ANAND ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AGRA

PROJECT REPORT

“Design & Fabrication of DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM”

Under the supervision of

Prof. Manoj Kumar Kushwaha

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

1. Abhinav Pal(1800140004)
2.Rohit Pratap Singh(1800140014)
3.Saarthak Agarwal(1800140015)

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ANAND ENGINEERING COLLEGE,AGRA MATHURA HIGHWAY

KEETHAM,AGRA-282007
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great fortune that I have got opportunity to carry out this project work under the
supervision of Prof. Manoj Kumar Kushwaha in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Anand Engineering College, Agra, affiliated to Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Uttar Pradesh, India. I express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to
my guide for his constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.

I wish to convey my gratitude to Dr. Aman Sachdeva, HOD, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Anand Engineering College and to the authority of Anand Engineering College
for providing all kinds of infrastructural facility towards the research work.

I would also like to convey my gratitude to all the faculty members and staffs of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anand Engineering College for their whole-hearted
cooperation to make this work turn into reality.

Name and Signature of the Students

Place:

Date:

ii
 CERTIFICATE
To whom it may concern

This is to certify that the project work entitled DUAL AXIS SOLAR
TRACKER is the bona fide work carried out by Abhinav Pal(1800140004),
Rohit Pratap Singh(18001400140), Saarthak Agarwal(1800140015),
students of B.Tech in the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Anand
Engineering College , affiliated to Abdul Kalam Technical University Agra,
India, during the academic year 2021-22, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering and that this project has not submitted previously for the
award of any other degree, diploma and fellowship.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Name: Name:
Designation Designation

Signature of the External Examiner

Name:
Designation:

iii
 FIGURE INDEX

Page no.

Figure-1…………………………………………………….….6

Figure-2…………………………………………………….….6

Figure-3………………………………………………………..7

Figure-4…………………………………………………..……8

Figure-5…………………………………………………….….9

Figure-6…………………………………………………….…10

Figure-7……………………………………………………….11

Figure-8…………………………………………………….…13

Figure-9……………………………………………………….15

Figure-10……………………………………………………...21

Figure-11………………………………………………………22

iv
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS:
Page no:
CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................iii
FIGURE INDEX…………………………………………………………………………..iv
GRAPH INDEX…………………………………………………………………………..vi
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................vii
LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1
WORKING PRINCIPLE..................................................................................5
BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM..........................................................................7
FLOW CHART................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: MATHEMATICAL MODEL
INVERSE SQUARE LAW...............................................................................9
LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW........................................................................10
CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE MODEL
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR TRACKER...............................................11
EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM.....................................................12
ARDUINO UNO..............................................................................................13
LDR...................................................................................................................14
SERVO MOTOR..............................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE PROGRAM MODEL
PROGRAMMING CODE.................................................................................16-18
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE PROGRAM.......................................19
LDR PROGRAM & GRAPH.............................................................................20
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
ABOUT SOLAR TRACKER AND CONNECTED LOAD............................21
DUAL AXIS MOVEMENT OF SOLAR TRACKER………………………..22
CALCULATION & ANALYSIS……………………………………………23-24
BENEFITS AND DEMERITS OF SOLAR ENERGY....................................25
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT...................................................................26
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE………………………………………...28-30
APPENDIX A
A.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE HARDWARE REQUIREMENT............................31-33
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................34

v
 GRAPH INDEX

Page no.

