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CODE 339 (CADD 1011 - Engineering)

WEEK 2- Introduction

INTRODUCTION TO CADD

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND

DRAFTING
Computer-Aided Design(CAD) or Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) can be defined as using computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. (Narayan, 2008)
CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and
create a database for manufacturing. (Narayan, 2008)
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and
architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. (Pottmann, and et al., 2007)
CAD, or computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is technology for design and technical documentation, which replaces manual drafting with an
automated process. (www. autodesk.com)

CADD encompasses all the fields and industries where CAD is being used to design and create products such as that from the aeronautical industry,
architectural industry, civil industry, electronic industry and just about any industry or field which requires detailed design of hardware and structures.

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF CAD SOFTWARE?

CAD software like AutoCAD provides many advantages including:

Increased accuracy for drawing precise dimensions

Automating common processes
 Access to libraries of routinely used items such as doors, windows, and manufacturing parts
Ability to quickly adjust parts of a drawing without needing to start over
Managing complex designs details all within one file
Creating blocks for frequently drawn items
Increased collaboration with colleagues through the ability to share and mark the same file

WHAT IS AUTOCAD?
AutoCAD is an industry-leading commercial CAD software.
AutoCAD is used by AEC(Architecture, Engineer, and Construction) to generate and optimize 2D and 3D designs. AutoCAD is a widely used software
program that can help you draft construction documentation, explore design ideas, visualize concepts through photorealistic renderings, and simulate
how a design performs in the real world. (Autodesk)
AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app for windows. AutoCAD Mac was first launched in June 1992. In 2010, AutoCAD was
released as a mobile- and web app, marketed as AutoCAD 360. (Autodesk and AutoCAD)

Four AutoCAD products for AEC

AutoCAD: the original version of AutoCAD. This version can use architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners, and
other professionals.
AutoCAD Architecture: a version of Autodesk’s flagship product, AutoCAD, with tools and functions specially suited to architecture work. This
software supports dynamic elements (wall, door, windows, and other architectural elements) and automatically updating Spaces and Areas for
calculations of sqft.
AutoCAD LT: the lower-cost version of AutoCAD, with reduced capabilities (No 3D, No Network Licensing, No management tools, and more).
AutoCAD 360: an account-based mobile and web application enabling registered users to view, edit, and share AutoCAD files via a mobile
device and web using a limited AutoCAD feature set and using cloud-stored drawing files.

2-Dimensional CAD (2D CAD)

It is a pioneer of CAD software and was developed in the early 70s. At that time, major automobile, aerospace, and other engineering companies developed
in-house tools to automate repetitive drafting requirements. 2D CAD relies on basic geometric shapes like lines, rectangles, circles, etc. to produce flat
drawings. These types of software have been first developed way back in 1970’s.
3-Dimensional CAD (3D CAD)

3D CAD is a step up from the 2D CAD software of yesteryears. As the processing power of computers increased and the graphic display capabilities
improved, 3D CAD has become an increasingly popular design tool. 3D CAD allows creation of 3D images that are realistic. These images are called 3D
models as they can be viewed and rotated in any direction – X, Y or Z. You can also display views from a 3D model, such as isometrics or perspectives, from
any angle using 3D CAD. 3D CAD tools were introduced in 1980’s by a partnership between IBM-Dassults. 3D CAD quickly became popular because of
enhanced visual capability.

APPLICATIONS:
computer animation
design of tools and machineries
drafting and design of all types of buildings
detailed engineering of 3D models
2D drawings of physical components
engineering process from conceptual designs and layout of products
strength & dynamic analysis of assemblies
definition of manufacturing methods of components

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Project Manager

A project manager plans, directs, and oversees projects that include dispatching workers to meet labor requirements, reviewing building codes and
regulations and negotiating contracts with clients.

Project Engineer

A Project Engineer plans, directs, organizes, controls, and evaluates the activities of the engineering department, project, or firm. They are also responsible
for developing project objectives by reviewing project proposals and plans, conferring with management.

Mechanical Engineer

Mechanical engineers apply knowledge in manufacturing and mechanical systems to develop, improve, and test new designs. They also communicate
proposals and assembly procedures with vendors, clients, and other professionals on the design team.

