R2 Commuter Guide Transpo CHAPTER 1 2 1

e-Sàke: Commuter Guide Transportation System
A Research Presented to the Faculty of

Institute of Computer Studies
Holy Cross College
Sta. Lucia, Sta. Ana, Pampanga
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Submitted by:
Catacutan, Anna Rose A.
Nicdao, Angelina G.
Santos, Rose Camille Y.
Adviser:
Engr. Grosby A. Dela Cruz
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
It is hard to imagine living in a world without access to transport. Since time
immemorial, people have come up with ways to move around rather than remain stagnant in one
place. Even when technology was at the stage of infancy and numerous modes of transportation
were yet to be invented, there was always a way to take people, animals, and objects from one
point to another. (Admin, 2020)
While some people may take the role of transport in their lives for granted, it has
become increasingly necessary to discuss and understand how different life would be without it,
especially within a contemporary society. (Admin, 2020)
Transport has helped to enhance life over the years and the current world would not be
able to thrive without the ability to transfer things from one place to another. In general, different
parts of the world would not have been able to achieve a fraction of what they have if there was
no transport and the solutions that have been derived from it. Economic activities, travel, and
widespread mobility all depend on it. (Admin, 2020)
The findings of this research will contribute to the body of knowledge on commuter
experience. By identifying the key components of an effective commuter guide transport system,
this study will provide valuable insights for transportation authorities in designing and
implementing sustainable and commuter-centric transportation solutions. Moreover, this research
will serve as a reference for cities considering the development of a commuter guide system,
offering practical recommendations based on successful case studies.
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 2

By improving the commuting experience, reducing congestion, and promoting
sustainable modes of transportation, the implementation of a well-designed commuter guide can
lead to more livable and resilient cities. Ultimately, this research aims to support the goal of
creating transportation systems that are efficient, accessible, and environmentally friendly,
enhancing the quality of life for commuters and fostering the development of sustainable
communities.
Background of the Study
The transportation sector plays a crucial role in the daily lives of individuals,
particularly in Arayat, Pampanga to Mexico, Pampanga, where commuting is a common
phenomenon. As cities continue to grow and populations increase, the need for efficient and
sustainable transportation options becomes even more imperative. Commuters rely on various
modes of transportation to travel to their workplaces, educational institutions, and other
destinations, seeking convenience, reliability, affordability, and safety.
However, commuting can often be a challenging experience, characterized by
congestion, delays, and unpredictability. Inefficient transportation systems not only lead to
wasted time and increased stress for commuters but also have broader economic and
environmental implications. To address these issues, there is a pressing need for comprehensive
commuter guides that provide valuable information and assistance to individuals navigating the
complex transportation networks of cities.

A pre-survey was conducted with 14 commuters who answered 5 questions via Google
Forms. Through these questions, the researchers were able to identify the problems faced by the
commuters. The majority of the respondents (21.4%) stated that they cover a distance of 2 miles
when commuting via bus or car. Additionally, 35.7% of the respondents expressed that
commuting has a significant impact on their lives due to issues such as heavy traffic, long
queues, and difficulty in finding the exact destination.
By developing a user-friendly commuter guide transportation system, commuters can
have access to accurate and up-to-date information, personalized assistance, and an enhanced
overall commuting experience. This system would empower commuters to make informed
decisions, optimize their travel routes, and navigate the transportation network with ease,
ultimately improving their quality of life and productivity.
Statement of the problem
The commuters in Arayat, Sta. Ana, and Mexico, Pampanga are left to rely on
fragmented and disconnected sources of information for their place to go. These problems
include:
1. How to improve the development of a commuter guide transport system?
2. How to develop a commuter guide system that will ease the burden of commuting?
3. How to develop a system that will provide transportation information and assistance to
the commuters?
4. How to evaluate the system using ISO25010?

Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to develop an Android-based: Commuter Guide System
for Arayat, Sta ana, and Mexico, Pampanga.
1. To enhance the recommendations given by the IT Experts in existing challenges and
shortcomings of transportation systems and impact on the commuting experience.
2. To identify and utilize the specific needs and preferences of commuters, such as preferred
modes of transportation, travel times, routes, and potential obstacles.
3. To provide commuters with a trip planning functionality that enables them to find the
best routes and modes of transportation for their journeys.
4. To assess and validate the quality characteristics standard of a system comprehensively
and identify areas for improvement.
Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is to improve the overall efficiency and reliability of the
guide transportation system for commuters.
For the Commuters. This study could be immensely beneficial to commuters for it to
understand and gain more knowledge about the Commuter Guide Transportation System and
how it affects people.

