L Jtu.:111i~1i, { J.:OiJuflrnr 'l!Jlh'# rMutl uJrt<,t.tiQ
r
a3;muo2311 RTIAW "10.J.10fll'~I 1m.1 CJJl'll,tA l'f: il-111'\ll
·I PART-2
(<I~,~ ot 1 t-a) Cause ·of Soil Erosion, ~fcchan.i sm of Erosi.on.
c.dt.w l n .-,ur1u r;-:.,z, .~?·.1t11( .....:.,11:,;r.·.·,1n n niJ1,s.1L:Ju fy;r; ru,' q !u b:..r.ail.
"..· ~.. - - .
~n i ._l.if-..rm, ,,r...,rrn>a1,,u,ru ;,;:.,t1n~ mr.frt b.r,tiH .:1oiJr.,\.IJIJJI ,::.,:.n:uo~ J'I
Queniona•Anow.,...,
h ,.,,m ,--,rJ; :-1rii::m b~t , ';l;(t;r!lflh rJJ ·!:ilidllttl'10'!IT~ ~r.hub•,t .h<:ion .,,1,
.nrubf•ofl 1,.

.1'1 I ~--0?. 01 'l l-9eJ 21i!O/Tc!3U9 'TIJOI la

Q ue 1.2. I What are the cause■ ot •oil erosion ?
1-l•P-/(OlllSem•'T/l.• I SOS) 2113'1A'I CJ3V.102
:So~il~~~nd~~,,~••~tc,~•r~C~o~n:•:•.'.."''.'.n::t:,:10:::n:_::"_:•
8
• E .,;nccring 1-8 P (OE-Scm.7)
:_~·_......:_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 -4 P (OE-Sem-7) lntroduation
:._.:...:__:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _

An1wer I
OaullC8 of Sui
, •t E
rosio ·
.,
· n . The erosion only hnppens when cr o.,vay of
. . . · ·h ·
mxm ~ mx:m
exicrnn l ,,orce dom,·natAO
~
the soil erod1b1hly, olherwase,
il · l ere 1s• no
erosion. The e.xte.rnul forces involved lo c11u80 so erosion nre wand,
"A•atM and ice. mxm ~ mxm
I. The glnriers are importnnt means o f erosiothn. Alt hough, tho ~fiow of
+
~
water under glaciers is at slow rnte but ey remove sign, team
mal-Orinls from the surface lhrough plucking, abrasion, crushing and
fracturing pr°"'esgcs.
2. The rock fragments at the botlom and sides ofmo,ing mlll!Ses grind foe 0 + A0
and scour the bedrock to form the wall and floors of ruounluin valleys, mn""" 1/iiWJVJhXM
3. The wind is also one o.fthe very domln11ling forces causing soil erosion,
Its d ominancy is more significant in nria and semi-arid regiorui. Wi nd
can move the Mil particles (sedim entgraill.!!l over long distonco.
-4. flowing wuter called sheet flow or runoff offer v•ry concentrate<!
Pl(, I.S.1. Prorcu ofraindrap e~o1ion.'
force to dislodge the soil particles from the moving pat h.
5. The raindrops falling with sami, velocily detach the soil particles by The amou.nt ofsoil;rodL>d; raindrops (nllingvertically can be computed
their kinetic uncrgy. · , by using tho formula, as :
6. In general, there is a potential for water erosion when lMd slope t. al _ 0.13y.iV,2 t (·~ - 1) 4sino
leasl2 %. qD , . . d V
·' 2.g ·•· ,,, ,
Que 1.3. .IExplain the ralndropls pla.•b soil eroalon. where, qD = Quantity o(soll croded_b y spla~hing (tlha).
y 1 Density of soil s11lurated wi'th w11ter (t/m 3),
Anawer ·i = R0infull intensity (mm/min).
Raindrop Erosion : V = Terminol ,·elocityofrain drop (mis).
1. 1,t is elso known •• splash,erosion. 't =D,µatioo of •~nfall (min).
2. The process ofcrnin drop erosfon can be described at1: when rain drop d~ = Mean diameter ofraindrops (n1m).
•trikes i.he open moist soil surface, forms a croter. This i• nccomplished
by creating a blast which bounres the water and soil up and ret urn
a.di,= 'Diameter of rain drops (mun} of the critical
slr.c oolow-whicb splash eros-ioo aoes not occur.
bru:k around the crater.
V,.; = Critical velocity of fullmg Tain _drops, below
3. The soil may splash inw lhe air up to a height of 50 w 75 cm d epending
which there is no epprec:,able sml dnmage.
on the size of rain drops, At the same lime, the soil particles also move

4.
horizont,nlly as much as 1.50 m on level land •urfocc.
On sloping land, more than half of the splusbed parti~los move down
V.,=t7:1C
with the sbcet flow.
M = Coofficionl offriction.
5. Since the ruindrops foll in rapid s ucces•ion and strike the soil at ell
C = Cohesion of soil
locati,on_•• thc":fore,_th~soil is subjoot to rigorous ll!ld ropealed loo11Cning
and Jailing acl,ons dunng heavy rains. p = Density of water.
6
- In lhis way, Ibo •oll becomes more susceptible to waler erosion. The
pr1X1css of rain drop erosion is shown in Fig. 1.3.l.
Que 1.•. IExplain t he process of soil erosion.
-
1~~ p (OE-S..-111.71
Soil ,ind Wntt•r Coosarv11t •1cm LJ'l),"lRee
•· · r!u~ 1-6 P (OE•Scm-7) hltrodue:don

Climatic .F acton :
Answer J i. 11w clfrnntfo factorfl which uffr-ct the 110H e.rosion or~ th~ rainfall
Prnce!ll of Soll t:rnsion : charuete1ri:;ticsJutmosphcric tr mpcruLure and wind velocity.
Soilern.-,on isa lhroe-pha~ proc~~ : fi. Halnfnll cba.tucWril'itio itt o no of the rno~t effoctive (nclors a mona tht?m.
Uetllchmenl:
iii, While lA!m~rlllun und wind Vl!.lociityatl! not.so lb,~y nm it"COndn:ry.
1

iv. Theral:nfall chnra,C,toristics i.nch1de u.niount. inte.n.sicy, ftequi:ncy and