Electrical Engineer

An Electrical Engineer evaluates electrical systems, products, components, and applications by designing and conducting research programs. In addition to
assuring product quality by designing electrical testing methods.
Urban Planner

Urban Planners take into consideration a project’s purpose, size, and geographic data in their design recommendations. Working with private companies or
public agencies, urban planners may be responsible for surveying land for a new housing complex, expanding city infrastructure or developing highways.

Project Architect

The project architect is the senior team member responsible for the overall development and implementation of a specific architectural project. As the team
leader, they are in charge of overseeing timely and profitable completion of a project.

Architectural Technologist

Architectural technologists provide technical assistance to professional architects and civil design engineers in conducting research, preparing drawings,
architectural models, specifications, and contracts and in supervising construction projects.
Interior Designer

Interior designers work on everything from shopping malls to corporate offices by combining aesthetics with practical considerations. Designers also consult
with clients to perform feasibility tests and create detailed plans addressing color schemes, furnishing styles, materials, and placement of specific items.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Drafter

CAD drafters create detailed schematics that are utilized in the manufacturing of products and the construction of buildings. These detailed technical
drawings incorporate the input of engineers, architects, and surveyors and specify dimensions, codes, materials, and production methods.

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Technician

A computer-aided design or CAD technician uses CAD systems to create design plans for buildings and machinery. Technicians work with both 3D and 2D
design and create 3D displays of a component or structure which engineers can utilize.

SAMPLE CAD DRAWINGS

 ----------------------------------------------------------
Hi, future ENGINEERS! Thank you for reaching this portion. As a prize, I am giving you a link where you can download the Autocad Installer. If you
need assistance installing the application, feel free to message me. Thank you!

https://mega.nz/folder/BQhUxSgY#Np72G7tXhBMW-yahIl1mJA
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CODE 339 (CADD 1011 - Engineering)

WEEK 2- Introduction

USER INTERFACE TOUR

USER INTERFACE TOUR

The AutoCAD user interface was designed to be intuitive and user-friendly. Even if you are at the beginner’s level for AutoCAD, you should still be able to easily
navigate through the software.

Upon first opening the program, you can either do the following:

1. Start drawing from a template of your choice

2. Open a recent latest project you’re working on or search for it on your computer drive
3. You can also log into A360 Connect from this screen.
The Start tab contains the following pages:

a. Create Page
The following sections are displayed:

Get Started

Access common methods to start a file.

Start New Drawing

Creates a new drawing from the default drawing template file. You specify the default drawing template file from the Options dialog box, Files tab,
Templates, Default Template File Name for QNEW setting.

When a default drawing template file is set to None or is not specified, the new drawing is based on the most recently used drawing template file.

Templates

Lists all the available drawing template files.

Open Files

The Select File dialog box is displayed.

Open a Sheet Set

The Open Sheet Set dialog box is displayed.

Get More Templates Online

Download additional drawing template files when available.

Explore Sample Drawings

Access the installed sample files.

Recent Documents

View the most recently used files. You can keep a file listed by clicking the push pin button. A pinned document is displayed at the top of the list until you turn
off the push pin button. You can choose between image, image and text or text only as the display options.
Notifications

Displays all notifications with regards to product updates, hardware acceleration, trial period, and about the offline help file information. A notification badge
is displayed at the bottom of the page when there are two or more new notifications.

Connect

Sign in to your Autodesk account to access online services.

Feedback: Access to the online form to provide feedback and any improvements you would like to see.

b. Learn Page
The Learn page provides access to learning resources such as videos, tips and other relevant online content or services if available. For every new content
update, a notification badge is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Note: If no internet connection is available, the Learn page is not displayed.

AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE

1. Quick Access Toolbar

By default this window have some tabs like: New, Open, Save , Save All, Plot , Undo and Redo. You can Customize this QAT by pressing down key tab next
to Workspace list. Also, alternatively you can Right Click on Ribbon (8) tabs and Add any Tabs to QAT

2. Ribbon Tabs
Below QAT you will find all Ribbon Tabs available in this Workspace. Default Works Space is ‘Drafting and Annotation’. Different Ribbon tabs offers different
Ribbon panels depending on your work.

