EXAMINATION DETAILS

Unit Code: PHY10001 Faculty: Engineering, Computing and Science

Unit Title: Energy and Motion
Duration: 50% of overall assessment covered by this final exam

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PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 1
( marks)
Answer all the questions.
Apply the principles of energy and motion to solve conceptual and numerical problems in
simple systems to get the final answers.
Show clearly all steps and final answers below each question.
Circle all final answers.

1.

(a) A subway train moves a total run of 700m from station1 to station 2. It accelerates and
decelerate with 1.2 m/s2.

(i) Calculate the total time moving from station 1 to station 2.

[2 mark]

1 2
s  ut  at1
2
700 1
 0  (1.2)t12
2 2
t1  24.2 s 1
Total time, t  2t1  2(24.2)  48.4 s 1

(ii) Determine the subway train speed when it is at 500m from station 1.

[2 marks]

v350  0  1.2(24.2)
 29.0 0.5

1
s500350  v350 t 2 (1.2)t 22
2
150  29.0t 2  0.6t 22
0.5
t 2  5.89
v500  v350  (1.2)(5.89)
 29  7.07  21.9m / s 1

(iii) Sketch a graph of the train’s position for the total run 700m versus time.
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
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 [2 marks]
x/m

700

350 1

24.2 48.4 t/s

(b) A particle moves with position y  2 x , where x and y are in meters. The velocity in x
direction is v x  3t 2 . Determine the velocity at time t = 5 s and write in unit vectors.

[2 marks]

dy dy dx
vy  
dt dx dt
 (2)(3t 2 ) 1
v y ,t 5  (2)(3  52 )  150
v x ,t 5  3(52 )  75
vt 5  (75iˆ  150 ˆj )m / s 1

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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(c) An aircraft moves 30o from east to north with speed v1  50t for 4 seconds. Then changes
its direction towards east with speed v2  70t for 3 seconds. Calculate the average velocity in
unit vectors for that 7 second flight.

[3 marks]

 
4
4
d1   50tdt  25t 2 0  400
0

d1  400 cos 30iˆ  400 sin 30 ˆj

 346iˆ  200 ˆj 0.5

 
3
3
d 2   70tdt  35t 2 0  315
0

d 2  315iˆ 0.5

d d1  d 2 661i  200 j
vavg   
t 7 7
ˆ ˆ
 (94.4i  28.6 j )m / s 2

2.
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
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(a) The figure below shows an overhead view of 0.04 kg wood and two of the three forces
that act on the wood as it is on frictionless floor. Force F1  7 N . Force F2  8.5 N and
 2  35o . In unit vector notation, calculate the magnitude of the third force if the wood has
velocity v  ( 4.0tiˆ  5.0tˆj ) m / s , where t is time?

[3 marks]

Fnet  F1  F2  F3  ma
dv
a  (4iˆ  5 ˆj )m / s 0.5
dt
ˆ ˆ
Fnet  7iˆ  [(8.5 sin 35)iˆ  (8.5 cos 35) ˆj ]  F3  0.04(4iˆ  5 ˆj )
F3  0.16iˆ  7iˆ  4.88iˆ  0.2 ˆj  6.96 ˆj
 (12.04iˆ  6.76 ˆj ) N 1.5

F3  12.04 2  6.76 2  13.8 N 1

(b) A car of mass 1500 kg is moving up the ramp of   30 o from the horizontal line. The
initial speed of the car at the bottom of the ramp is 1.0 m/s. How much constant force is

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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needed from the car’s engine to increase its speed from 1.0 m/s to 2.0 m/s up the ramp in 4
seconds?

[3 marks]

Fnet , I  FA  Fg  FN  maI
2 .0  1 .0
FA  mg sin 30  0  m( )  m(0.25) 1
4
FA  (1500)(9.81) sin 30  (1500)(0.25)
FA  375  7358  7733 N 2

(c) In figure below, a 5.0 kg block is initially at rest on a ramp of 20o from the horizontal line.
A force F along the ramp of magnitude 25.0 N and a force P perpendicular to the ramp are
then applied to the block. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction for the block and the
ramp surface are  s  0.35 and  k  0.25 . Describe the minimum magnitude of P to move
the block up the ramp.