ii Tru1L,;-portntion 'd w:utiun of-rolufall. All lhr!f ho...-e-a great effect on runoff ond soil lo.!Jl.
iii. l)q:o~iUon oC~il pattlchls. b. $nil Chnrm;teristicfl :
Different. rne.rgy M'.111"-t pha~us d("tem~lnc different types of f f Ofiio n i. The ,ioil charod ~rifl tics which influcnt'e the S-Oal ,rosico, ur.- the
mfiltrotion rut• and i!uH cover gouornhng re51s~ance. to the rµnoff.
2. 1'h\'.rC ar~ (our principal :mun;es of 1•nf\rgy; phY"ico.l sourct•.s such a~ ti
wlnd and Wflt,c t:, gra\•lty, chemicul reac:tion1-1 und anthmpogenic $0urcc~ When innttratiun rnte is greuLur t h&.u the rain(a.U m te 1sity. t hfm
whottver rllln c,:ccursu,•et the larl.J aur(nre. is ablorhed b}' lhu e;oil and
i,uch as t:i ~<'.
thus !iUrf:u•e ruooffbeeomes ZN O,
3 Soileros,on bcgWwith detac,hnwm, "'hlah J,. catiSed by b~ ak down of iii Thu inftltra.bon ra te ru.uinly dependJI un the pcrrucnbility offfoil 1•rnflle,
nt,;i;:l'(lgat(';!I. by r~indrop irnpuct, isbeo.ting or dn18 force- of wnt.e-r and surface conditiC1n aml prcsenc-e of muistu~t! CflnU"nl int.he flOil,
wind iv_ lrpermcabUlty is more then runoff" ·ill he less ruid vi~,·ers-a, Similar.J.y,
Th•dct.uc:h<.J particle,••• troru1port,d by Ool<Ul\( w•ter(ovcr-hmd ilow/ the prr!ltnce o:" ,mfficient mo i"t.ure cont.ent in the '5ml reduccli the
mtt.!r-Oow and runoff)-and wind. and dt:positcd wh~n velocity ofwattr mtlltro.t..ion capacity. - •hk h resuJt" into iocruu.:--inJ: of the runoff and
or wind gots decrci\M' by t~ l'ffeeLof sJupc or ground cove.r. iroal ~r oaion.
6. rrhree prO(rs.Y.s, ,,1., d ii-persion. compaci.io.n om.I cro~ng. occelerat~ c. Veget.a&inn :
the antural so11 erosion rufo. i, Vegetation, crtat.e- surfucie oD6tr:u~tlrm for direct falling ofr,elnOro_ps
on the land surruce as wall uli fn the flowing path of surface. runuff.
6. The,;.e proceMC:.f decrease .s-Lructurn.l isuabiliny, niduc:e soil ~-trent,:th, ii. A good vefetativtt cover com plot.cl)· n,>.gnlf\li tb.e.effl!-Ct u( rnb fa)l on r.ud
e.1.ucrrhnte. ernd1liility and aC'C'1 ntuate ~u1K1•51tfaility W tran.sport by eroi-fon.
ovc.dund Oow, in:lt!rllow, v.-i nd or ,:rflvjty. iii. Vegetal1on alsoredu4.luAthe s urfoce runoff and 90il eros ion by mnlcing-
7. Th~ prn1·1•sses ll.ro scror\luated by U1e FOil dfsturli1oce(~ . vuhicular Rfeater wntor les.sthroui;t:h traru.pirai1on..
trclffir.l, h11."k Of growuJ cover (bare fallw,-•--.-esidut rc•moval or burningl d 1'opog:naphio Elf~:
and her.sh d i mate (bl~h t l\ln.fo.fl inton~ity nnd w:ind \'t,loclty). i The land s lupt. Jaogth of tilnpe and t hnpe o f slope nro the m1u n
topugraph.ic r,.u,wrs ,wbich infhumceij the iloil eroaiou. A fl11t land ha.s
I
Que L5. Define soil eroa,ion ab.ti dcl'Cdbe the ra.ctm·s .innuencinr not the problom of soil eroiion, while the slopinK ln.nds- ar-c
pr~domihamJy ufTedl.'d by tho f"to!ion..
water e.nuriun. IAKTU 20:n.22, llfark• 10 I ii. NA th<, land &lope increa.-;es from mild lO i;tee p, lhe erosion fncrt!ases in
l11J'l(c pr.oporlion.
An.s wcr
A.. Soil Erosion: R,, fnrQ. 1.1. Po,.,, l-2P, Unit..l.
'Que •.t._(E:xpl11in the mechaniei of watc.-r c•ro,don.
B. Fue1urs Innucmdng W•h,r Erosion:
~!!'!!_]
1. Wat.t r eroi1on is the rvmovuJ of sol l by wuLc.r and tTBll#iJJ,IJrlolion Of the Followiqg are the prON11l,-e1 lncludes i.n mechanics o(wJ1h•r erosion :
eroduJ materials awny from the point o'f removal
J. Bydr•ulic Action : The hydraulic uction can 00 expluinl'd es: when
2. Walt r action dul' to ntio erodes dtt• soH and taUIICS oetivitfos lik~ ,euJJy, w;ue.r runs over th<- soil .l\ln8C'Q then 1t cumpre:&11<!M the soil. as re.suit Lhe
rill, a.ad strcnm ero.o,l oo. 1;1ir present in tho voids aerta a prt&Sure on the soil partic:Jra, which
3. Thr _,,.ve~it~ of wn\cil" e.rosioa i& il)flutrnct.-d by dim:atic factors, !011 lco.aa to t.hc -1il detach11J1.mt..
ch11t11ctenst1clf, vcgetru.io.n. and tc,pographic ructnris. 2. Ahra•ion:
4. .Pollo•"-ing a.re. the fartor15 influencing wntl•t erosfon ~ i. In t.hi3 acllun the soil parl:icle15 mixea in the r,.1.11.ni.Dg water, c"'.nh) an
uhn1.1rivo power in lhe wnt.or b_y whicb lhc ca.1,acily o( flo\11'1.ltg water to
f!cour the soll p.uticlt11_gets.inc.T'\,n..."k!.
 1-7P (OE~-7)
• . e(lring
C ..,rvst100 EnP l-8P (OE•Sem•7) Introduction
Soil and Wstor on, . -eroded by.Oowing water
U artic1es-• . .
4

fl'ed greater So P • (tom bottom of the valley are lL .