3. Search
You can search any commands or information by entering any keywords or Phrase

4. External Links
Which is also called INFORMATION CENTER which links to AutoCAD 360

5. Help
Help tabs link with help file you can search help content also other information as below. You can change setting for display Welcome Screen here. You may
also access this by pressing “F1”.

6. Title Bar
Here you will see your Drawing file name which is open currently
7. Application Menu Button (AutoCAD Logo)

Access common tools to start or publish a file in the Application menu.

Click the Application button to do the following:

Create, open, or save a file

Audit, recover, and purge a file
Print or publish a file
Access the Options dialog box
Close the application

Note: You can also close the application by double-clicking the Application button.

8. Ribbon Panel
 This is your main Toolbar area where you will find all Tabs in panel format arranged as per their use Ribbon is consists of panel. Some panel is
associated with Dialog boxes which can be used by pressing bottom right corner arrow tab of panel.

You can change ribbons Minimized to tabs, Panel Titles, Panel Buttons or |Cycle through all.

Floating Panels

You can pull a panel off a ribbon tab and into the drawing area or onto another monitor. The floating panel remains open until you return it to the ribbon,
even if you switch ribbon tabs.

Slide-out Panels

If you click the arrow in the middle of a panel title, , the panel will expand to display additional tools and controls. By default, slide-out panels
automatically close when you click another panel. To keep a panel expanded, click the push pin, , in the bottom-left corner of the slide-out panel.

Contextual Ribbon Tabs

When you select a certain type of object or start certain commands, a contextual ribbon tab is displayed instead of a toolbar or dialog box. The
contextual tab closes when you end the command.

9. File Tabs
 You can add new Drawing Files by pressing icon on File tabs or if you want to switch between Model and Layout tabs then hover mouse cursor over File
tab name and a preview will be shown as below then select correct Layout.

10. Viewport Controls

This is on Screen View port controls form where you can change AutoCAD views and Visual Styles to different options as below.

11. View Cube

Through view Cube you can see Drawing Elements from different view direction, and you can rotate view.
12. WCS
Below View Cube you can select WCS or Create new Co-coordinating system.

13. Navigation Bar

This Navigation bar you can locate on different side of AutoCAD window. This contains some additional tools like Pan
14. Drawing Area/ Graphics Area
This is main area of Model where you will create new Drawing elements. This is infinite space area.

15. Command Line

Another way to use AutoCAD features is o run command from Command line. This command line setting option are as below:

16. Model and Layout Tabs

 This tab used for Model and Layout tabs. You can Create, Rename and Delete Layout tabs from here. Also, you change location of Model and Layout
tabs to status bar by Right click and select option to hide.

17. Status Bar

The status bar displays the cursor location, drawing tools, and tools that affect your drawing environment.

The status bar provides quick access to some of the most commonly used drawing tools. You can toggle settings such as grid, snap, polar tracking, and
object snap. You can also access additional settings for some of these tools by clicking their drop down arrows.

19. Drawing Coordinates:

This shows current location of Mouse cursor in Drawing coordinates:

20. X & Y Axis

Shows the orientation of your Axes as seen in the drawing.
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CODE 339 (CADD 1011 - Engineering)

WEEK 3 - Guide to AutoCad basics

GUIDE TO AUTOCAD BASICS: Basics, Viewing, Geometry, and Precision

GUIDE TO AUTOCAD BASICS
In this section, you will find a comprehensive technical AutoCAD tutorial which includes all the basic commands you will need when creating 2D drawings
with AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT.

BASICS
This section reviews the basic AutoCAD controls.

VIEWING
Pan and zoom in a drawing and control the order of overlapping objects.

GEOMETRY
Create basic geometric objects such as lines, circles, and hatched areas.

PRECISION
Ensure the precision required for your models.

LAYERS
Organize your drawing by assigning objects to layers.

PROPERTIES
You can assign properties such as color and line type to individual objects, or as default properties assigned to layers.

MODIFYING
Perform editing operations such as erase, move, and trim on the objects in a drawing.

BLOCKS
Insert symbols and details into your drawings from commercial online sources or from your own designs.