For the Students. This study may also serve as a reflection or inspiration for students to have
their idea from what they have read and may also take into consideration some of the suggestions
in it.
For the Parents. This study may also benefit to parents for them to give their children an advice
that they have to be early to avoid those the struggles.
Future Researchers. This study is beneficial to future researchers as they may use this topic as a
springboard for new studies.
For the Researchers. The totality of this undertaking will greatly bring intellectual gains,
moving insights, and character empowerment for the researchers. The researcher’s process
widened their horizon, strengthened their character, and tested their perseverance
Scope and Delimitation
The scope of this study is to focus on the transportation system for commuters
traveling from Arayat to Mexico, Pampanga. It aims to provide a guide for commuters on the
available modes of transportation, their schedules, fares, and routes. The study will also explore
the challenges and issues that commuters may encounter during their travel. This study is limited
to the transportation system for commuters traveling from Arayat to Mexico, Pampanga. It will
not cover other routes and destinations. The study will also not provide an in-depth analysis of
the transportation system's infrastructure, policies, and regulations.
Additionally, the study will not address the socio-economic and environmental impact
of the transportation system in the area. The study will solely focus on providing a guide for
commuters traveling from Arayat to Mexico, Pampanga.

Definition of Terms
For a study to be meaningful and be correctly interpreted by the readers, definitions of key
terms have been created as follows:
Agile Scrum. This term refers to an iterative and incremental framework that helps teams deliver
high-quality products in a timely manner
Commuters. This term refers to a person who commutes.
Features. This refers to described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its
functioning.
GPS. This refers to a navigational system using satellite signals to fix the location of a radio
receiver on or above the earth's surface for the system.
Map. This term refers to a computer program or software application designed to run on a
mobile device such as a phone, tablet, or watch. Mobile applications often stand in contrast to
desktop applications which are designed to run on desktop computers, and web applications
which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device.
Mobile Application. This term refers to a computer program or software application designed to
run on a mobile device such as a phone, tablet, or watch. Mobile applications often stand in
contrast to desktop applications which are designed to run on desktop computers, and web
applications which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device.

Routes. This term refers to a way to get from one place to another place.
Transportation. This term refers to a system for moving passengers or goods from one place to
another.
Review of Related Literature
Foreign Literature
This study presents the related literature containing the foreign literature. The
researchers have gone through intensive readings of material, all of which has a great
significance to the problem during the course of thesis writing.
Intelligent Commuting System is needed to define the issues of stress factors and time
management faced by the commuter student and some of the coping strategies (J. J. Newbold, et
al., 2015). The sector of the public transport has increased the operators in checking the
satisfaction standards of passengers. Their actions have been adapted through the quality-of-
service perception. (R. de Oña, E. Estevez, L. Garach, F.J. Calvo, J. de Oña, 2018) With
Intelligent Commuting System, it will conduct a study on how to inspect how social interactions
affect commuters' route choice. The conclusions in the study provide some understanding into
using social information to guide the route choice of commuters. (G. Zhang, F. Wei, N. Jia, S.
Ma and Y. Wu, 2019). It will focus on the commuting problems. Based on psychographic factors
from the widen Theory of Planned Behavior, we pin down three commuter segments: Unhurried

timely commuters, Self-determined commuters, and Busy commuters. (Sonja Haustein, Mikkel
Thorhauge, Elisabetta Cherchi, 2018). With the help of ICMS, commuters will no longer have a
hard time in commuting because they will have an easy access on the map for their destination.
(George H.R. Costa, Fabiano Baldo, 2015). With this system, commuters will be more secured
and confident as they go to places that they are not familiar with (Chris M.J. Tampère, Marco
Rinaldi, Francesco Viti, 2017)
Mobile Application
Mobile application helps to lessen the amount of time in accessing application content,
buying product, transferring money, and managing business from anywhere (João Falcão e
Cunha, Tânia Fontesz, Vera Costa, Marta Campos Ferreira, José Luís Borges, Teresa Galvão
Dias, 2017). Mobile applications can perform useful tasks for its users. (Sharma et al., 2016).
Without mobile application, an IT department or business will cost more for the person rather
than saving and will give them a hard time when changing version of their system (Kiruthika et
al., 2016). In order to have a well secured website, an extensive knowledge in planning and
developing the application is required.
Common problems for mobile are dealing with bugs, system failures, compatibility
issues, and etc. because these problems have the possibility to leak information about the system.
Businesses that use mobile application often consider vulnerable to security as their main
problem (Alzahrani et al., 2017). With mobile application, it will give you an ease of access
navigating the system (Haosheng Huang, Yi Cheng, Robert Weibel, 2019). Public Transport
System President Rodrigo Duterte is terminating all the old jeepneys next year. Not only