ii Due to this e . 0 and e~s100
iii. 'fhe river bank ero•1~ of running water.
'"-
Que L7. IDescribe the universal soil loH equation.
result ofabrasioo acuon •
4
"'
Attrition : .cal breakdown of soil loads runn;._ An1wer _ I
• 'J'his action incIudes the mechant t ll'sionofpart1c · Ies Wl'th each other.
• --"
·universal SoU l.oH Equation :
,. . wduc oco i bi . k fr
along the moving wa that 11•hen g s •z.e roe l\gments
ii. 1t can be e,tpress.ed in other. way ' r tr
the moving water o s earns or rivers
' L The water ero~ion is a complux process. l t involves inter-relationships
boulder• or pcbbl°-". pre~: :ei.r striking with each otho~ abrasion. ' between several factors.
then they are br~kt~ ~ movtd along with the Oow, which ~cnera~ 2. Few of U1em influence tbe potential of rainfall and runoff to detach and
ill. The broken paruclc d banks of the water course. This effect trans-port t.he soil particles from soil mati8. And few are that, which
effect on the bottom an. affect the soil ability to resist the forces of erosive agents.
accelerates the water eroS1on. .al dissol . 3. On 40-ye11.rs rcsee.rcb by the USDA, iL had come to identify the major
· . • In his aetion the sail or rock mater, s are ved m lhe
4. Solu~1on. • td to chemical !IClion, wbicb are carried nway along the factors involved in soil erosion; nnd lo establish the functionlil
runrung wa,cr ue • relationships amongst them.
water flow. . 'ch 'I arti I h'ch · 4. The data collecte.d under varioUA studies.were based on standard runoff
5. Tran!lpOrtation: It is lhe process, whl so, p c es w , are Illllted
in the running water are carried away from ono place to ~other. ploui, oft.en called 1\\'"u;chrneier' plots. ·
The tr11Dl!l)Orlation ofparticles mainly ilepv,ils on the followm~ focuirs : 5. The dimension of study plot was 22.lS m in length with 9% slope, in
i. Velocity at which water is running. continuous fallow condition.
ii Load preS<1nt In the water. 6. More than 250,000 runoff events at 48 research stations in 26 stJlteij
iii. lmpwimen.tslobstai:les presonl.in the flow palh of water. during 40.yee.rs were taken into consideration t.o collect the data for
iv. CarryinH capacity ofnllllling wafur. development of the Universal Soil Lol!!I Equation (USLE) by Wischmeier
6. Deposition : The dupo&ition of sediment load mixed in the running and Meyer; and the same was published in the year 1973 by the
water happens unaer following conditions: Wischmeie,, ana Meyer.
i. '\\'htul ron:e b;y wliicb the sediment load is tram,port.ed fmm on~ raloce to
7. This equation w;.,. designated as Universal Soil Losa Equation; and in
another is reduo:ed IO a greater limit, then.the load present in the water brief it is now u USLE. Since, then the USLE isin use, worldwide.
tends to settle 11\'er the flow path.
ii. Presence of surface obstrucfons in the flow palh of running water 8. Jt has been widely accepted and utilized in most the countries.
tends to cause the deposition of load present in the water. These 9. lt is a very simple and powetful tool for predicting the average nnnual
obstructions may be the stems of trees, shrubs, stone pieces etc. These soil]oss.in s ~ c situations. •
obetructions breakdown the velocity of running water, as result the The USLE is given BS by,
weight of soil load mixed in the now becomes more effective to get
A=RKLSCP
deposiwd over the path.
iii. Tho rurv.es of meanders or winding courses of stream also cause to whe·re. il = Comput-Od soil loss, expre58ed in t/ha/y for n
deposite the soil load running along-flow water, because at these points given storm event.
the fl?w ,velocity is reduced.significantly, and thereby deposition of soil R= Rainfall erosivity factor, which is the
load, 1s there. measurement ofthe kinetic energy of a specific
PA RT•3 .. i....,
· •r•.• ., •.•
rain even or an average year's rainfall.
K = Soil erodibility factor.
L~ Slope lenl(th !act.or.
~ni.c.-.irsal &il Loss Equation.
S = Slope gradient fe<Itor.
C = Cover or crop rotation !management) factor.
P = Erosion control pnctices or soil conservation
practires factor.
 . " 1-9 J> (OE.s.,
. , ·(-;ogit>J(OICD~ri:::n~·-- - - -- - - -..::.: tlt-7J
C ;;el"'t\l1<11 - 1-lOP (OE •S-Om-7) Introduction
5o11 ru,d W•u•r on.
_. otc on : S = Slo1,e factor.
1 8
Qu e · • 7
\\'rile •h0 <> ll
• f actor (/l).
•nf.U erc>siVtt)'
f..El = Tnt.RI rninf~_Ue ro.'!livity indox.
1. Ra1 rodibilit)• faclOI'• S. Slope Length Factor (J,) :
2. SoU" f' ctodLl, i. 'l'he slope lung1his tho horizontal distance from tho point of origin of
3. Slop<' U-nl(tb " · 8 f actor (C),
4. Mnna,einent p~o•U=~tices f octor (P). overlwid Oow t~ tlle point where either the slope gradient get.• decrease
5. Soil Con,ervnraon P unough Lo •lar1 depo,,;tion or !he o,·crla nd Oow gets concentrate in a
defined channel.
,\nswer 7 • 1 ·c;y Factor (Rl : . · · · .
1. Rainfall Eros "'. · fall erosivity index, wh1ch expresses the nbili(Yof
ii. Slope length fartor is 11ive n by,
L = (b/22. l Y"
L ll rofcl'il co the rrun . articles from an unprotected -field. It is
rainfall to ct<>dr (he SOI1p a b = Horizontal projection of soil profile
numerical ,·aiue.
L
ii '!'he formula of tac wr .R;. givon by,
m=
n • 11>
•
'[,Eli!Al . P = Dependent on slope
R~!=!- JJ sin 8
100 C

. ' E . h J{E of rain event; 1:io is the rainfall intensity for R o.89613 <•in of 8 + 0.66)1
1n which, ••minutes
1 • · · • 'h •· ' num,,.,r
' " nf ram
· event,
mnxiroum 30 duration and n 1~ l c totu, 8 is lhc slope ungle (dcgroo)
during• year. 4. Crop Managi,nenl -Practice• Factor (C):
2. SoUErodlbilil)' Factor: . . . . I. The crop aa11no1,..,ment raotor \CJ may be defined ill! the ratio of 5oi1 lo~s
ThiB factcris related to the >'arious soil properties. b~vu:tue of which a from • land under s1>ecilic crnp to the soil loss from a cootiouousfallow
arlioulor soil becomes susce_ptible to get crude, either by w,11.er or land; pro,;ded that the soil type, slope nnd rainfall conditio.n s are
p . . identical. · · ·..•
wind. ~
ii. Phv;icel chnract,,ristics ofthe soil greatly influence \he rale at which li. The8il live Stll~U are given as under :
dilferect soils ere eroded. L , .F!eriod F : (Rc,u11h Fallow) : This incl~<les the ~mer ploughing or
iii. In general, the soil properties such as the soil per:mcability, infiltration seed bed prcp11rotion.
rate, soil tenure, size aod stability of soil structure, organic content b. Period L: (Sei!d.Brul) : It rofors lo the period from seeding to 1 month,
and soil depth, .rrect lhe soil loss in large extent. llfereaft-er.
iv. The soil erodibility factor (K) is expressed as tonnes of soil loss ptr C. Period 2: (Establishment) : This is the time from I to 2 months af\er
hectare per unit rainfall erosMty index from a Geld of 9 percent slope seeding.
and 22 mete_rs PS lield length. d Period 3 : (Growing Period): It is from lhe period 2to the period of
v. The erotlibllity faci.or (K) is deuonnined by considering the soil loss crop harvesting.
from co~tinuous cultivated fallow land without the influence of rrop c. Pe riod 4 : (Ru ldue or Stubble) : This is the period from crop
cover or management. har>'o"Ling lo the summer ploughing or new seed bed preplll'Stion.
vi. The value or sojJ erodibility faotor (I{) can also bo determined for 0 Soil Con1ervation Practices Factor <.P) :
~•rti<ular location, using a set of run-off plots of above speciflca1ion It may be defined as the rotio of soil lo" under a given oo:,servation
(~.t., 9\hlope and 22 m length) and mcnsuring the soil lo•• for n Joni rroalico to tho a.oil loss from up and dowa the •lope..
lime aod using lbe following formula,

K= ~
I
Que 1,11. · Write down ihe limila t.lon or llSLE.
S.(IEI)
where,
K = Soilerodibility factor.
Ao= O011<,rved sou loss.
 1-_1_1_P _<O_ E----:
. "1£1.i1".°ne,-:n:_::·ng::__ _ _ _ .s,,111.7)
,, n•at1on r.n,-• lntroduttion
Soil ""d Water CoosO - 1-12 P (OE-Sem,7)