LAYOUTS
Display one or more scaled views of your design on a standard size drawing sheet called a layout.

NOTES AND LABELS

Create notes, labels, bubbles, and callouts. Save and restore style settings by name.

DIMENSIONS
Create several types of dimensions and save dimension settings by name.

PRINTING
Output a drawing layout to a printer, a plotter, or a file. Save and restore the printer settings for each layout.

BASIC
After you launch AutoCAD, click the Start Drawing button to begin a new drawing.
AutoCAD includes a standard tabbed ribbon across the top of the drawing area. You can access nearly all the commands presented in this guide from the
Home tab. In addition, the Quick Access toolbar shown below includes familiar commands such as New, Open, Save, Print, Undo, and so on.

NOTE: If the Home tab is not the current tab, go ahead and click it.

Command Window

At the heart of AutoCAD is the Command window, which is normally docked at the bottom of the application window. The Command window displays
prompts, options, and messages.

You can enter commands directly in the Command window instead of using the ribbon, toolbars, and menus. Many long-time AutoCAD users prefer this

method.

Notice that as you start to type a command, an autocomplete menu appears. When several options are available, such as in the example below, make your
choice by clicking the correct option or using the arrow keys and then pressing Enter or the Spacebar to confirm your selection.

Mouse
Most people use a mouse as their pointing device, but other devices have equivalent controls.

Tip: When looking for a command or option, try right-clicking. Depending on where your cursor is located, different menus will display relevant commands
and options.

New Drawings

You can easily conform to industry or company standards by specifying settings for text, dimensions, line types, and several other features. For example, this
backyard deck design displays two different dimension styles.

All these settings can be saved in a drawing template file. Click New to choose from several drawing template files:

For imperial drawings that assume your units are inches, use dwt or acadlt.dwt.
For metric units that assume your units are millimeters, use dwt or acadltiso.dwt.

The “Tutorial” template files in the list are examples of the architectural or mechanical design templates using both imperial (i) and metric (m) measurements.
You might want to experiment with them.

Most companies use drawing template files that conform to company standards, and they will often use different drawing template files depending on the
project or client.
Create Your Own Drawing Template File

You can save any drawing (.dwg) file as a drawing template (.dwt) file. You can also open any existing drawing template file, modify it, and then save it again
with a different filename if needed.

If you work independently, you can develop your drawing template files to suit your working preferences, adding settings for additional features as you

become familiar with them.

To modify an existing drawing template file, click Open, specify Drawing Template (*.dwt) in the Select File dialog box, and choose the template file.

Important: If your company has already established a set of drawing template files, check with your CAD manager before modifying any of them.

Units

When you first start a drawing, you need to decide what the length of one unit represents—an inch, a foot, a centimeter, a kilometer, or some other unit of
length. For example, the objects below could represent two buildings that are each 125 feet long, or they could represent a section from a mechanical part
that is measured in millimeters.
Unit Display Settings

After you decide what unit of length that you want to use, the UNITS command lets you control several unit display settings including the following:

Format (or Type): For example, a decimal length of 6.5 can be set to display as a fractional length of 6-1/2 instead.

Precision: For example, a decimal length of 6.5 can be set to display as 6.50, 6.500, or 6.5000.

If you plan to work in feet and inches, use the UNITS command to set the unit type to Architectural, and then when you create objects, specify their lengths in
inches. If you plan to use metric units, leave the unit type set to Decimal. Changing the unit format and precision does not affect the internal precision of your
drawing, it affects only how lengths, angles, and coordinates are displayed in the user interface.

Tip: If you need to change the UNITS settings, make sure that you save the drawing as a drawing template file (.dwt). Otherwise, you will need to change the
UNITS settings for each new drawing.

VIEWING

Zoom in on a drawing to better control the order of overlapping objects.

The easiest way to change your view is by using the mouse wheel.

Zoom in or out by rolling the wheel.

Pan a view in any direction by holding the wheel down while moving your mouse.
Zoom in on a specific area for greater detail holding your mouse over the area and clicking the wheel twice.

Tip: When you zoom in or out, the location of the cursor is important. Think of your cursor as a magnifying glass. For example, if you position the cursor in
the upper-right area of the floor plan as shown below, zooming in magnifies the dressing room without shifting the view.