jeepneys, but also other public utility vehicles such as buses and vans that are aged 15 years and
above will not be allowed (Llanesca T. Panti, 2017). The government and jeepney operators had
a clash over the regulations and requirements of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization
program’s implementation (Iñigo S. Roces, 2017). The study aims to make effective the present
transportation system by giving low-cost measures. Public transport is the answer to the future of
the urban sustainable growth. It must be permanently rearranged to meet the changing demand in
modern cities. (Răzvan Andrei Gheorghiu, Maria Claudia Surugiu, 2016). The National
Academy of Science and Technology concentrated on Urban Transportation such as roads, water
transport and air transport issues that need to be communicated by the government. The
challenges in Urban Transport Development were discovered that the public transport routes are
not systematically organized (Napalang, 2016).
Local Literature
This study presents the related literature containing the local studies. The researchers
have gone through intensive readings of material, all of which has a great significance to the
problem during the course of thesis writing.
Odiongan, is a coastal municipality in the Tablas island province of Romblon. It is
province’s commercially entry ports and most economically developed municipality amongst the
rest of the 17 municipalities. Odiongan is a first class municipality in the province of Romblon, it
ranked as 1st in the most Competitive Municipality in MIMAROPA Region 2018 where the
basis meets the province economic dynamism, government efficiency, infrastructure, and
resiliency. Odiongan is politically subdivided into 25 barangays of which the Honorable Mayor

Trina Alejandra Firmalo-Fabic Heads the municipality. Its population as determined by the 2015
Census was 45,367. This represented 15.50% of the total population of Romblon province
(PhilAtlas Contributor. 2018).
Aside from the related literatures and studies, interviews and observations were
conducted to obtain the necessary contributions for the design. Hardware and software
requirements were also identified to ensure that the system requirements are captured which was
part also of the analysis phase. Since the system is cloud-based and will run in the network
environment, computer server, personal computers, network equipment and components and
smart phones were needed for the implementation of the system. As inputs to the development of
the system, Android Studio, Java, Google Map and OpenStreet Map are the software
infrastructures needed to produce the required solution. A need for developers, users or the
drivers and operators to evaluate the system is required to evaluate acceptability of the designed
system. After the inputs are defined, the process part uses Waterfall Model to ensure that the
flow of the system will be guided.With the obtained inputs and presented methodology, the
design of iSAKAY or Android-based booking system with cloud-based data analytics was
developed. The traffic congestion in the present-day city is entirely connected to life quality and
human opportunity, particularly in the cutting edge age and in the genuine globalization setting
(Batty, M. 2007).
In the Philippines, an innovation of this, the tricycle were used as a motorized
replacement of “pedicabs” or bicycles with attached sidecars in the 1950s (Boquet, Y. 2017).
According to Orellana ( Orellana, F. 2018). Grab Philippines welcomed the
signing of an order that allows the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board

(LTFRB) to regulate the ride-hailing firms in the country, Taxi and UV’s clearly belong to the
20th century whereas, TNVS belongs to the 21st century. TNVS is actually a precursor to self-
driving flying taxis. Grab and Uber have become a big part to the lives of every commuter. Grab
was supposed to be an alternative but it became the go-to mode of transportation of most
commuters because unlike the drivers of Taxi’s, they are very respectful and engaging that is
why they were chosen as they provide a quality service to commuters (Tulio, J. 2017).
Foreign Studies
This study presents the related literature containing the foreign studies. The
researchers have gone through intensive readings of material, all of which has a great
significance to the problem during the course of thesis writing.
Public Transportation Route Planners
Zhang and his team implemented an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) by
using Dijkstra’s algorithm and running it using five transportation modes in the Eindhoven
region (the Netherlands). Although Dijkstra’s algorithm was not fast enough when inputted with
a large set of data, the generated routes were in good quality, which makes it a good algorithm
for creating paths in a realistic network. Their research concluded with recommendations for
improving the algorithm by accelerating it with the help of bidirectional search or heuristic
methods like A*. Rehrl and company implemented a personal travel companion in the
transportation network of Vienna, Austria, that calculates the pedestrian route and proves maps,
path descriptions, and data of interchange buildings. However, the implementation of this system

was only on a small scale and needs a larger test setting and a larger group of participants to
prove its success. These two systems are among the foundations of the conceptual design of
route planners and were successful in providing initial results. They also provide good grounds
for further research in the field.
Peng and Kim developed a distributed trip-planning system that integrates different
trip-planning systems in the context of the United States. Their system allows the different
individual transit agencies to maintain and update their own data and transit planner. A mediator
server is used to integrate the data and transit planners seamlessly, which allows users to create
travel plans that cross different transit system boundaries. Brennan and Meier produced a similar
system called a “Smart Traveller Information Service” (STIS) that integrates different pre
available transport systems in Dublin, Ireland. Their system works functionally well in producing
different routes for different transportation mode options. However, only one preferred
transportation mode is considered per query; supplementary walking routes are provided for
routes not traversed by the user’s preferred transportation mode. The system is still just a proof
of concept rather than an enterprise-level application. Abbaspour and Samadzadegan tested the
possibility of using a genetic algorithm in a multimodal public transport route planner. Their
proposed approach was lab tested in the transportation network of Tehran. However, the current
system lacks user preference input and only considers travel time. In addition, the proposed
approach still has to be tested with a real-time implementation of the algorithm that considers the
contextual information of the user. The above-mentioned systems are noteworthy route planners,
but they lack a multimodal aspect as well as the capacity to consider user preference when
computing routes.