An•'!l'er 1
folloWlll~ are th•
Uautations b)' OSLE: . .
, . tally empirical relut1onship for co,n!>U
~••er I
15
Tht USU: w include the a<tual soil erosion Proc~
F Given: luint'&U ~ sl;;;;in.i;,,._Cl/J., 1200 MJ-mm/h-b,y
1• lti•En>pirlcal:
·110- Theoreti<al, ,t doe& oo1 •11-1. ~ Soil erodibilil;Y inde:r (K)., 0.20 t-halbn-MJ-mm
SOI - • al Soil l,o"9 ••
_,. I• Avenol(e AnnU
2. 11 p.,,..,c
. .
. n is de"eloped (or predicting annual, . I Crvp management '8L1or (CJ =0.60
. I ,.,;1 ,~ •quaao 1 .,,,,1 Conaervatlon _prijcti... r41(ltor (P) & 1.0
L Th• uni\'"':"' ,__.,6 is-wniwd to estimate on y avera~• 111\nu.il] to"
lo,s:h•ncedaappl><... ty • i· Slope ractar(length),;, 0.1
1..,. ofth• gi,•eo area, To Find : Anti\UIJ ,oil !mu;.
• tin this equation c:omput.es- lesa v11Jue than lh .... • _____..........., ~ ......,..__1511
ii. As per vanou.<n,por g nlnfoll occurs at hi11h rate.

~
•
m,asurea. especially when .' . Annu11l Mil lol!JI from the field is g:iven by,
. t erlimatotbesoil loss,atom>•Wl5", A=RKLSOP
iii Af,;o, It does no ' r
1 It d..,. nol Compul,. Gully Ero•ion: = 1200 • 0,20 • 0.1 x 0.6 x I ~u.4 tonnes/ha/yr
i The universahoil lo~ equation ( ~l.ia ~dgullforassessing the sheM
and rill erosion'. butnol used for y,-cung we Yerosion, . I PART•4 I
ii. The gully oro,ion, call$0d by eoneentrated water flow is o~t counted by
lhiuquation, and a., ,ueh can ruult gro•tervolumo or soil loss. " - SoU Eroiion Due to Wind ond it, ConlroL
·.. - ~
4 11a.... ,.ot Compute Sediment Dcpooition :
'· . QautiotU-AallWl't'S · · I
I."':"...........................,,..,_... :
i, Thiuquatioo estimates only soil io~s. but oo_d hc soil deposition, L

ii Th• amount of depo,11.ion of sediment •I bottom.oftb~chWlllcl is beini:

Jess ws compBred to the. totnl 5<lil IDss talci,ng pl11ce from tbc ealitt
watershed.
iii. Ap•rt from above practir,il limitations, this oquation also h•i somt
conceptual limitations, for nample, there is a considcrablt
~!..1.11, !~•
wl.ad ero,,ion. Describe dlf(crent racton which
affect the ,..ind enN1ion.
jnlerdcpo.ndfney between the 8'!!1<)ciatea variables, ond some are rount•d
twice also, -
iv. For11111Lanoo, ralnf•llimlueN:el !be fuct,;r R arid C, and l<ttntting affects
.~!I..... I ·•·
Wind.Erosion :
the Lund I' factors.
i Wind erosion is the,.._,..
or dotaehmeol, traospnrtation and depooition
v, The other interested point.a nboul USLE are outlined as undor : of eoil particles by the nctioo of wind.
o. The significance of ~lope '1<lepoess in the nroas of i n ~ rainfall is ii The basic causes of wind e rosion a.re few nod very simpJe. _MOllt
ignored. commonly, it lu.kea place, when:
b, Th• computatron of rainr.11 cro•loo Index based on the drop-size a Soil i, lool!e, finely divided and dry.
distribution ofrniM i, not there,
b. Soil surfa~e is smooth 11nd bare.

I
Que LlO, ln an •••• subjected to aoiJ erosion the lollmring c, Wind i,, strong enough.to detach the "'1il p11rtfol.. from the soil surface,
Facton: Followin~ nre the factors affeeting wind erosion:
inlormalion is avaUa.ble: ' ·
Rainfwl er,.lvhyindex • 1200 Md·nmi/h•h•y SoiJerodibilit ind,,•• 1. Climatic Factor :
0.20t-ha/ha,MJ.111m,c,oplDJlll • Y
Conservation . •1ement factor• 0.60, i. 1'ho climalicfacton, which alf0<:tthe ,.;.d oro•ion are the precipitation,
pract,..- factor• l.0, Slope factor (length) • 0.1, temperoturo, humidity, and velocity and density of prevailing wind,
What will be estiaial.ed . ;;i ii.
?I
IIDnUal ■oil lou AKTU 2021-22, :r,t.rll• •~
Wind oro,ion is more pronounced, when mean annual rainfall i.s
comparut ivuly \c95,
 Engil1Mting 1-13 p (OE-!¼rn.71
Soil 1U1d Wuter ConsM'-auon . . --
. ed AS when there is less mtnfaJI th 1-14 P (0£-Scm -7)
m. The reason o f
this ay
~
~.,,p 1a,n • th
soil it! 11,68 ; 1111d thus, e so, ·1 ~ .. - l • en
P,u ,tc e~ are in
lntroduttioo
moisture content ,n the· h , arc easily dct.ached by the blowln~ Wind, i Suspensio n
loo..se cood11ion. as ~suit~ eyduc to wind. ii Saltation; and
d cau<1n~ into 5011 erosion
"" · d which are always under rough and unclolJil'd iii. . Surlace creep.
iv. Similarly. the b9mio 1~ ;~ b• the wina erosion. I. Su•peno ion :
conditions. 11re ail!O aue< '
. e humidity and wind veIoc,ty •
are dirt<\I a. It is the movement of very fine soil panidea, ~raUy leas than 0.1 mm
v. The atmoi,~~ ~hte~por•1;.:~~u end tn,n,pirat ion, by which tl,e stai ..: in ditunelcr.
related l0 wo.~« e • · · vana· tions, I
. • l$ Ouctuotc 8 ~ per their n ut.I1or word..
~[.;;;',::!u::. for
~~spon.ible deple~g the soil moislurc nnd mak;;~
b. According to t.be Stoke's Low, the spoc<I of freely falling body through a
0uid i1 directly proponionlll to the square of the particle's diameter.
the S<lil more sus,eptible 10 wind erosion.
vi. The wind characteristics wbich affect th t
i ne wmhi
· . cr::n ;r
direction, duration und it.s rurbulonce. w c ' w v • oc,ty ,s ~'fenUy
~o. veloeity,
c. In thiJI way, a small partklc hwi low oetthng velocity and once lifted up
it remairu, suspended in the air for a lon11 period of lime.by the effect of
turbulence and eddy currents orthe air. Dusty etonn is an example of
affected by the land roughness . • this kind of movemenL
2. Seil Condltion : il. Saltalion :
L The soil fncwrs, affecting wind erosion are the texture, structure , eiu, of a. ThL, process is moot effective among all three forms o( soil movement.
8011particles, derudty of soil mass, organic matter, moisture content Ind b. Saltation is referred as the movement of :!Oil particle& in a aeries of low
surface roughness. bounces over the 80il surfa<e.
ii. 'l'be soil moirtore and land roughne5S are the most dominati ng foci-Or,, c. It ie re•poruri.ble, malnly for the medium eize soil pnrtiolee. 'The size
and have importru1t effect on wmd erosion. High soil moisture cont<,ot ran go of particle, i1 &om 0.05 to 0.5 mm in diameter.
alway! redu,es the effect of. wind oo soil erosion, while a dry soil is
d. However, tbeltXJOll vulnentble range of particles for this ~-peo(movellleDl
subject to SC"ere wind erosion. ism>m 0.l to0.15 mm diameter Fig. 1.12.1 presenuth opatbofa allatioo
iii, Regarding •urface roughness, when surface crustii or any other Corm of proc•sa.
roughncAA ure formed over the land surface, the.o there is created a lnilisl I So'! . , F" al
retarding tlfecton wind velocity, thereby the wind erosion gel.II redaae. eloc:'l I I pllrtlcle l I.