RESISTANCE VS ILLUMINATION………………………………………………..14

LDR GRAPH…………………………………………………………………………20

RELATION BETWEEN SOLAR PANEL MISALIGNMENT

AND POWERLOSS………………………………………………………………….23

POWER VS TIME OF THE DAY…………………………………………………….24

vi
 ABSTRACT
The goal of this thesis was to develop a laboratory prototype of a solar tracking system,
which is able to enhance the performance of the photovoltaic modules in a solar energy
system. The operating principle of the device is to keep the photovoltaic modules constantly
aligned with the sunbeams, which maximizes the exposure of solar panel to the Sun’s
radiation. As a result, more output power can be produced by the solar panel.
The work of the project included hardware design and implementation, together with
software programming for the microcontroller unit of the solar tracker. The system utilised an
ATmega328P microcontroller to control motion of two servo motors, which rotate solar panel
in two axes. The amount of rotation was determined by the microcontroller, based on inputs
retrieved from four photo sensors located next to solar panel.
At the end of the project, a functional solar tracking system was designed and implemented. It
was able to keep the solar panel aligned with the sun, or any light source repetitively. Design
of the solar tracker from this project is also a reference and a starting point for the
development of more advanced systems in the future.
 vii

CHAPTER –1
INTRODUCTION

1
 INTRODUCTION

With the unavoidable shortage of fossil fuel sources in the future, renewable types of energy
have become a topic of interest for researchers, technicians, investors and decision makers all
around the world. New types of energy that are getting attention include hydroelectricity,
bioenergy, solar, wind and geothermal energy, tidal power and wave power. Because of their
renewability, they are considered as favorable replacements for fossil fuel sources. Among
those types of energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the most available resources.
This technology has been adopted more widely for residential use nowadays, thanks to
research and development activities to improve solar cells’ performance and lower the cost.
According to International Energy Agency (IEA), worldwide PV capacity has grown at 49%
per year on average since early 2000s. Solar PV energy is highly expected to become a major
source of power in the future.

However, despite the advantages, solar PV energy is still far from replacing traditional
sources on the market. It is still a challenge to maximize power output of PV systems in
areas that don’t receive a large amount of solar radiation. We still need more advanced
technologies from manufacturers to improve the capability of PV materials, but improvement
of system design and module construction is a feasible approach to make solar PV power
more efficient, thus being a reliable choice for customers. Aiming for that purpose, this
project had been carried out to support the development of such promising technology.

One of the main methods of increasing efficiency is to maximize the duration of exposure to
the Sun. Tracking systems help achieve this by keeping PV solar panels aligned at the
appropriate angle with the sun rays at any time. The goal of this project is to build a prototype
of light tracking system at smaller scale, but the design can be applied for any solar energy
system in practice. It is also expected from this project a quantitative measurement of how
well tracking system performs compared to system with fixed mounting method.

2
 CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

3
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Hossein Mousa Zadeh et Al.,[ (2011), Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,Vol.133 ]

studied and investigated maximization of collected energy from an on-board PV array, on a
solar assist plug-in hybrid electric tractor (SAPHT). Using four light dependent resistive
sensors a sun- tracking system on a mobile structure was constructed and evaluated. The
experimental tests using the sun-tracking system showed that 30% more energy was collected
in comparison to that of the horizontally fixed mode. Four LDR sensors were used to sense
the direct beams of sun. Each pair of LDRs was separated by an obstruction as a shading
device. A microcontroller based electronic drive board was used as an interface between the
hardware and the software. For driving of each motor, a power MOSFET was used to control
the actuators. The experimental results indicated that the designed system was very robust
and effective.

K.S. Madhu et al., (2012) International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research vol. 3,
2229–5518, states that a single axis tracker tracks the sun east to west, and a two-axis tracker
tracks the daily east to west movement of the sun and the seasonal declination movement of
the sun. Concentrates solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus
a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the
photoelectric effect. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Test results
indicate that the increase in power efficiency of tracking solar plate in normal days is 26 to
38% compared to fixed plate. And during cloudy or rainy days it’s varies at any level.