In Hong Kong, an Internet-based comprehensive public transport enquiry system
(PTES) was developed by Lilian Pu-Cheng. PTES helps commuters find the connections
between different forms of transportation and how to get to the stops or terminals from their
boarding place and/or connection points. Its most important features, aside from its computation
efficiency, are its real-time multiple-criterion route search function and fare structure
computation. Additional route information and choice of fare types (e.g., student, senior citizen,
air-conditioned, non-air-conditioned) are included in future research. In completion of their
research, Foo Hee Meng and his team developed a route advisory system (RADS) that ran the
algorithm they created and implemented it in the public transport system of Singapore. The
system was able to consider user preferences in time, fare, and starting time. However, further
improvements can be added by providing commuters with dynamic guidance using real-time
traffic information and integrating other transportation modes that would supply missing links
for a fully integrated public transport route advisory system. Spitadakis and Fostieri implemented
WISETRIP in Greece, which is an international multimodal journey planner that delivers
personalized trip information. WISETRIP is an online unified journey planner that enables
cooperation with different journey planners to allow for wide-scale journey planning, especially
for international travelers. The system is able to compute for all available trip solutions and is
able to provide personalized trip services based on user configuration. Some further
improvements to the system includes content and modal extension, pricing and ticketing
information, alerts and replanning option, concerns for elderly and disabled users, concern for
green routes, and mobile application implementation. Zografos and company also developed
ENOSIS in Greece. ENOSIS is a passenger information and trip-planning system that aims to

provide both urban and interurban multimodal planning services with real-time travel
information. ENOSIS considers multiple criteria and incorporates complex scheduling
constraints, which can all be customized by the user. It also serves as a travel companion
throughout the entire journey by providing real-time ordinary and unexpected event alerts. Some
other notable route planners include researchers from the teams of Zhang, Li, and Jariyasunant,
who have all created systems to support mobile-based ATISs in the Californian context. Su,
Cheng, and Who developed a multimodal trip-planning system for intercity transportation in
Taiwan using a search algorithm that considers the transit network, timetable, and the restrictions
on access stops. Kumar, Singh, and Reddy developed a GIS-based multimodal transport system
for Hyderabad, India. Their system provides a convenient and powerful tool for storage and
graphical representation of information; it is not limited to road networks, but includes
comprehensive information about Hyderabad in general, including hospitals, government and
private offices, stadiums, and tourist places within the city limits. These systems are the best
multimodal public transport route planners available and the Philippines, with its ever-worsening
traffic conditions, has to catch up with these innovations.
Local Studies
This study presents the related literature containing the local studies. The researchers
have gone through intensive readings of material, all of which has a great significance to the
problem during the course of thesis writing.
Implementing a Multimodal Public Transportation Routes Planner

Google Maps, which is perhaps one of the most well-known route-planning systems in
the world, has its own version of a public transport route planner called Google Transit. Google
Transit is able to calculate a number of routes including distance to be traveled and travel time.
However, the system only incorporates buses, MRT, LRT1, and LRT2 routes. The system does
not include Jeepneys, which is the main transportation mode used in the Philippines.
Transportation costs are also not included in the generated route plan. Transit.com.ph, a system
produced by the Philippine Transit App Challenge 2013, aimed to produce a local version of
Google Transit by adding more local transportation modes. The system is currently running on
the transportation network of Cebu city. The Metro Manila routes are not yet fully functioning; it
is only able to return walking routes from the origin to the destination point. Sakay.ph, which
was also produced by the Philippine Transit App Challenge 2013, was successful in creating a
local version of the Google Transit application. Their system is able to compute an array of
multimodal public transportation routes for the given origin and destination points, complete
with supplementary transportation information. They were also able to incorporate jeepney
routes, which was the main shortcoming of Google Transit. The main difference of the
researchers’ system from its inspiration “Sakay.ph” would be the GTFS data used to run the
system.
It summarizes the positions of known public transport route planners compared with
the proposed system in a graphical manner. As seen, PTES, RADS, WISETRIP, ENOSIS,
Transit.com.ph, and Sakay.ph, are the closest systems to the researchers’ proposal. Although
these systems already implement most of the functionalities that the researchers wish to include