[3 marks]

P  FN  mg cos 20o  0
FN  mg cos 20o  P
F  mg sin 20o  F fs  0
F fs  F  mg sin 20 o  25  5(9.81)(sin 20o )  8.22 1

F fs   s FN  8.22
8.22
FN   23.5 1
0.35
P  mg cos 20 o  FN  5(9.81) cos 20 o  23.5  22.6 N 1

3.

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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(a) Two forces F1  2 x 2iˆ  3 yˆj  20kˆ and F2  4iˆ  4 yˆj  15 zkˆ are acting on an object of
mass 3.0 kg which is initially at rest at coordinate (0m, 0m, 0m). The object is pushed by the
forces to a coordinate (4 m, 3m, 6m). Calculate the kinetic energy of the object when it
reaches coordinate (4m, 3m, 6m). [Hint: use work-kinetic energy theorem]

[3 marks]

Fnet  F1  F2  [(2 x 2  4)iˆ  7 yˆj  (20  15 z )kˆ]N 1

Wnet  K
Wnet  Fr
Wnet   Fdr
4 3 6
Wnet   (2 x 2  4)dx   7 ydy   (20  15 z )dz  K f  0 1
0 0 0

3 4 2 3 6
2x 7y 15 z 2
Wnet   4x   20 z   Kf
3 0
2 0
2 0

K f  58.7  31.5  390  480 J 1

(b) A spring and a 2 kg block are in the arrangement shown in figure below. There is a
friction between the block and the horizontal plane with  k  0.10. When the block is pulled
out to x = 5 cm, we must apply a force of magnitude 350 N to hold it there. Then the block is

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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released from x = 5 cm. Strictly, use conservation of energy to calculate the speed of the
block at x = 1 cm.

[3 marks]

Fs  kx
350  k (0.05)
k  7000N / m 1

U sp  K  Eth  0
(U sp , 2  U sp ,5 )  ( K  2  K 5 )  ( Eth , 2  Eth ,5 )  0
1 1 1 1
[ (7000)(0.01) 2  (7000)(0.05) 2 ]  [ (2)v 2f  (2)(0)]  [ F f d  0]  0 1
2 2 2 2
(0.35)  8.75  v f  0  (0.1)(2)(9.81)(0.04)  0
2

v 2f  8.32
v f  2.88m / s 1

4.

(a) Three small particles, with masses of M, 2M, and 3M, are fastened to a 0.2 kg thin rod of
length L as shown. M and L are 0.001 kg and 6 m respectively. The masses are rotated about
rotational axis that passes the 3M particle. The assembly rotates about the rotating axis with
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
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constant angular acceleration from rest to an angular speed of   0.6rad / s in 5 seconds.
Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of the total assembly at time t = 5 s.
1
[Rotational inertia of a thin rod, I rod  ML2 ] [3 marks]
12

Rotational axis

I tot  I rod  I 3M  I 2 M  I M
1 
  mrod L2  mrod h 2   3M (r3M ) 2  2M (r2 M ) 2  M (rM ) 2 1
 12 
 1 
  [  0.2  6 2 ]  0.2  32   3  0.001(0) 2  2  0.001(3) 2  0.001(6) 2
 12 
 (0.6  1.8)  0  0.018  0.036  2.45kgm s 1

L  I tot t 5
 2.45  0.6
 1.47 kgm 2 rad / s 1

(b) The figure below is a system of frictionless pulley and a 1.2 kg mass m. The thin cord that
attaches the pulley and mass m has negligible mass. Determine the mass of the pulley, M, if
the falling acceleration of mass m is designed to be 3.2 m/s2. [Rotational inertia of the pulley,
1
I pulley  MR 2 ]
2

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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 [3 marks]

mg  Tm  ma
Torque,    I 0.5

a
From a  R, sub.   into
R
Torque is also,   TM R   I
I
then, TM 
R 1.5

Ia
but, Tm  TM  
R2
Ia
mg   ma
R2
1
(1.2)(9.81)  M (3.2)  (1.2)3.2
2
1 1
11.77  3.84  M (3.12)
2
M  4.96kg

