Electric Cells As Energy Systems: GRADE 9 IS - Natural Sciences

Electric cells as energy systems
GRADE 9 IS - Natural Sciences
Miss Xaba
© 2021 SPARK Schools 1

LESSON GUIDE
45 Minutes
OBJECTIVE(S) & SEE IT, NAME IT, DISCUSSION/ INDEPENDENT

QUICK REVIEW
PDN DO IT ACTIVITY PRACTICE
Slides 3-4 Slide 5 Slides 6-12 Slide 13 Slide 14
5 min 5 min 20 min 10 min 5 min

OBJECTIVES
SWBAT:
• Resurface memory on cells
• Use science language regarding cells, batteries and
voltage
• Test their knowledge on electric cells

PLEASE DO NOW (PDN)
1. Where are the electrons positioned in the atom?
2. What is the type of charge on a proton?
3. What is the type charge on an electron?
4. What is the charge on a neutron?

QUICK REVIEW
Electrostatic force
• An electrostatic force is a force that two electrically charged objects exert on each other over a distance.
• Electrostatic force act in an electrostatic field.
• An electrostatic field exists around any charged object
How objects become charged
• Substances are made up of tiny particles called atoms. An atom consists of a small nucleus, with a cloud of
negatively charged electrons spinning around the nucleus.
• An atom as a whole is electrically neutral. This is because the number of positively charged protons is equal
to the number of negatively charged electrons.
• Electrons can be removed from or added to the surface of a substance fairly easily.
• One way is to rub the substances together. This can make electrons move from one substance to another.
The substance that gains electrons becomes electrically negative. The substance that loses electrons
becomes electrically positive.
Forces between like and unlike charges
• As in the case of magnetic forces, an electrostatic force can be a force of attraction or a force of repulsion.
SEE IT
© 2021 SPARK Schools

NAME IT
Electric cells
• A cell is a system that supplies electricity. The cell converts chemical energy to
electrical energy.
• The chemical energy comes from a reaction that takes place inside the cell. The
reaction releases electrons that flow through an external circuit if a circuit forms
a closed loop
We can draw the following system diagram to represent a cell:
• In an experiment with zinc and copper plates, the chemical reaction makes
electrons move from the zinc plate, through the conducting wires, to the copper
plate, the current makes the LED(light-emitting diode) shine.
NAME IT
• The zinc plate is the negative terminal and the copper plate is the positive terminal of this
cell. We call the zinc plate and the copper plate the electrodes of this cell.
• The electrodes allow current to flow. The solution in the beakers are called electrolytes. They
help the chemical reaction take place.
Cells in practice
• There are dry and wet cells

• Dry cells cannot be recharged. There are zinc-carbon cells and alkaline cells that are known
as dry cells.
• Wet cells can be recharged, for example the cells that make up a car battery or the cells
used in cell phone batteries.
Batteries
• A battery is two or more cells connected together. Electric cells store energy as chemical
energy. When a cell is connected to a closed electrical circuit, it releases its stored energy in
the form of electricity. We can use acidic fruit such as lemons to act as cells.
NAME IT
Voltage
• Cells have a voltage marked on the side. The voltage is also called potential difference
across the terminals of the cell. Voltage is a measure of the amount of potential energy
stored in a cell.
• The voltage therefore tells us how much energy a cell can provide to push a certain amount
of electrons through a circuit. It is measured in volts(V).
• The higher the voltage of a cell, the more energy each electron has available to spend while
it moves through the circuit. We measure the voltage of a cell by connecting a voltmeter
across its terminals.
Connecting cells
• When we connect cells so that the negative(-) terminal of one cell is connected to the
positive(+) terminals of the next cell, we say that they are connected in series, the voltage of
the batteries increases.
• When we connect the negative(-) terminals of two or more cells together and the
positive(+) terminals of the same cells together, we say that the cells are connected in
parallel. The voltage of a parallel battery is the same as the voltage of each cell.
DO IT

DO IT AGAIN

DO IT ONE MORE TIME

DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
We can use acidic fruit such as lemons to act as cells.
Explain the logic behind using acidic fruits as cells.