in their proposed route planner, the research behind these systems are not readily available to the
public.
Most route planners only compute for the shortest path while the researchers want to
give users all possible multimodal paths from the origin to the destination. Most route planners
only consider the shortest travel time; the proposed system would return an array of possible
routes so commuters would have the choice of a number of options. Some route planners only
return the computed path; the proposed system would provide additional travel information such
as estimated travel time, transportation expense, and distance to be traveled.
No updated data about the public transportation sector of the Philippines and its users
is available, which drove the researchers to create their own data using the Metro Manila Public
Transport Travel Survey.
General Synthesis
The "e-Sàke: Commuter Guide Transportation System" is a study that aims to help
commuters in their daily travels. It focuses on creating a system that provides useful information
to make commuting easier and less stressful.
The study explores different foreign literature and studies related to public transportation,
mobile applications, and intelligent commuting systems. It considers how these systems can
improve stress factors and time management for commuters, and how social interactions can
influence route choices. It also looks at the benefits of mobile applications in accessing services
and reducing costs for users.

Local studies were conducted in the Philippines, particularly in the municipality of
Odiongan, Romblon, and the Metro Manila area. These studies analyze the transportation
situation and the need for a comprehensive transportation guide to assist commuters in finding
the best routes and modes of transport.
The proposed system aims to be a comprehensive public transportation route planner,
considering various transportation options such as buses, trains, jeepneys, and more. It will
provide multiple route choices, estimated travel times, transportation costs, and other useful
information to empower commuters in making informed decisions about their travel routes.
With the help of these literatures, the "e-Sàke: Commuter Guide Transportation System"
envisions an efficient and user-friendly platform to help commuters navigate the complex
transportation network and have a smoother commuting experience in the Philippines.
Conceptual Framework
The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used
approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an
information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems
analysis texts introduce this as the most basic structure for describing a process.
The conceptual representation that will be used in this research is the input-process-output
(IPO) model where it shows the sequence of boxes which are linked to one other.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Synthesis
Commuting is an essential part of daily life for many people around the world. It is a
way to travel from one place to another, whether it be for work, school, or other activities.

However, commuting can be stressful and time-consuming, especially in large cities with heavy
traffic congestion. Hence, the need for a comprehensive commuter guide transportation that can
assist people in navigating their way to their destinations easily and efficiently.
Recent studies have shown that the mode of transportation chosen by commuters can
affect their physical and mental health, as well as their productivity and overall quality of life
(Bhat, 2019). The literature suggests that active transportation modes such as walking and
cycling can improve physical health and reduce stress levels (Shaheen & Cohen, 2019).
However, these modes may not be feasible for all commuters, especially those with long
distances to travel.
The rise of ride-hailing services and shared mobility options has created new
opportunities but also new challenges for commuters. Studies have shown that these services can
improve accessibility and reduce car ownership, but they may also contribute to congestion and
air pollution (Cervero & Kockelman, 2017).
The role of technology in improving transportation systems and making commuting
more efficient and stress-free has also been emphasized. Smart transportation systems that
incorporate real-time data, predictive analytics, and machine learning algorithms can help
commuters make informed decisions about their transportation choices (Handy & Boarnet,
2020).
Overall, the research suggests that a comprehensive commuter guide transportation
that considers the different transportation modes available, their advantages and disadvantages,
and their impact on commuters' overall well-being is crucial. Such a guide can help commuters
make informed decisions about their transportation choices and improve their overall commuting

experience. It can also be of particular importance to transportation authorities, policymakers,
and urban planners in developing and implementing sustainable transportation systems that meet
the needs of commuters while promoting environmental sustainability.
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used in the data gathering,
analysis, and presentation of the study. Specifically included in this chapter are the methods and
Research design, Respondents, Instruments, Data collection, Data Analysis and Statistical
treatment, Requirement Analysis, Requirement Documentation, and Design of the system.
Research design
This study is quantitative research which means, all data that will be presented on this
study are stated in numbers, and mathematical figures. Quantitative research is a type of research
wherein, all data are interpreted numerically through the use of a specific statistical tool.
The researchers will imply the use of Correlational study. The researchers will show
the relationship of the variable on the study which are marketing strategies and workplace
diversity.
As mentioned by Bhandari, P. (2021), A correlational research design investigates
relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of
them. A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between two (or
more) variables. The direction of a correlation can be either positive or negative.