NOTE: If you cannot zoom or pan any more, type REGEN in the Command window and press Enter. This command regenerates the drawing display and
resets the extents available for panning and zooming.

Overlapping Objects

If you create objects that overlap, you might need to change which objects are displayed on top or in front of the others. For example, if you want the yellow
highway to cross the blue river rather than the other way around, use the DRAWORDER command to reorder the objects.

You can access several draw order options from the Modify panel on the ribbon. Click to expand the Modify panel, and then click the down-arrow as shown
below.

The draw order options that are listed include sending all hatches to the back, all text to the front, and so on.

GEOMETRY
Create basic geometric objects such as lines, circles, and hatched areas. You can create many different types of geometric objects in AutoCAD, but you only need to know a
few of them for most 2D drawings.

NOTE: If you want to simplify the display while creating geometric objects, press F12 to turn off dynamic input.

Lines

The line is the most basic and common object in AutoCAD drawings. To draw a line, click the Line tool. Alternatively, you can type LINE or just L in the
Command window, and then press Enter or the Spacebar.
Notice the prompt in the Command window for a point location.

To specify the starting point for this line, you would type in the coordinates 0,0. It is a good idea to locate one corner of your model at 0,0, which is called the
origin point. To locate additional points, you could specify additional X,Y coordinate locations in the drawing area, however more efficient methods for
specifying points are available, and will be presented in the Precision topic.

After you specify the next point, the LINE command automatically repeats itself, and it keeps prompting you for additional points. Press Enter or the
Spacebar to end the sequence.

The User Coordinate System

The user coordinate system (UCS) icon indicates the direction of the positive X and Y axis for any coordinates that you enter, and it also defines the
horizontal and vertical directions in a drawing. In some 2D drawings, it can be convenient to click, drag, and rotate the UCS to change the origin point, and
the horizontal and vertical directions.

Grid Display

Some people like working with grid lines as a reference, while others prefer working in a blank area. To turn off the grid display, press F7. Even with the grid
turned off, you can force your cursor to snap to grid increments by pressing F9.

Lines as Construction Aids

Lines can serve as reference and construction geometry such as:

 Property line setbacks
The mirror line of a symmetrical mechanical part
Clearance lines to avoid interferences
Traversal path lines

Circles

The default option of the CIRCLE command requires you to specify a center point and a radius.

The other circle options are available from the drop-down:

Alternatively, you can also enter CIRCLE or just C in the Command window and click to choose an option. If you do, you can specify a center point, or you
can click one of the highlighted command options as shown below.

Circles can be useful as reference geometry. For example, you can see that the two doors in the illustration can interfere with each other.
Polylines and Rectangles

A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segments that is created as a single object.

Use the PLINE command to create open or closed polylines for:

Geometry that requires fixed-width segments

Continuous paths for which you need to know the total length
Contour lines for topographic maps and isobaric data
Wiring diagrams and traces on printed circuit boards
Process and piping diagrams

Polylines can have a constant width, or they can have different starting and ending widths. After you specify the first point of the polyline, you can use the
Width option to specify the width of all subsequently created segments. You can change the width value at any time, even as you create new segments.

Rectangles

Polylines can have different starting and ending widths for each segment as shown here:

A fast way to create closed rectangular polylines is to use the RECTANG command (enter REC in the Command window).

Simply click two diagonal points for the rectangle as illustrated. If you use this method, turn on grid snap (F9) for precision.
Hatches and Fills

In AutoCAD, a hatch is a single, compound object that covers a specified area with a pattern of lines, dots, shapes, a solid fill color, or a gradient fill.

When you start the HATCH command, the ribbon temporarily displays the Hatch Creation tab. On this tab, you can choose from over 70 industry-standard
imperial and ISO hatch patterns along with many specialized options.

The simplest procedure is to choose a hatch pattern and scale from the ribbon and click within any area that is completely enclosed by objects. You must
specify the scale factor for the hatch to control its size and spacing.

After you create a hatch, you can move the bounding objects to adjust the hatch area, or you can delete one or more of the bounding objects to create
partially bounded hatches:
Tip: If you set a solid or gradient fill hatch pattern, also consider setting a transparency level on the Hatch Creation tab for interesting overlap effects.