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
Draw a system diagram to represent a cell

THANK YOU
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Resistance
GRADE 9 IS: Natural Sciences
Miss Xaba

LESSON GUIDE
45 MINUTES

QUICK REVIEW

OBJECTIVES
SWBAT:
• Revise prior knowledge of resistors
• Identify resistors in everyday life
• Use scientific terminology with regards to resistors

PDN
Explain the Input, Process and Output in a system diagram of a cell

QUICK REVIEW
Electric cells
• A cell is a system that supplies electricity. The cell converts chemical energy to electrical
energy.
• The chemical energy comes from a reaction that takes place inside the cell. The reaction
releases electrons that flow through an external circuit if a circuit forms a closed loop
Cells in practice
• There are dry and wet cells
Batteries
• A battery is two or more cells connected together. Electric cells store energy as chemical
energy.
Voltage
• Cells have a voltage marked on the side. The voltage is also called potential difference across
the terminals of the cell. Voltage is a measure of the amount of potential energy stored in a
cell.
Connecting cells
SEE IT

NAME IT
Uses of resistors
• Resistors are made of material that oppose the flow of electric charge through them.
So these materials offer electrical resistance.
• The filament wire of an incandescent light bulb and the element of an electric kettle
are examples of resistors.
• The unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Ω). Resistance of an object is defined as
voltage and current. R = V/I
Conductors have some resistance
• A conductor is made of material that allows electric current to flow through it.
However, even good conductors offer some electrical resistance.
• As electrons leave a cell or battery and move through a closed circuit, they bump
into the particles inside the conductor. The conductor heats up a little.
• When a conductor heats up, some of the kinetic energy of moving charges is
wasted as heat energy,
NAME IT
Resistors
• A resistor is an electrical component that can conduct electricity, but offers

resistance to the flow of current in an electric circuit.
Resistors control electric current
• Resistors are used to control the current in an electric circuit. If a resistor in a

circuit is connected with another electrical component, it will maintain a safe
current within the component.
Resistors provide useful energy transfer
• Resistors are also used to control the flow of current in a circuit and they provide
useful energy transfer.
• For example, the element of an electric kettle turns electrical energy into heat
energy that is used to boil water.
NAME IT
Variable resistors
• Some resistors do not supply a fixed resistance. They have a mechanism that
allows them to change their resistance. Dimmer light switches and volume
control knobs on radios use such resistors, called rheostats.
• A light-dependent resistor(LDR) is sensitive to the amount of light that shines
onto it. It normally has a higher resistance in the dark than in the light.
• It can be used to automatically switch the lights outside a house on or off as it
gets darker or lighter.
Diodes
• Diodes are special electrical components that control the flow of electric current.
• They provide a very high resistance when the current flows in one direction and a
very low resistance when the current flows in the opposite direction. Therefore
they allow the flow of current in one direction only
• © 2021
Unlike bulb filaments and the elements in kettles, toasters or hairdryers, diodes
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NAME IT
• They are made of two semi-conductors.
• A light-emitting diode (LED) converts electrical energy to light energy. Traffic
lights consists of many LEDs arranged in a circular shape.
• Light-sensitive diodes do the opposite of LEDs. When sunlight falls on them, they
can convert the light energy to electrical energy.

DO IT

DO IT AGAIN

DO IT ONE MORE TIME

DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
1. Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor:
a. What is the purpose of a resistor?

b. What function does it perform?
c. Also, draw an illustration of what a real resistor looks like.
2. Resistors are sometimes represented in electrical and electronic schematic diagrams by a

symbol other than this: Draw this other symbol next to the one
shown above.
3. When a resistor conducts electric current, its temperature increases. Explain how this
phenomenon is significant to the application of resistors in electric circuits. In other words, why
would we care about a resistor’s temperature increasing?
Also, what does this indicate about the technical ratings of resistors? Aside from having a
specific resistance rating (i.e. a certain number of ohms), what other rating is important for
proper selection of resistors in electric circuits?