A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate
one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not control or
manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.
Respondents
This study includes a group of students, computer literate, and commuters in Holy
Cross College that will be selected purposively. The researchers utilize purposive sampling in
choosing the participants. Purposive sampling improves the rigor of the study and the reliability
of the data and outcomes by better matching the sample to the research's goals and objectives
(Campbell et al., 2020). It is also sometimes referred to as judgmental or subjective sampling and
is a technique that depends on the researchers' judgment as regards choosing the factors that will
be analyzed in the study (Sharma, 2017).
Instrument
A research instrument plays a vital role in the data collection procedure. Without the
research instrument, researchers will not be able to collect or gather any data which the
researchers will use to interpret and analyze the results of the study.
As stated by McLeod, S. (2018), a questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of
a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires
can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by

telephone, computer or post. Questionnaires provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way
of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people.
Researchers will be utilized the use of survey questionnaire in gathering and collecting
data. Utilization of survey questionnaire in gathering quantitative data is vital and imperative. It
will provide you data that are valid and reliable. Furthermore, the researchers will have utilized
the use of 5-point Likert Scale in the survey questionnaire.
ISO 25010 Standard
ISO 25010 is an international standard that defines software quality from two perspectives
namely quality in use and product quality. The quality in use model is composed of five
characteristics (further subdivided into sub-characteristics) that relate to the outcome of
interaction when a product is used in a particular context of use. This system model is applicable
for human-computer system, including computer systems in use and software products in use.
The product quality model is composed of eight characteristics (further subdivided into sub-
characteristics) that relate to static properties of software and dynamic properties of the computer
system. The model is applicable to both computer systems and software products. (Canlas, Ranie
& et.al. 2021)
In assessing the system’s quality according to the evaluation of experts-respondents, the
ISO/IEC 25010 standard was used. According to the International Organization for
Standardization (2005), the quality of a software can be evaluated using the ISO/IEC 25010
standards. The properties of a software can be assessed using the set characteristics which
includes functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability,

security and maintainability (DeLone, W.H., & McLean, E. R. 2016). which are presented in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. ISO/IEC 25010 Software Quality Model
1) Functional Suitability - refers to the degree to which a product or system provides
functions that meet stated and implied needs when used under specified conditions. Sub-
characteristics include: Functional Completeness; Functional Correctness; and Functional

Appropriateness. Types of test normally carried out include requirement-based testing and
business process-based testing.
2) Performance Efficiency - refers to the performance relative to the amount of resources
used under stated conditions. Sub-characteristics include: Time Behaviour; Resource Utilization;
and Capacity. Types of test normally carried out include load testing, stress testing, configuration
testing and isolation testing.
3) Compatibility - refers to the degree to which a product, system or component can
exchange information with other products, systems or components, and/or perform its required
functions, while sharing the same hardware or software environment. Sub-characteristics
include: Co-Existence; and Interoperability. Types of test normally carried out include browser
compatibility test, hardware test, network test, mobile devices test, and operating system test.
4) Usability - refers to the degree to which a product or system can be used by specified
users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified
context of use. Sub-characteristics include: Appropriateness Recognizability; Learnability;
Operability; User Error Protection; User Interface Aesthetics; and Accessibility. Types of test
normally carried out include hallway testing, remote usability testing, expert review, A/B testing,
boundary value analysis, decision tables and state transition testing.
5) Reliability - refers to the degree to which a system, product or component performs
specified functions under specified conditions for a specified period of time. Sub-characteristics
include: Maturity; Availability; Fault Tolerance; and Recoverability. Types of test normally
carried out include feature testing, load testing and regression testing.

6) Security - refers to the degree to which a product or system protects information and data
so that persons or other products or systems have the degree of data access appropriate to their
types and levels of authorization. Sub-characteristics include: Confidentiality; Integrity; Non-
Repudiation; Accountability; and Authenticity. Types of test normally carried out include
discovery, vulnerability scan, security assessment, penetration test and security review.
7) Maintainability - refers to the degree to which a product or system can be modified to
improve it, correct it or adapt it to changes in environment, and in requirements. Sub-
characteristics include: Modularity; Reusability; Analyzability; Modifiability; and Testability.
Two types of test normally carried out are static tests (inspections/reviews) and dynamic tests
(measuring the effort required to execute maintenance activities).
8) Portability - refers to the degree of effectiveness and efficiency with which a system,
product or component can be transferred from one hardware, software or other operational or
usage environment to another. Sub-characteristics include: Adaptability; Installability; and
Replaceability. Use-cases are normally carried out to test portability.
The Four characteristics that will be included in this study due to their High degree of
dependence on the application are Functional, Suitability, Reliability, Usability, and
Performance Efficiency. The remaining four characteristics are being excluded.
Data Collection

A pre-survey questionnaire was given to 14 respondents to identify the problem faced
by the commuters. The respondents’ answers helped the researchers identify the objectives for
developing the system. Listed below are pre-survey questions:
 How far do you commute?
- Less than 2 miles
- Less than 5 miles
- Less than 10 miles
- Over 30 miles
 What is your primary form of travel?
- Car share (Car with others)
- Car
- Bus
- Bike
- Tricycle
- Motor
- E-jeep
 How does commuting time affect your life?
- Not at all
- A little bit
- Somewhat
- A lot
- Very much