(c) The figure below shows three thin rods that are welded in triangle shape. The mass and
the length of each thin rod are 0.4 kg and 0.6 m respectively. The thin rods are rotated from
rest in vertical plane about an axis at point O. The thin rods are rotated for 20 seconds from
rest until point A on the thin rods has a speed v A  5.0m / s . Determine the torque needed to
1
rotate the thin rods during the 20 seconds. ( I com ,thin rod  mL2 ) [3 marks]
12
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
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 O

A
I  ( I1  I 2 )  I 3
1 1
 2( mL2  mh12 )  ( mL2  mh22 )
12 12
1 1
 2(  0.4  0.6 2  0.4  0.32 )  (  0.4  0.6 2  0.4  0.52 2 )
12 12
 0.216kgm / s 1.5

v A  r
5.0
  8.33 0.5
0.6
  i 8.33  0
 f   0.417rad / s 2 0.5
t 20
  I  0.216  0.417  0.090 Nm 0.5

5.

(a) In the figure below, a constant force Fapp of magnitude 15 N is applied to a wheel of mass
12 kg and radius 0.35 m. The force is applied at the centre of the wheel. The wheel rolls
smoothly on the horizontal surface from rest, and the acceleration of its centre of mass is 0.50
m/s2 to the positive x direction. Calculate the total energy to stop the wheel completely after
20 seconds it rolls from rest. [4 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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 Fapp  F f  ma
15  F f  12(0.5)
Ff  9N 1

  rF f sin   0.35  9  sin 90o  3.15

  I com  3.15
3.15
I com 

acom  R
1
0 .5
  1.43
0.35
3.15
I com   2.2kgm 2
1.43

vcom  u  acom t
vcom  0  0.5  20  10m / s 1
v 10
  com   28.6rad / s
R 0.35
1 2 1
Etot  mvcom  I com 2
2 2
1 1
  12  10 2   2.2  28.6 2 1
2 2
 600  900
 1500 J

(b) In the figure below, a uniform thin rod of total length 0.5 m and a mass 1.0 kg can rotate
in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis at 0.2 m from point A. The rod is at rest when 5.0 g
bullet travelling in the rotation plane fired into one end of the rod. As viewed from above, the
bullet‘s path makes angle   60o with the rod. If the bullet lodges in the rod and angular
velocity of the rod is 9 rad/s immediately after the collision, determine the bullet’s speed just
1
before the impact. [Given rotational inertia of thin rod, I rod  ML2 ]
12

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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 [3 marks]

L f  Lrod  Lb
 I rod  f  I b f
1
 [  mrod L2rod  mrod h 2 ]  (mb rb2 ) 1.5
12
1
 [(  1 0.52 )  1 0.052 ]  9  (0.005  0.32 )  9
12
 0.21  0.0041  0.21kgm2 rad / s

Li  L f
mb rb vbi sin   0.21
1.5
0.005  0.3  vbi sin 60  0.21
vbi  162m / s

6.

(a) A large aquarium of height 4.00 m is filled with fresh water to a depth of 3.00 m. One
wall of the aquarium consists of thick plastic 6.00 m wide. How much is the total force on
that one wall?

[3 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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 F  pA
F  pA
F  p (6)h 1.5

dF  gh(6)dh

 dF   6ghdh
3
F  6 g  hdh
0
3
 h2 
F  6  1000  9.81  1.5
 2 0
F  2.65  10 5 N

(b) In the figure below, a wooden block of density block  800kg / m . is seen floating on a
3

water of density  fluid  1000kg / m . The block height H is 20 cm.

3

(i) What is the depth h of the block submerged in the water?

[2 marks]

Fb  Fg  0
(  fluid Vsubmerged ) g  ( blockVblock ) g  0 1

(1000  [l  w  h])(9.81)  (800  [l  w  0.2](9.81)  0.

h  0.16m 1

(ii) The block is then held fully submerged at 2.0 m water depth and then released
from rest. What is the ascending acceleration of the block just after release?

[2 marks]
Fb  Fg  mblock a
(  fluid Vblock ) g  (  blockVblock ) g  (  blockVblock )a 1

(1000)(9.81)  (800)(9.81)  800a

a  2.45m / s 2 1

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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(c) The figure below shows a hydraulic lever with container and added weight at the left-hand
piston and a spring with 10 cm compression attaches to a beam and right-hand piston. The
surface area of right-hand piston A2 is ten times the surface area of left-hand piston A1. The
fluid density used in the hydraulic lever  f  915kg / m 3 and the surface area of left-hand
piston A1 = 0.25 m3. The spring constant is ks = 5.0 x 104 N/m. The spring is then removed
away. Calculate the drop distance of the left-hand piston.
[3 marks]

F1 Fs

A1 A2
F2 ks x 5  10 4  0.1
F1   A1   A1   500 N 1
A2 10 A1 10

F1 A1d1  A2 d 2  A2 (d  d1 )
  f gd
A1 A1d1  10 A1 (0.223  d1 )
F1 d1  2.23  10d1
d  0.223m , d  d1  d 2
A1  f g 1
d1  0.203m 1

7.
(a) A block whose mass m is 680 g is fastened to a spring whose spring k is 65 N/m. The
block is pulled a distance x = 11 cm from its equilibrium position at x = 0 on a frictionless
surface and released from rest at t = 0. Calculate the magnitude of maximum acceleration of
the block.
[3 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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 The net force acting on the block,
Fnet ,s  kx  ma [a   2 x]
 kx  m( 2 x) 1

k
2 
m
k

m
65
  9.8rad / s 1
0.68

a   2 xmax cos(t   )
amax   2 xmax  (9.8 2 )(0.11)  10.6m / s 2 1

(b) The diagram below is a simple pendulum of mass m = 0.3 kg with a string length L =1.0
m. The pendulum is displaced with θ = 10o from the vertical line and then released to make
simple harmonic motion.

(i) calculate the torque and angular acceleration of the pendulum at the time it is
released from rest at θ = 10o.
[2 marks]
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
Page 16
   LFg sin 10 o
 1.0  0.3  9.81 sin 10 o  0.511Nm 1

  I  mL2
0.511
  1.70rad / s 2 1
0.3 1.0 2

(ii) determine the angular frequency of the pendulum.

[2 marks]

mgL g 9.81
1     3.13rad / s
mL2 L 1

(c) Figure below is a physical pendulum of uniform 3.0 meters length thin rod of mass 2.0 kg.
The physical pendulum is swinging in a small angle in vertical plane about point O. Calculate
the angular frequency (ω) for the physical pendulum.
 1 2
 Rotational inertia of thin rod, I com  mL 
 12 

[3 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 17
 Rotational inertia of physical pendulum :
1 1
I  I com  m p h 2  m p l 2  m p h 2  (2)(32 )  (2)(1.52 )  1.5  4.5
12 12
 6.0kg.m 2 1.5

mgL
 s
I
Angular frequency of physical pendulum,
m p gh
p 
I com  m p h 2
2(9.81)(1.5)
  2.2rad / s 1.5
6

(d) Describe how Emec and displacement amplitude in ‘damped harmonic motion’ change
with time. Use one sentence only.
[1 mark]
Emec and displacement amplitude drop with time 1

(e) Explain in one sentence how ’resonance’ can be produced.

[1 mark]
Resonance can be produced when natural frequency equals to external driving force
frequency. 1

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

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8.

(a) Let 2.0 kg of liquid water at 100 oC be converted to steam at 100 oC by boiling at standard
atmospheric pressure (which is 1.01 × 105 Pa). The volume of that water changes from an
initial value of 1.00 x 10-3 m3 as a liquid to 1.80 m3 as steam. Calculate the change in the
system's internal energy during the process. [Lv = 2256 kJ/kg]

[3 marks]
Vf Vf
W   pdV  p  dV  p(V f  Vi )
Vi Vi

 (1.01 105 Pa)(1.80  1.0  10 3 )

 1.80  105 J 1

Q  LV m  (2256 K )(2)
 4512kJ  4.5  10 6 J 1

Eint  Q  W  4.5  10 6  0.18  10 6  4.32  10 6 J 1

(b) Two moles of an ideal gas expand at constant temperature T of 314 K from initial volume
9 L to a final volume of 20 L. Derive the equation for work done by the gas for isothermal
expansion and calculate the work done during that expansion with constant temperature.