THANK YOU

Component symbols and simple
circuits
GRADE 9 IS - Technology
Miss Xaba

LESSON GUIDE
Provide the total time required for the lesson.

QUICK REVIEW
Slides 3-4 Slide 5 Slides 6-12 Slide 13-18 Slide 19-20

OBJECTIVES
SWBAT:
• Draw cells in series and parallel
• Differentiate between cells in series and cells in
parallel
• Investigate the different outcomes of the two
cells

PLEASE DO NOW (PDN)
What does a simplest circuit consist of?

QUICK REVIEW
Revision 1: component symbols
● "Components" are the parts that we connect in an electric circuit.

● Do you remember the symbols for cells, lamps and switches?
● Do you remember the difference between joining components in series and in parallel? Let's see
what you can remember.
● You have already learnt that an electric circuit is a closed path in which a current flows.
The simplest circuit has:
● a power source such as a cell,

● a conductor, and
● a load that provides resistance, such as a lamp.

SEE IT

NAME IT
Cells in series
• The easiest description of a series circuit is that there is only one path for the
current
• Two or more cells can be connected in series to increase the voltage in the
circuit.
• In series means the cells are connected end-to-end, and the current flows
through each cell in turn.
• Voltage: Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them
to do work such as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is
measured in volts (V).
• When cells are connected in series, their total voltage is the sum of the voltages
of the three cells: 1,5 V + 1,5 V + 1,5 V = 4,5 V
NAME IT
Cells in parallel
• Two or more cells can also be connected "in parallel". A parallel circuit has two or
more different paths for the current to travel along.
• What is the advantage of connecting cells in parallel since the arrangement
does not increase the voltage and does not make the bulb brighter?
• In some situations, cells in parallel will be able to produce a bigger current than
the same number of cells in series.
• The reason is that the internal resistances of the cells in parallel are also in
parallel, giving a battery with a lower internal resistance.
• With cells in series, their internal resistances are in series and add together.
• When cells are connected in parallel, the total voltage of the cells is the same
as that of a single cell (1,5 volts).
• *Add link*
NAME IT
Examples of drawings of cells in series as well as cells in parallel.

DO IT
Cells in series: The figure below shows two cells connected in series in a
circuit. The positive terminal of cell A is connected to the lamp.
The negative terminal of cell A is connected to the positive terminal of cell B,
and the negative terminal of cell B is connected to the other terminal of the
lamp.
1. Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit below.

DO IT AGAIN
Cells in series:
1. The figure below shows three cells connected in series in a circuit. Draw a circuit diagram
of the circuit.

DO IT ONE MORE TIME
Cells in parallel:
The figure below shows two cells connected in parallel in a circuit. The positive terminals
of both cells are connected to each other and to the lamp. The negative terminals of
both cells are connected to each other and to the other terminal of the lamp.
1. Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit below in your books.

DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
1. Complete the following sentence: A battery is a set of………….
a. resistors
b. bulbs
c. cells
2. The diagram shows a circuit consisting of three cells and a resistor.
Complete the following sentence: The three cells are connected in

a. series
b. © 2021
parallel
SPARK Schools 44
DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
3. Three identical cells are connected in series. Each cell provides an emf of 4 V.What is the total emf provided by the
cells if all of the cells are aligned in the same direction?
4. Which of the following diagrams shows three cells connected in series?
a.
b.

DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
5. The diagram shows three cells connected in series. The total emf provided by the cells is 8 V.What is the emf
provided by the third cell?
6. The diagram shows four identical cells connected in series. What is the total emf provided by the cells?
7. Which of the following is the correct circuit symbol for a battery?

DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
7. Which of the following is the correct circuit symbol for a battery?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
8. Which of the following is the correct circuit symbol for a cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
DISCUSSION/ACTIVITY
9. The diagram shows three cells connected in series. What is the total emf provided by the cells?
10. Eight identical cells are connected in series and are all aligned in the same direction. The total emf provided by
the cells is 16 V.What is the emf provided by one cell?