4
 CHAPTER -3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

5
 WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Resistance of LDR depends on intensity of the light and it varies according to
it. The higher is the intensity of light, lower will be the LDR resistance and
due to this the output voltage lowers and when the light intensity is low,
higher will be the LDR resistance and thus higher output voltage is obtained.
A potential divider circuit is used to get the output voltage from the sensors
(LDRs).The circuit is shown in the figure 1

The LDR senses the analog input in voltages between 0 to 5 volts and
provides a digital number at the output which generally ranges from 0 to 1023.
Now this will give feedback to the microcontroller using the arduino
software(IDE).
The servo motor position can be controlled by this mechanism which is
discussed later in the hardware model.

figure 2

The tracker finally adjusts its position sensing the maximum intensity of light
falling perpendicular to it and stays there till it notices any further change.
The sensitivity of the LDR depends on point source of light. It hardly shows any

6
effect on diffuse lighting condition.
 BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An overview of the required circuit for the Dual-axes solar tracker is shown here.

The 5V supply is fed from an USB 5V dc voltage source through Arduino

Board. Servo X :Rotates solar panel along X direction

Servo Y :Rotates solar panel along Y direction

Figure 3

7
CHART

8
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL
MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS REQUIRED

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

The illumination upon a surface varies inversely as the square of the distance of the surface
form the source. Thus, if the illumination at a surface 1 metre from the source is I units, then
the illumination at 2 metres will be I/4, at 3 metres will be I/9 and so on.

In fact inverse square law operates only when the light rays are from a point source and are
incident normally upon the surface.

Thus illumination in lamberts/m2 on a normal plane= Candle power/ (Distance in meters)2

Figure 5
9
LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW
The illumination received on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
direction of the incident light rays and normal to the surface at the point of incidence.

This is mainly due to the reduction of the projected area as the angle of incidence increases.

Figure 6

Thus, the equations are:

Eθ = Ecosθ = 𝐈𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝑫𝟐

where,

Eθ= illumination on horizontal plane

E= illumination due to light normally incident

θ= the angle of incidence

D= distance from the surface

10
 HARDWARE MODEL
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SOLAR TRACKER:

Light detector (X – direction) Light Detector (Y – direction)

Light Detector
(Reference point)

figure 7
Programming
Microcontroller Interface

Power supply

Shaft Shaft
Motor 1 coupler Motor 2
(for X-axis rotation) (for Y-axis rotation)

Shaft
coupler

Solar panel

11
EXPLANATION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM:

As we see in the block diagram, there are three Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) which are
placed on a common plate with solar panel. Light from a source strikes on them by different
amounts. Due to their inherent property of decreasing resistance with increasing incident light
intensity, i.e. photoconductivity, the value of resistances of all the LDRs is not always same.

Each LDR sends equivalent signal of their respective resistance value to the Microcontroller
which is configured by required programming logic. The values are compared with each
other by considering a particular LDR value as reference.

One of the two dc servo motors is mechanically attached with the driving axle of the other
one so that the former will move with rotation of the axle of latter one. The axle of the former
servo motor is used to drive a solar panel. These two-servo motors are arranged in such a way
that the solar panel can move along X-axis as well as Y-axis.

The microcontroller sends appropriate signals to the servo motors based on the input signals
received from the LDRs. One servo motor is used for tracking along x-axis and the other is
for y-axis tracking.

In this way the solar tracking system is designed.

12
 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino is an open-
source, prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal for hobbyists to use as well as
professionals. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Arduino Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 microcontroller chip programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Arduino Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduno, moving forward. The
Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform.

Figure-8
13
 LDR
• It is a photo-resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also
called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells.
• They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
• LDR works on the principle of photo conductivity.
Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the material’s conductivity is increased
when light is absorbed by the material.
The most common type of LDR has a resistance that falls with an increase in the light
intensity falling upon the device (as shown in the image above). The resistance of an LDR
may typically have the following resistances:

Daylight = 5000Ω

Dark = 20000000Ω

Therefore, it is seen that there is a large variation between these figures. If

this variation is plotted on a graph, something similar to the figure given below can be
seen.