3. Vegetfttion: ~!v~ty
L
ii.
Veget11tion is one or the most effective means of wind erosion control
It creaws a direct obstruaion in th~ Oow path of blowing wind and
~
A i..--- L---..iB
defleaa the wind curren111 al farther distance downstream, thereby tht FIi, Lll.l. MOYi"I path at soil particle. i.o aaltatio1i.
influence or wind velocity is reduced oo downstream face, which effect Ill. Surface CN!ep : -
is observed o• control of wind c~ioo 9&.iinat tractive fon:e of tho wind.
a. Surface creep ia referred as the movemen t of ,oil particles by rolling
I
Que 1.12, Explain the mecbani 1m of.wind erosion.
nlong the land aurface, activated by lhe wind force &nd other particles
movinR with the wind.
Anawer I b. Theoretically, there is no upper limit of the •ite of10il particlea, wh.icb
arc responsible for movement throuRh &urface creq,. but most rolling
llteduu~lsm ~Wind Eroeinn : Following are tbe processes involve in particlea are found in the 8it.e from 0.6 mm lo 1 or 2 mm in diameter.
mechanic, or wmd erosion : B. Trtu1Nportatlon of Soil Particle . :
A. Initiation or Soil Movement , I. The trunsportationof soU particles in winderoaion isciirecUy influenced
1. Soil moveinent i& • "ti led by the particle, 1iu gradation of purtlcles. wind velocity and di.st.anee
current.a The lD1 • by the turbulence c:reat.ed by strong wing across eroding area.
distinct form :ove~~n t of soil particle, may be de&eribed in thJfl
1 2, From fleld studies, it hus llt'on found that the quaatity of eoil moved
' epen tngon lhe ■ize of the soil particles.
2. The three l)'J)es or particles movementa are given below : lhrolll!h wind, varies"" the cube orene.. wind valo<ity over and above
the constant thn,1hold velooty.
I
 =-
1-15P (OE.Sen,.7
. Engineering 1
Soil and Water Conservation • . - 1-1.0 P (OE•Sem -7)
. Ito Lhe square root oft be soil particles Introduction
3. And also, il i.S directly proport1ollll
where, Y2 " Wind velocity at h~ighth,
diW11cter. . also gets increase as the gradation of the V 1 = Wind velocity At the height of l m.
4. In uddition, the trnnsporlatillln ·
soil particle dc<:reAses. o =Exponent, dependent on the height and nature or the
D T of Soil Partictes : · l,'Tound cover. Its va.luc for snow and vegetation is 0.20
C. eposi ,on . . d pends on the particle's weight and wind and 0.33. re~pct'tively,
1
1. Deposition of soil partJ~ es ~ ht i• directly related to the gravitational 7. The vegetative measures are again classified as:
ve)(Jcity, in which partic es we,g · . .
force, has prime importo.nce (or dcpo~•1,on. . .. . i. Temporary meas ures.
. .. f •, rticlc occurs when grav,tational force 1s wcatcr ii. Permanent measures.
2. Th~ dcposiu~n ~ ~1 i:holaling the particles in ih~ air.
than the res1sttng 10 • . . • i. Temporary Vegetative Measures:
Th • 1 deposition can also takes place, wh en_ wmd veloc1\-y gets a Temporary measures _refer lo the -use of different crop management
3. a parncc ··-" -· h d t
decrease sufficienLly near the ground ~uc,ace etl er ue o surface practices t-0 provide a good vegeta1ive.cover on the soil surfRee.
roughness or some-other natural causes:·
b. These prnc~ices include the growing of those crop,1, which are more
effective for ero~ion control th~ the intertilled crops.
Q ue 1.13. 1 CIWisrfy the wind erosion control methods and ex·plain
c. The root system of harvested c.rops holds the soil partides, and the
vegetative method in de tail. · Stalks or stubbles left in the field! further reduce the effect or wind
Ans wer I. _· . d.
currents; llnd wind erosion gets reduce.
Vegetations, used for the purpose of wind erosion control sbotild have
A. WindE rolrion Control : Followfog arc Lhe measures to ~ontrol wind ability to grow with-rapid speed agaill.'lt the wind and also able 14 gtand
erosion: . . - for a long time.
l. The measures t.0 redllc~tlie surfare wind velocity,-~t inc.l udes :. e. They should al80 provide 1idense vegetative cover diirlog critical periods
i Vegetative measures. of the year, so that a uniform obstruction can be formed totlie wind as
ii Tillage practices. much as possible; a nd reduction in the surface wind velociLy irom
abundance of crop residues mny also be achieved.
iii. Mechanical or structure measures.
ii~' Pennane.n.t Vegetative Measures :
2. The measures to include the soil characteristics.
a. These rrieas11i-es consist of planting tbe iTees, shrubs and grasses for
B. Vegetative l\feasures: .· · r :· protectmg the eroded land against wind ero5ion. ·
I. Vegetation is one of the most e ffective'a:i;d econo~ical moans of wind b. Tho wind break and shelter belt- are the mo~t effecti,·e pennancnt
erosion control. · vegetative measures, esped11lly used for controUing the severe wind
2. It retards the wind velocity near the ground surface and controls soil erosion. Th!'se measures are described below :
erosion from the land surface. Wind Break-: ··
3. In addition, they also _hold the soil against t ractive force of wind and . i. The term wind break is any type.s of barrier, either m&ehanical or
reduce the soil crotiion. · vegetative, used for, protecting the areas like building apartments,
4. From the basic concept of wind velocity profile over the ground surface, orchards or farmsteads etc., from b lowing w,nds.
it i8 obvious that the wind velocity is retarded near the ground surface, ii. The wind break acts as fencing wall around the affected areas, normally
because of the drag forces acting between the a ir and soil surface, consh:uclcd by one row or maximum two i:ows across th e prevailin·g
5. Th_e internal shear of the air also tends to in~ase the velocity with the wind .
~•~ht above ground surface, until all effocts of t he soil sur face are Shelter-be lt:
disSJpated.
i. A sholtorbelt is a longer bnrrior than the wind break. is raised by more
6. than two rows, usunlly nl right angles to the direction of prevailing
The vat!ation i~ wind velocity with retipect to height a bove lhe land
surface 1B deS<:r1bed by Geiger as: wind.
V2 " V1h•
 1- 1 7 p (0£-Snm -7 ) 1- 18 J> (OE•S••m•7) Jntroduction
tian £11JPncoriJ\g
Soil nnd WuL11r Conl'I0 1" ' " s h1'vbN olld treoN. iv, Cn,p roslduo,i act. ln two wsyt1; fi rst they reduce the wind veiocity over
bed "''llh.'pcd by ua1nf{ • the land surface. and i,ceond trap t.ho eroded f50ila o·n the e,oU !JU.r lace.
, f she'lte.r holt. cAP (' • d for the prot~ctum of
ii. 'the rov.~ o -,f"'P.tion o{11oil roo1.!ttUre AD
00 v. Short fltuhblt!.1 tU'c les.11 effective lbtm the tall stubbl'.e s.
,ii. Jt is maiP~• for " "' • . . wind oro•IO!l•
cro """tllD.!'11> se"e...
fieId P!' ~~ · _.• d e.-o,don co.ntro l. vi. From fiuld 8iudle1, it hM bean rcpo·rted thnt. the mi.rture o( 1traw and
---"."7, I i:Jt Lbe tillllll'<' practice• o n "'"' 11t ubble provides greate r protection nga inst, wind erosi,m than the
Que 1.14, I E,q, " equivolctnt amount of straw or .tubblo. when uMd separately.