1. The potential difference in circuits is measured in _____.
a. ampere
b. volt
c. ohm
d. farads
2. The _____ in the circuit is represented by any output device such as a light bulb, buzzer or electric motor.
a. potential difference
b. resistance
c. ampere
d. capacitor
3. LED in electrical circuits is known as _____.
a. light-emitting diodes
b. light-eat diodes
c. low-emission diodes
d. light-emission dictator

4. LDR in electrical circuits is known as _____.
a. light-dependent resistor
b. light-different resistor
c. light-dominated resistor
d. light-dependent regulator
Read the case study below and answer the questions that follow.
An owner of a property has turned part of his home into a bed and breakfast
(B & B) accommodation to generate an extra income.
A three-room building has been built separate from the main house in his
yard.
Room service will be provided to guests and therefore the owner needs
assistance to design a system that will notify the kitchen staff when a guest
wants to place an order.
Guests must be able to notify the kitchen staff by pressing a switch in their
room which will then trigger a sound in the kitchen.

Battery, Motor, Ammeter, Diode, Transistor, Capacitor, Thermistor, Globe, Resistor,

Single-pole/single-throw switch, Buzzer
5. The owner wants to add emergency lights in every room in the case of load shedding. Each room will
therefore have two light bulbs, each in series with a switch and connected to one cell.
Draw the circuit diagram of the emergency lights as outlined above on your books with the correct component
symbols.

THANK YOU

Continuation of Simple
circuits
GRADE 9 IS - Technology
Miss Xaba

LESSON GUIDE
110 MINUTES

QUICK REVIEW

OBJECTIVES
SWBAT:
• Draw and label lamps in series and in parallel
• Interpret the different results that are obtained from lamps in
series as opposed to lamps in parallel
• Study the effectiveness of lamps in series and in parallel

PLEASE DO NOW (PDN)
The owner wants to add emergency lights in every room in the case of load shedding.
Each room will therefore have two light bulbs, each in series with a switch and
connected to one cell.
1. Draw the circuit diagram of the emergency lights as outlined above on your books
with the correct component symbols.

QUICK REVIEW
Cells in series
• Two or more cells can be connected in series to increase the voltage in the circuit.
• In series means the cells are connected end-to-end, and the current flows through
each cell in turn.
• Voltage: Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to
do work such as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured
in volts (V).
• When cells are connected in series, their total voltage is the sum of the voltages of
the three cells: 1,5 V + 1,5 V + 1,5 V = 4,5 V
Cells in parallel
• Two or more cells can also be connected "in parallel". A parallel circuit has two or
more different paths for the current to travel along.
• When cells are connected in parallel, the total voltage of the cells is the same as
that
© 2021 of a single cell (1,5 volts).
SPARK Schools 58
SEE IT
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NAME IT
Lamps in series
• Two or more lamps can also be connected in series.

• If all the lamps have the same resistance, the voltage drop across each
lamp will be equal to 1,5 V.
• When the voltage drops of all the lamps are added, the total battery
voltage of 4,5 V is obtained. The current is the same through each lamp.
• The term “voltage drop across the lamp” means the same as “the voltage
across the lamp” and the “potential difference across the lamp”.
• The word “drop” is used because the flowing charges transfer (give away)
some of their energy to the lamp filament as they flow through.
• We know they give away energy because the filament gets white-hot.
• Therefore, the charges have less energy on the other side of the lamp and
we say there has been a drop or decrease in the voltage across the lamp.

NAME IT
Lamps in parallel
• The applied voltage is the same across each lamp. The current is
divided across each lamp, and the total current is the sum of the
current through each lamp: It = L1 + L2 + L3
• The positive terminal of the battery is directly connected to one side of
each lamp and the negative terminal to the other side of each lamp.
• We can say a lamp in parallel gets the same voltage drop across it
because the positive terminal of the battery is connected to both
lamps by copper wires, which are very good conductors. These copper
wires are the long straight lines in the diagram.
• Because the conductors are so good, there is no voltage drop across
those conductors. It is as if we have connected each lamp straight
onto the terminal of the battery and the wires were not there.
DO IT
The pictures below show circuit diagrams of two and three lamps connected in series with
the battery. The positive terminal of the battery (+B) is connected to lamp 1, the other side
of lamp 1 is connected to lamp 2, the other side of lamp 2 is connected to the negative
terminal (B-) of the battery, and so forth.
Three lamps in series

Two lamps in series
1. How does increasing the number of lamps in series change the current and voltage
in the circuit?
DO IT AGAIN
1. Are the lamps in the following diagrams connected in series or parallel?