Tip: If you need to align the pattern in a hatch, which might be the case with the decking boards above, use the Set Origin option to specify an alignment
point.

PRECISION
Ensure the precision required for your models.

There are several precision features available, including:

Polar tracking: Snap to the closest preset angle and specify a distance along that angle.
Locking angles: Lock to a single, specified angle and specify a distance along that angle.
Object snaps: Snap to precise locations on existing objects, such as an endpoint of a polyline, the midpoint of a line, or the center point of a circle.
Grid snaps: Snap to increments on a rectangular grid.
Coordinate entry: Specify a location by its Cartesian or polar coordinates, either absolute or relative.

The three most used features are polar tracking, locking angles, and object snaps.

Polar Tracking

When you need to specify a point, such as when you create a line, you can use polar tracking to guide the movement of your cursor in certain directions.

For example, after you specify the first point of the line below, move your cursor to the right, and then enter a distance in the Command window to specify a

precise horizontal length for the line.

By default, polar tracking is turned on and guides your cursor in a horizontal or vertical direction (0 or 90 degrees).

Locking Angles
If you need to draw a line at a specified angle, you can lock the angle for the next point. For example, if the second point of a line needs to be created at a
45-degree angle, you would enter ‘<45’ in the Command window.

After you move your cursor in the desired direction along the 45-degree angle, you can enter the length of the line.

Object Snaps

By far, the most important way for you to specify precise locations on objects is to use object snaps. In the following illustration, several different kinds of
object snaps are represented by markers.

Object snaps become available during a command whenever AutoCAD prompts you to specify a point. For example, if you start a new line and move your
cursor near the endpoint of an existing line, the cursor will automatically snap to it.

Default Object Snaps

Enter the OSNAP command to set the default object snaps, which are also called “running” object snaps. For example, you might find it useful to turn on the
Midpoint object snap by default.

Recommendations

At any prompt for a point, you can specify a single object snap that overrides all other object snap settings. Hold down Shift, right-click in the drawing area,
and choose an object snap from the Object Snap menu. Then move the cursor to select a location on an object.

Make sure that you zoom in close enough to avoid mistakes. In a densely populated model, snapping to the wrong object will result in an error that can
propagate throughout your model.

Object Snap Tracking

During a command, you can align points both horizontally and vertically from object snap locations. In the following illustration, you first hover over endpoint
1 and then hover over endpoint 2. When you move your cursor near location 3, the cursor locks into the horizontal and vertical location shown.
You can now finish creating the line, circle, or other object that you were creating from that location.

Verify Your Work

Recheck your geometry to catch mistakes early. Enter the DIST command (or just DI) to measure the distance between any two points in your model.

For example, you might need to find the clearance between two points shown, which might represent the corner of a wall and a small table, or perhaps a 2D
section of a plastic part and a wire.

After you enter DIST, click the endpoint on the corner (1). Next, hold down Shift as you right-click, and then choose Perpendicular from the object snap
menu. Finally, click the circle (2).

The number of decimal places and unit style displayed in the result is controlled by the UNITS command.

Function Key Reference

All keyboard function keys have assignments in AutoCAD. The ones that are most turned on and off are indicated with a key.

NOTE: F8 and F10 are mutually exclusive turning either one on will turn the other one off.
BASIC DATA ENTRY
1. CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. When you enter coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance and its direction (+ or -)
along the X, Y, and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0).

Absolute Cartesian coordinate

Type the X and Y coordinates to locate the

point on the current coordinate system relative to the origin.
Example: 7,3

Relative Cartesian coordinate).

Type the X and Y coordinates relative to the last point.

Example: @7,3
2. POLAR COORDINATES

Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point. With both Cartesian and polar coordinates, you can enter absolute coordinates based
on the origin (0,0) or relative coordinates based on the last point specified.

Absolute Polar Coordinate

Example: 6<45

Relative Polar Coordinate

Type a distance and angle relative to the last point.

Example: @6<45
3. DIRECT DISTANCE

Specifying a point is by moving the cursor to indicate a direction, and then entering a distance.

RECORDED LECTURE: