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    Oel Applied Physics

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    zafar4500543
    This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating the linear mass density (μ) of a stretched string using a sonometer. Students measured the resonating frequencies of different numbers of loops while keeping tension constant. They calculated wavelength, velocity, and μ values. The velocity was found to be 9300 cm/s and μ was calculated as 0.0115gm/cm, with a percentage error of 0.5%. Precautions were noted regarding uniformity of the string and placement of detectors to minimize interference.

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    Oel Applied Physics

    Uploaded by

    zafar4500543
    11 views6 pages
    This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating the linear mass density (μ) of a stretched string using a sonometer. Students measured the resonating frequencies of different numbers of loops while keeping tension constant. They calculated wavelength, velocity, and μ values. The velocity was found to be 9300 cm/s and μ was calculated as 0.0115gm/cm, with a percentage error of 0.5%. Precautions were noted regarding uniformity of the string and placement of detectors to minimize interference.

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    OEL APPLIED PHYSICS

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    This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating the linear mass density (μ) of a stretched string using a sonometer. Students measured the resonating frequencies of different numbers of loops while keeping tension constant. They calculated wavelength, velocity, and μ values. The velocity was found to be 9300 cm/s and μ was calculated as 0.0115gm/cm, with a percentage error of 0.5%. Precautions were noted regarding uniformity of the string and placement of detectors to minimize interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views6 pages

    Oel Applied Physics

    Uploaded by

    zafar4500543
    This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating the linear mass density (μ) of a stretched string using a sonometer. Students measured the resonating frequencies of different numbers of loops while keeping tension constant. They calculated wavelength, velocity, and μ values. The velocity was found to be 9300 cm/s and μ was calculated as 0.0115gm/cm, with a percentage error of 0.5%. Precautions were noted regarding uniformity of the string and placement of detectors to minimize interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT

    PH-112
    SECTION-C
    GROUP-6
    DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
    ENGINEERING BATCH-2022

    PREPARED BY:

     ARHAM ZAFAR EL-093


     SYED AHMED ZULFIQAR EL-110
     SYE SHAHEER HASHMI EL-090
     S. M UMAR BIN UZAIR EL-121
    OBJECTIVE:
    Investigate the linear mass density (µ) of stretched string by using sonometer and
    resonating frequency of different number of loops.

    PURPOSE OF OEL:
    Main purpose of this open ended lab is to:

    1. Help us understand how stationary waves are produced in a stretched string by


    changing frequency and how it reaches resonance.
    2. Calculating the velocity by experimental observation and calculation.
    3. To familiar students with the sonometer and use of driver and detector coil.

    EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES:


    WA-9611 Sonometer, WA-9613 Driver/ Detector coils, Function Generator, Dual
    Trace Oscilloscope, Mass and Mass Hanger.

    PROCEDURE:
    1. Set up sonometer.
    2. Set bridges 60cm apart. Use any of the included strings and hang mass of
    approximately 1kg from tensioning lever. Adjust string knob so that tensioning
    lever is horizontal. Position driver coil 5cm away from one of the bridge and
    place detector coil near the center of the string.
    3. Set signal generator to produce sine wave.
    4. Hang mass at the second position on the lever.
    5. Increase frequency from the signal generator, starting from 1 Hz.
    6. Note resonating frequency of maximum amplitude on 1st loop.
    7. Repeat step (6) to get frequency of 4 loops, keeping tension constant. 8. Find
    wavelength of n loops using formula
    2L
    λ= n

    and calculate velocities at different wavelengths and frequencies using


    formula
    v=fλ
    9. Plot graph between f and λ. Take one point from graph to find observed
    velocity using formula
    v=fλ
    𝑇
    õ
    10. Find linear mass density (µ) by v=

    THEORY:
    If λ is the wave length of stort the f ca wave and 2 is their velocity, frequency of
    the vibration be determined by the relation”
    V = f λ equation # (i)

    The velocity of transverse wave in a string is

    V = √T/μ → equation # (ii)

    T is the tension applied to the string and is the linear mass substituting density

    Substituting the above value of v from equation # (i) to equation # (ii)

    f λ =√(T/µ)

    (f λ )²= T/μ

    μ=T/f²λ²
    OBSERVATIONS:
    Length of string between two bridges= 60cm.
    Tension = 2x500x980 = 980000dynes.
    n Frequency (Hz) Wavelength (cm) Velocity
    (cm/s)
    1 76.7 120 9192

    2 151.5 60 9300

    3 237.4 40 9496

    4 319.1 30 9573

    Frequency - Wavelength
    350

    300

    250

    200

    150

    100

    50

    0
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
    Wavelength (cm)
    CALCULATIONS:
    μ=

    μ=

    μ=0.0115gm/cm

    As we know that:

    V=fλ

    V= 151.5x62

    V= 9300cm/sec

    For percentage Error:


    P.E=|9300-9246.65|/9246.65x100

    P.E =0.5%

    RESULT AND DISCUSSION:


    The velocity of vibrating string at μ=0.0115gm/cm is found to be 9300 cm/sec.

    The percentage error in observed value is 0.5%.


    PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR:
    1. The wire should be of uniform cross-section, free from kinks and should be
    tight.
    2. If detector is placed too close to the driver, it will pick up some interference.
    You can check for this interference by observing the waveform from the
    detector on an oscilloscope; when they are too close, the trace will change
    shape. For best result keep detector at least 10cm apart from the driver.
    3. Weight of hanger should be included in the load.
    4. Friction of the pulley may decrease the value of the applied tension.

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