2. How many lamps are on diagram (a) and (b)
(a) (b)

DO IT ONE MORE TIME
Look at the circuit diagram below and answer the following questions:
1. What is the voltage drop across lamps 1 and 2?

2. The total current in the circuit is 10 A. If lamp 1 has a current of 4 A flowing through it,
what will the current be through lamp 2?

DISCUSSION/ ACTIVITY

DISCUSSION/ ACTIVITY

.
1. What components do the letters A, B and C represent?

2. What is the name given to the way the bulbs are arranged in diagram 1?
3. What is the name given to the way the bulbs are arranged in diagram 2?
4. In a series circuit with two bulbs, how is the brightness of the first bulb affected when
the second bulb is connected? Explain why this happens
5. In a parallel circuit with two bulbs, how is the brightness of the first bulb affected
© when the second bulb is connected? Explain why this happens
2021 SPARK Schools 67
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Electric cells as energy systems

GRADE 9 IS - Natural Sciences

© 2021 SPARK Schools 1

OBJECTIVE(S) & SEE IT, NAME IT, DISCUSSION/ INDEPENDENT

Slides 3-4 Slide 5 Slides 6-12 Slide 13 Slide 14

5 min 5 min 20 min 10 min 5 min

© 2021 SPARK Schools 2

© 2021 SPARK Schools 3

© 2021 SPARK Schools 4

How objects become charged

Forces between like and unlike charges

© 2021 SPARK Schools

• There are dry and wet cells

© 2021 SPARK Schools 10

© 2021 SPARK Schools 11

© 2021 SPARK Schools 12

Explain the logic behind using acidic fruits as cells.

© 2021 SPARK Schools 13

© 2021 SPARK Schools 14

© 2021 SPARK Schools 15

© 2021 SPARK Schools 16

OBJECTIVE(S) & SEE IT, NAME IT, DISCUSSION/ INDEPENDENT

Slides 53-54 Slide 55 Slides 56-63 Slide 64 Slide 65

5 min 5 min 20 min 10 min 5 min

© 2021 SPARK Schools 17

© 2021 SPARK Schools 18

© 2021 SPARK Schools 19

• There are dry and wet cells

© 2021 SPARK Schools

Conductors have some resistance

• A resistor is an electrical component that can conduct electricity, but offers

Resistors control electric current

• Resistors are used to control the current in an electric circuit. If a resistor in a

Resistors provide useful energy transfer

© 2021 SPARK Schools

© 2021 SPARK Schools 26

© 2021 SPARK Schools 27

© 2021 SPARK Schools 28

a. What is the purpose of a resistor?

2. Resistors are sometimes represented in electrical and electronic schematic diagrams by a

© 2021 SPARK Schools 30

© 2021 SPARK Schools 31

© 2021 SPARK Schools 32

OBJECTIVE(S) & SEE IT, NAME IT, DISCUSSION/ INDEPENDENT

Slides 3-4 Slide 5 Slides 6-12 Slide 13-18 Slide 19-20

5 min 10 min 30 min 25 min 25 min

© 2021 SPARK Schools 33

© 2021 SPARK Schools 34

© 2021 SPARK Schools 35

Revision 1: component symbols

● "Components" are the parts that we connect in an electric circuit.

The simplest circuit has:

● a power source such as a cell,

© 2021 SPARK Schools 36

© 2021 SPARK Schools

© 2021 SPARK Schools

1. Draw a circuit diagram of the circuit below.

© 2021 SPARK Schools 41

© 2021 SPARK Schools 42