An•w~r 7t;ic,<,S.
\'ii, l,.or reducing the effect of wjnd ve-lodty to o large extruu,, a gl"e.Bte.r
quun.tlty o ( crop res idue-a i• required. From experiment . it. haa been
TUl~ge Pea• · hi
le. ..,.. importtrnL~ adopted for
found t h11t tho effed of diffe rent quanlitiea of cropre-sid u~s on M>il losa
L The tillJlll• p~rtic<S, ! ""has ploUll ng e •
vorie• inver ..,ly 4" t.he pow.,, 0.8 oflhc weight of plant reaid118'!, for the
t. 11' wiDderos.ton.
ton ro ,ng ed tbeforet.h<'stnrt.ofwindf.!roKion. 90iJ oggregoLea I••• thnn 0.42 mm in dlameter.
2. These prttcticcs Ahould ho cam ou , . ~
JI rd for m..,ist.uro con 8ervt1tton , us ,t ts viii. 'r bc crop ro1id11e& not only dluipat.e Lhe wind 4'ner,gy, but also reduce
Tillage prttctic~ •re 1:cner~ d Y us . • nd tUSO in creoling rough soil the level of so.il erodibillty. S hiyatyi e.st.,itilillhed t.bo·foDowing relationship
S. Lliog tht v.,n e rosion, ......
helpful in ~~~tro the hnpttctoferolilive win d ,•e.locity. bt!t.,•cc n soll erodibilily, aoil s t.ruc:t.ure and number, o-C .stalk:a of ce:rea1
surface to rn.i.uce - - • . otubbles, ""
. d (or wind erosion control n.r e wrillttn

,
4. The com.moo rilllflgc practices u&e Q ~ 10'0.''"' - o,03e4s. o.cxw,,n1
as under :
where, Q • Soil erodibility (gim' J.
t l'rim•ry ond secondary Lilll\ll"-
S ~ Soil structure (content of particles) .
ii. trtie of crop res1dueB.
iii. Stripcrcpplllg. N ~ N umbor ofstalks over 20cm la!Vm'.

J. P riuu,ry and Seco,ulary 'l'illa,ic :

The IJUllD object;i, ·e of primary ond sccoDilW"Y tillagu operations fn~ wind PART· S
i. '•Lo produ<e a t ouuhand clodd,·soil surface to resu,1 th,
eroiaon oontro I J9" - e • Vegetaeion Manas~me111 i.e., S trip Cropping, Stubble Mul<:hing and
wind ,•elocity. • otM r Proctu:<>s,
ln order to develop maximum roughness lbe soil should normally be
ii
ploughodj111t afl:er Lhe rain . if po88ible. Quuti oas•An•wera
iii. In tllJag• operation8, a network.of small ridg~• are_rormcd throu1<hou1
the field in the direction normal is th• prevailing wmd. l.ongAnewer'J'ype and.Medium An■Wft"Type Quastiolu
iv. These ridges are very effcct-ive in wind ero.sion control becousc t~ey
areat• obstruction in blowing pa1h of wind, and also change the wmd
direction between the ridg~s whiclt re•ult.s i nto soil deposition. Quel.1 ~ , Deser lbe 8tr lp cropping and e xplain vario u s ~ of
■trip cropping.
2. u.., orCrop Re11iduu:
Answer
i. The TJM! of crop residues on expoRed soil surface, is an effective measure
for con1rulhng the wind ero1ion. Strip C ropp ing :
i Strip cropping i• • ~nd of ogronoruicnl practice, in ..-lb.ich ordinary crops
ii Tile crop residuOII provide mor e allroctive result, especially when thoY
arc combi.o ed with Lhe rough ••ii
surface.. are plnnt.edll{l'own 1n the form ofrelatively nnm,w •trii- acros, the land
slope.
iii. 1'hhl pnctice ia lcnown o• stubble mulching.
 w.::

1-191' (OE.S.-m,?J 1-20 P (()£.S<m,-7) , lntrcxluctio,1

Soi' o.nd W~IC'r Com!Ul'Vntiun •:oi,:i1,e;,rinJiJ:
ii. Th" wadth ofthti;P i;tnp, may or rnpynol LH.: uniform. 'rbl' huffer , trips
~ , e strip~ t\fe ~o urron~cd thut t~,e stnpil of cloi.ll~grnwing crops ure fi re uduaJly 2 to .t, m widt, tlnd llrl' y,lscl'd ut 1.0 t.o 20 m interv-. tl,.
nlwa.}':J separated 10 tht" ero1ion l"P"1Stult1 cr-0ps,
i'I. Thl!)' c.un til:to be plucf-d o n c:nt.1rnl i.lopc&ofthe O<.:ld.
ui. ::;trip Cl'O!lPing llll 0, te('hnique (or erosion control ill a tm:is-l dfccbve
mt!IL~urein ~r1.A\n i.orl$ 11nd t <i)lOgrnphy. iv, The main purpose of buffer ::.tnp uopping i11 to-pto'lidOprotection t.(l the
iv. !fb.l11 method hfcnmC! more dl'l-c\11.•; for ero~ion control, "-' hen. 1~ i!I land from sod c.roirion.
followed .,.,'llhmp ruu,tiom int~ urea wl1(lro terraL'l'il M('not pr.utitlcillly . 4. Wind Strip <.:ro11ping:
feat.lb!, due to di\'l5ion oJ .11lop,. ~nto ~mall x"ganents. L L1 wind stri11ernppin.c .i.yste.m, the.• atrip crop,1 of uniform wjd.1.h an: Jr.id
'rhP st.rip c:rQJ>8 check th•• .11urtatt! runnf'f and fo1 c-c w u,tihrDle into t-h" at n1;bt angles to tho dJrootion ofprcmt.ilinl{ '11:iod.,, i\'l1hout n:!g!U'dofthu
v.
soµ, ancl fllc,hta.t.is11= forcon.o:l'rwtion of rAin water. ('OfUnur.