GRAPH NO.1

14
 SERVO MOTOR

A DC servo motor consists of a small DC motor, feedback potentiometer, gearbox, motor

drive electronic circuit and electronic feedback control loop. It is more or less similar to the
normal DC motor.
The stator of the motor consists of a cylindrical frame and the magnet is attached to the inside
of the frame.
A brush is built with an armature coil that supplies the current to the commutator. At the back
of the shaft, a detector is built into the rotor in order to detect the rotation speed.
With this construction, it is simple to design a controller using simple circuitry because the
torque is proportional to the amount of current flow through the armature.

Figure 9

15
 SOFTWARE PROGRAM MODEL
PROGRAMMING CODE:

#include <Servo>

Servo my servo;

Servo our servo;

int posx = 90; // initial position is top

int posy = 90;

int sens1 = A0; // (x,0) LDR

int sens2 = A1; // (0,0) LDR

int sens3 = A2; // (0,y) LDR

int tolerance = 2;

void setup()

myservo.attach(9); // pin9

ourservo.attach(10); // pin10

pinMode(sens1, INPUT);

pinMode(sens2, INPUT);

pinMode(sens3, INPUT);

myservo.write(posx);

delay(1000); // buffer delay

ourservo.write(posy);

delay(1000);
}
void loop()

//For First Axis

int val1 = analogRead(sens1); // read sensor 1

int val2 = analogRead(sens2); // read sensor 2

if((abs(val1 - val2) <= tolerance) || (abs(val2 - val1) <= tolerance))

//do nothing

else {

if(val1 > val2)

posx = --posx;

if(val1 < val2)

posx = ++posx;

myservo.write(posx); // write the position to servo

delay(50);

int val3 = analogRead(sens3);//read sensor 3

val2 = analogRead(sens2); // read sensor 2

val3 = analogRead(sens3); // read sensor 3

17
//For Second Axis

if((abs(val2 - val3) <= tolerance) || (abs(val3 - val2) <= tolerance))

//do nothing

else {

if(val2 > val3)

posy = ++posy;

if(val2 < val3)

posy = --posy;

if(posy > 150) { posy = 150; }

if(posy < 30) { posy = 30; }

ourservo.write(posy);

delay(50);

}
18
 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE PROGRAM

STEPS:

 First of all, both the servos are declared and object is created to control the
servo motors.
 The variables posx and posy are used to store the reference servo positions.
 The ADC input pins for LDRs are selected for dual direction movement and
one for reference.
 A tolerance or a constant value is selected to establish the working of the motors.
 The servos are attached on digital pins to the servo object.
 The required analog pins are selected as input using pinMode(pin , mode)
 The servos are sets to mid-point or original position with a 1000ms or 1sec
delay to catch up with the user.
 Three variables are chosen to read the analog values and map it into integers
value between 0 and 1023.
 If the difference between the two variables is less than the tolerance value then
it will stays to its or original location else it shows movement towards the
direction of maximum intensity of light by incrementing or decrementing the
values of posx and posy.
 The position is then written to servo and the loop repeats till it encounter any
changes in the values of input greater than the minimum tolerance.

 If the position becomes greater than 150˚then position will be set to 150˚only

and if the position of the motor is less than 30˚then it would be kept at 30˚only

as the lower and upper limit angles are chosen to be 30˚and 150˚respectively.
19
 LDR PROGRAM AND GRAPH

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

Serial.println(sensorValue);

delay(10);

GRAPH NO.2

20
 ABOUT SOLAR PANEL AND CONNECTED LOAD

 Solar panel is placed at the top and connected to a load directly. The load may a led or
a voltmeter which could be connected to get the exact voltage which depends on the
intensity of light falling on the panel and the position of the tracker.
 Concentrated solar photovoltaics’ and have optics that directly accept sunlight, so
solar trackers must be angled correctly to collect energy. All concentrated solar
systems have trackers because the systems do not produce energy unless directed
correctly toward the sun.
 The solar panel is just a mere device to accept the light radiation which is purely
controlled by LDR sensors and the load connected depends upon the rating of the
panel used.