[3 marks]

Constant temperature (isothermal expansion)

Vf 20
W  nRT ln  (2)(8.31)(314) ln
Vi 9
 4167 J 1.5

1.5

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 19
(c) When a system is taken from state i to state f along path iaf in the figure below, heat
absorbed Q = 80 J and work done W = 30 J. Along path ibf , heat absorbed Q = 54 J.
Calculate the work done W along path ibf.

[2 marks]

Eint,iaf  Eint ibf

Along iaf ,
Eint,iaf  Qiaf  Wiaf  80 J  30 J  50 J 1

Along ibf ,
Wibf  Qibf  Eint,ibf  54 J  50 J  4 J 1

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 20
9.

(a) A monoatomic ideal gas initially at 300K is compressed at a constant of pressure of 25

N/m2 from a volume of 3.0 m3 to a volume of 1.8 m3. In the process, 75 J is lost by the gas as
heat. Determine the number of moles of the gas.

[4 marks]

A change in internal energy,

Eint  Q  W
 75  25(1.8  3)  45 J
1

Final temperature,
pVi pV f

Ti Tf
Vi V f

Ti T f
3 1.8

300 T f
T f  180 K 1

Number of mole of the gas,

3nR
Eint  Q  W  T  45
2
3nR
(T f  Ti )  45
2
 45(2)
n  0.03mole
(3)(8.31)(180  300) 2

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 21
(b) Two moles of an ideal gas expand at constant temperature T of 314 K (isothermal
expansion) from initial volume 9 L to a final volume of 20 L. Compute the work done by the
gas during expansion.
Constant temperature (isothermal expansion) [2 marks]
Vf 20
W  nRT ln  (2)(8.31)(314) ln
Vi 9
 4170 J

(c) Two mole of an ideal monatomic gas goes from a to c along the diagonal path in the
figure below. The scale of the vertical axis is set by pab = 7.0 kPa and pc = 3.0 kPa, and the
scale of the horizontal axis is set by Vbc = 6.0 m3 and Va = 3.0 m3. During the process of abc,
calculate the temperature of the gas at c if initially the temperature is 100oC at a?
[3 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 22
 pV  nRT
PaVa PcVc
 1
Ta Tc
(7  103 )(3) (3  10 3 )(6)

(100  273) K Tc
Tc  319.7 K 2

Or using

3 3
Eint  Eint, c  Eint, a  ( pcVc  paVa )  n RT
2 2
3 3
 [(3.0  103 Pa)(6.0m 3 )  (7.0  103 Pa )(3.0m3 )]  n RT
2 2

10.

(a) A wave traveling along a string is described by y ( x, t )  0.00327 sin(68.2 x  3.25t ) ,

where x and t are in meter and second respectively. The string linear density is
  1.4  10 4 kg / m. Calculate the tension on the string.

[2 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 23
  3.25
v   0.048m / s
k 68.2

v  0.048 1

  0.048 2  (1.4  10 4 )
 3.185  10 7 N 1

(b) Another wave is created along a different string of 2.50 m long and has a mass of 250 g.
The tension in the string is 40.0 N. Calculate the frequency of travelling waves of amplitude
7.50 mm for the average power to be 70.0 W?

[3 marks]

T 40
v   20m / s 0.5
 0 .1
1
Power, Pavg  v 2 ym2
2
1
 (0.1)(20) 2 (0.0075 2 )  70
2
  1116rad / s

f   178hz 1.5
2

(c) In the figure below, a string, tied to a sinusoidal oscillator at P and running over a support
at Q, is stretched by a block of mass m. Separation L = 1.50 m, linear density of the string µ =
1.5 g/m, and the oscillator frequency f = 120 Hz. The amplitude of the motion at P is small
enough for that point to be considered a node. A node also exists at Q.