~
Type• of StrJp CroppinJ( : FoUu.,,inR nre the ,•,11rioti.! l)•pes of s t1•ip U. i'f'he m1un objecll,.·e ufthis sy:Stc m is -to t'OOLTol th~ ,.'lnd ero~lon r tilher
c.rCJJ:!plni; ! wutflr er,ftSit>n,

I. Onn1oa:r Strip Cropping: ht This crOf>Jling lS retommenrlc•d for levd OT nearly level toyM'lgrRphy,
ln contour @.tripcropplnij:, the cn•f•an! pla.nk'll ill strips l\longthe oontour where ~nd erosion UI 01ore effccUve.
i.
ot ri~ht. o.ngll'.11 to the dlrc>dlnn of nnturn.Uand 11lopt}.
(~ue J.• 18.1 What. t h lrtJC• att ftl'CC!f5!U')' ror a good -.tubblc mulch
• !'I'he gr1)W1og of crops in strip!' i~ fn adefinltf' -rotat.ionnl sequcuc:tJ .
iii Altboogh. h b not stTft•t.ly es:5ent.lnl Lhal all the crop8 ru\Uo't be i.n the
program ! JAJI.TU Z021-tl, 1\(arlu 10 I
rot.ahon in tht AA.me fttld 11nd in tht ~nme yeo.r, llut a.s far Ni po$51Dle it
.should hf. maint.ciincd to lu.~ s•Iha &011 tn pro~ ortlur. · Answer
f"·olJowing Lhing;s ~t! n1•cessaJJ' for l1 good !1t11bb1t -mukh program :
iv, Contour tttrip crojJl''ling ls nduptNI on t.hu level land ocross tbc slope
1nstead of up and dbwn hill, for choolong thr fln!' of sutface ~rstcr 1. 11hl• first r.hing us·lhc dt,,11ire of a fu.tmf'r to mA.ka the.S)'.stcm worK on hi.s
v. Prom fieJa atudie5, it h)u. beenoUM•rvf!d tllat iht ,tri_p cropping oo tlto fnrm.
contourp1o.yg "lter role ln comuving the soil Wld waler:.., whf'n combined 21 KnowtPdgeofUm !tmounl ofrttidu11 ut the OOtcinning-ofthe ie8.$00 1
-...tb le.tr.racing. ~
3. 'lh<ro will be uboul •S kg M residue for-each bushel (27 2155 kg) of
1be width-of ~t-tipl drpcud.11 on the topo-graphlctd foatu.rc5 ur the 1UNL wl,eat produ,ed. -. ,
"·
2. Field Strip Cropping: 4 'l'he amo;nts of rtt5idue m.:CC83.c81Y ·on.or the crop is planted to p_rot~ct
lt iit modified fonn ofcontour 1itrip crn1•Pin& in Ylh1~hcrop Mpg nre lllld land (rum wind ('rmdon are app~:dnlntely :
L
pmJlul,acroN1 t.heland s l•>pr a; Ow always el.lU:t.lyon the.contour; m11~· i 454 kg 011 hc.u,•y soil.I.
bu changed dopt:nding on the- land t1ituation.
ii 680 kg __on medium text.-ured soils.
ii Tht1 t:ypti vf t1t-rip cropping is 11uii.BbJy used where the lopogrnph}' .i s
th.her too irregular 1,1r undu]BtanJ.:, &!i thi,y ma.kl! nc-rorote l11..yout of
in. 1134 kg onsundyMrilA.
contour in.rip crop1Jjr~. impr:M:tc.ttl. 6. Plfm uuu,_,,u open,bons tn l.\dvnu,..-e so the dc:!.in.-d 1m1uw1Lvr ~lduc w.111
be ten on the lnnd 111 scedlng t ime. -
oL Tir dt•pres!SOO nttM should be a,·oklod for fie.ld atrip croppjn1, They cnn
bt lef\ for ea1.11bli.1hinl[ tho grassC"d wUtl!.rwnys 1 6. Select propur equipm~mt foT ench op~un and use It nffectivl!ly.
3.
L
Ruf!~r SI rip Cropping :
ln hufTer strip cropping, tho stripH of gras,;es ur legun;e crops arc laid
ht-tween contuur strip crops in rogular rotntion.. .
. .i
Que 1.1'7. Write abort notea on crop rotation.
Soil and Watur Co:1!4!1'\'&t.ion Enginee.rfug 1-21 P (OE¾.t,
1-22P(OE&m-1l lntrod uct ion

,Anawer. I ii 'This gives the amount of soil-loss (u'hn/y) for a pn.niculor condition of
the Reid.
Crop llolation 1
Crop rotatiora, <J111'00 mon, effedi•e for controlling Iha ~ ii •ru, i 2. S.•kedon of Agrlc:ultural Pnctitt•:
when 11coompanied with utl'ip croppi.ng aystem. °" L In USLE tho lol\ band side par,1mc,t,ir rcpre..,nts tb• muimum ooil 1...
2. It tan be wied on tho same pion, orlllnd by growing tilled trope. •inill] which i• lik•ly totak0-place from the fiuld; and riKhl hand 1id• conmt!i
~r.ain aopi. h.i)' croJ.W or gntsso~eithenandtr a &lrip-aopping 5Yl!,ttml or orseveral (u.du rs, in which aomc cannot be cont.roiled while somo can be
m a srrparate field symm. "'t.• controlled.
a. In the areas. wheN! porcnnial gr-1 and legwnOJ1 are not feasible i. ii. TIie uncootroUod Carton: are the rainfall f!tosivlt-)' lnde.J, elope lenifi,h
grow, (hen lhe- row crops o( small grain nnd annuaJ lt"IWDt" aop.11 c1tn be ru,d .u,epnes5 foct.or1.
grown in the rtrips. ' •· '
• iii Similarly. the controlled factors are the ero_p manaam-.entpractices and
col\8ervatfon practices (actCJra.
4. It is a ,:m,eral rule that, no two cultiva1'd-1trip,s .i19uld have the IIIJn
planting or harvtt•tin« da~,. .. ' iv. These two oontn,lled foctors (i., .. e and Pl can bt chMMed by U<i"lf
5. Tbe sequenct or crops lhlluld oo'in SU(b ~ iii...,,.,-, that there could be dilfettntcropping 1ystnna and difreronl eo1111l!l"ation practices, such u
ro"'.'ed,~ dtt..e-fibrobW!~ t sy,,tom~ holll ~ ..uand retanl tho <'l'Oo!lon, ploughing, tem,cu>K, bunding, contouring, strip cropping etc.
unt.11luc ,:oc>t8 are roaen anffl.tilJage,operutions. v. In other word>, for reducing the l•vel of IMlil I••• from the watershed,
6. th;
AU thtse arthitiies Ullder crol) rota'tiop add orpnic: mailer.i~ lbi: soil the type of crops, cropping oy1t.om, till"ll• opention• and po31ible
thenby th• physial cooditiOCl ofthe aoU 1!'11• i mpro,-.d, ul timat.e1y u,,; agn,nomical me.uurea, i.e..; contouring, 1trip crc:ppintc E'tc., can be
sel"'1<Jd.
soil ~bsorlio more water ~nd ll!Jo inere...s the capability t.o resl•t th
£!1'0!100. -~ .. ' ~... · f
3. h providas n?COmmendationa on crop management prattle~ to ..be-ustd
7, ~ndC"<r,.a,e of crop rotation praclicea for con.U:Oumg soil erosion th
su,,p~•n way ll> combine different croJ11! In....,. fomi ..,d =w tb~ · •
for auil t;OIIMtvution. ,.
~
t1 .,. 4 ~
.
rotatio111. "· - rn m
- I
Que 1.11, Enui.erate 1Ju1 cauaft and lailure to adupt the new
. if . .
8. The fr•q""•<Yat which the row cropuhould he KTown depends lh
seventyofGr,:111Jun.lllkineplace-intbe,area ForeXADJple .,L-...,. on . t
method• of eroat,un .,.;~lrol. !~ 2021·22, lllarb 10 I
rate is,·•-1 •'-- · · , uc .., eros:ion
~· • ~., C1't u"" row ('!'Opt ca6 be~ at \Wery allrmot.e ar but
m turt, e~~le art!ff.5 or where r.ate of soil erosion iii• bting :Or(t • the
~~•r: I ·} 'I