Figure 10
 DUAL AXIS MOVEMENT OF SOLAR TRACKER

 The dual axis solar tracker is device which senses the light and positions towards the
maximum intensity of light. It is made in such a way to track the light coming from
any direction.
 To simulate the general scenario of the Sun’s movement, the total coverage of the
movement of the tracker is considered as 120˚ in both the directions.
 The initial position of both the servo motors are chosen at 90˚i.e, for east-west servo
motor as well as for north-south servo motor.
 The position of the tracker ascends or descends only when the threshold value is
above the tolerance limit.

Figure 11
22
 CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS:

Relation between solar panel misalignment and direct power loss:

GRAPH NO. 3

23
Approximation of power output (red line) compared to maximum output (blue
line) for a fix mounted solar module:

GRAPH NO. 4

24
 BENEFITS AND DEMERITS OF SOLAR ENERGY

There are several benefits that solar energy has and which make it favourable for many uses.

Benefits:
Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
Once a solar panel is installed, the energy is produced at reduced costs.
Whereas the reserves of oil of the world are estimated to be depleted in future, solar
energy will last forever.
It is pollution free.
Solar cells are free of any noise. On the other hand, various machines used for
pumping oil or for power generation are noisy.
Once solar cells have been installed and running, minimal maintenance is required.
Some solar panels have no moving parts, making them to last even longer with no
maintenance.
On average, it is possible to have a high return on investment because of the free
energy solar panels produce.
Solar energy can be used in very remote areas where extension of the electricity
power grid is costly.

Demerits:
Solar panels can be costly to install resulting in a time lag of many years for savings
on energy bills to match initial investments.
Generation of electricity from solar is dependent on the country’s exposure to
sunlight. That means some countries are slightly disadvantaged.
Solar power stations do not match the power output of conventional power stations of
similar size. Furthermore, they may be expensive to build.
Solar power is used for charging large batteries so that solar powered devices can be
used in the night. The batteries used can be large and heavy, taking up plenty of space
and needing frequent replacement.
FINALLY,
As the merits are more than the demerits, the use of solar power is considered as a clean and
viable source of energy. The various limitations can be reduced through various ways.

25
 CHAPETR – 4
OBSERVATION AND RESULT

26
 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT

WHAT WE HAVE OBSERVED....

In this Dual Axis Solar Tracker, when source light falls on the panel, the panel adjusts its
position according to maximum intensity of light falling perpendicular to it.

The objective of the project is completed. This was achieved through using light sensors that
are able to detect the amount of sunlight that reaches the solar panel. The values obtained by
the LDRs are compared and if there is any significant difference, there is actuation of the
panel using a servo motor to the point where it is almost perpendicular to the rays of the sun.

This was achieved using a system with three stages or subsystems. Each stage has its own
role. The stages were;
An input stage that was responsible for converting incident light to a voltage.
A control stage that was responsible for controlling actuation and decision making.
A driver stage with the servo motor. It was responsible for actual movement of the panel.

The input stage is designed with a voltage divider circuit so that it gives desired range of
illumination for bright illumination conditions or when there is dim lighting. The
potentiometer was adjusted to cater for such changes. The LDRs were found to be most
suitable for this project because their resistance varies with light. They are readily available
and are cost effective. Temperature sensors for instance would be costly.

The control stage has a microcontroller that receives voltages from the LDRs and determines
the action to be performed. The microcontroller is programmed to ensure it sends a signal to
the servo motor that moves in accordance with the generated error.