 What do you usually encounter in commuting? Write your answer.
From the target population, a total of 30 respondents for post-survey were chosen that
fit the criteria to partake in the research. The recruitment process of the respondents will begin
by asking for authorization from the principal and teacher of the research locale in conducting
the study. The respondents were fully aware of the ethical considerations involved in
participating in the study. The study's procedures and outcomes were clearly explained to the
participants. The participants were not forced to participate in the study. The participants are well
protected and informed of any harm that the study may cause to them. The participants are well
assured that their identity and personal information are secured and will remain confidential
throughout the study under Republic Act 10173 or Data Privacy Act Law.
This study will conduct an interviewing session with Technology Experts once the
system is done.
Data Analysis
ln the analysis and interpretation of data, gathered data is to analyze through statistical
treatment.
1. Weighted Mean. This will be employed to determine the assessment of respondents on their
experience in using the e-Sàke Commuter Guide Transportation System. The mathematical
statement is:

2. Likert scale. This will be used to interpret the results on the assessment of Commuter Guide
Transportation System.
To determine the assessment of, these scales are used.
Table 1: Likert Scale
Numerical Range Interval Verbal Interpretation
5 4.20 to 5.00 More Effective (MrE)
4 3.40 to 4.19 Effective (E)
3 2.60 to 3.39 Moderately Effectable (MdE)
2 1.80 - 2.59 Less Effectable (LE)
1 1.00 - 1.79 Not Effectable at all (NE)
Agile Software Development Methods - Scrum
Agile software development methods are centred on teams (Baham and Hirschheim
2021; Chow and Cao 2008) that perform knowledge-intensive work (Tiwana 2004). Team
members need expertise and problem-solving abilities to translate complex requirements into
software solutions. Agile teams are cross-functional to cope with this situation, bringing together

experts from different domains who work intensively together to produce a cohesive software
system to solve a business or social problem (Project Management Institute and Agile Alliance
2017). In addition, agile teams aim to be empowered, autonomous, self-reflecting, and self-
adjusting (Stray et al. 2018). These team characteristics differ from team structures where
coaches and leaders are central controlling leadership figures (Hoda et al. 2013).
In this scope of our study, define agile teams and teamwork, define team effectiveness,
and present three influential team effectiveness models. Finally, we summarize the research on
teamwork in agile software development from academic and practitioner sources.
Studies of software teams provide detailed models that relate aspects of teamwork
quality to team effectiveness. In addition to the models presented in Table 1, we find models in
Janz (1999), Moe et al. (2010), and Dingsøyr et al. (2016) and studies on project success and
performance of agile teams (Drury-Grogan 2014; Schmidt 2016 ).

Figure 3. Agile in SDLC
The agile methodology aims to gain high productivity over heavyweight process. It
works on less planning and divides a task into small sub-tasks or small increments with the
efforts of team-work. The team follows the software development life cycle phases that are
Requirements collection, Analysis, Designing, Coding, Testing, and Maintenance.
The agile process is iterative in nature, which means the changes can be made
according to the commuter’s requirement until the commuter is satisfied.
Requirement Analysis
● System Flowchart

Requirement Documentation
User Interface Requirements Document (UIRD)

The user interface is key to application usability. The application should include
content presentation, application navigation, and user assistance. While a comprehensive
discussion of effective user interface and web page design is beyond the scope of this document,
this section provides some guidelines in the following areas:
● User groups
● Content presentation
● User instructions
● User navigation
● Data manipulation
● Saving and restoring work
Design of System
In this design, the commuters are capable of using the system in their respective
mobile phones or computers. Generally, the system needs the internet to start to generate. The
related multitude of systems design is Features.
1. Features
● GPS
This system completely works on maps and location data/GPS, so the first thing which
is important is to model our maps and location data.

● Map Region
Grade A: This subregion is responsible to cover the urban centers and commute areas
from Arayat, Pampanga.
Grade B: This subregion is responsible to cover the urban centers and commute areas
from Mexico, Pampanga.
● System Build Map
Figure 4. System Build Map
Development and Testing
The test completes the formal testing process where all the users and administrators
uses the system so as they get familiar with-it. The users test the system before it is rolled out to
be fully used.