row cropp!ftgtS pr-..cticed at inlerlJl,f-tc:ale, ' ••ollowi.ng •~ tho n!-.,001 (or causes ·,md (ailun to adopt the nE!....-
tntlthodl. of erosion control :
I
Qu• J.18, What are 'he Gpp1ie11tio.n1 of univer■al •oil Ion A. F.conom.ic Obstack,o : •
C'Qwatioa 1 L Most failure to lldupt the new method. uf t1r0Mion cootro] is ba!Cd on
IAlffll !091-21. Maru 101 economics.
,Antwer I 2. Tho J)OOple who must apl'.hd nwney to coru;en-c their lliOil are not the
Applleatlon, : Follo,,-ing .,.. the 1· . only ones who aurrcr Uthe soil i1 en.wfod ur benefit ifit ia conMrved.
equation : •PP icauons of uni.venial soil Joss
3. Of\cn the persona mo,t afl'oc.t.ecl live some:whuro ela-.e or will li,.·e. al a
I. Pn,dictlnn olSoll'l.ou: later time, ·
L Pora Aive.n C'fDditietu ufthe fidd r a.rd' . . ◄. l'eoplt: ""' commonly relunant to •pond their money ror unknown
• lope lleepnu.,, cropping sys~m~nd ID~ l~ :'°11 type, aloP;e lengt,1, ltencfiawies.
oum.-rit.a.l \'alt.teso(each Catto, . climatao ch.arac:teristics, the
and multiplied together lo pre=::~~ equat,on can h e ~
 t-23 P (OF:-S..,,,.71
Sml and Wowr Con-S(!n'a on
u Engineering 1-24 P (OE-Scm-7) Introduction

Acstbclic and C\lllural ObRtacloM: . Q. 2. Define soll erosion rutd deocribe lhe tnclors influc.oclng
B. , f .d t,,. mvol\'t-d in certain ngricul1ural trrulilicn, .
A !<"'•' de:u o pn e <M
' · ·d d a nrnrk of skill
wntrr erosion.
AM< Refer Q. 1.6, Uoit•l .
2 Slrai~ht ,-,,..-~. for ex3mple, an, «>""1 ere .
, • pp•alin• but they' cause Qro•ion on hilly land hy Q. 3. In an area su hjected to suU erosion, the following
3 Str:ngIll row, n.rc " ' " ,.. -
pro,; J ing chMnuls fo,r runoff waler to e rode. inturmutiun i• av&1.Uable :
Rainfall erosivily lnde• a 1200 M,J ,mmlh-h-y, Soil erudlbllity
-t Contour UJlilgC jg often 1hr ~lutio1t, but. It 111W1i ove.rcomc tTnrlition.
index • 0.20l - ha/ha•lfJ-mm, Crop management r11ctor •
0, J.ru«.urity nnd Uncertainty : 0.60,
Conservation practice tliclor • 1,0, S lope factor
t. Man)' JlO<lPl"-in d"'·elupu,g oountn~s lm•~ thnt tradil.k>nai mwrngcm~nt
has kept them and lh•ir prcdtotes,;-0n< ahve, nnd that they luiv@ nuthins Cl~ngthl • 0.1.
to spare for_glllltbling on• n<,w method. '
Aruo: lu•fer Q. 1.10, t:nil-1.
2. It is difficult for thom to cbllllgC thoir (e;,hniquus 0\'00 for immedia10 - Q.4. What thing• arc n eceu11ry for a gooil •tubble mulch
beneJit.s such ••higher yields and_le .. ioil loss, · program 1
Ana. Rofor Q, I. 16, Unit-I.
3. lt is still more difficult for tht•m to ndopt apractice that requires an
inse,tment, O."J>"<i~lly if the benefits are delayed or distribulcd over ~ 5_ Wh.au. are lhe •pplloalion111 of•univenal aoiJ Joss equ•tiun?
several years. .\noi! Refer Q, 1.18, Unit-I.
1

4. The eslubli~hmtnt uf con,c,cn•atlon Prnctic:es under $UCh condlt_io.ns

requires a reliable gw,rantee that lhru1e people will nut el;lrve t.o d,•nth Q, 6. Enumeraui tb.ee:BuSt>s and failutt to adopt the new methods
1(lhcncwpracticefails. · '~ ~= \... or er.ot11inn cuntrol.
:Alli: _Refer Q, 1.19, Unil-L
D. tgnorance andApatby :
1. Mu•t erosion=• so gradually and subtly t!,:at its olfe((s are oa.•ily
o,•erlookfd until long ofter preventive act:ion :bould ba,ve been taken.
2. People who work with Jrmd often are unawarcoC.li'ow many to~ ofsoils
art bc.inj lotiL tuc::h year. 1
;
3. Many ,.,ople ore •pathetic ttl,out future needs and ba,•e short-term
,·1~wpoints r~nrding the u;,e or son and other resources . .-
4.. Erosioo•contTOl practices needed lO prevent enviro~enlAI J>Ollution
often art not in,lolled or an, long po•t1.,nod bo<:ouoo of indilforon,-,,.

VERY IMPORTANT QUBfflONS

. . . ..·
Follou,Ul/1 q,,emon• ..... nry i1.-,im talse. n-, ~
ma.76...,.fred ln:,tHU'SBSSIONALS III wU 111 : '
IINIVBBSn'Y DAMINAf'ION, . : . ·, ":· : · _w,
.
Q.1. What an Jbe cou&ea or ooil e-ion ?
DE Rorer Q. 1.2, Unil,L