Calculate the mass m allows the oscillator to set up the fourth harmonic on the string.

[3 marks]

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 24
 nn
L
2
4 1.5
1.5  4
2
4  0.75m
(or counted from the diagram)

T
v  f 4 4 

m(9.81) 1.5
(120)(0.75) 
0.0015
m  1.24kg

(d) In two sentences only, describe how standing wave can be produced.

[2 marks]

1. It is produced by interference of two waves moving in opposite direction. 1

2. It is produced when 2 or more waves overlap at resonant frequencies. 1

Supplementary material

The following information may be consulted to help with answering the examination
questions. However, this does not imply that every single question will need to be used and
there is no guarantee that absolutely all equations required to answer the questions are
included below.
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
Page 25
Equations:

Motion in One Dimension, Newton’s Law of Motion, Forces, and Energy, Centre of
Mass and Momentum

Kinematic equations,

  
Relative velocity, v PA  v PB  v BA
 
Newton’s Second Law, Fnet  ma
2
Centripetal force, Fc  mv
r
Work done, W  Fd cos 

Work kinetic-energy theorem, Wnet  K

dU
Potential energy and force, F  
dx

Kinetic friction, F k   k FN

Static friction, F s   s FN

1
Drag, D  CAv 2
2

Mechanicalenergy, Emec  U  K

Thermal energy, E th  F f d

n
1
Centre of mass on y-axis, y com 
M
m y
i 1
i i

 
Linear momentum, p  mv

Impulse, J   p  F avg  t
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
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Rotational motions

dl
Torque,   I  rF sin  
dt

v
Angular velocity,  
r

Rotational inertia for particle, pendulum, bullet, I  mr

2

Parallel axis theorem, I  I com  Mh

2

1 2
k I
Rotational kinetic energy, 2
  
Angular momentum, l  m( r  v )
 
Angular momentum, L  I

Tangential acceleration, at  r

Fluid

F
Pressure =
A

Gauge pressure = ρgh

Equation of continuity, A1v1  A2 v 2

v 2 v 2
Bernoulli’s equation, p1  1  gy1  p 2  2  gy 2
2 2
F F
Pascal' s Principle, i  o
Ai Ao

Archimedes’ Principle, Fb   fluid V displacedf luid g

First Law of Thermodynamics and Kinetic theory

Heat capacity (C), Q  CT

Specific heat (c), Q  cmT

Heat of transformation, Q  Lm
PHY10001 Energy and Motion
Page 27
 Vf

Work done by gas, W   pdV

Vi

First Law of Thermodynamic, Eint  Q  W

M sample
Moles, n 
M

Ideal gas law, pV  nRT

Molar specific heat at constant pressure (Cp), Q  nC p  T

3
Average translational kinetic energy for monoatomic gas, K avg  kT
2
3nRT 3 pV
Internal energy of ideal monoatomic gas, Eint  
2 2
At constant gas volume, Eint  nCv T

3RT
Root-mean-square speed of gas molecules, v rms 
M

piVi   p f V f
Adiabatic process,
TiVi  1  T f V f 1

Simple Harmonic Motion

Displacement in simple harmonic motion, x(t )  x m cos(t   )

Velocity in simple harmonic motion, v(t )  x m sin(t   )

Acceleration in simple harmonic motion, a (t )   2 x m cos(  t   )

Waves

Transverse wave equation, y ( x, t )  y m sin(kx  t )

1 1
Displacement of two interference waves, y '  [2 y m cos  ] sin(kx  t   )
2 2

2
Angular wave number, k 


PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 28
 
Wave speed, v   f
k


Speed of a wave along a stretched string, v 


m
Linear density, 
L

 dK  1
  v ym
2 2
An average rate of kinetic energy transported by wave on string, 
 dt  4

Constants:

Gravitational acceleration, g  9.81m / s 2

Avogadro’s number, N A  6.02  10 23

Gas constant, R  8.31J / mol .K

Boltzmann constant, k  1.38 1023 J / K

Pressure, 1 atm = 1.013105 Pa

PHY10001 Energy and Motion

Page 29