1. Beta Testing – Carried out by a company premise. This involve delivering the
system to number of potential clients to uses the system and report back to developer key
malfunctions with an understanding that the product is still being tested.
Recovery testing forces the system to fail in various ways to verify that the recover is
efficiently done or performed. It is vital that all the data is recovered after the system failure and
no corruption of data
Types of Testing being conducted:
● Unit Testing
● Module Testing
● System Testing
● Integration Testing
Thus, testing phase enable to find the program errors on the system. To find
undercover errors in a program and to uncover new types of errors associated with new
inventions and technology. Hence, it assures the quality by enforcing consistency and reliability.
Type of Test Test data Tested Area
Unit testing Interface How the system is Easy to use To increase

and logical interactive and effective the level of
testing by system usability hence
users increases level
of accuracy.
Numerical fields Should accept Should

numbers only perform as
expected
Text fields Should accept Should

only text perform as
characters expected

Should accept Should

correct perform as
password expected
Module Form Navigation of Sub Menu to The system

Testing system open should
accessed from
the level to the
lowest level.
System Code System The system Ensure the

Testing Implementation should have system
no errors functions as
when running required
without a
problem
Command Should The files

buttons and perform as. should be
Operation Expected manipulated
easily by use
of commands
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APPENDIX A
Programming Language :
Java, CSS, Bootstrap framework, JavaScript, Html, and CSS
Hardware Requirements: Windows; Mac; Linux
Processor : Intel Pentium 4 or later; Intel; Intel Pentium 4 or later
Memory : 2 GB minimum, 4 GB recommended
Screen resolution : 1280x1024 or larger
Application window size : 1024x680 or larger

Internet connection : Required
Software Requirements:
Operating system : Windows 8 or later; macOS High Sierra 10.13 or later; 64-bit
Ubuntu 14.04+, Debian 8+, openSUSE 13.3+, or Fedora Linux 24+
Browser C : up-to-date web browser (Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge,
Microsoft Internet Explorer, and iOS and Android mobile browsers.)
Functional Requirements :
User should be able to mail any report to management.
Users can be divided into groups and groups can be given

separate rights.
Software is developed keeping downward compatibility intact.
IDE : Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code1
Programming Language :
HTMl 5, CSS, Bootstrap 5, JavaScript
Hardware Requirements: Windows; Mac; Linux
Processor : Intel Pentium 4 or later; Intel; Intel Pentium 4 or later
Memory : 2 GB minimum, 4 GB recommended
Screen resolution : 1280x1024 or larger
Application window size : 1024x680 or larger

Internet connection : Required
Software Requirements:
Operating system : Windows 8 or later; macOS High Sierra 10.13 or later; 64-bit
Ubuntu 14.04+, Debian 8+, openSUSE 13.3+, or Fedora Linux 24+
Browser C : up-to-date web browser (Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge,
Microsoft Internet Explorer, and iOS and Android mobile browsers.)
Functional Requirements :
User should be able to mail any report to management.
Users can be divided into groups and groups can be given

separate rights.
Software is developed keeping downward compatibility intact.
IDE : Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code
Data Storage Requirements
The system records the following information about User Table:
● Login
● Register
● View map
● Input Point A and point B
● View Map
● View Routes
● View Fare
● User - update profile
● Logout

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e-Sàke: Commuter Guide Transportation System

A Research Presented to the Faculty of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

It is hard to imagine living in a world without access to transport. Since time

point to another. (Admin, 2020)

especially within a contemporary society. (Admin, 2020)

widespread mobility all depend on it. (Admin, 2020)

implementing sustainable and commuter-centric transportation solutions. Moreover, this research

offering practical recommendations based on successful case studies.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 2

By improving the commuting experience, reducing congestion, and promoting

sustainable modes of transportation, the implementation of a well-designed commuter guide can

Background of the Study

particularly in Arayat, Pampanga to Mexico, Pampanga, where commuting is a common

modes of transportation to travel to their workplaces, educational institutions, and other

destinations, seeking convenience, reliability, affordability, and safety.

However, commuting can often be a challenging experience, characterized by

complex transportation networks of cities.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 3

queues, and difficulty in finding the exact destination.

By developing a user-friendly commuter guide transportation system, commuters can

ultimately improving their quality of life and productivity.

Statement of the problem

1. How to improve the development of a commuter guide transport system?

4. How to evaluate the system using ISO25010?

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 4

Objective of the Study

The objective of this study is to develop an Android-based: Commuter Guide System

for Arayat, Sta ana, and Mexico, Pampanga.

1. To enhance the recommendations given by the IT Experts in existing challenges and

shortcomings of transportation systems and impact on the commuting experience.

modes of transportation, travel times, routes, and potential obstacles.

best routes and modes of transportation for their journeys.

4. To assess and validate the quality characteristics standard of a system comprehensively

and identify areas for improvement.

Significance of the Study

guide transportation system for commuters.

how it affects people.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 5

that they have to be early to avoid those the struggles.

springboard for new studies.

Scope and Delimitation

the transportation system's infrastructure, policies, and regulations.

commuters traveling from Arayat to Mexico, Pampanga.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 6

terms have been created as follows:

high-quality products in a timely manner

Commuters. This term refers to a person who commutes.

receiver on or above the earth's surface for the system.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 7

Review of Related Literature

significance to the problem during the course of thesis writing.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 8

Rinaldi, Francesco Viti, 2017)

developing the application is required.

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE 9

not systematically organized (Napalang, 2016).

problem during the course of thesis writing.