The final stage was the driving circuitry that consisted mainly of the servo motor. The
servo motor had enough torque to drive the panel. Servo motors are noise free and are
affordable, making them the best choice for the project.
 27

CHAPETR – 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

28
 CONCLUSION

In this 21st century, as we build up our technology, population & growth, the energy
consumption per capita increases exponentially, as well as our energy resources (e.g. fossils
fuels) decrease rapidly. So, for sustainable development, we have to think alternative
methods (utilization of renewable energy sources) in order to fulfil our energy demand.

In this project, Dual Axis Solar Tracker, we’ve developed a demo model of solar tracker to
track the maximum intensity point of light source so that the voltage given at that point by the
solar panel is maximum. After a lot of trial and errors we’ve successfully completed our
project and we are proud to invest some effort for our society. Now, like every other
experiment, this project has couple of imperfections.

(i) Our panel senses the light in a sensing zone, beyond which it fails to respond.
(ii) If multiple sources of light (i.e. diffused light source) appear on panel, it
calculates the vector sum of light sources & moves the panel in that point.

This project was implemented with minimal resources. The circuitry was kept simple,
understandable and user friendly.

29
FUTURE SCOPE

The very embodiment through which the futuristic conundrum be set aside, is the
project called “Automatic Solar Tracking System”. A trailblazer by its spirit, this
system works in its utmost efficiency, whether that be in terms of its pecuniary ability
or in terms of its accessibility. In the smoke of the darkness where pollution
engulfing every spheres of advancement as an outcome of producibility, this device
in its very efficiency work towards only advancement and development by flushing
out the pollution at large.

30
 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO

1) Microcontroller: ATMEGA 328P

The Atmel®picoPower®ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bitmicrocontroller based on

the AVR® enhanced RISC architecture.

FEATURES:

High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller Family

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful Instructions

– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

– 32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash

program Memory

– 1KBytes EEPROM

– 2KBytes Internal SRAM

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

• True Read-While-Write Operation

31
– Programming Lock for Software Security

2) Operating Voltage: 5v
3) Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
4) Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
5) Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6) Analog Input Pins: 6
7) DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
8) DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
9) Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
10)SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
11)EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
12)Clock Speed: 16 MHz

 SOLAR PANEL
1) Maximum Voltage: 4volts (under load)
2) Maximum Voltage: 4.8volts (no load)
3) Rated Current: 100mA
4) Dimension: 6 cm (L) x 6 cm (W) x 0.25 cm (t)
5) Maximum Wattage: 0.5W
 SERVO MOTOR

MODULATION ANALOG
Torque 4.8V :3.17 kg-cm
6.0V :4.10 kg-cm
Speed 4.8V :0.23 sec/60°
6.0V :0.19 sec/60°
Weight 37.2 g
Dimensions 39.9mm x 20.1mm x 36.1 mm
Motor Type 3 pole Ferrite
Gear Type Plastic
Rotation/Support Bushing
Operating angle 45 Deg.one side pulse travelling
400 µs
Pulse cycle 30 ms
Pulse width 500-300 µs
Connector Type J

 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Photoresistor 5mm GL5516 LDR Photo Resistors Light-Dependent Resistor Model: GL5516

 Size: 5mm x 2mm

 Maximum Voltage: 150 Volt DC
 Maximum Wattage: 90mW
 Operating Temperature: (-30 to +70)°C
 Spectral Peak: 540nm
 Light Resistance (at 10 Lux): 5-10 kΩ
 Dark Resistance: 0.5 MΩ
 Response time: 20ms (Rise), 30ms (Down)
 Resistance Illumination: 4
33
 REFERENCES

[1] Solar Tracking Hardware and Software by Gerro J Prinsloo

[2] Design and Implementation of a Sun Tracker with a Dual-Axis Single Motor
“Jing-Min Wang and Chia-Liang Lu’’

[3] Sensors and Transducers...Second Edition...’’D.Patranabis”

[4] Atmel ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/P-datasheet

[5] Utilisation of Electrical Power. Author, Er. R. K. Rajput.

[6] Arduino Programming Book. Author, Brian W. Evans

34